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政治类1(8). "It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from thepublic."对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息通常是必要的，甚至有益的。
少数和多数的关系之true lies, the truth is out there.Topic：对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息是不应该（没有权力）也是不明智的。
1）政治领导者没有权力向民众隐瞒信息。
Eg 中国革命先驱孙中山先生曾说过，“政治就是人民大众的事，政治领导者是人民大众选举产生的，他们的权力是广大人民所赋予的。
”所以在通常情况下，政府是没有权力向人民大众隐瞒信息的。
2）政府向民众隐瞒信息也是不明智的，因为1，只有保持信息的交流才能做出正确的科学决策。
Eg美国的Prof Holland Sabine在《政治学说史》中指出：“政治学说就是人类为有意识地去理解和解决集体生活的难题而做出的种种尝试，这一过程需要小集体（人民大众）和领导者保持密切关系，以确保信息的沟通和难题的解决。
”2，只有保持信息的交流才能得到人民的支持。
能及时，经常地从人民大众那儿进行信息沟通的领导者容易得到大众的理解和支持。
相反，向群众隐瞒容易引起不信任，进而失去威信。
Eg 1981年2月，西班牙发生军事政变，一些军人包围议会大厦，扣押全体内阁成员，全城戒严，全国处于一片混乱中，这是国王卡洛斯及时通过电视讲话，向全国人民通报信息，稳定人心，获得民众支持，进而军警对政变分子进行了反包围，不久政变流产，国王声望大增，民主势力得到加强。
3）诚然，在某些特殊紧急情况下，当这样的隐瞒是为民众利益考虑时是必要的。
保护民众安全的，比如国家军事机密，泄漏会造成不安全，反控行动，避免民众遭到报复------------------------------2(24). "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint inthe use of that power."当掌握权力的人们试图小心而节制的使用权力时，他们是最有效率的。
Issue 分类题库作者：孙远来源：新东方第一类：政治类：1.政治本身97. "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."195. "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."89. "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."2.政府与人民(领导与被领导的人直接的关系)：45."Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."a) Government officials have more insights and are capable to fully evaluate a specific problem in the long run. //the purchase of Alaskab) Government officials have the responsibility to form the judgment according to their evaluation of thesituation. It is just such responsibility which endow them power.c) Public will could be instrumental in forming more precise and comprehensive judgment. Different people arerepresentative of their own interest, public as a whole can have a comprehensive representation of the interest of different groupd) The fundamental of democracy require that the public view should be taken into consideration by thegovernment officials.79."Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."202."Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."a) Public opinion is instrumental for the political leaders to make a better solution.b) For the most effective leader, the public opinion should be evaluated instead of absorbed unconditionally.c) Unconditionally abandoning principle for the sake compromise, will undermine the authority of the politicalleader, thus greatly render them ineffective when carry out governmental actions.d) For the sake of maintaining authority and fulfill their responsibility, the political leader should not bend to thepublic opinion too often. Any public opinion should be thoroughly investigated before absorbed.105."The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens."142."The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."【Position】:尽管质疑权威有时候会引起社会不安定，适当的质疑有利于社会健康发展。
1、部分同意1、意见相同的人有共同关心的问题，容易交流，可以学到In addition, their views reveal the importance and the core of our work and their positive suggestions could provide us a more insightful understanding of the topic and more thoughts for further work. However, all the help described above can only promise our success in completeness of our own ideas about the topic. Breakthrough will be hardly achieved because it requires a distinct vision never created before to lead people. Without different opinions, it is difficult to jump out from our own myopic thinking.2、如果背景相同，意见不一的人交流比相同的人交流学到更多Before the Wave-Particle duality in quantum physics has been found, two groups of people always dispute with each other. Some scientists conducted the experiment showing that particles in microworld have wave properties while some found they possess properties of particles. The contradiction pushed them into further study resulting in the overturned discovery of Wave-Particle duality which compromises both of contradicted views to fully describe the physical property of the particles in microworld.3、当然，和背景知识不同因而意见disagree on fundamental assumptions不同的人交流也会阻碍学习a student of paleontology learns little about the revolution of an animal species by debating with an individual who do not believe in evolution;2、同意，防止不良竞争1、经济领域，竞争可以提高产品质量，促进创新更好的质量、服务、创新的动力，消费者受益2、政治领域，竞争可以选出最有能力的领导者，人民受益竞争中，领导者承诺福利，个人能力；防止无能政府3、不良竞争对社会带来问题，如压力，不正当竞争学生成绩竞争；工作岗位竞争；immoral竞争，slag