261 Internal Combustion Engines - httpocwmit

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS 2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated the latest revision of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIONSSAE ISO1DESIGNATION EQUIVALENTINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS J15886621/1VocabularyJ15896621/2Measuring principlesJ15906621/3Material specificationsJ15916621/4General specificationsJ19966621/5Quality requirementsINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS J19976622/1Rectangular ringsJ19986622/2 TR Rectangular rings with narrow ring widthJ19996623INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS—SCRAPER RINGSINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS J20006624/1Keystone ringsJ20016624/2 TR Half keystone ringsJ20026625INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS—OIL CONTROL RINGSJ20036626INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS—COIL SPRING LOADED OIL CONTROL RINGS J20046627 TR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS—EXPANDER/SEGMENT OIL CONTROL RINGS J2226INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES—PISTON RINGS—STEEL RECTANGULAR RINGS1101TECHNICAL DRAWINGS—Tolerancing of form, orientation,location and run-out—Generalities, definitions, symbols indica-tions on drawings1.TR refers to Technical Report3.Expander/Segment Assembly—When assembled in the engine the segments and expander shall be positionedas shown in Figure 1.FIGURE 1—EXPANDER/SEGMENT ASSEMBLY3.1Ring Types—There are any number of possible oil ring expander designs. The more common designs in usetoday are designated in Figures 2 through 6.3.2Cross Section Configuration3.2.1ES-1 T YPEFIGURE 2—ES-1 TYPE3.2.2ES-2 T YPEFIGURE 3—ES-2 TYPE3.2.3ES-3 T YPEFIGURE 4—ES-3 TYPE3.2.4ES-4 T YPEFIGURE 5—ES-4 TYPE3.2.5ES-5 T YPEFIGURE 6—ES-5 TYPEmon Features4.1Expander Seating Tab Angle—(See Figure 7.)The expander may be designed with the seating tabs at a slight angle resulting in side sealing between the segment and the side of the piston groove.FIGURE 7—EXPANDER SEATING TAB ANGLE4.2Segment Chromium Thickness—(See Figure 8.)(Common feature of segment is chrome plated periphery.)FIGURE 8—SEGMENT CHROMIUM THICKNESS4.3Segment Width (h 6)—(See Figure 9.)FIGURE 9—SEGMENT WIDTH (h 6)5.Materials 5.1ExpanderAustenitic Stainless Steel (SAE J1590)Carbon Steel (as agreed upon between client and manufacturer)5.2Segment—Carbon SteelTABLE 1—LAYER THICKNESS Dimensions in millimetersChromiumThickness minCR10.05CR20.10CR30.156.Force and Nominal Contact Pressure6.1Tangential Force (F t)—The force of expander/segment oil control rings is determined by the force of theexpander and can be calculated with the following equation:(Eq. 1)The force exerted by the segments is negligible.In Table 3 of Section 7, Dimensions, the F t has been tabulated at a unit pressure of P o = 1 N/mm2.6.2Nominal Contact Pressure P o—F t for selected unit pressures is calculated by use of the multiplying factors inTable 2:7.Dimensions TABLE 2—NOMINAL CONTACT PRESSURE P o Multiplying Factorx F t (From Table 3)Unit PressureP o1.60(1)1.Recommended for repair sizes only.1.60 N/mm21.25 1.25 N/mm21.00 1.00 N/mm20.800.80 N/mm20.60(2)2.Not recommended <d1 = 65 mm.0.60 N/mm2F t12P o d12h6⋅⋅⁄P o Required Nominal Contact Pressure ==TABLE 3—DIMENSIONSDimensions in millimetersNominal diameterd1Segment widthh6Column ToleranceSegment Closedgaps1F t(P0 = 1 N/mm2)ColumnNominal assembly widthh1(using available h8)Column1234Nom Tolerance1 2 3 4Tolerance 1-3 1-3 1-4 1-4 4401618204116.418.420.54216.818.9214317.219.321.54417.619.822451820.222.54618.420.7234718.821.123.54819.221.624490.15+0.5019.62224.55002022.5255120.422.925.55220.823.4265321.223.826.55421.624.327552224.727.55622.425.2285722.825.628.55823.226.1295923.626.529.5 2.560242730366124.427.430.536.66224.827.93137.26325.228.331.537.8± 30 % if6425.628.83238.4F t < 30 N650.40.450.50.6+0.0252629.232.539± 20% if3 3.54 4.75 66026.429.73339.6F t> 30 N670.226.830.133.540.26827.230.63440.86927.63134.541.4702831.536427128.431.936.542.67228.832.43643.27329.232.836.543.87429.633.3374475+0.753033.737.54576030.434.23845.67730.834.638.546.27831.735.13946.87931.635.539.547.480323640488132.436.440.548.6820.2532.836.94149.28333.237.341.549.88433.637.84250.4853438.242.5518634.438.74351.68734.839.143.552.28835.239.64452.38935.64044.553.4PREPARED BY THE SAE PISTON RING STANDARDS COMMITTEE 7903640.545549136.440.945.554.69236.841.44655.29337.241.845.555.89437.642.34656.4953842.747.5579638.443.24857.69738.843.648.558.29839.244.14958.8990.339.644.549.559.41004045506010140.445.450.560.610240.845.95161.210341.246.351.561.810441.646.85262.41054247.252.563± 30 % if 10642.447.75363.6F t < 30 N1070.40.450.50.6+0.025+0.754248.153.564.2± 20 % if 33.544.75108043.248.65464.8F t > 30 N10943.64954.565.41104449.5556611144.449.955.566.611244.850.45667.211345.250.856.567.811445.651.35768.41154651.757.56911646.452.55869.61170.3546.852.658.570.211847.253.15970.811947.653.559.571.41204854607212148.454.460.572.612248.854.96173.212349.255.361.573.812449.655.86274.41255056.262.575NOTE—1. The radial wall thickness of the segment will vary with the design of the expander. Common ratios d 1/a 1 are approximately between 40 and 20.2. The maximum radial thickness of the selected assembly depends on its design (expander and segments) and has to be defined by the manufacturer.TABLE 3—DIMENSIONS(CONTINUED)Dimensions in millimetersNominal diameterd 1Segment width h 6Column ToleranceSegment Closedgap s 1F t(P 0 = 1 N/mm 2)ColumnNominal assembly widthh 1(using available h 8)Column 1234NomTolerance1 2 3 4Tolerance1-31-31-41-44APPENDIX AA.1This SAE Standard has been established to harmonize the ISO and SAE piston ring standards. The U.S.Technical Advisory Group, with the support of the National Engine Parts Manufacturers Association, has worked with other national organizations on this worldwide standard. Some of the wording and phrasing may differ slightly from U.S. terminology for translation purposes.In preparing this SAE Standard, the Scope and Field of Application and Reference sections of the ISO 6627 TR have been editorially revised and reorganized.The tolerances specified in this document represent a six sigma quality level.Rationale—Not applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—This SAE Standard is equivalent to ISO Standard 6627TR.Application—Differences, where they exist, are shown in Appendix A with associated rationale.This SAE Standard specifies the dimensional features of commonly used oil control rings having two steel segments (rails) separated and expanded by one steel expander/spacer.The segments vary in width from 0.4 to 0.6 mm. The assembly width ranges from 2.5 to 4.75 mm. The4.75mm width is equivalent to existing 3/16 in applications. Expander design will vary considerably withpiston ring manufacturer.The total circumferential deflection and the piston groove depth should be considered when designing these oil rings to optimize the fit of the ring assembly into the piston groove.This document applies to oil control rings up through 125 mm for reciprocating internal combustion engines. It may also be used for piston rings of compressors working under similar conditions. Reference SectionSAE J1588—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—VocabularySAE J1589—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Measuring PrinciplesSAE J1590—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Material SpecificationsSAE J1591—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—General SpecificationsSAE J1996—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Quality RequirementsSAE J1997—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Rectangular RingsSAE J1998—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Rectangular Rings with Narrow Ring Width SAE J1999—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Scraper RingsSAE J2000—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Keystone RingsSAE J2001—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Half Keystone RingsSAE J2002—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Oil Control RingsSAE J2003—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Coil Spring Loaded Oil Control RingsSAE J2004—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Expander/Segment Oil Control RingsSAE J2226—Internal Combustion Engines—Piston Rings—Steel Rectangular RingsISO 1101—Technical drawings—Geometrical tolerancing—Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out—Generalities, definitions, symbols indication on drawingsISO 6621/1—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—VocabularyISO 6621/2—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Measuring principlesISO 6621/3—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Material specificationsISO 6621/4—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—General specificationsISO 6621/5—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Quality requirementsISO 6622/1—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Rectangular ringsISO 6622/2 TR—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Rectangular rings with narrow width ISO 6623—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Scraper ringsISO 6624/1—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Keystone ringsISO 6624/2 TR—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Half keystone ringsISO 6625—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Oil control ringsISO 6626—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Coil spring loaded oil control ringsISO 6627 TR—Internal combustion engines—Piston rings—Expander/segment oil control rings Developed by the SAE Piston Ring Standards Committee 7。

