2012年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

厦门大学考博英语-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ Reading comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：3，分数：30.00)In 1998 consumers could purchase virtually anything over the Internet. Books, compact discs, and even stocks were available from World Wide Web sites that seemed to spring up almost dally. A few years earlier, some people had predicted that consumers accustomed to shopping in stores would be reluctant to buy things that they could not see or touch in person. For a growing number of time-starved consumers, however, shopping from their home computer was proved to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store.A research estimated that in 1998 US consumers would purchase $ 7.3 billion of goods over the Internet, double the 1997 total. Finding a bargain was getting easier owing to the rise of online auctions and Web sites that did comparison shopping on the Internet for the best deal.For all the consumer interest, retailing in cyberspace was still a largely unprofitable business, however. Internet pioneer Amazon. com, which began selling books in 1995 and liter branched into recorded music and videos, posted revenue of $ 153.7 million in the third quarter, up from $ 37.9 million in the same period of 1997. Overall, however, the company's loss widened to $ 45.2 million from $ 9.6 million, and analysis did not expect the company to turn a profit until 2001. Despite the great loss, Amazon. com had a stock market value of many billions, reflecting investors' optimism about the future of the industry Internet retailing appealed to investors because it provided an efficient means for reaching millions of consumers without having the cost of operating conventional stores with their armies of salespeople. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers' attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. one video retailer sold the hit movie Titanic for $ 9. 99, undercutting (削价) the $ 19.99 suggested retail price and losing about $ 6 on each copy sold. With Internet retailing still in its initial stage, companies seemed willing to absorb such losses in an attempt to establish a dominant market position.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is TRUE according to the writer?A. Consumers are reluctant to buy things on the Internet.B. Consumers are too busy to buy things on the Internet.C. Internet retailing is a profitable business.D. More and more consumers prefer Internet shopping.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 文章第一段“For a growing number of time-starved consumers，however，shopping from their home computer was proved to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store．”对于越来越多时间不充裕的消费者来说，与开车到商场购物相比，通过家用电脑购物被证实是一个方便的选择。

Passage1绿色和平组织Green peace has identified global climate change as one of the greatest threats to the ernments and scientists alike have agreed that the problem is real and serious.Last year at the climate summit in Kyoto,industrialized countries agreed,at least on paper,to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases they pump into the atmosphere.But crucial details,upon which the success or failure of the agreement rests,are still under negotiation,and in the meantime little real action is being taken to address the problem.Greenpeace is therefore campaigning for governments to face up to their responsibilities and urgently address this problem.The longer action is delayed,the more drastic it will need to be in order to avoid dangerous interference with the planet’s climate from the so-called greenhouse gases.Governments should be leading the way to a fundamentally new energy direction based on clean renewable energy,like wind or solar power.But at present many governments instead use taxpayers’money to support the agenda of the companies,which continue to spend billions of dollars on development of coal,oil or gas—the climate-damaging fossil fuels.Scientists estimate that we can only afford to release a limited amount of carbon into the atmosphere,otherwise,we pass the“safe”limits of climate change.It is at this point that climate change happens so fast that ecosystems areunable to adapt.Greenpeace believes that a temperature increase of1℃is the absolute maximum that should be allowed.The amount of carbon that we can release to keep within these limits can be calculated and is in the range of112.5to 337.5billion tons of carbon over the next100years.But industry already has around four times this amount of carbon—over one thousand billion tons—in existing reserves of oil,coal and gas.This means that three quarters of the oil,coal and gas already found cannot be burned if we want to avoid dangerous climate change.If we continue burning fossil fuels at present levels,the“safe”limit of1℃will be reached in just40years.That is why we have to start reducing carbon dioxide emissions immediately and prepare for an orderly phase out of fossil fuels.Greenpeace calls this the“carbon logic”.The oil companies alone have already found enough oil to cause dangerous climate change.Yet they continue to look for more.And of course once they have invested in finding the oil,they will not be prepared to give up their right to pump it out and sell it.The effects on the climate could be catastrophic.1.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Both governments and scientists have realized that global climate change is one of the greatest threats to the planet.B.At the climate summit in Kyoto,many countries planned to protect the atmosphere.C.The atmosphere protection is still in the air.D.Industrialized countries have reduced the amount of carbon dioxide and othergreenhouse gases they pump into the atmosphere.2.According to the author,governments should______.A.support the companies to continue their development of coal,oil or gasB.advocate the use of clean renewable energy like wind of solar powerC.not waste taxpayers’money to develop new energyD.prohibit the further exploration of the fossil fuels,only allowing the companiesto burn the existing reserves already found3.A suitable title for the passage is______.A.Green peace’s International Campaign to Save the ClimateB.The Carbon LogicC.Climate ChangeD.Fossil Fuels4.The author has a（n）______attitude towards our climate.A.worriedB.criticalC.negativeD.objective5.What does the word“catastrophic”in Line4of the last paragraph mean?A.far-reachingB.irresponsibleC.disastrousD.irrespective【答案与解析】1.D本文第一段讲到，Green peace认为全球气候变化是对地球的最大威胁之一，政府和科学家都已认识到这一问题非常严重。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

资料目录：厦门大学近年考博真题+考博经验分享1.2018厦门大学考博经验分享2.2019厦门大学考博经验分享3.2018双非学姐的厦大考博逆袭之路——本硕求学生涯历程2018厦门大学考博经验分享初试1英语：词汇：比较难，但没有考语法阅读理解：比较简单，反正比考研英语简单翻译：好像是2010年的真题写作：类似雅思的命题思路，可参照雅思的方法准备2人文基本素质客观题：不是行测那种，基本都不会，有考考研政治的哲学题，还有考厦大校训的出处。

感觉比较难准备主观题：三选一。

文科——国学热为主题写作2500字；经济——中国经济与世界经济平衡1500字；管理学——忘了3西方经济学，能回忆起的只有以下几题价格下降对产出的影响简述总供给三种模型标准费排污许可证IS-LM模型计算MC不等的情况下古诺、斯塔伯格模型感觉没有偏题，和前几年的真题有许多重复的地方，只要认真复习就不会考的太差。

可是要考比较好，就必须复习的时候尽量深刻理解。

复试笔试：分专业。

各专业有道统一的金融英译汉。

国际金融专业是——汇率决定论；人民币扩大波幅评述；欧债危机；还有些想不起来了，反正把国际金融的教科书及当前热点都准备了就差不多了。

但这是考博，准备的程度要比考研尽量深入一些。

英语口试：与外教对话几分钟。

除了自我介绍，还会针对个人情况问一些问题，以及经济方面的问题综合面试：陈述个人科研成果（这个环节非常重要，以往成果越多越加分）；外汇储备管理；银行盈利问题2.2019厦门大学考博经验分享2019年厦大国贸系的拟录取名单已经公布，虽然早已得知自己被录取，但还是长长地舒了一口气，不为别的，就是为自己一路以来的坚持而倍感欣慰。

3年前，当我还是那个长彻案椅，为考研而发奋的孩子时，厦大就是我的目标，但最终我成为了失败者。

尽管如此，在调剂的硕士学校读研期间，为了厦大的梦想，我还是努力坚持着。

今年我报了厦大和暨大两个学校，专业都是国际贸易学，两所学校考分竟然相同，都为231。

厦门大学考博英语-8(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.The "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom, regardless of whether such learning is ______ by conservative or progressive ideologies.（分数：0.50）A.securedB.attainedC.manifestrmed √解析：[解析] D选项：informed的意思为“提供资料(或情报、消息等)”，如：He informed his staff that he Was going to Europe on business．(他告诉职员他要到欧洲出差。

)句意：“正规的学习”是指所有的学习都在课堂上进行，不论知识传授者的思想意识是保守还是进步。

故选D。

其他三项意思分别是：secured使安全，(使)获得；attained实现，得到；manifest清楚表示，显露。

2.The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused. （分数：0.50）A.before √B.sinceC.afterD.as解析：[解析] 句子的大意为：火势终于被控制住了，但还是造成了巨大的损失。

not before表示“在这之前”，所以A项符合题意。

3.Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.（分数：0.50）A.enhance √B.curbC.disruptD.heighten解析：[解析] enhance提高，促进，夸张，宣扬。