off behind the back3、近期问题长远研究都要重视1、诚然，我们应当把钱用在当前的社会问题上，如：发展经济，解决失业、犯罪poverty, disease, war等，因为这些社会问题可能严重危害人们的生命、财产安全；vaccinate the children in poor African coutries where hygiene conditions are unqualified2、然而，我们同时也应当将钱用于长期的研究很多问题不能马上解决，用于长期研究才能根治，如环境问题，需要植树造林为未来长远规划，环境才能从根本上得以改善；如科学研究不是一朝一夕的事long-term research devotes to resolving or preventing social problems that might occur to our descendants; preserve the environment from deterioration is easier than resolving those already emerged enironmental problems which jeopardize the ecosystem 3、如果只顾眼前，不顾未来，对后代生活造成严重影响不搞节能研究，能源问题4、学科之间有相互联系，发展需要结合其他学科的内容1、在学科发展尚不成熟时期，不引进外界的知识也可以发展Galileo velocity and weight; Newton's laws of motion2、许多学科之间有联系，现代学科发展到一定程度后，这种联系发现与强化对每个学科的发展具有重要作用education and computer technology; instructional technology, more efficient teaching methods integrated with the usage of computeranthropologist's knowledge about an ancient civiliztion is enhanced by biochemists, geologists, linguists, historians3、对于一些学科来说，如果只从学科本身去研究，无视相关学科，会限制该学科发展，无法解决某些问题psychology and statictics, analyze the psychological problems through statistical methods, find the similarities and differences; without not able to find the psychological principles, unable to solve complex problems, e.g. to understand the relationship between physical apperance and first impression5、国家课程和地方课程都需要1、国家课程可以确保学生在学科学习水平上有统一标准和要求，为大学学习打好基础language, mathematics, science, history, computer, form the same education backgroundfundamental skills and knowledge, children grow up as informed and productive members of society. easier for college to build curriculua suitable for all freshmen2、完全统一的国家课程在制定上有问题谁来决定课程，regulators quirky notions of what should be taughtprovinces;communities;schools;parents对教育的看法不同，不会完全同意国家课程2、实施主要国家课程的同时还需要设置地方性课程，符合地方需求，keep local culture business courses suitable for children live in metropolitan, unsuitable for those live in hinterland; course on farminglocal culture,language,tradition,arts learn literature, works related with local life easier to understand, to preserve local culture and language6、文化是一个广义的综合的概念，人、事、物都可以一定程度上反映当代的文化1、青少年是社会的重要组成部分，其潮流一定程度上反映当代的文化例如：青少年爱吃fast food，反映社会节奏的加快；青少年爱好internet，反映现代网络文化的发展和globalization，stars in entertainment and sports2、但是还有其他的途径了解当代文化，通过成年人和老年人了解文化；通过节日和传统可以了解到当代文化；通过重大事件也可以了解到当代文化；此外，通过人口的组成也可以了解到当代文化。
关于issue作文重点题目和提纲拿到一个题目后，我们不要忙于去写，一定要先对题目进行详细的分析。
通过题目我们知道主要论证的是intelligence的作用，因此，智力是这个题目最关键的突破点。
A. 无可否认的，智力因素在各个领域都很重要，无论是自然科学还是社会科学。
(论据1)Undoubtedly, intelligence plays an important role in many realms, including the natural science and the social sciences.B.要想成功光靠智力是远远不够的，还有很多的因素如勤奋、勇敢等。
(论据2)Intelligence by itself is not enough for one to sueed; many other factors such as diligence and courage must be taken into consideration.C.应该在此二者之间寻求平衡，即将两者结合起来。
We should strive for a balance between intelligence and emotion, that is, bine them with each other.Position: Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.1、In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.2、However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts for solving problems.3、Sometimes our intuition can give us valuable assistance in making a judgment.。
学习类1(1). "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。
（与我们）持相同意见者和持不同意见者对学习的作用Topic：虽然从某种程度上来讲，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但这不是理由，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；1）我们很难从观点与我们相同或相似的人那儿获得新知识和受到启发。
2）相反，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上获取新视野，从而找到解决问题的方法eg 与此同时，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上发现自身的不足eg3）历史告诉我们，无论是对个人还是社会，主要是通过不同意见的争论来获取进步，向前发展的。
4）诚然，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但正是这种压力才更好的促使我们去思考。
.2(4). "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。
Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group闭门造车，旁观者清Topic：同意，知识领域的重大进展依赖于各学科的知识和经验，甚至能创造出一个新的学科。