发动机英语1800字EngineAn engine is a machine that converts fuel into mechanical energy to perform work. Engines are used in a variety of applications, including transportation vehicles, power generation equipment, and industrial machines.Types of EnginesThere are several types of engines, each with its own specific characteristics and applications.1. Internal Combustion EnginesInternal combustion engines are used in most transportation vehicles, such as cars, trucks, and motorcycles. They work by burning fuel inside the engine to create a high-pressure mixture of gases, which then drives a piston that is connected to a crankshaft.There are two main types of internal combustion engines: spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition engines. Spark-ignition engines, also called gasoline engines, use a spark plug to ignite a mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber. Compression-ignition engines, also called diesel engines, use heat generated by compressing air in the combustion chamber to ignite a mixture of fuel and air.2. Steam EnginesSteam engines have been used for over 200 years and were once the primary source of power for transportation and industry. They work by heating water to produce steam, which then drives a piston or turbine. Steam engines are still used today, primarily in power generation and some specialized industrial applications.3. Gas TurbinesGas turbines are used in power generation and aircraft propulsion systems. They work by compressing air and mixing it with fuel in a combustion chamber, where the mixture is ignited to create a high-pressure jet of gas that drives a turbine.4. Electric MotorsElectric motors are used in a variety of applications, from powering small household appliances to electric vehicles. They work by using the interactions between magnetic fields to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.Engine ComponentsEngines consist of several components that work together to convert fuel into mechanical energy.1. Cylinder BlockThe cylinder block is the part of the engine that houses the pistons, connecting rods, and crankshaft. It also contains the cylinders where fuel is burned and the intake and exhaust ports.2. PistonThe piston is a cylindrical component that moves up and down inside the cylinder, driven by the pressure created by burning fuel. It is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod.3. CrankshaftThe crankshaft is a rotating shaft that is driven by the pistons and converts the up-and-down motion of the pistons into rotary motion. It is connected to the transmission or other power transmission devices.4. Intake and Exhaust ValvesThe intake and exhaust valves control the flow of fuel and air into the combustion chamber and the exhaust gases out of the engine.5. Fuel SystemThe fuel system delivers fuel to the engine, regulates the fuel-air mixture, and controls the timing of fuel injection or combustion.6. Ignition SystemThe ignition system provides the spark or heat necessary to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber.7. Lubrication SystemThe lubrication system provides oil to the moving parts of the engine to reduce friction and wear. It also helps to cool the engine by dissipating heat.Maintenance and RepairEngines require regular maintenance to ensure proper operation and longevity. This includes regular oil changes, fuel filter replacement, and inspection and replacement of worn or damaged components. Engines that are not properly maintained can suffer from reduced performance, decreased fuel efficiency, and even catastrophic failure.Repairing an engine can be a complex and expensive process, depending on the extent of the damage. Common engine repairs include replacing worn or damaged parts, rebuilding or replacing the engine block or cylinder heads, and repairing or replacing the transmission or other power transmission devices. In some cases, it may be more economical to replace the engine entirely rather than repair it.。