山东省2012年普通高等教育专升本统一考试英语试卷一第一部分: 听力理解（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)Part I Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.Short Conversations1. A) Give a speech in Professor Jones class.B) See Professor Jones after class.C) Postpone her meeting with Professor Jones.D) Go to the beach with her friends.2. A) Anything but some meat.B) Some fruit only.C) Nothing.D) Some meat and fruit.3. A) The man. B) The woman’s mother.C) The baker. D) The woman.4. A) By plane. B) By ship.C) By car. D) By bus.5. A) 76 B) 67C) 59 D) 696. A) He stopped smoking.B) He still smokes.C) He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.D) He smokes 10 cigarettes a day.7. A) It was better. B) It was a disaster.C) It was not good enough. D) It was great.8. A) Sales clerk and customer. B) Doctor and patient.C) Waitress and customer. D) Teacher and student.Long Conversation 1Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) They’re roommates.B) They’re families.C) They’re cousins. D) They’re friends.10. A) She easily got nervous while speaking in front of others.B) She missed her psychology class.C) She had not finished her homework.D) She failed the English exam.11. A) Go to psychology class.B) Get fully prepared before speaking in public.C) Try to forget about people while speaking in public.D) Never speak in public.12. A) Men become nervous more than women.B) Children become nervous more easily than adults.C) It’s common for women to get nervous.D) Women become nervous more than men.Long Conversation 2Questions 13 to 14 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) Expensive.B) Interesting.C) Waste of time.D) Boring.14. A) Because he has nothing else to do.B) Because it helps him to get a job in the future.C) Because he loves studying.D) Because he is interested in business management.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some question. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. Afteryou hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choice markedA)、B)、C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer. Sheet with asingle line through the center.Passage OneQuestion 15 to 17are based on the conversation you have just heard.15. A). A letter of invitation.B). A letter of recommendation.C). A letter of introduction.D). A letter of application.16. A). 1997B). 1992C). 1990D). 200017). A). Brigitte once changed her job.B). Brigitte has never been to Dublin.C). Brigitte is going to get married in Dublin.D). Brigitte is a native English speaker.Passage TwoQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the conversation you have just heard.18. A). A college in Switzerland.B). A college in Sweden.C). A college in Britain.D). A college in America.19. A). That all the students agreed to accept Elizabeth.B). That most of the students didn’t mind wh ether to accept her or not.C). That some felt proud to have a woman student on the campus.D). That some thought Liza’s idea very interesting.20. A). Because a famous politician supported her.B). Because he thought her idea was interesting.C). Because he took proud in training the world’s first woman doctor.D). Because he was forced to do so.第二部分：词汇和语法结构（本大题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分）Part II Vocabulary and StructureDirections:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A) B) C) and D).Choose the answer that best completes. Thenmark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line thought thecenter.21. Marry has come; I will put ___________plate on the dining table.A) a further B) a spareC) an extra D) more22. After interviewing several workers, she came to a (an) ___________that their working conditions were very poor.A) observation B) illustrationC) conclusion D) qualification23. He is a student of great intelligence and diligence. ___________, he is a top student in the class.A) Undoubtedly B) FortunatelyC) Nevertheless D) In spite24. Silk and nylon look alike but they ___________ in origin and cost.A) refer B) inferC) differ D) prefer25. What we would like you to know is that we greatly ___________your timely help.A) compliment B) appreciateC) thank D) attach26. Mr. Brown had an unusual ___________: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.A) position B) occupationC) profession D) career27. It was ___________of you to get up to catch the first bus so that you could avoid traffic jam.A) reasonable B) sensibleC) sentimental D) sensitive28. Her beauty can not ___________her stupidity.A) make out of B) make forC) make at D) make up for29. Community service can ___________ anything from gardening to helping in old pe ople’s homes.A) involve B) askC) insist D) remain30. There seems to be an electrical problem. I’ll get someone to ___________it.A) look at B) look intoC) look upon D) look out31. After the war, Germany became one of Europe’s most ___________ countries.A) prosperous B) improvedC) swift D) interested32. New computers are soon out of date since newer models are ___________ constantly.A) turned up B) turned overC) turned down D) turned out33. The scene in the movie ___________him of his childhood.A) recalledB) rememberedC) recollectedD) reminded34 The football match was televised ___________from the Worker’s Stadium.A) live B) livingC) alive D) lively35. Color-blind people often find it difficult to___________ blue and green.A) compare B) contrastC) distinguish D) separate36. Mike’s uncle insists ___________ in this hotel.A) that he not stayB) staying notC) not to stayD) that he would not stay37. The office was in darkness ___________ the light over his desk.A) besides B) exceptC) except for D) rather than38. The old lady sat in an armchair, her cat ___________ beside her.A) lay B) lyingC) lied D) laying39. I appreciate ___________ to your home.A) to have invitedB) to be invitedC) having invitedD) being invited40. We are living in an age ___________many things are done on the computer.A) that B) whichC) whose D) when41. We could do nothing but ___________till he came back.A) waiting B) waitC) to wait D) waited42. ___________is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.A) As B) WhichC) It D) That43. The driver admitted that not only___________, but he didn’t have a driving license either.A) he was not insured B) he was insured notC) was he not insured D) was not he insured44. She hardly ever leaves the house after ten at night, ___________?A) nor does she B) does sheC) so does she D) doe sn’t she45. The reason Beethoven went away to the country is___________ he was gradually going deaf.A) since B) thatC) because D) as46. She wanted to know what ___________at the meeting.A) has happenedB) was happenedC) had happenedD) had been happened47. Nobody but Smith and John ___________ in the lab yesterday.A) wereB) had beenC) was beD) was48. Mary has just bought herself ___________ dress.A) a cotton expensive blueB) an expensive blue cottonC) a blue expensive cottonD) a cotton blue expensive49. Such an idea would never occur ___________ me.A) to B) withC) from D) on50. Alice, ___________where to find the book, asked her mother where the book was.A) with no knowledgeB) never knowC) not knowingD) not to know第三部分：阅读理解（本大题共20小题,共30分).Part III Reading ComprehensionSectionA.Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choice marked A), B), C) andD). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneStrange things happen to time when you travel, because the earth is divided into twenty four time zones, one hour apart. You can have days with more than twenty-four hours, and weeks with more or fewer than seven days.If you make a five-day trip across the Atlantic ocean, your ship enters a different time zone every day. As you enter each zone, the time changes one hour. Traveling west, you set your clock back; traveling east, you set it ahead. Each day of your trip has either twenty-five of twenty-three hours.If you travel by ship across the Pacific, you cross the international date line. By agreement, this is the point where a new day begins. When you cross the line, you change your calendar one full day, backward or forward. Traveling east, today becomes yesterday, traveling west, it is tomorrow!51. The difference in time between zones is _________ ．A) more than seven daysB) twenty-four hoursC) one hourD) seven days52. From this selection, it seems true that the Atlantic Ocean ______．A) is in one time zoneB) cannot be crossed in five daysC) is divided into five time zonesD) is divided into twenty-four zones53. If you cross the Atlantic Ocean going east，you set your clock ______．A) ahead one hour in each new time zoneB) head by twenty-three hoursC) back one full day for each time zoneD) ahead one hour for the whole trip54.. The International Date Line is the name for _______．A) any time zone in the Pacific OceanB) any point where time changes by one hourC) the point where a new day beginsD) the beginning of any new time zonePassage TwoMost people have had a dog or wanted one as their companion at some time in their lives. If you are thinking of buying a dog, however, you should first decide what sort of companion you need and whether the dog is likely to be happy in the surroundings you can provide. Specialist advice is available to help you choose the most suitable breed of dog. But in part, the decisiondepends on common sense. Different dogs were originally developed to perform specific tasks. So, if you want a dog to protect you or your house, for example, you should choose a breed that has the right size and characteristicsYou must also be ready to devote a good deal of time to train the dog when it is young and give it the exercise it needs throughout its life, unless live in the country and can let it run freely. Dogs are demanding pets. Cats love the house and so are satisfactory with their place which is secure, but a dog is loyal to its master and consequently wants him to show proof of his affection.The best time to buy a baby dog is when it is between 6 and 8 weeks old so that it can transfer its affection from its mother to its master. If baby dogs have not established a relationship with the human being until they are over three months old, their strong relationship will always be with dogs. They are likely to be too shy when they are brought out into the world to become good pets.55. Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?A) Size and characteristics of the dogs should be considered too.B) It is common sense that is the most important when choosing a dog.C) You should decide what kind of dog you want.D) You can always get help from the specialists.56. What is mentioned as a consideration in buying a dog?A) The price of the dog.B) The color of the dog.C) Whether the dog will fit the environment.D) Whether the dog will get along with the other pets in the house.57. Why does the writer say a dog is a more demanding pet than a cat?A) It must be looked after carefully.B) It demands more food and space.C) It needs more love and care.D) It must be trained so that it won’t bite.58. Why is it advised to buy a baby dog under three months old?A) It’s easier to buy a baby dog under three months old.B) They are less likely to run away.C) They are less likely to be shy with human beings.D) It’s easier for them to form a relationship with their masters.Passage ThreeStudents who want to attend an American college or university must explain how they will pay for their education. They have to show that they will be able to pay for each year of study.Students have to consider not only the tuition, the cost of classes, but also meals and a place to live, known as room-and-board. They also need money for books , supplies ,social activities and other things.Educational advisers say foreign students should keep enough money in a local bank to pay for at least two months of spending. So how much will it cost every year to study at an American school? Generally speaking, the answer is: a lot. The University of Washington says foreign students are paying more than thirty-six thousand dollars this year. Its website says the Universityof Washington does not offer financial assistance to international students.This is generally true of American schools, especially at the undergraduate level. It means foreign students are faced with a heavy financial burden.The international application for the university includes a Statement of Financial Responsibility that must be signed. Students must also provide a bank letter or statement from within the past six months. And they have to name anyone who will help with payments. These people must send proof from a bank to show that they have the money.The government or employer may be able to help you pay all or some college costs. A good idea is to ask at least eighteen months before you want to start classes in the United States.Enough time should be ensured to go through procedures.59. Which statement is true according to the first paragraph?A) Foreign students in America can hardly support themselves.B) They should show that they are able to pay the first year of their study.C) Room-and-board refers to the expense on meals and accommodation.D) Students intending to attend an American college or university should explain who will payfor their education.60. According to educational advisers, how many months of expense should be ensured by foreign students?A) At least two months.B) At least six months.C) At least twelve months.D) At least eighteen months.61. What is Not included in the international application for the university?A) A signed Statement of Financial Responsibility.B) A name list of anyone who will offer help for payments.C) A bank statement issued in the past six months.D) Proofs from banks showing that the students have got the money.62. American universities _________ to international students at the undergraduate levelA) sometimes offer partial financial assistance.B) occasionally offer financial assistance.C) generally do not offer financial assistance.D) always offer financial assistance.Section B.Directions: Match the Chinese sentences in the left column with the English in the right column.Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecentre.山东省2012年普通高等教育专升本统一考试英语试卷二第四部分翻译（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）Part IV TransalationSection ADirections:Put the following sentences into Chinses.All of them are taken from the passages you have just read.71 Traveling west, you set your clock back; traveling east, you set it ahead._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 72 Different dogs were originally developed to perform specific tasks._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________73 A dog is loyal to its master and consequently wants him to show proof of his affection_______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________74 This is generally true of American schools, especially at the undergraduate level._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________75 The government or employer may be able to help you pay all or some college costs._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Section BDirections:Put the following sentences intoEmglish.76 我喜欢农村生活胜过城市生活。