2.(1)工作还是兴趣4正反分，(circumstances; compelling reason; possible consequence)XX可能会认为/工作确实重要：对个人：Having a job is a prerequisite for high personal accomplishment.对家庭：To nurturing a student, a family mush spend much money and effort. If a youngster of a family have trouble finding a job, the whole family might get into financial trouble.对社会：Normally, a field where a host of jobs are available is where social need is pressing. sunset industryNevertheless, availability of jobs should not be the only criterion for choosing the field of study; personal interests should not be neglected.选择不好找工作的专业不意味着找不到工作，如果自己有兴趣并且努力一样可以出人头地Materials that are unpleasant and not interesting tend to be repressed by people while materials that are interesting tend to be digested more readily and thoroughly. With greater interests, students will be more motivated, more diligent, and more likely to succeed in their fields. Besides, students will be happier if they can work in the fields of interests.难找工作的专业不意味着对社会贡献就低。
当务之急与百年大计227、36、244、11、24、170、101、222、191、173、224、98、44个体和整体（少数和多数、局部和整体)230、234、52、239、42、183、232、147、88、233、198、243、2、3、8、9、25、140、145、182、28、40、41、47、51、57、59、73、136、142、116、159、210、85、93、141、165、120、125、150、151、155、179、161、188、77、103、194、203、209、4、23、149、192、211、5、62、63、204、132、158、33技术进步对人类的影响231、18、130、135、217、240、146、176、99、10、104、38、117、46、49、68、87、131、163、185、195、199、213、94、95、109、115、129、139理性与感性236、71、90、92、162、27、114、106、107、137、164、172、196、13、89、186不同领域的交流228、118、30、134、43、61、74、111、112、138、156、157、177、180、21、200、201、223、54、37、97、184、154、160、19统一与分歧（竞争）225、226、229、241、242、15、17、26、32、39、45、48、58、72、75、22、76、102、121、122、152、123、124、126、133、143、148、174、175、178、181、189、193、205、207、208、214、215、218、219、220、235、237、91、96、65、81、12、35、80现实和理想238、53、166、60、31、66、70、14、79、86、110、128、144、171、190、202、212、216 新与旧6、7、34、50、55、64、67、78、82、83、100、105、108、84、127、153、56、167、168、169、187、197、206、113、119、38、221◆当务之急与百年大计●227、当务之急和百年大计（现在和将来）P1Humanity should take into account both long-term interests and short-term interests when making budgets1、当代问题Naturally, each generation is most concerned about solving problems that immediately confront them such as the development of economy, the problems of losing jobs, crimes, poverty, disease and war because these social problems threaten the process of our lives and safety of our assets. 失业问题As a result, government carries out a policy to ensure every child in poor African countries can be vaccinated with the hygiene conditions are unqualified.2、长远计划造福后人（环境的问题太土了吧；探索外太空）While at the same time, we should invest some money into some long-term researches. As we all know, a lot of problems cannot be settled immediately instead of long-term research, just like the environment problem, which needs a long-term plan as a fundamental solution. Long-term research devotes to resolving or preventing social problems that might occur to our descendants 后代; preserve the environment from deterioration恶化is easier than resolving those already emerged environmental problems which threaten the ecosystem.3、我们受益，还要造福后人（例子）Therefore, as beneficiaries受益人of previous先前的generations, each generation should make its own contribution for the well-being of future generations. Those who only emphasis thetemporary life and ignore the future will make a serious effect on the future generations. Faced with the problem of energy, how can our children operate the planes, automobiles even televisions without the research of energy conservation?●36、P36只不过多了政府：1、To win the favor of the general public, governments throughout the world tend to focus on solving the immediate problems of today.改成政府组织解决问题2、However, a government’s failing to prepare for future challenges will cause disasters to its country in the long run.环境问题3、Furthermore, a government should always take into consideration the possible future effects of the actions it takes today.●244、P2顺序颠倒写1、No one would deny the fact that it is in the young generation that lies the future of our society. 孩子决定未来，投资教育（周恩来：为中华的崛起而读书stage its economic take-off实现经济起飞）2、However, this does not mean that we can ignore the interests of adults, who make up the major work force of our society avoiding no one can take well care of the young generation. 如果忽视了对成人的服务，可能间接会影响到孩子。