一．1.the internal combustion engine 内燃机2. a reciprocating engine 往复发动机3.exhaust emissions 废气排放4.fuel consumption燃料燃烧5.fuel economy 燃油经济性bustion chamber燃烧室7.hybrid-electric vehicle 混动汽车8.mass production大规模生产9.dual-fuel vehicle 双燃料汽车10.air-cooled engine 风冷式发动机二．1. A diesel engine compresses its cylinder air on its compresstion stroke before anyfuel enters the cylinder2.The internal combustion engine is the one most commonly used in theautomotive field.3.According to the fuel energy used,the internal combustion engines are alsodivided into gasoline engines,and diesel engine.4.The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy.5.The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the position in areciprocating engine.6.The engine is generally considered the “heart” of an automobile7.This four strokes cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again topush the vehicle foreard.8.There are actually various types of engines such an electric engines,steamengines,and internal combustion engines.1. compression ratio : the total volume divided bv the compression volume2. internal combustion engine : burning their fuel inside their cylinders3. engine : a heart of an automobile4. stroke : the movement of the piston within the cylinder and the distance of piston travel5. reciprocating : the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder6. gasoline : a mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum.四．1.If you know something about ordinary gasoline engines, you will have notice thatdiesel engines, in many respects, work in the same way as gasoline engines.（柴油机的工作方式在很多方面和汽油机是一样的）2.The engine is the source of power that makes the car and the truck move.(使得汽车行驶)3.As it would not be reasonable to have to stop the engine every time it wasrequired to stop the car.(每次都到停车)4.Some of parts make the car move comfortable or better looking, but most ofthem are to make it run.(有些部件使得汽车更舒适或更美观)5.Not all of this heat can be used, and if allowed to remain in the engine, it wouldsoon destroy it.(如果让其热量保留在发动机中)一、1.gasoline engine 汽油机2.in low-speed driving condition在低速行车条件下3.achieve a variety of different objectives 达到各种不同的目的4.higher energy density高能量密度5.electric motor 电动机6.air conditioning空调装置7.regenerative braking 反馈制动8.power source动力源9.resource consumption 资源消耗10.dashboard display汽车仪表板显示二、1.The engine converts the expanding force of combustion into rotary force used topropel the vehicle.2.The gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy isnot wasted in idling.3.Clean cities uses hybrid electric vehicles as a way for coalitions to reducepetroleum consumption.4.Any vehicle without a transmission could be made to move but not smoothly.5.The electric motor applies resistance to the drive-train causing the wheels toslow down.6.The engine turns a high-speed generator, producing electricity.7.An intelligent power-control system determines the most efficient operation ofthe engine and energy storage system.8.If 10000 hybrid-electric vehicles were on the road rather than current standardvehicles, substantial reductions in emissions and fuel use would occur annually.1. transmission: an automotive assembly of gears by which power is transmitted from the engine to a driving axle.2. parking : to put or leave (a vehicle) for a time in a certain location.3. start : to set into motion , operation, or activity.4. battery : a single cell, such as a dry cell, that prouduces an electric current.5. braking : to reduce the speed of with or as if with a brake.四、1.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)2.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)3.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)4.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhausted emissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)5.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)6.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)7.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)8.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)9.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhaustedemissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)10.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)U5E11. The power train has two maan functions :it conveys powerfrom the engine to the wheels , and it changes the amount of torque2. The power train consists of an engine , a transmission ,a clutch , a drive shaft and differential3. The feature of a manual transmission is to deliver enginepower to the front wheels and rear wheels4. manual transmissions usually have five speeds , which means that the output shaft can rotate faster than the input5. There are several basic components in the clutch , suchas the flywheel , clutch disk , pressure plate , release bearing and linkage.6 Automatic transmissions are used not only in many rear-wheel-dnve and four-whe el-dnve ve- lcles, but In most front-wheel-dnve ones1.T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. FE21. manual transmission 手动变速器2. automatic transmission自动变速器3.planetary gear set 行星齿轮组4. Transaxle assembly驱动桥总成5. differential gear 差速器6. clutch pedal离合器踏板7.gearshift lever 变速杆8. release bearing分离轴承9. engine braking 发动机制动10.torque converter液力变矩器E31.If you’ve read about manual transmissions you know hat an engine is connectedto a transmission by way of a clutch.2.Cars with an automatic transmission have no clutch that disconnects thetransmission from the engine. Instead, they use an amazing device called a torque converter.3.One important function of the power train is to transmit the power of the engineto the wheels.4.The type of transmission ( manual or automatic) determines how the slip joint isconnected to the drive shaft.5.The clutch is located between the back of the engine and the front of thetransmission6.The face of the flywheel that touches the clutch disc is made of iron Even if theflywheel were aluminum , the face is iron.7.When the operator presses the clutch pedal ,the clutch release lever or fork .8.The clutch release bearing in most cases, is a ball bearing assembly with amachined face on one side.E41.clutch : any of various devices for engaging and disengaging two working engagingand disengaging two working parts of a shaft2.shaft: a long, generally cylindrical bar, especially one that rotates and transmits power3.transmission : a speed and power changing device4.gearshift : a mechanism for changing from one gear to another in a5.transaxle : an automotive part that combines the transmission and the differential and is used on vehicles with front-wheel drive6.flywheel: a heavy-rimmed rotating wheel used to minimize variations in angular velocityE51.The power is then carried from the engine through the power train to the car (通过传动系扒发动机传递到车轮) so that the wheels turn and the car moves.2.( 如果汽车变速器需要修理和更换)If your car transmission needs repairs orreplacement，you’ve come to the right phone.3.If you wanted a top speed of 80 km/h，then the gear ratio would be similar tothird gear ( 速比相近于3 挡) ,in most manual transmission cars .4.The torque converter does not require any regular maintenance or adjustments( 不要求定期维护或调整) ，but it may be possible to change the transmission fluid .5.The drive shaft can be. either open or enclosed , depending on the type of driveused (取决于所使用的驱动类型)U6E11 If your brakes can work properly , good brakes are essential for safety during dn、ruvtg.2. The disk brake is the best brake which is generally due to its simpler design , lighteri .elju Ind better braking performance.3 Brake linings used to be made maxnly of metals., because of ats heat absorbing propertlcb4Caliper is an important part, and it must be replaced if it indicates a sign of leak！ng lbfa_e Eutd. .lc5 The reason why we still have cars wlth drum brakes ls cheap.6.Drum brakes consist of some parts , such as a backing plate, brake shoes , brake dm. .1, wheel cylnder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system.. brake shoes a brake1.T2. T3. F4. T5. T6. FE21.brake system制动系统2. the parking brake驻车制动器3.the service brake system行车制动系统4. the disk brake盘式制动器5.the hand brake 手制动6.the brake shoe制动蹄片7.drum brake 鼓式制动器8. brake pads制动块9brake performance 制动性能10. brake fluid制动液E31.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is thebreaking system.2.Brake fluid is a special liquid for use in a hydraulic brake system.3.The small forces applied to the brake pedal usually produce relatively largeforces.4.The rate of slowing down or retardation is governed by the speed of conversionof energy.5.Brake is a friction device for converting the power into heat by means of friction6.To decelerate and stop the moving automobile, the service brake are usuallyused.7.The brake lining of a friction maternal are secured to the shoes by brass8.The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub.E41 brake : the means of bringing to rest a moving vehicle in a shortest possible distance.2 service brake : stop or slow a car by depressing and releasing the brake pedal.3 hand brake : keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground.4 drum brake : a backing plate , brake shoes , wheel cylinder , return springs etc.5 parking brake : hold the automobile at rest.E51.An automobile brake system is actually a friction device to change power intoheat（实际上就是一种把动力转变成热量的摩擦装置).2.Basically , automobile brakes are of two types: the mechanical brakes and thehydraulic brakes (机械制动器和液压制动)3.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is theautomobile brake system (汽车制动系统).4.There are two brake shoes at each wheel. The bottoms of the shoes are heldapart by an adjuster. The tops of shoes are held apart by a wheel cylinder（蹄片顶部由轮缸分别固定）5.Brake lines are steel tubing with copper and lead coating to prevent rust andcorrosion ( 以防锈蚀)U7EXERCISE 11. T2. F3. F4. F5. T6. F1 . The most important function of the suspension system ls to supply comfortable , safe nde cot- trol2. According to the article , we know that there are five basic types of spnngs used ln sus,eT"-sions ：coil spring , leaf spring , torsion bar spring , traction,barand air spnngn3. The disadvantage of a coil spring ls its compactness , lack of moving parts , and excellentweight supporting characteristics.4. According to e passage , leaf springs are often used on the front suspension of front drive vehtcles5. When the coil springs , leaf springs , torsion bar spring ,L air springs ls defected , thls couldd cause the car to bounce up and down without any control6. Shock absorber movement ls limited by forcing fluid , d which causes the shock absorber to causes the shock absorbercompress or extend at a slow rate.EXERCISE 21.suspension system 悬架系统2.front suspension system前悬架系3.air compressor 空气压缩机4.torque tube传递转矩管5.axle housing alignment 桥壳定位6.coil spring 螺旋弹簧7.lower control arm 下控制臂8.rebound clip缓冲夹9.traction bar 牵引杆10.control arm控制臂EXERCISE 31.The leaf springs or leaves. most commonly used tn automobiles is' made up ofseveral long plates ,2.Suspension refers to the use of the front and rear springs to suspend a vehicle ' srear springs to suspend a vehicle sprung weight3.Shock absorber are hydraulic restricting devices used to hmt the speed of springaction.4.The car frame is connected to the axles by springs which absorb road shock5.The coil springs is made from a length of steel rod wound Into a coil.6.The front-suspension system must allow the wheels to move up and down.7.In operations, the lower control arms pivot up and down , twisting the torsionbars spring.8.Rebound clips are place along the spnng to prevent separahon of the leaveswhen the spring rebounds.EXERCISE 41.coil spring : a round bar of spring steel wound into the shape of a coil2.leaf spring : several layers of spring steel stacked one upon the other3.torsion ba r : spring a long solid steel shaft held at one end to the suspension s control arm4.air spring : a rubber bag or bladder full of air5.shock absorber : a hydraulic device by forcing fluid through passages or orifices6 suspension : use of the front and rear spring to suspend a vehicleEXERCISE 51.We all Know that springs are the major component（弹簧是主要部件) .nautomobile suspension.2.The automobile suspension is one of the major automobile system (汽车的主要系统之一。