Section ⅠUse of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。

选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章，而且和当年一样，也是包含几个小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段论，脉络比较清晰，结构容易把握。

而且，较去年比较“平易近人”的文章，这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识，比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学，会相应得心应手一些。

另外，20道题目中，多达13题都是在考查动词，虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项，除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外，其他的选项含义都差别甚远，按理说值得高兴。

但是这些考查动词的题目中，许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况，往年就是08年出现了3处，今年也出现3处。

仅有2道题考查逻辑词，而且这两道题是送分题，不需要考虑太多。

一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。

下面就真题作一个详细解析。

和以往一样，第一句话不设空，帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题：美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。

题1选B。

maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。

这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路，也就是首先通读全文。

尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议：希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性，因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。

同时，题2答案(when)也顺势而出：如果法官们和政治家一样，法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。

题2选A。

这里的when其实表示条件关系，即“如果……。

”题3选择weakened。

上下文语义题+词义辨析。

选项含义差别较大，要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。

Yet表示一个转折：“即使这样，还是有很多法官这样做，损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。

” 本题如果能把导向把握准，即可定位在B和D两项，D项eliminated 过于绝对，排除。

Passage2交通法则与交通事故From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before,every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them,women and children on the roads.Man versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel,his car becomes the extension of his personality.There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel.They swear they are ill mannered and aggressive willful as two-year-olds and uttering selfish.All their hidden frustrations,disappointments and jealousies seem to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic,to be conveniently forgotten.It is high timea world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving,the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is;all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least21;all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers,as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all,the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The main idea of this passage is______.A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?A.Society criticizes the motorists severely.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Society overlooks their rude driving.D.Victims of accidents are nothing.3.Why does the author say:“his car becomes the extension of his personality”?A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A.Build more highwaysB.Stricter driving testsC.Test drivers every three yearsD.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications5.The attitude of the author is______.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingitant【答案与解析】1.D作者要表达的中心意思是：只有严格的交通法则才能防止交通事故的发生。

厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷15(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．When we listen to music,we are easily_____of events in the past.A．rememberedB．reflectedC．memorizedD．reminded正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：remember“记住；回想起”；reflected“沉思或思忆往事”；memorize意思“记住，记忆”；remind“使某人回想起或意识到……”。

根据题意，只有D为正确答案。

2．They gave____broadcast while the performance was in process on the stage.A．liveB．livingC．livelyD．alive正确答案：A解析：各项的意思是：live“现场直播的，实况转播的”；living“活的，活着的”；lively“有生气的，活跃的；生动的，醒目的”；“活着的，活泼的，有活力的”。

根据题意，只有A为正确答案。

3．Travelling and meeting new people_____the mind of young people.A．expandedB．enlargedC．broadenedD．extended正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：expand“(使事物)在尺寸、数量及重要性方面变大、增多及增强”；enlarge“使事物尺寸变大”；broaden“使事物变宽，变广阔，变广泛”；extend“使事物在时间或空间上更长、更大”。

根据题意，C为正确答案。

4．If you consider this problem____others’ interest,you may change your view.A．because ofB．withD．according to正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：because of“因为”；with“和……一起；具有；对于”；due to意为“由于”；according to“根据，按照”。