1. In some countries, television and radio programs are carefully censored for offensive language and behavior. In other coun tries, there is little or no censorship.In your view, to what extent should government or any other group be able to censor television or radio programs? Explain, giving relevant reasons and/or examples to support your position.agree1Television and radio programs with offensive language and behavior can adversely affect individual's mood.2Imitation of the offensive language and behavior including obscenity and violence can do harm to the society as a whole.3Some one may argue that to censor the television and radio programs is a violation of the right of free speech. However, the se people misunderstand the essence of freedom including the right of free speech. No one can get any freedom, if everyone can do whatever they want regardless of the impact on others.2. “It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy.International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world‟s energy resources for future generation s.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.1To conserve the energy is a world-wide project. No individual country is able to do it independently.2It is unfair to let individual nations to make sacrifices while the others do not.3The best and the most efficient way is the whole wolrd conserve the energy simultaneously and collectively.3. “Corporations and other businesses should try to eliminate the many ranks and salary grades that classify employees accord ing to their exper ience and expertise. A …flat‟ organizational structure is more likely to encourage collegiality and cooperation among employees.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examp les from your own experience, observations, or reading.disagree1Hierarchical organizational structure can make an organization work more efficient.2Salary grades can inspire the members of an organization or employees of a company try their best to make contribution to the organization or the company.3TO help eliminate the aggressive attitude among members of an organization of employees of a company. A fair and open evalutaion system should be carefull designed. What is more, it is imprudent to say a flat organizational structure can encourage cooperation an collegiality. It is more likely to have conflicts without solution when no one has the authority to make the final judgement.4. “Of all the manifestations* of power, restraint in the use of that power impresses people most.”* manifestations: apparent signs or indicatorsExplain what you think this quotation means and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with it. Develop your position with reasons and/or specific examples drawn from history, current events, or your own experience, observations, or reading.1Admittedly, it is not always good to use the power to the utmost. There is no need for manager to fire an employee who have committed a minus violation of the coompany rule. There is no use for the head of a state to lauch a war when there is only a political disagreement with another country, and so on so forth.2likewise, to restrain the use of power is not always good.3In fact, we are more likely to be impressed by a flexible use of power.5. “All groups and organizations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and shares responsibilities and d uties. Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a project or task is not an effective way to ge t work done.”To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above? Support your views with reasons and/or specific exa mples drawn from your own work or school experiences, your observations, or your reading.1For groups and organizations that are stable, it is reasonable to have a flat organizational structure.2For groups and organizations that are always confronted with emergencies, it is always better to give one certain person cen tral authority and responsibility.3It is hard to say that one structure is necessarily better than the other. They all have advantages and disadvantages. And it is a case-by-case discussion.6. “There is only one definition of success —to be able to spend your life in your own way.”To what extent do you agree or disagree with this definition of success? Support your position by using reasons and examples from your reading, your own experience, or your observation of others.1I agree with the author to the extent that success has no universal criteria, every has its own way to success.2However, on one's way to his or her own success, one should not violate the law and the ethics.3To improve the quotation, a better definition of success can be --- to be able to enjoy one's life and do some contribution to the society as a whole.7. “The best way to give advice to other people is to find out what they want and then advise them how to attain it.