内燃机：internal combustion engines外燃机：external combustion engines往复式内燃机：reciprocating engine自然吸气：naturally aspirate增压：supercharge涡轮增压：turbo charge机械动力：mechanical power混合气：fuel-air mixture工作介质：working fluids机械部件：mechanical components火花点火机：spark-ignition engines压燃机：compression-ignition engines能/重量比：power/weight ratio发电机：power generation热机：heat engines活塞：piston 汽缸：cylinder 煤气：coal-gas 活塞冲程：piston stroke 工质：charge齿系组：rack assembly 动量：momentum真空：vacuum大气压力：atmospheric pressure 输出轴：output shaft热效率：thermal efficiency四冲程：four piston strokes进气：intake stroke压缩：compression stroke膨胀或做工：expansion or power stroke排气：exhaust stroke四冲程机器：four-stroke engine分层工质：stratified-charge重量和体积：weight and volume最大热效率：maximum efficiency膨胀比：expansion ratio热损失：heat losses工作容积：displaced or swept volume上止点：top center下止点：bottom center进气门：inlet valve 排气门：exhaust valve气缸套：cylinder liner凸轮轴：camshaft曲柄销：crank pin初始压力：initial pressures在广泛意义上：in the broader sense二冲程内燃机：two-stroke internal combustion engines 敲缸：knock 爆震：detonation化油器：carburetor连杆：connecting rod点火系统：ignition system单缸机：single-cylinder engines旋转式内燃机：rotary internal combustion engines原油：crude oil or crude petroleum蒸发：vaporize挥发：volatile热裂解：thermal cracking电子驱动启动器：electrically driven starters煤油：kerosene四乙铅：tetraethyl lead添加剂：additive活性催化剂：activated catalyst氮氧化物：oxides of nitrogen碳氢化合物：hydrocarbon compounds排放指标：emission standards零件：component安装：mount直流扫气：uniflow scavenging往复运动:reciprocating/oscillating motion活塞群部：piston skirt火花塞：spark plug曲轴：crankshaft喷油嘴：fuel injector发动机机体：engine block蒸发和凝结：evaporation and condensation顶置气门机构：overhead valve locations燃烧室：combustion chamber火焰传播时间：flame travel-time气门导管：valve guide气门座：valve seats局部过热：local hot spots凸轮轴：camshaft挺柱：tappets推杆和摇臂：push rod and rocker arm进/排气歧管：intake/exhaust manifold燃油喷射器：fuel injectors凸轮驱动摇臂：cam-driven rocker arms浮子室：float chamber节气阀：throttle valve喷油泵：injection pump连续喷射：continuous injection喷射脉冲：injection pulses曲轴转角：crank angle气体性质：gas properties点火线圈：ignition coil磁场：magnetic field湍流火焰：turbulent flame残余废气：residual gas最佳点火时间：optimum spark timing扫气过程：blowdown process惯性力：inertia force四冲程直列发动机：four-stroke in-line engines紧凑：compact对置式：opposed-piston engines锐角：acute angle摆动力矩：rocking moment涡轮增压器：turbocharger进气压力：inlet pressure压气机：compressor剖面图：cutaway drawing涡轮转子：turbine rotor化油器曲轴箱压缩：carburetor crankcase-compression type 换气过程：gas-exchange process偏心轮：eccentric shaft异步：out of phase做工脉冲：torque pulses负载控制：load control自燃：spontaneous ignition循环扫气：loop-scavenged柱塞：plunger螺旋槽：helical groove分配泵：distributer pumps外部驱动：external drive超速调节器：overspeed governor直接喷射：direct-injection活塞头部：piston crown余隙容积/燃烧室容积：clearance volume结构紧凑：compact shape旋转气流(涡流）：swirling air flow多孔喷嘴：multihole nozzle顶置式凸轮：overhead-valve-cam预燃室：prechamber辅助燃烧室：auxiliary combustion chamber水冷：water cooled风冷：air cooled自然吸气：naturally aspirated风箱：air blower强迫气体对流：forced air convection碗状燃烧室：bowl-in-piston combustion chamber 部分负载：part load工作范围：operating range最大扭矩：maximum torque额定功率：rated power额定转速：rated speed缸径：cylinder bore连杆长度：connecting rod length曲柄半径：crank radius活塞销：piston pin曲柄轴线：crank axis制动扭矩：brake torque循环指示功：indicated work per cycle道路负载功率：road-load power缸套：cylinder liner轴承：bearing油底壳：oil pan汽缸盖：cylinder head。