厦门大学考博英语-1(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ**prehensionPart AThere are three reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.If there is one thing scientists have to hear, it is that the game is over. Raised on the belief of an endless voyage of discovery, they recoil (畏缩) from the suggestion that most of the best things have already been located. If they have, today' s scientists can hope to contribute no more than a few grace notes to the symphony of science.A book to be published in Britain this week, The End of Science, argues persuasively that this is the case. Its author, John Horgan, is a senior writer for Scientific American magazine, who has interviewed many of today's leading scientists and science philosophers. The shock of realizing that science might be over came to him, he says, when he was talking to Oxford mathematician and physicist Sir Roger Penrose.The End of Science provoked a wave of denunciation (谴责) in the United States last year. "The reaction has been one of complete shock and disbelief," Mr. Horgan says.The real question is whether any remaining unsolved problems, of which there are plenty, lend themselves to universal solutions. If they do not, then the focus of scientific discovery is already narrowing. Since the triumphs of the 1960s--the genetic code, plate tectonics (板块构造税), and the microwave background radiation that went a long way towards proving the Big Bang--genuine scientific revolutions have been scarce. More scientists are now alive, spending more money on research, than ever. Yet most of the great discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries were made before the appearance of state sponsorship, when the scientific enterprise was a fraction of its present size.Were the scientists who made these discoveries brighter than today's? That seems unlikely. A far more reasonable explanation is that fundamental science has already entered a period of diminished returns. "Look, don't get me wrong," says Mr. Horgan. "There are lots of important things still to study, and applied science and engineering can go on for ever. I hope we get a cure for cancer, and for mental disease, though there are few real signs of progress."1. The sentence "most of the best things have already been located" could mean ______ .A. most of the best things have already been changedB. most of the best things remain to be changedC. there have never been so many best things waiting to be discoveredD. most secrets of the world have already been discovered2. John Horgan ______ . Ⅰ. has published a book entitled The End of Science Ⅱ. has been working as an editor of Scientific American Ⅲ. has been working many years as a literary critic Ⅳ. is working as a science writerA. Ⅰand ⅡB. ⅠonlyC. Ⅰand ⅣD. Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅳ3. There have not been many genuine scientific revolutions in the past few decades becauseA. there have been decreased returns in the research of fundamental scienceB. there are too many important things for scientists to studyC. applied science and engineering take up too much time and energyD. today's scientists are not as intelligent as those in the past4. The term "the Big Bang" probably refers to ______ .A. the genetic code theoryB. a geological theoryC. a theory of the origin of the universeD. the origin and the power of atomic energy5. The best title of this passage can be ______ .A. Great Scientific Discoveries Will Never Be PossibleB. The Harsh Challenge Has to Be Met by Modem ScientistsC. The State Sponsorship and Scientific Enterprise Are All in VainD. The Chance for Great Scientific Discoveries Becomes ScarceAstronaut Jim Voss has enjoyed many memorable moments in his career, including three space flights and one space walk. But he recalls with special fondness a decidedly earthbound (为地球引力所束缚的) experience in the summer of 1980, when he participated in the NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program. V oss, then a science teacher at West Point, was assigned to the Marshall Space Flight Center's propulsion (推进) lab in Alabama to analyze why a hydraulic fuel pump seal on the space shuttle was working so well when previous seals had failed. It was a seemingly tiny problem among the **plexities of running the space program. Yet it was important to NASA because any crack in the seal could have led to destructive results for the astronauts who relied on them."I worked a bit with NASA engineers," says Voss, "but I did it mostly by analysis". I used a handheld calculator, not a computer, to do a thermodynamic(热力学的)analysis." At the end of the summer, he, like the other NASA-ASEE fellows working at Marshall, summarized his findings in a formal presentation and detailed paper. It was a valuable moment for V oss because the ASEE program gave him added understanding of NASA, deepened his desire to fly in space, and intensified his application for astronaut status."It was not an easy process. V oss was actually passed over when he first applied for the astronaut program in 1978. Over the next nine years he reapplied repeatedly, and was finally accepted in 1987. Since then he has participated in three space missions. The 50-year-old Army officer, who lives in Houston, is now in training for a four-month mission as a crew member on the International Space Station starting in July 2000.Voss says the ASEE program is wonderful for all involved. "It brings in people from theacademic world and gives NASA a special property for a particular period of time. It brings some fresh eyes and fresh ideas to NASA, and establishes a link with our colleges and universities," V oss explains. "There's an exchange of information and an exchange of perspectives that is very important."For the academic side, V oss says, the ASEE program also "brings institutions of higher learning more insight into new technology. We give them an opportunity to work on real-world problems and take it back to the classroom".6. Why was the hydraulic fuel pump seal important for the space shuttle?A. Because previous seals all failed.B. Because it was **plex in running the space program.C. Because great care has to be taken of the hydraulic fuel pump sealing.D. Because any crack in the seals would cause disastrous results for the astronauts.7. The great significance of V oss' findings lies in ______. Ⅰ．strengthening his determination to join in space flights Ⅱ. furthering his understanding of NASA Ⅲ. consolidating his astronaut status in NASA programsA. ⅠonlyB. ⅡonlyC. Ⅰ,Ⅱand m all includedD. ⅠandⅡonly8. How many flights will V oss have finished if his four-month mission starting in July 2000 ends up successfully?A. Three.B. Two.C. Four.D. Five.9.10. What does V oss want to stress in the last paragraph?A. The technological significance of the program.B. The educational significance of the program.C. The philosophical significance of the program.D. The historical significance of the program.The current emergency in Mexico City that has taken over our lives is nothing. I could ever have imagined for me or my children. We are living in an environmental crisis, an air-pollution emergency of unprecedented severity. What it really means is that just to breathe here is to play a dangerous game with your health.As patents, what terrorizes us most are reports that children are at higher risk because they breathe more times per minute. What more can we do to protect them and ourselves? Our pediatrician's (儿科医师的) medical recommendation was simple: abandon the city permanently. We are foreigners and we are among the small minority that can afford to leave. We arc here because of my husband's work. We are fascinated by Mexico--its history and rich culture. We know that for us, this is a temporary danger. However, we cannot stand for much longer the fear we feel for our boys. We cannot stop them from breathing.But for millions, there is no choice. Their lives, their jobs, their futures depend on being here. Thousands of Mexicans arrive each day in this city, desperate for economic opportunities. Thousands more are born here each day. Entire families work in the streets and practically live there. It is a familiar sight: as parents hawk goods at stoplights, their children play in the grassy highway dividers, breathing exhaust fumes. I feel **plaining about my personal situation; wewon't be here long enough for our children to form the impression that skies are colored only gray. And yet the government cannot do what it must to end this problem. For any country, especially a developing Third World economy like Mexico, the idea of barring from the capital city enough cars, closing enough factories and spending the necessary billions on public transportation is simply not an option. So when things get bad, as in the current emergency, Mexico takes half measures--prohibiting some more cars from circulating, stopping some factories from producing--that even its own officials concede aren't adequate.The word "emergency" implies the unusual. But when daily life itself is an emergency, the concept loses its meaning. It is human nature to try to adapt to that which we cannot change or to mislead ourselves into believing we can adapt.11. According to the passage, the current emergency in Mexico City refers to ______ .A. serious air pollutionB. economic crisisC. unemploymentD. natural disaster12. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Kids are in greater danger than grown-ups in Mexico City.B. The author is not a native Mexican.C. The author's husband is a pediatrician.D. The Mexican history and culture appeal to the author.13. The word "hawk" (Paragraph 3) most probably means ______ .A. sellB. transportC. placeD. deliver14. The Mexican government takes half measures to solve the pollution problem because ______ .A. Mexican economy depends very much on cars and factoriesB. it is not wise enough to come up with effective measuresC. Mexicans are able to adapt themselves to the current emergencyD. Mexicans enjoy playing dangerous games with their health15. The purpose of the passage is to ______ .A. describe the harmful air pollutionB. explain the way to prevent air pollutionC. show the worries about the air pollutionD. recommend a method to avoid air pollutionPart BThe passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Anie an extremely **panion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" forspecific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of the collapsed building or highway.Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand's other fingers--so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives **mand, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drags (it's like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)At "Helping Hands--Monkey Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.Allie is a capuchin 16 who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n) 17 of many animals who can be 18 to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys, 19 and sea lions can also give people a helping 20 .Dogs are good at 21 down prey and sniffing out 22 and 23 because they havemillions of 24 in their nose Monkeys are good helper for the 25 , who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the 26 of whales because they :can 27 to the deep ocean. In addition, 28 are part of whales' natural environment, which makes the video more 29 .But animals cannot do the jobs 30 training. The main process of training is called 31 , which uses 32 . During the training, trainers 33 an animal for doing something 34 . For monkeys, the positive reinforcement can 35 a year before they are qualified for their jobs.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.Ⅱ Short Question AnswerRead the following passage and then give short answers to the following five questions.Today's worker is no longer willing to work in an authoritarian and dehumanizing environment. Workers want meaning in their work and balance in their lives. They want opportunities to contribute and to know how their work is effective. Employees want to work for organizations that respect them as individuals. They also want to know that they are working for an **pany that acts in a socially and environmentally responsible manner.Today, and in the future, companies must design work so that employees can take responsibility and be rewarded appropriately. By changing altitudes, and conditions in the workplace, organizations can help make work more meaningful.Repetitive factory routines and office work that simply moves paper from in-box to out-box are mindless task that destroy motivation and productivity. Research has shown that mental challenge is closely related to job satisfaction. Too little challenge in the work, as in completely automated tasks, generally leads to boredom and lowered satisfaction. on the other hand, too much challenge may lead to failure and frustration. Thus success or achievement in reaching an accepted standard of competence is an important factor in job satisfaction, today's workers want to be a valued part of the whole. They want to know that their work is important and how it fits into the corporate strategy. They want to know not only how the work they do affects others and the organization's goals, but how the/as individuals can make an impact. Employees will contribute their knowledge enthusiastically in a corporate culture that values the individual. The profitability of a company is related to the quality and efforts of its workers. Therefore, a direct relationship between job performance and reward makes work more meaningful. Compaq Computers, for example, has an unusually low turnover rate among its employees. Like **panies in **puter field, Compaq expects its people to work long and hard to achieve big results quickly. In **panies an atmosphere of constant push would inspire people to seek employment with less pressure somewhere else. Instead, high quality people stay with Compaq. **pany's culture emphasizes individual responsibility for results and high respect for individuals, Compaq benefits from creating opportunities for employees to perform to the vast of their potential and to be rewarded for their achievements.36. What is an **pany?37. What kinds of work will kill job satisfaction?38. What may happen if there is too much challenge in one's job?39. on what condition does high turnover of employees occur?40. How do employees contribute to the profitability under the corporate culture of Compaq Computers?ⅢV ocabulary and StructureFor each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that **pletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answersheet with a single line through th41. "Better late than never" is a ______ that is very familiar to most English speakers.A. plauditB. plenaryC. plentyD. platitude42. Professor Smith and Professor Brown will ______ in presenting the series of lectures on American literature.A. alterB. alternateC. substituteD. exchange43. The facts have proved that they all have the ______ of solving practical problems.A. capabilityB. abilityC. capacityD. power44. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which ______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A. relieveB. reconcileC. reclaimD. rectify45. The people of the village fought for the right to ______ cattle on the grassland.A. grazeB. grinC. graspD. grope46. I think the charge for overloaded luggage is excessive in ______ to its size.A. dimensionB. rateC. percentageD. proportion47. My panic was ______ and ceased when I began to have my class.A. transientB. permanentC. trivialD. contemporary48. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and ______ it in a single nod, a gesture boy, used then for O. K. when they were pleased.A. shruggedB. tuggedC. jerkedD. twisted49. The children like to ______ the new English teacher, who has a noticeable manner of walking.A. take outB. take overC. take downD. take off50. Cancer of the liver, if malicious, in ordinary ______ , will surely lead to death.A. fashionB. mannerC. practiceD. parlance51. They **pletely ______ by the heavy rain.A. drenchedB. drownedC. parchedD. merged52. The professor found himself constantly ______ the question: How could anyone do these things?A. presidingB. poringC. ponderingD. presuming53. This is not the right ______ to ask for my help; I am far too busy even to listen!A. momentB. situationC. opportunityD. circumstance54. A(n) ______ sentence is of doubtful meaning because it can be interpreted in more than one way.A. affirmativeB. unanimousC. negativeD. ambiguous55. The magician's talk creates a(n) ______ of attention so that the audience does not see how he does his tricks.A. diversionB. derivationC. disorderD. interference56. The ______ has left for the Antarctic and it **e back in six months.A. expeditionB. executionC. exploration 'D. delegation57. His plan is not practical and is ______ to failure.A. expectedB. doomedC. dueD. predicted58. The rain was very heavy and ______ the land was flooded.A. consequentlyB. continuouslyC. constantlyD. consistently59. After investigation it was proved that the ______ letter was written by a teacher.A. anonymousB. simultaneousC. spontaneousD. homogeneous60. It is not as difficult to store information as it is to ______ it quickly when it is wanted again.A. representB. retainC. restoreD. retrieve61. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important ______ of American life.A. facetsB. formatsC. formulasD. fashions62. His thoughts were ______ from the painful topic by the sudden arrival of a close friend.A. dissuadedB. distractedC. discernedD. discounted63. The deputy managers, one of whom is ______ by each party, shall assist the general manager in his duties.A. nominatedB. summonedC. calledD. named64. The simplest animals are those whose bodies are simplest in structure and which do the things done by all living animals, such as eating, breathing, moving and feeling, in the most ______ way.A. bizarreB. primitiveC. advantageousD. unique65. Some people want only real flowers on their tables while others like to have ______ ones.A. fashionableB. syntheticC. falseD. artificial66. From the hill top we can see horses are ______ here and there in the pasture.A. gazingB. bitingC. lickingD. devouring67. She strongly ______ the government's hypocrisy in dealing with the Israeli-Palestine issue.A. denouncedB. impeachedC. renouncedD. degraded68. He ______ a hasty meal before going on with his thesis.A. snatchedB. scratchedC. scrapedD. seized69. The landlady fired the servant who ______ household funds for her own rise.A. robbedB. pocketedC. muggedD. clenched70. At last the policemen used tear gas to ______ the demonstrators.A. disperseB. dispatchC. disappearD. vanish71. The economic recession has meant that job ______ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness72. Grain production in the world is ______ ,but still millions go hungry.A. soaringB. staggeringC. shrinkingD. suspending73. These charming girls are the ______ of equal pay for men and women.A. advocatesB. adventurerC. successorsD. predecessors74. Many people nowadays save money to ______ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip75. The lack of money and facilities depressed and ______ them a lot.A. frustratedB. flatteredC. distractedD. diverted76. Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.A. enhanceB. curbC. disruptD. heighten77. They waited in the ______ for the front door to open.A. porchB. porchC. thresholdD. inlet78. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of **pany's client data, which she intended to ______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. come uponC. base onD. draw upon79. All of us were impressed by her ______ complexion.A. fluffyB. floralC. floridD. fluid80. We don't know if the story is tree, but we'll try our best to ______ it.A. verifyB. justifyC. amplifyD. rectifyⅣ TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Real estate, in broad definition, is land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word real, as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from personal property; and estate is defined as the interest one has in property.Real estate may be acquired, owned, and conveyed (or transferred) by individuals; business corporations; charitable, religious, educational, fraternal, and various other nonprofit corporations; fiduciaries, such as trustees and executors; partnerships; and generally by any legal entity as determined and defined by the laws of the various states of the US Limitations are established in connection with sales of real estate by minors, incompetents, and certain types of corporations, and generally in cases involving some form of legal disability or lack of capacity.(82) In such instances, it is necessary in some jurisdictions to make application to the courts for permission to sell, in other jurisdictions such transfers are governed by statute.(83) Real property is generally acquired by purchase, by descent and devise, or by gift. When acquired by purchase, a deed is given by the seller, or grantor, to the purchaser, or grantee.The deed contains a legal description of the property conveyed. It must be drawn, executed, and acknowledged in proper form to be entitled to record. (84)It is customary for the seller and the purchaser to enter into a contract, at which time the purchaser makes a deposit on account of the purchase price.(85) The purchaser engages an attorney or a **pany to search the title to the property. The **pany ensures that the seller can convey clear title, the transaction is then closed.81.82.83.84.85.V WritingWrite an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below.1. Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and research workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good manager of such a group of people?。