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of vi ew with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.1I agree the first half of author's opinion. There is no use to give advice to people, when you even don't what they want or what their problems are.2However, it is better to help them find their own way to attain what they want.3Admittedly, some times it is impossible to instruct the people step by step cause it is time-consuming to do so. And, in contrast, directly tell them how to attain is much esier.8. “For hund reds of years, the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange of metal coins and printed pieces of paper. However, because of recent developments in technology, the international community should consider replacing the en tire system o f coins and paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examp les from your own experience, observations, or reading.1Intangible currencies are more convenient than its predecessor.2Tangible currencies are safer than its counterparts.3It is too extreme to let the electronic system replace the tangible system entirely. We can let they two coexist.9. “Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from the workplace.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examp les from your own experience, observations, or reading.1Personal activities should not be brought to one's workplace since they can reduce one's efficiency. Thinking about one's pr ivate life can distract one from his or her work.2Talking about private life and doing personal activities can disturb other fellow workers.3It is inevitable for a person to think about his or her private life and to do some personal activities at the workplace. Bu t an employee should do his or her best to focus on the work when at workplace.10. “In any enterprise, the process of making or doing something is ultimately more important than the final product.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons a nd/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.1The ultimate aim for an enterprise is to gain the maximum prof it. The final product instead of the process of making or doin g something can bring the enterprise profit.2To make the final profit more accepta ble to the consumers, special attention should be put on the process of making the product. 3I prefer to say that the process of making and doing something is extremely important in any enterprise because it directly affect the quality of the final product.11. “When someone achieves greatness in any field — such as the arts, science, politics, or business —that person‟s achievements are more important than any of his or her personal faults.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opi nion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.1Every one has faults. We can not ignore one's achievement only because he or she has made some faults. Likewise, we can not neglect one's error when he or she achieves greatness in the field.2When it comes to which one is more important, the greatness or the faults, the final judgement should be based on the situation of the certain person. In fact, as far as I am concerned, it makes no sense to make such a judgement.3We should give a person fair and reasonable evalluation. It is imprudent to say that the greatness one achieves in one field is necessarily more important than the faults he or she makes.12“Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society. Just as property and money once were the keys to success, education has now become the element that most ensures success in life.”In your opinion, how accurate is the view expressed above? Explain, using reasons and examples based on your own experience, observations, or reading.“教育已经成为我们的社会里个人机会的主要提供者。
文化类1(6). "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the t rends of its youth."了解当代文化最有效的途径就是去分析当代年轻人的潮流。
文明潮流和年轻人潮流的关系。
Topic：了解当代文化的途径之一是了解年轻人的潮流，但它并不是最有效的途径，还有许多其它的途径。
只考虑其中一方面是不够的。
其中最有效的途径是媒体。