2025年研究生考试考研英语(一201)模拟试卷与参考答案一、完型填空（10分）Section ARead the following passage and fill in each blank with ONE word that best fits the context. Each blank has four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should read the passage through carefully before making your choices.In the past, a typical student at a university in the United States was a white, middle-class male, usually between the ages of 18 and 22. He entered college directly from high school, majored in a technical subject, and had a clear idea of what he wanted to do after graduation. Now, the typical student is different. Today’s university students are diverse in terms of race, gender, age, and background. They come from all walks of life and bring with them a variety of experiences and perspectives.The diversity of today’s university students is a reflection of the changing society in which they live. The population of the United States is increasingly multicultural, and universities are responding to this trend by becoming more inclusive. This shift in demographics has had a significant impact on the curriculum and the teaching methods used in universities.1.The passage begins by describing the_of a typical student in the past.A) ageB) backgroundC) genderD) major2.The word “he” in the second sentence refers to the _.A) universityB) studentC) teacherD) high school3.According to the passage, today’s university students are _.A) mostly whiteB) of similar ageC) diverseD) all male4.The phrase “all walks of life” in the second paragraph means _.A) different levels of societyB) various interestsC) different jobsD) various backgrounds5.The passage suggests that universities are_in response to the multicultural society.A) becoming exclusiveB) segregating studentsC) adaptingD) resisting change6.The author implies that the curriculum at universities has_due to the demographic changes.A) become more technicalB) become more diverseC) remained the sameD) become more restrictive7.The teaching methods used in universities have_to accommodate the diverse student population.A) changedB) remained unchangedC) become more rigidD) been abandoned8.The passage indicates that the population of the United States is _.A) becoming more homogeneousB) decreasing in sizeC) increasingly multiculturalD) declining9.The author uses the word “trend” to describe the _.A) increasing number of studentsB) growing diversity in societyC) decline of traditional universitiesD) changing demographics10.The author suggests that the shift in demographics has_on universities.A) had no impactB) caused problemsC) had a significant impactD) been unnoticed11.The word “inclusive” in the third paragraph can be best replaced by _.A) exclusiveB) diverseC) variedD) broad12.The author mentions that the diversity of students has led to _.A) a more homogeneous curriculumB) a more diverse curriculumC) a more restrictive curriculumD) a more exclusive curriculum13.The author implies that the teaching methods used in universities are _.A) being updatedB) becoming outdatedC) becoming more standardizedD) becoming more traditional14.The passage indicates that the population of the United States is _.A) becoming more homogeneousB) decreasing in sizeC) increasingly multiculturalD) declining15.The author suggests that the shift in demographics has_on universities.A) had no impactB) caused problemsC) had a significant impactD) been unnoticed16.The author uses the word “trend” to describe the _.A) increasing number of studentsB) growing diversity in societyC) decline of traditional universitiesD) changing demographics17.The passage indicates that the population of the United States is _.A) becoming more homogeneousB) decreasing in sizeC) increasingly multiculturalD) declining18.The author suggests that the shift in demographics has_on universities.A) had no impactB) caused problemsC) had a significant impactD) been unnoticed19.The author uses the word “trend” to describe the _.A) increasing number of studentsB) growing diversity in societyC) decline of traditional universitiesD) changing demographics20.The author implies that the teaching methods used in universities are _.A) being updatedB) becoming outdatedC) becoming more standardizedD) becoming more traditionalAnswers:1.B) background2.B) student3.C) diverse4.D) various backgrounds5.C) adapting6.B) become more diverse7.A) changed8.C) increasingly multicultural9.B) growing diversity in society10.C) had a significant impact11.B) diverse12.B) a more diverse curriculum13.A) being updated14.C) increasingly multicultural15.C) had a significant impact16.B) growing diversity in society17.C) increasingly multicultural18.C) had a significant impact19.B) growing diversity in society20.A) being updated二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）第一题Passage:The digital age has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, work, and live. With the advent of the internet, social media, andvarious digital devices, our lives have become more connected than ever before. However, this digital revolution has also raised concerns about the impact it has on our mental health. One of the most prevalent issues is the rise in social isolation and loneliness, particularly among young adults.A recent study conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health found that young adults are more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to previous generations. The study attributes this to the excessive use of digital devices and social media, which can lead to a lack of face-to-face interaction and a decline in social skills. According to the study, young adults who spend more time on social media are more likely to report feelings of loneliness and social isolation.The study also highlights the negative effects of social isolation on mental health. Social isolation has been linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and even cardiovascular disease. Moreover, individuals who feel socially isolated may experience a decline in their overall well-being and quality of life.To address these concerns, experts recommend several strategies to mitigate the negative effects of social isolation in the digital age. Firstly, they emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy balance between digital and face-to-face interactions. This means reducing the amount of time spent on digital devices and making an effort to engage in real-life social activities. Secondly, experts suggest that individuals should be more mindful of theironline behavior and avoid excessive use of social media, especially during stressful or challenging times. Lastly, building a strong support network of friends, family, and community can help combat feelings of social isolation.The digital age has undoubtedly brought numerous benefits, but it is crucial to be aware of the potential negative effects it can have on our mental health. By adopting healthy habits and being proactive in fostering social connections, we can better navigate this digital landscape and maintain our mentalwell-being.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of the digital ageB. The negative effects of social isolationC. The role of social media in mental healthD. The importance of maintaining a healthy balance between digital and face-to-face interactions2、According to the passage, what is the primary cause of the rise in social isolation and loneliness among young adults?A. Excessive use of digital devices and social mediaB. The decline in social skillsC. The negative effects of social isolation on mental healthD. A lack of face-to-face interaction3、What are the negative effects of social isolation on mental health,according to the passage?A. Increased risk of depression and anxietyB. A decline in overall well-being and quality of lifeC. Cardiovascular diseaseD. All of the above4、What strategies are recommended by experts to mitigate the negative effects of social isolation in the digital age?A. Reducing the amount of time spent on digital devicesB. Engaging in real-life social activitiesC. Being more mindful of online behaviorD. Building a strong support networkE. All of the above5、What is the main message of the passage?A. The digital age has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, work, and live.B. Social isolation and loneliness are prevalent issues in the digital age.C. The negative effects of social isolation on mental health are significant.D. By adopting healthy habits and fostering social connections, we can maintain our mental well-being.Answers:1、B2、A3、D4、E5、D第二题Reading PassageThe following passage is followed by some questions. For each question, four answers are given. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question.In the 19th century, the development of the steam engine and the expansion of the railway network revolutionized transportation and industry. The steam engine, invented by James Watt in the late 18th century, provided a powerful source of energy that could be harnessed to drive machinery and power locomotives. This innovation led to the Industrial Revolution, which transformed societies and economies across the world.The steam engine was a remarkable piece of engineering, as it converted heat energy into mechanical work. The engine worked by using steam pressure to move a piston, which in turn drove the machinery. The invention of the steam engine had a profound impact on various sectors of society, including agriculture, mining, and manufacturing.1.What was the primary innovation of James Watt in the late 18th century?A. The steam engineB. The railway networkC. The steam turbineD. The internal combustion engine2.What was the main purpose of the steam engine?A. To generate electricityB. To power locomotivesC. To heat homesD. To produce steam3.How did the steam engine work?A. By using wind pressure to move a turbineB. By using steam pressure to move a pistonC. By using hydraulic pressure to move a pumpD. By using nuclear energy to create steam4.What was the most significant impact of the steam engine on society?A. It improved agricultural productivityB. It led to the development of new forms of transportationC. It increased the availability of clean waterD. It reduced the need for manual labor5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a sector of society affected by the steam engine?A. AgricultureB. EducationC. MiningD. ManufacturingAnswers:1.A. The steam engine2.B. To power locomotives3.B. By using steam pressure to move a piston4.B. It led to the development of new forms of transportation5.B. EducationThird Question: Traditional Reading ComprehensionReading Passage:In the heart of the Amazon rainforest, scientists have discovered a previously unknown species of frog, which they have named “Callimico mexicanus.” This frog, with its iridescent green skin and distinctive call, has been a mystery to biologists for decades. The discovery of this species has sparkeda new wave of research into the biodiversity of the Amazon and the potential impact of climate change on its delicate ecosystem.The Amazon rainforest is one of the most complex and diverse ecosystems on Earth, home to thousands of plant and animal species. However, human activities, such as deforestation and pollution, have put immense pressure on this vital ecosystem. The new species of frog, with its unique characteristics, could provide valuable insights into the health of the Amazon’s biodiversity.1.The main purpose of this passage is to:a) Describe the discovery of a new species of frog.b) Discuss the impact of climate change on the Amazon rainforest.c) Analyze the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest.d) Explain the role of humans in the conservation of the Amazon rainforest.2.The word “iridescent” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to:a) Transparentb) Varying in colorc) Hardd) Smaller3.The author mentions “thousands of plant and animal species” to:a) Emphasize the diversity of the Amazon rainforest.b) Highlight the new species of frog.c) Criticize the impact of human activities on the Amazon.d) Compare the Amazon rainforest to other ecosystems.4.It can be inferred from the passage that:a) The new species of frog is the most diverse species in the Amazon.b) The discovery of the new species has led to a significant reduction in deforestation.c) Scientists are studying the new species to understand the effects of climate change.d) The Amazon rainforest is not as important as other ecosystems.5.The author’s tone throughout the passage can be described as:a) Skepticalb) Excitedc) Boredd) IndifferentAnswers:1.b2.b3.a4.c5.b第四题Reading PassageIn the world of science, the greatest discoveries often come from unexpected sources. The case of the discovery of penicillin is no exception. This remarkable story begins with a curious incident involving a moldy bread and the observations of a young Scottish scientist named Alexander Fleming.One day, Alexander Fleming returned to his laboratory after a holiday, only to find that one of his cultures had become contaminated with a strange mold. Rather than discarding the culture, he decided to examine it further. He noticed that the mold was killing the bacteria in the culture. Intrigued, Fleming began to study the mold and its properties. He discovered that it produced a substance that had antibacterial properties. This substance, which he named penicillin, was the first antibiotic and would revolutionize the treatment of bacterial infections.1、What is the main topic of the reading passage?A、The discovery of penicillinB、The importance of scientific observationC、The history of antibioticsD、The life of Alexander Fleming2、Why did Alexander Fleming decide to examine the moldy bread culture?A、He wanted to discard it.B、He was interested in the mold’s antibacterial properties.C、He was on a holiday.D、He didn’t care about the contamination.3、What did Alexander Fleming discover about the mold?A、It was killing the bacteria in the culture.B、It was a common type of mold.C、It was the cause of the contamination.D、It was beneficial for bacterial growth.4、What is the significance of the discovery of penicillin?A、It showed that mold can kill bacteria.B、It helped to improve the quality of bread.C、It led to the development of new antibiotics.D、It helped to prevent contamination in laboratories.5、What is the name of the substance that Fleming named after discovering its antibacterial properties?A、MoldB、BacteriaC、PenicillinD、Antibiotic答案：1、A2、B3、A4、D5、C三、阅读理解新题型（10分）PassageThe rise of the Internet has dramatically transformed the way people communicate and access information. One of the most significant changes brought about by the Internet is the emergence of online social networks. These networks allow individuals to connect with others, share information, and collaborate on various projects. However, this transformation has also raised concerns about the impact on face-to-face interactions and the potential risks associated with online communication.Online social networks offer numerous benefits. They provide a platform for people to maintain and strengthen existing relationships, as well as toestablish new connections with like-minded individuals. Moreover, these networks enable users to access a wealth of information, resources, and opportunities. For instance, students can join online study groups, professionals can network with peers in their field, and job seekers can find employment opportunities.Despite these benefits, there are potential drawbacks to online social networks. One major concern is the decline in face-to-face interactions. As people become more reliant on digital communication, they may find themselves less inclined to engage in face-to-face conversations, which can hinder the development of interpersonal skills. Additionally, online social networks can expose individuals to various risks, such as cyberbullying, privacy breaches, and identity theft.Online social networks also have the potential to impact mental health. Excessive use of these networks can lead to social isolation, anxiety, and depression. The constant comparison with others’ seemingly perfect lives on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Furthermore, the rapid spread of false information and misinformation on these platforms can contribute to confusion, polarization, and even violence in society.In order to mitigate the potential negative impacts of online social networks, it is essential to strike a balance between digital and face-to-face interactions. Individuals should be encouraged to maintain and nurture their relationships both online and offline. Additionally, efforts should be made toeducate users about the risks associated with online communication and to promote responsible use of social media platforms.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of online social networksB. The risks associated with online social networksC. The impact of online social networks on mental healthD. The balance between digital and face-to-face interactions2.According to the passage, which of the following is a potential benefit of online social networks?A. Decrease in face-to-face interactionsB. Improved access to information and resourcesC. Increased risk of cyberbullyingD. Decline in mental health3.What is one concern raised by the passage regarding the decline in face-to-face interactions?A. The loss of interpersonal skillsB. The reduction in access to informationC. The increase in social isolationD. The enhancement of privacy4.How can individuals mitigate the potential negative impacts of online social networks?A. By reducing their usage of social media platformsB. By maintaining and nurturing their relationships both online and offlineC. By avoiding online communication altogetherD. By seeking professional help for mental health issues5.What is the author’s main suggestion to address the risks associated with online social networks?A. To ban the use of social media platformsB. To promote responsible use of social mediaC. To encourage face-to-face interactions onlyD. To limit access to social media for young peopleAnswers:1.B2.B3.A4.B5.B四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）第一题中文：“随着互联网的普及，网络信息已经成为人们获取知识、学习新技能的重要途径。