Ⅰ.Complete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (0.5’*40)1.Until he took off his glasses __________.A. I didn’t recognize himB. I hadn’t recognized himC. didn’t I recognize himD. hadn’t I recognized him2.We can __________ that after some time our farmers will be able to __________ international competition.A. expect; fit themselvesB. presume; adjust toC. assume; adapt toD. suppose; get used to3. A good reader can tell the difference between words that sound __________, and know ____________ to usethem.A. like; why and howB. alike; why and whereC. like how and whereD. alike; when and how4.90 percent of all English writing ____________ 1,000 basic words.A. is consistedB. consist ofC. consists ofD. consisted5.____________ to develop his talent, Adam could become an excellent artist.A. AllowedB. AllowingC. Being allowedD. Have been allowed6.Don’t ever drive past a hitchhiker, ____________?A. will youB. don’t youC. do youD. can you7.As a senior professor she should have known better ____________ to get involved in such a scandal.A. and notB. but notC. thanD. than not8.His power was seriously ____________ by a succession of crises, and when he died, a bitter power struggle____________.A. weakened; was ensuedB. eroded; ensuedC. damaged; followedD. reduced; occurred9.Leonardo da Vinci ____________ caged birds in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.A. was said to buyB. is said to buyC. has said to buyD. is said to have bought10.In China, customers pay far less for a DVD than ____________ countries.A. those in manyB. in manyC. those in many otherD. in many other11.____________dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A. AlthoughB. whateverC. AsD. However12.The party, ____________I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which13.If only I ____________ play the guitar as well as you!A. wouldB. couldC. shouldD. might14.It’s high time we ____________ cutting down the rainforests.A. stoppedB. had to stopC. shall stopD. stop15.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____________ impossible to comprehend.A. has foundB. was findingC. had foundD. would find16.Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone____________ an opportunity to hear the speech.A. ought to haveB. must haveC. may haveD. should have17.I am surprised____________ this city is a dull place to live in.A. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking18.Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not____________ for her work.A. enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough19.It is imperative that the government ____________ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. has tond belongs to the city; there is ____________ thing as private ownership of land.A. no such aB. not suchC. not such aD. no such21.My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk____________far.A. /B. suchC. thatD. as22.The statistics ____________ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. provesB. is provingC. are provingD. prove23.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ____________ the spoilt ones.A. not countingB. not to countC. don’t countD. having not counted24.It was ____________we had hopedA. more a success thanB. a success more thanC. as much of a success asD. a success as much as25.There used to be a petrol station near the park, ____________?A. didn’t itB. doesn’t thereC. usedn’t it?D. didn’t there26.It is an offence to show ____________ against people of different races.A. distinctionB. differenceC.separationD. discrimination27.A great amount of work has gone into ____________ the Cathedral to its previous splendour.A. refreshingB. restoringC. renovatingD. renewing28.The thieves fled with the local police close on their ____________.A. backsB. necksC. toesD. heels29.The economic recession has meant that job____________ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness30.Many people nowadays save money to ____________ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip31.The tone of the article ____________ the writer’s mood at the time.A. reproducedB. reflectedC. imaginedD. imitated32.The job of a student accommodation officer____________ a great many visits to landladies.A. concernsB. offersC. asksD. involves33.Our family doctor’s clinic ____________at the junction of two busy roads.A. restsB. standsC. staysD. seats34.She was so fat that she could only just ____________ through the door.A. assembleB. appearC. squeezeD. gather35.After the heavy rain, a builder was called to repair the roof, which was ____________.A. leakingB. tricklingC. prominentD. noticeable36.The reception was attended by ____________ members of the local community.A. excellentB. conspicuousC. prominentD. noticeable37.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but ____________slightly in the afternoon.A. regainedB. recoveredC. restoredD. revived38.His ____________ brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.A. richB. quickC. productiveD. fertile39.The couple has donated a not____________ amount of money to the foundation.A. inconsiderableB. inconsiderateC. inaccurateD. incomparable40.I hear that it is estimated that the number of people ____________ less than one dollar a day has____________ one billion worldwide.A. relying on; gone up toB. living on; exceededC. depending on; reached overD. living with; surpassedⅡ.Proofreading and error correction (1’*10)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline it and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “︿” sign and write the missing word in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary w ord with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Many artist today are in what is called applied art. They usetheir ability in advertise, interior decoration, or some similar job. 41. ________ But people in business which hire the artists for that kind of wok 42. ________say that simple artist ability is not enough. There are lots of young 43. ________people who have that. But not enough of them who know anything 44. ________about physics, or mechanical things, or math.To be a druggist you have to study chemistry. You can’t learnchemistry without knowing something about algebra.How about a nurse? One of the requiring subjects in a course of 45. ________nursing is known to “materia medica”. In “materia medica” you’ll46. ________learn how to figure out doses and prepare for medicines. Algebra is 47. ________important in doing the figuring. Too many student nurses flunk outof the course because of their weak math.It’s the same for many trades. If you want to be a crafts-man, 48. ________a machinist, a molder, and a patternmaker, you’ll need algebra and49. ________geometry and even trigonometry.Even you want to go into business for yourself, you’ll need50. _______math. Business today, whether it is running a little gas station or abig factory, takes good management. Good management takes mathematics.Ⅲ.Reading comprehension (2*20)Text AAmerica’s most relentless examiner, the Educational Testing Service, has developed computer software, known as E-Rater, to evaluate essays on the Graduate Management Admission Test. Administered to 200,000 business school applicants each year, the GMAT includes two 30-minute essays that test takers type straight into a computer. In the past, those essays were graded on a six-point scale by two readers. This month, the computer will replace one of the readers with the proviso that a second reader will be consulted if the computer and human-reader scores differ by more then a point.It’s one thing for a machine to determine whether a bubble has been correctly filled in, but can it read outside the lines, so to speak? Well, yes and no. E-Rater “learns” what constitutes good and bad answers from a sample of pregraded essays. Using that information, it breaks the essay down to its syntax, organization and contents. The software checks basics like subject-verb agreement and recognizes phrases and sentence structures that are likely to be found in high-scoring essays.Of course, the machine cannot “get” a clever turn of phrase or an unusual analogy. “If I’m unique, I might not fall under the scoring instructions,” concedes Frede ric McHale, a vice president at the GMAT Council. One the other hand, E-Rater is mercilessly objective and never tired halfway through a stack of essays. The upshot: a pretrial tests, E-Rater and a human reader were just as likely to agree as were two read ers. “It’s not intended to judge a person’s creativity,” says Darrel Laham, co-developer of the Intelligent Essay Assessor, a computer-grading system similar to E-Rater. “It’s to give students a chance to construct a response instead of just pointing at a bubble.”That won’t reassure traditionalists, who argue that writing simply can’t be reduced to rigid adjective plussubject plus verb formulations. “Writing is a human act, with aesthetic dimensions that computers can only begin to understand,” says David Schaafsman, a professor of English education at Teachers Colleges of Columbia University. The Kaplan course, a leader in test prep, has taken a more pragmatic approach: it has issued a list of strategies for “the age of the computerized essay.” One of its tips: use transitional phrases like “therefore”, and the computers just might think you’re Dickens.51.E-Rater is described as __________.A. a substitute for GMATB.America’s most relentless examinerC. a machine to grade bubble-filling papersD. a computer-grading system52.In paragraph two, the expression “read outside the lines” refers to the ability to __________.A.understand student essaysB.report scoresC.recognize a wrong bubbleD.judge a person’s creativity53.Frederic McHale implies that if the test taker is unique, he would __________.A.get a top gradeB.get an average gradeC.be at an advantageD.be at a disadvantage54.It seems that Professor Schaafsman agrees with __________.A. traditionalistsB. Darrell LahamC. supporters of E-RaterD. the Kplan course designers55.What is the implied meaning of “the computer just might think you’re Dickens”?A.It thinks you are great at tests.B.It thinks you are doing great.C.It thinks your essay is with great wording.D.It thinks your essay is written by Dickens himself.Text BAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. It’s not taboo to talk about fat; it’s taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like theU.S., thin is “in”, fat is “out”.It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and “in shape”. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.56. From the passage we can infer taboo is__.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.B. a crime committed on impulse.C. behavior considered unacceptable in society’s eyes.D. an unfavorable impression left on other people.57. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” __ in American society.A. will always remain a taboo.B. is not considered a taboo by most people.C. has long been a taboo.D. may no longer be a taboo some day.58. The topic of fat is __ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than.59. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is__.A. their changed life-style.B. their eagerness to stay thin and youthful.C. their appreciation of the importance of exercise.D. the encouragement they have received from their companies.Text CA 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catc h traffic violators.”Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America,” says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual… Passing laws is one thing,” it admits, “applying them another.”It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid-1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens’ awareness about public safety, by improving residents’ attitudes and behavior in reporting crime and suspicious events in the neighborhood and byreducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.”Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers.In Nigeria the police have checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character.Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums.The London newspaper the indep endent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.” And more and more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding “unique me thods of carrying on criminal activity” that “the training of law enforcement personnel” cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high positions in society.”60. What is the main reason for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves?A.there are not enough policemenB.they do not trust the rule of lawC.the police force is inefficientD.security devices do not work61. A neighborhood watch scheme will probably do all the following EXCEPT ___________A. helping to install anti-theft devicesB. raising citizens’ consciousness of community safetyC. helping citizens to claim a lost propertyD. encouraging citizens to report suspicious events62. According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _______________A.rosyB.unclearC.hard to describeD.bleak63. According to the Time Magazine, the measures taken by governments in Latin America _____________.A. will have much effect at onceB. focuses on increasing the size of the police forceC. are intended to catch more traffic violatorsD. are seemingly strong but will have little effectText DIt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation,the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on t he Sun’s magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.64. The author focuses primarily on ______________ .A.two competing scientific models concerning the sun’s magnetic fieldB.an overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physicsC.the reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solvedD.the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial climate with solar activity65. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons are the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records important?A.They contradict the theory of the Maunder minimumB.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climateC.They verify the existence of a span of unusual cold worldwide during the Maunder minimumD.They show that the European observations are of dubious statistical significance66. On which of the following assumptions is based the belief that tree-ring thicknesses show links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate?A.Solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the period in questionB.Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to speciesC.Tree-ring thickness varies with changes in terrestrial climateD.Both terrestrial climate and solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thicknessText EThe first time I saw Stephen Leacock at close quarters he came swinging into a classroom in Moyse Hall, the serenely ugly old Arts Building of McGill University in Montreal. The room was packed with undergraduates like me who had come with huge curiosity to listen to their first lecture on political science by a man whose humorous writing had rocked the English-speaking world with laughter, but who was a campus character for very different reasons.Leacock enjoyed a reputation for eccentricity and for an impish individualism that expressed itself in blunt speech on every subject. Naturally we looked him carefully.What we saw was a shock of graying hair crowning a rugged face that wore a friendly smile, emphasized by crinkles of mirth about the ey es. I remember thinking, “He could use a haircut.” His necktie had slipped its moorings, and his tweedy suit looked slept-in. Across his vest his watch chain had come apart in the middle and had been put together with a safety pin. The effect was of a man who gave no thought to his appearance. But his manner was far too buoyant to suggest the absent-minded professor.His apparel was topped by one of those loose, black gowns professors wore in those days. Leacock’s had been acquired about the time he received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1903. Even though the garment was showing signs of wear in 1914, it was still one of the essential properties of his play-acting. At least a dozen times during every lecture it would slip off his shoulders and seize him by the crook of his elbows. Without pause in the flow of talk and motion——he was a walking lecturer——a great shrug of the shoulders would hoist the gown part way into place.Leacock was tremendously proud of his Chicago Ph. D., but it was inescapably in character that he must spoof it. “The meaning of this degree,” he quipped in a lecture, “is that the recipient has been examined for the last time in his life and pronounced full. After this, no new ideas can be imparted to him.” In similar vein, after returning from a holiday abroad he told his class, “I was sitting quietly in my cabin when a steward knocked and, after making sure I am called Doctor, asked if I would come and look at the stewardess’s knee. I was off like a shot, but another fello w got there ahead of me. He was a Doctor of Divinity.”What came through to me, even in the first lecture, was Leacock’s warmth and humanness. I knew I was listening to a man who loved young people and was determined to give them as much wisdom as he could. His teaching methods were unconventional. He couldn’t resist the temptation to explore bypaths. In discussing the days of Queen Victoria, he mentioned Disraeli, and this set him off to talk about the man rather than the Prime Minister——his way of living, his quick mind, his dilettantism, his great love affair with his wife. The digression lifted the great statesman into a framework of his own and, when Leacock returned to the main line of his subject, the listener understood, in a way no textbook could inform him, how such a man could bring off the coup which gave Britain control of the Suez Canal and made the Empire impregnable for decades to come.67. Stephen Leacock could be described as all the following EXCEPT _____________.A.careless about his appearanceB.witty and eloquentC.an inspiring professorD.an absent-minded person68. Leacock’s account of being summoned to look at a stewardess’s knee _________________.A.tells us that he was always ready to help othersB.indicates that he was an incompetent doctorC.reveals that he was very proud of his degreeD.shows that he could playful sometimes69. Speaking of Disraeli, a conventional professor would probably have ______________.A.focused on his accomplishments as a statesmanB.talked about his family lifeC.explored the little-known aspects of the personD.looked at him from a fresh perspective70. Which of the following statements about Disraeli is NOT true?A. Disraeli once served as Prime Minister in the days of Queen Victoria.B. Disraeli was the biggest shareholder of the Suez Canal CompanyC. Disraeli contributed to making the British Empire the most powerful countryD. Disraeli was instrumental in Britain’s successful control of the Suez CanalⅣ.Translation (15’)Chinese-to- English translation. (8’)澳门在地理位置上靠近港、台地区及东南亚各国。

厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Structure and V ocabulary 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingClozeI have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know from her medical chart and the report I received from the preceding shift that tonight she will die. The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if is warning. As I stand there, the smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experience. In my mouth I have a sour, vinegar taste coming from the pit of my stomach. I reach for the light switch, and as it silently lights the scene, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye. Mrs. Clark is dying. She lies motionless: the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow and hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in; the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breath. I reached for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. They are ice cold, and I quickly move to the wrist and feel for the faint pulse. Mrs Clark’s eyes open somewhat as her head turns towards me slightly. I bend close to her and scarcely hear as she whispers, “Water.” Taking a glass of water from the table, I put my finger over the end of the straw and allow a few drops of the cool moisture to slide into her mouth and ease her thirst. She makes no attempt to swallow; there is just not enough strength. “More,” the dry voice says, and we repeat the procedure. This time she does manage to swallow some liquid and weakly says, “Thank you.”She is too weak for conversation. So without asking, I go about providing for her needs. Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some on the palm of my hands. Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bone in the back. Placing a pillow between her legs, I notice that these too are ice cold, and not until I run my hands up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood. When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her and, taking her free hand between mine, again notice the long, thin fingers, graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards. There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. As though she is a mind reader, Mrs. Clark answers my thoughts and quietly tells me, “I sent…my family…home…tonight…didn’t want…them…to see…” Having spent her last ounce of strength she cannot go on, but I have understood what she has done. Not knowing what to say, I say nothing.Again she seems to sense my thoughts, “You…stay…”Time seems to stand still. In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings…Her long fingers curl easily around my hands and I nod my head slowly, smiling. Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close. Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them, just a blank stare. Without warning, her shallow breathing stops, and within a few moments, the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger who so quickly came into and went from my life. Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. Slowly, still holding her hand, I become aware that I do not mind this emotional battle that in fact, it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. Mrs. Clark spared her family an episode that perhaps they were not equipped to handle and instead shared it with me. She had not wanted to have her family see her die, yet she did not want to die alone. No one should die alone, and I am glad I was there for her. Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper. She was the mother of seven, grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associations in her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years.Yes, they were long and graceful fingers. A drip K liquid B secured L famine C decay M jar D preceding N slide E straw O thirst F faint P fluid G pit Q moisture H chart R loosely I palm S hit J lid T indication The medical【1】from the 【2】shift was the first【3】I got that Mrs. Clark would die. There was also a smell of 【4】in the room that【5】me in the【6】of my stomach. The patient’s skin hung【7】so a needle was【8】to let the【9】【10】in. She had a 【11】pulse and was thirsty, so I gave her a 【12】of a few drops of 【13】to 【14】into her mouth to ease her 【15】. Having managed to swallow some 【16】, she said “Thank you.” She was so small and light that she looked like a victim of some terrible 【17】. I removed the 【18】of a 【19】of cream and put some on the 【20】of my hand. Then I rubbed the cream into her yellow skin to make her feel better.1．正确答案：H2．正确答案：D3．正确答案：T 4．正确答案：C 5．正确答案：S 6．正确答案：G 7．正确答案：R 8．正确答案：B 9．正确答案：P 10．正确答案：A 11．正确答案：F 12．正确答案：E 13．正确答案：Q 14．正确答案：N15．正确答案：O16．正确答案：K17．正确答案：L18．正确答案：J19．正确答案：M20．正确答案：IReading ComprehensionThe main idea of these business—school academics is appealing. In a word where companies must adapt to new technologies and source of competition, it is much harder than it used to be to offer good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Yet it is also more necessary than ever for employees to invest in better skills and sparkle with bright ideas. How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection and promotion? Many bosses would love to have an answer. Sumantrra Ghoshal of the London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School think they have one: “Employability.” If managers offer the right kinds of training and guidance, and change their attitude towards their underlings, they will be able to reassure their employees that they will always have the skills and experience to find a good job—even if it is with a different company. Unfortunately, they promise more than they deliver. Their thoughts on what an ideal organization should accomplish are hard to quarrel with: encourage people to be creative, make sure the gains from creativity are shared with the pains of the business that can make the most of them, keep theorganization from getting stale and so forth. The real disappointment comes when they attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment. At its hub is the notion that companies can attain their elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individual workers, and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine. The authors offer a few inspiring example of companies—they include Motorola, 3M and ABB—that have managed to go some way towards creating such organizations. But they offer little useful guidance on how to go about it, and leave the biggest questions unanswered. How do you continuously train people, without diverting them from their everyday job of making the business more profitable? How do you train people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging them to make big commitments to your own firm? How do you get your newly liberated employees to spend their time on ideas that create value, and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of their answers are platitudinous, and when they are not they are unconvincing.21．We can infer from the passage that in the past an employee______.A．had job security and opportunity of promotionB．had to compete with each other to keep his jobC．had to undergo training all the timeD．had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder正确答案：A解析：从第1段的句子可以看出，过去一个好的职员很容易获得事业保险(job security )和晋升的机会(opportunity to climb the corporate ladder)。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become animportant issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of therule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justicesacted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent andimpartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court’s decisi ons will be _4_ as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apartfrom politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to_12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal systemwas designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely_14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted infundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals withsocial policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher w ho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear powe r plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never real ly intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, th e Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists usethe new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unio ns keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians h ave repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping thepay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities definesscience. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, so cial and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In youressay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。