In order to understand contemporary culture, It’s better to consider the youth idea combined with the other people's idea. Just take only one part of the population's opinion is insufficiently, and the youth is not a critical factor in the contemporary culture trend. The most important factor in deciding the current culture is the media1）年轻人的潮流是多变的，那只代表了一种时尚，是文化最前沿的东西，而不是文化的全部。
年轻人的特点就是喜欢新奇的事物，最新的folk music film 都是他们的最爱；同是他们的兴趣也是多变的，每一季的时装发布会之后，他们所追随的东西就发生了变化，这种多边性决定了这不是文化的全部和主流，因为文化是一个相对稳定的东西；当然年轻人的这种潮流为文化注入了新鲜与活力。
2）中年和老年人的文化在整个社会文化中也占据了很大的比列。
when it comes to the classics and other stable form of human mind, such as philosophy, classic art, it is primarily through the analysis of the old form we achieve our goal.3）Form my point of view，最有效的途径是了解一个社会的媒体。
11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."同意；但是需要注意一些问题1．许多问题需要通力合作。
比如环境问题：比如基因工程：2．国家之间的合作和依赖太密切。
亚洲金融危机反恐3．问题：不同的文化会阻碍交流各国家会优先考虑自己的问题特定的社会问题要按每个国家的国情解决政府会不会干涉尤其是社会问题附：11.亚洲金融危机表明：世界间互相依存关系越紧密The financial crash of October 1987 and the Asia Economic Crisis in 1998 demonstrate that the world's capital markets are more closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be trank Zsmitted to the rest of the village-almost instantaneously.17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."1-法律的正义不正义没有绝对的定义is rarely a straight forward issue0）很多法律没什么正义不正义法律的一项功能：keep everything in order比如：未满十六岁喝酒，吸烟未满十八岁进网吧未满二十二岁不能结婚法定年龄legal age: The age at which a person may by law assume the rights and responsibilities of an adult.1）在不同观念和文化中不同法律的功能：to govern a society , control the behavior of its members比如：该不该判死刑death penalty口香糖chewing gum安乐死euthanasia2）在不同利益者中不同法律的一项功能是和平解决纠纷resolve disputes peacefullyThis is especially true when it comes to personal affairs.Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise.The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner’s rights are respected.有争议就有利益纠纷，而争议永远存在。
有审判就有满意不满意，just unjust 在两方定义不同。
2-法律不遵守，disobedience 会带来危害poses certain risks , jeopardize to比如：交通左右Driving would be dangerous and chaotic.法律和风俗思想情感不同：Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law—whether you like that law or not—you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.31 "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."不太同意1。
当然研究总是好的：1）通常发现是偶然的：比如伏兰明，科学家不一定知道能做出什么，但尝试中会带来大意外2）争议可能来自各自的利益，和短见：比如解决当前社会问题pressing social problem和探索外太空explore the outer space是同等重要2。
但是有些问题：1）有些结果是可以预期的坏：比如基因克隆，是否需要继续比如核武器，日本广岛目的就是增强军事，国家战争，当然保证自己国家稳定，但潜在对他国和地球的危害比如生化武器，拿生物和人类做实验，是否good investment了2）当资源有限时，要决定先后priority：比如社会问题非常严重，那么对外太空需要放一放；先解决immediate problem36"The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."不同意：In my view the speaker unfairly generalizes. In some areas。
However, in other areas, particularly t。
In still other areas 。
varies from case to case.科学：1。
应用性：比如电灯的发明；蒸汽机啥的比如微软；基因水稻2．理论性：比如爱因斯坦相对论；比如地心说日心说；3．艺术也一样：大众艺术，比如电影啊，节目收视率；畅销书；非主流艺术，比如凡高，比如史记；38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."不太同意The speaker contends 。
I strongly disagree. I concede。
In most respects, however, 。
serve as 。
when it comes to 。
1．承认电视是某些领域好：Admittedly, 。
holds certain advantages over。
For the purpose of documenting and conveying。
最时时的消息test 画面感temporal, spatial events比如：911事件；印度洋海啸2．但是书有书的好：However, the speaker overlooks several respects in which books are inherently superior to television1）看电视是无目的随机，被动的，还有恩多广告；读书主动性挑选要吸收的课题。
2）有些无法替代书本。
比如：textbook 电视很难理论公式讲，要看推断演义过程要反复咀嚼。
电视倾向emotion development;书本可以intellect ,reasoningperspective and insigh3）书随身携带portable，比如：上班的地铁上，大巴上；比如记单词。
总结：staying abreast of current affairs,。
books facilitate learning。
he optimal approach is to use both media side by side41"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."This statement actually consists of two claims: (1) that non-mainstream areas of inquiry are vital in satisfying human needs, and (2) that these areas are therefore vital to society. I concede that astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits respond to certain basic human needs. However, in my view the potential harm they can inflict on their participants and on society far outweighs their psychological benefits.1．满足了主流科学无法满足的地方：1）面临选择或危险，心理不确定：比如：出海打渔；船航行；巨额投资；买房风水；--turn to fortune telling 心理certainty,security2）科学无法解释的现象：比如老早：雷，雨，闪电；希腊神话大力神啥的是非主流的一种方式百慕大三角Bermuda Triangle；外星人；3）心理安慰：比如：AIDS ；癌证；科学医疗无法挽救，转向非主流给予希望。