JB/T 8413.5—2008（2008-02-01发布 2008-07-01实施）代替JB/T 5091—1991前言JB/T 8413《内燃机机油泵》分为七个部分：——第1部分：总成技术条件；——第2部分：总成试验方法；——第3部分：粉末冶金转子技术条件；——第4部分：钢制齿轮技术条件：——第5部分：粉末冶金齿轮技术条件；——第 6部分：传动轴轴端的型式和尺寸；——第7部分：总成产品可靠性考核。

本部分为JB/T 8413的第5部分。

本部分是对JB/T 5091—1991《内燃机机油泵粉末冶金齿轮技术条件》的修订。

本部分与JB/T 5090—1991相比，主要变化如下：——修改了齿轮用材料及物理力学性能（1991年版的3.2、3.3、3.4；本版的3.2）；——修改了齿厚偏差的规定（1991年版的3.7；本版的3.4.1）；——修改了检验方法（1991年版的第4章；本版的第4章）；——修改了检验规则（1991年版的第4章；本版的第5章）；——修改了标志、包装、运输和贮存（1991年版的第5章；本版的第6章）。

与本部分相关配套的标准有：——JB/T 8413—1996 内燃机机油泵技术条件；——JB/T 8414—1996 内燃机机油泵传动轴端的型式和尺寸；——JB/T 8886—1999 内燃机机油泵试验方法；——JB/T 9770—1999 内燃机机油泵齿轮技术条件：——JB/T 51051—1999 内燃机机油泵产品可靠性考核。