Passage10当过CEO的政府官员政绩不佳Harry Truman didn’t think his successor had the right training to be president.“Poor Ike—it won’t be a bit like the Army,”he said.“He’ll sit there all day saying‘do this,do that,’and nothing will happen.”Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance—you didn’t tell Winston Churchill what to do—in a massive,chaotic war.He was used to politics.But Truman’s insight could well be applied to another,even more venerated Washington figure: the CEO—turned cabinet secretary.A20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses,so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O’Neill.Here are two highly regarded businessmen,obviously intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs.Actually,we shouldn’t be surprised.Rumsfeld and O’Neill are not doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it.The record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment.In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin,it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government.Why is this?Well,first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO,the president.But even the president is not really the CEO.No one is.Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured.Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.Thesecretary might think he’s in charge of his agency.But the chairman of the congressional committee funding that agency feels the same.In his famous study “Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents,”Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is“the power to persuade.”Take Rumseld’s attempt to transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future.It’s innovative but deeply threatening to almost everyone in Washington.The Defense secretary did not try to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress,the budget office of the White House.As a result,the idea is collapsing.Second,what power you have,you must use carefully.For example,O’Neill’s position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal authority.Unlike Finance ministers around the world,Treasury does not control the budget.But it has symbolic power.The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and,if he plays it right,the chief economic adviser for the president.O’Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF’s bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil.As a result,he has gotten the worst of both worlds.The bailouts continue,but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism.Perhaps the government doesn’t do bailouts well.But that leads to a third rule:you can’t just quit.Jack Welch’s famous law for re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product category,or else get out ofthat business.But if the government isn’t doing a particular job at peak level,it doesn’t always have the option of relieving itself of that function.The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money.But it can’t get out of the national-security business.The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin’s success may have been that he fully understood that business and government are,in his words,“necessarily and properly very different.”In a recent speech he explained,“Business functions around one predominate organizing principle,ernment,on the other hand,deals with a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing objectives—for example,energy production versus environmental protection,or safety regulations versus productivity.”Rubin’s example shows that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it as its own separate,serious endeavour.But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery,it’s difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn,particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens,politicians,bureaucrats and the media.And even if he knows it intellectually,he just can’t live with it.1.For a CEO to be successful in government,he has to______.A.regard the president as the CEOB.take absolute control of his departmentC.exercise more power than the congressional committeeD.become acquainted with its power structure2.In commenting on O’Neill’s record as Treasury Secretary,the passage seems to indicate that______.A.O’Neill has failed to use his power wellB.O’Neill policies were well receivedC.O’Neill has been consistent in his policiesD.O’Neill uncertain about the package he’s approved3.According to the passage,the differences between government and business lie in the following areas EXCEPT______.A.nature of activityB.option of withdrawalC.legitimacy of activityD.power distribution4.The author seems to suggest that CEO-turned government officials______.A.are able to fit into their new rolesB.are unlikely to adapt to their new rolesC.can respond to new situations intelligentlyD.may feel uncertain in their new posts【答案与解析】1.D A项是视总统为CEO，这与原文第四段中“But even the president is not really theCEO.”是不符的；B项也不合题意，因为“Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.”(政府权力是分散的，是水平分布的。

装备学院2012 年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分 100 分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.He was a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.A.rewardedB. awardedC. promisedD. admitted2.Tall and , with close-cropped hair, Austin looks like anyone else on the track t eam.A.allergicB. confusedC. slenderD. splendidinjury and sickness received a good deal of publicity and3.The problem ofattention this year.A.careerB. professionalC. occupationalD. employment4.Three of workers produce machines that reduce tree branches to wood chips.A.shiftsB. shuttlesC. treatiesD. treads5.It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business,while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A.practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers6.The between direct and non-direct investment is thus meant to focus on the issueof control.A.distinctB. distinguishC. discriminationD. distinction7.The old gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A.turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out8.With its share of the market falling sharply, Vermeer opened a plant in Beijing, taking aChinese partner and drawing help for the from the Chinese.A.adventureB. ventureC. featureD. fractureC. withheldD. deprived10.His casual clothes were not for such a formal occasion.A.appropriateB. grantedC. conspicuousD. noble11.The focus of the conference was the application of computer-game technologies andenvironments to real -world business problems.A.properB. outsideC. virtualD. inside12.The most explanation is that professors are not particularly interested in students'welfare.A.plausibleB. clarifiedC. respectfulD. indifferent13.The manufacturers rely increasingly on governments, here and abroad, to andexpand.A.profoundB. prosperC. extractD. conquer14.The Obama hasn’t tried to formulate policy that far into the future.A.managementB. governmentC. administrationD. parliament15.While the cause of the accident to one part, the commission also raised broaderconcerns about quality control.A.exploringB. consultingC. completingD. narrowing16.The commission recommended that the space agency a better quality-controlprogram for engine parts.A.put into actionB. put into effectC. take into actionD. take into action17.The significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the directancestor of the human genus.A.principleB. effectiveC. principalD. affective18.The analysis is not complete and Dominion no numbers to the public.A.releasedB. publishedC. confessedD. dominated19.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for re-election.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable20.The rocks above the cave have gradually away, bringing the fossils to the surface.A.trackedB. tracedC. emergedD. erodedPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 21 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 22 the news.Newspapers have one basic 23 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. 24 did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 25 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 26 of the latest news, today's newspapers 27 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 28 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 29 . Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to 30 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 31 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 32 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This 33 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 34 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world, and even 35 space.21.A. Mean while B. Just when C. Soon after D. Before then22.A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring23.A. reason B. cause C. purpose D. problem24.A. How B. So C. More D. What25.A.value B. ratio C. rate D. speedrm B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed27.A.entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit28.A. on B. through C. with D. of29.A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose30.A. spend B. cover C. earn D. realize31.A. source B. origin C. course D. finance32.A. way B. means C. chance D. success33. A. measures B. is measured C. measured D. was measured34. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something35. A. far B. farther C. out D. outerPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.36.The eye of the hurricane is .A.the powerful center of the stormB.the relatively calm center of the stormC.the part that determines its directionD.the center of low pressure37.Which of the following statements is true?A.A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B.A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C.Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D.It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.38.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms39.The low-lying areas refer to those regions that .A.close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane40.Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A.taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. covering windowsD. equipping the house with stonesPassage 2On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperate office workers - - were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris ( 碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. Buthealing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling,while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41.According to paragraph 1, the author’s office was .A.at Washington HeightsB.just beside the World Trade CenterC.in the South Street SeaportD.far from the WTC42.The passage tells us that the author .A.was a social workerB.worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC.was asked to take some pictures of WTCD.ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43.What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A.People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.B.A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C.There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.D.He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44.What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A.He watched in horror and cried, but couldn’t move.B.He ran nearer to help out.C.He ran nearer to take pictures.D.He ran away to try to find a shelter.45.In the last paragraph, the author’s attitude is that .A.different people have different ideasB.people shouldn’t walk with expressionless facesC.people should go back to work immediatelyD.however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forwardPassage 3We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it wasseldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood w ereespecially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.46.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thinpowder fuse analogy?A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and some rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.47.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause .A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.48.Which statement is true about population increase?A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.49.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means .A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human50.The author of the passage intends to .A.warn people against the population explosion in the near futurepare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growthPassage 4Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, andthe English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best au ctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one ofthemselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a‘knock-out’ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.51.A candle used to burn at auction sales .A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made52.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers .A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale53.The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because .A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers54.An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because .A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested55. A ‘knock-out’ is arranged .A.to increase the auctioneer's profitB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to keep the price in the auction room lowD.to help the auctioneerSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1.Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experience with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billion.2.More recently they picked an unlikely candidate to be their next Web sensation: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物).3.The men are trying to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmarking service that, in its time, was popular among the technorati, but failed to catch on with a broader audience.4.“What we plan to do,” Mr. Hurley said in an interview here last week, “is try to introduce Delicious to the rest of the world.”5.Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and organize them using a simple tagging system, assigning keywords like “neuroscience” or “recipes.” It was praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site’s early popularity spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005 — but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.6.In December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hinted that the company was planning to sell or shut down the service.7.At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more thana sliver of that material in a given day.8.“Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can’t even read 1,000 aday,” Mr. Chen said. “There’s a waterfall of content that you’re missing out on.”9.He added, “There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discovery problem, and no one has got it right yet.”10.When the men heard about Yahoo’s plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and they placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.)11.At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an overhaul of the site’s design and the software and the systems used to tag and organize links.12.The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept.11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips.13.The home page would feature browseable “stacks,” or collections of related images, videos and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. “We want to simplify things visually, mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they’re doing,” Mr. Hurley said.14.Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.15.“You’re Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search,” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provides “a very easy way to save those links in a collection that someone else can browse.”16.They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons.17.“We know how hard it would be to build a brand,” Mr. Hurley said. “Delicious lets us hit the ground running with its existing footprint.”18.A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content — right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said.19.But Mr. Chen said the team also “liked the idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0 companies that started the social sharing movement on the Web.” He added: “There was some sense of history. We were genuinely sad that it would be shut down.”20.Both founders acknowledge that they were never diehard Delicious users. “I signed up in 2005 and I didn’t use it again until 2011,” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugh.56.What is likely to be Chad Hurley and Steve Chen’s next web sensation according to thepassage?57.Why the author says in paragraph 2 that the sensation is an UNLIKELY candidate?58.How do you un derstand the sentence said by Mr. Hurley “Delicious lets us hit the groundrunning with its existing footprint” in paragraph 17?59.What does the word ‘diehard’ possibly mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?60.List no less than 10 words in the passage that are related with web or i nternet.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions: Each of the following underlined part has an error. Find out the errors in the underlined parts and without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the Answer Sheet.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use to start late in life to say: “I wi ll take an interest in this or that.”(61) Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledges of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.(62) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to dislike what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided as three classes (63): those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweating and effort, (64) the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the profession or business man, (65) who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, people whose work and pleasure are one. (66) Of these the former are the major. (67) They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, and a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. (68) But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a naturally harmony. (69) For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet of both classes the need of an alternative outlook, (70) of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best。

Passage1泰坦尼克号与珍珠港Moviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend.The summer’s most anticipated film,Pearl Harbor,which has opened recently,painstakingly recreates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II.But that isn’t the film’s only reminder of the past.Harbor invites comparison to Titanic,the biggest hit of all time.Like Titanic,Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event.Like Titanic,Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life.Like Titanic,Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours.Both stories center on young passion,triangles of tension with one woman and two men.In Titanic,Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman,a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate（Winslet）.In Harbor,two pilots（Ben Affelek,Josh Hartnett）fall for the same woman,a nurse played by a British actress named Kate（Beckinsale）.The scenes of peril also have similarities.Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes.The moment is recalled of the Titanic’s climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water.In Harbor,one of its stars floats a piece of debris in the middle of the night,much like Winslet’s character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor’s40-minute recreation of Dec.7,1941attack on the United States’Pacific Fleet.Both films spent heavily on special effects.Harbor director,Michael Bay,for example,said he kept salaries down,so more could be spent on the visuals.Both movies’shot events and their ship-sinking scenes were completed at the same location,Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor’s makers have even taken a Titanic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song,There You’ll be,performed by country music superstar Faith Hill.Titanic,which is one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time, also had only one pop song:Celine Dion’s My Heart Will Go On.“If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker,filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material,”said a critic.1.What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A.The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B.Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C.The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D.Sinking boats and famous actors.2.What does the phrase“cost a pretty penny”in the first paragraph mean?A.To be very attractiveB.To cost a lotC.To have big box office returnsD.To require a lot of effort to accomplish3.It is said in the passage that______.A.major historical events can never repeat themselvesB.both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearanceC.Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than TitanicD.Titanic is the most successful film in history4.Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all the following aspects EXCEPT______.A.both spent large amount of money on special effectsB.both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC.both added made-up stories to historical eventsD.both are documentary movies of historical events5.If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic,which of the following movies might we see next?A.The Battle of Waterloo.B.The Adventures of Mr.Bean.C.Space Invaders.D.The Haunted House.【答案与解析】1.C文章中多处表达证明本题的正确答案是C。

[考研类试卷]2012年厦门大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、匹配题0 Match the authors or poets in Column I with the literary trends in Column II.(8 points)1)Modernism2)Imagism3)Romanticism4)Transcendentalism5)Pre-romanticism6)Realism7)Post-modernism8)Neo-classicism1 Henry David Thoreau2 George Gordon Byron3 Joseph Conrad4 Thomas Pynchon5 Amy Lowell6 Henry Fielding7 Henry James8 Thomas Gray二、名词解释9 Allegory10 avant-garde11 ballad12 Black Mountain poets13 Bloomsbury Group14 Eco-criticism三、评论题15 Pecola Breedlove(from: The Bluest Eye)16 Frederic Henry(from: A Farewell to Arms)17 Emma Woodhouse(from; Emma)18 Pip(from: Great Expectations)19 Yossarian(from; Catch-22)20 Quentin Compson(from; The Sound and the Fury)四、问答题21 The first half of the 18th century is called the Age of Pope. Why?22 Sinclair Lewis is the first American writer who got the Nobel Prize for Literature. Why do you think he deserve the prize?五、分析题23 Read the following poem and write a short essay based on the following questions in about 100 words.(8 points)I'm nobody by Emily Dickinson(1830 - 1886)I'm nobody, Who are you?Are you nobody too?Then there's a pair of us.Don't tell—they'd banish us, you know.How dreary to be somebody!How public—like a frog—To tell your name the livelong JuneTo an admiring bog.What, in your opinion is the theme of this poem?What is the meaning of each stanza? What is your attitude towards fame?。

2012年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The weather wasn’t favorable and both teams had to______icy rain and a strong wind during the match.A．pin downB．get stuck inC．take control ofD．contend with正确答案：D解析：D选项：contend with的意思为“与(某事物)抗争；苦于应付”，如：Theyhad to contend with winds and sand storms．(他们必须与大风沙作斗争。

)句意：天气很不好，两支球队在比赛中还得应对狂风和冰冷的雨水。

故选D。

其他三项意思分别是：pin down把……固定住，迫使作出决定；get stuck in开始起劲地做某事；take control of控制。

2．People planning to travel by car to North Dakota in the winter are advised to______ their cars with snow tires and warm clothing.A．installB．purchaseC．provideD．equip正确答案：D解析：D选项：equip的意思为“装备，使有能力”。

equip的宾语后可接由with引导的短语，表示“用……装备”，如：Please equip yourself with a sharp pencil and a rubber for the exam．(请准备一枝尖的铅笔和一块橡皮参加考试。