本部分由中国机械工业联合会提出。

本部分由全国内燃机标准化技术委员会（SACfFCl77）归口。

本部分起草单位：上海内燃机研究所。

本部分主要起草人：沈红节。

本部分所代替标准的历次版本发布情况：——NJ 260—1982；——JB/T 5091—1991。

内燃机机油泵第5部分：粉末冶金齿轮技术条件Internal combustion engines—Oil pumps—Part5: Powder metallurgy gears—Specification1 范围JB/T 8413的本部分规定了内燃机机油泵粉末冶金齿轮技术要求、检验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输和贮存。

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE1. principle of operationEngine and power :Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine.Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.Engine Terms :Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft.Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder.Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDCEngine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm.Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC.Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol)Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank..The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine CycleThe spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition , which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.The operating strokes are :This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created.During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.Compression stroke:As the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.Power stroke:Just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.Exhaust stroke:Just before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.2.Engine Overall MechanicsThe engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.Engine Block and Cylinder Head Engine Block:The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.Cylinder Head:The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on therocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.Gasket:The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.Oil Pan or Sump:The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.3 Piston Connecting Rod and CrankshaftPiston Assembly:The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.Piston:Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft. In diesel engines, the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown, depending on method of injection. To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.Piston Rings:In modern engines, each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines Gas Rings sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The inside surface of the ring fits in the groove on the piston. The ring's outside surface presses against the cylinder walls 。

密级分类号编号成本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题Cｏｎneｃtiｎg roｄ,Intｅrｎal ｃombuｓｔioｎengines译文标题连杆，内燃机作者所在系别机械工程系作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化作者所在班级xxｘ作者姓名xxｘ作者学号ｘxx指导教师姓名ｘxx指导教师职称xｘxx完成时间2０12 年 3 月北华航天工业学院教务处制的质量控制体系。

当制造一个高性能发动机时,连杆应给予极大的关注，应采取一些技术来消除应力,例如磨削连杆的边缘以达到表面粗糙度的要求，喷丸以使表面产生压应力（防止裂纹萌生),装配时平衡所有连杆、活塞组合件的重量使没对的重量相同以及采用磁力探伤法来探测材料内部的微小裂纹，这些看不见的微小裂纹将会产生破坏应力造成连杆失效。

此外,扭转连杆螺栓时,应非常注意扭矩的大小；通常这些螺栓必须更换, 而不是重复利用。

连杆的大端被制造成一个整体,并使用在机械加工之后能与大端轴瓦准确装配。

因此,大端的“帽子”在连杆的轴瓦不能乱用。

无论是连杆还是与其相配合的轴瓦，通常都会在发动机缸体上刻上相应的型号。

目前有一些发动机（如福特的4.６升引擎,还比如克莱斯勒的２.0升引擎)其连杆采用粉末冶金技术制造,粉末冶金技术不仅能精准控制尺寸和重量以减少机械加工工作量而且还能减少额外的机械配平。

轴瓦因挤压与连杆分离,结果导致了不平滑的断裂面,这是由于粉末金属的颗粒造成的。

这确保了重新装配后，轴瓦能与连杆精确地配合,而传统加工方法制造的连杆与轴瓦,只有当两者的接触表面的表面粗糙度都很小时才能达到较小的误差。

发动机磨损的一个重要原因是由于曲轴通过连杆施加于塞的侧向力,通常将汽缸磨成椭圆形截面,而不是圆形截面，因此不可能使活塞环与气缸侧壁紧密接触。

从力学角度来说延长连杆的长度可相应地减少上述侧向力,这样一来会使引擎寿命延长。

然而,对一已知的发动机缸体来说，连杆的长度加上活塞行程，其和是一个固定的值, 这个固定值由曲轴和气缸座(气缸座用来固定活塞盖)顶部之间的固定距离来决定。

行业标准规范英汉对照-内燃机1J 机械活塞式内燃机与其他动力设备1 GB/T 725-1991 内燃机产品名称和型号编制规则Internal combustion engines-Nomenclature and code of designations2 GB/T 726-1994 往复式内燃机旋转方向、气缸和气缸盖上气门的标志及直列式内燃机右机、左机和发动机方位的定义Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Designation of the direction of rotation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder heads and definition of right-hand and left-hand in line engines and locations on an engine3 GB/T 727-1985 涡轮增压器产品命名和型号编制方法Denomination for turbochargers and code of identification symbols4 GB/T 1105.1-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法标准环境状况及功率、燃油消耗和机油消耗的标定Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Standard ambient conditions and declarations of power, fuel consumption and lubricating oil consumption5 GB/T 1105.2-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法试验方法 Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Test methods6 GB/T 1105.3-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法测量技术 Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Measurement techniques7 GB/T 1147-1987 内燃机通用技术条件Reciprocating internal combustion engines--General technical specifications8 GB/T 1148-1993 内燃机铝活塞技术条件 Aluminium piston--Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Technical specifications9 GB/T 1149.1-1994 内燃机活塞环通用规则 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--General specifications10 GB/T 1149.2-1994 内燃机活塞环术语 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings-Vocabulary11 GB/T 1149.3-1992 内燃机活塞环刮环Internal combustion engines-Piston rings-Scraper rings12 GB/T 1149.4-1994 内燃机活塞环技术要求 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--Quality requirements13 GB/T 1149.5-1992 内燃机活塞环油环Internal combustion engines-Piston rings-Oil control rings14 GB/T 1149.6-1994 内燃机活塞环检验方法 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--Inspection measuring principles15 GB/T 1149.7-1994 内燃机活塞环螺旋撑簧油环Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--Coil-spring-loaded oil control rings16 GB/T 1150-1993 内燃机湿式铸铁气缸套技术条件Internal combustion engines--Cast iron wet type cylinder liners--Specification17 GB/T 1151-1993 内燃机主轴瓦及连杆轴瓦技术条件Internal combustion engines--Main and connecting rod bearings--Specification18 GB 1576-1996 低压锅炉水质 Water quality for low pressure boilers19 GB/T 1859-1989 内燃机噪声声功率级的测定准工程法 Determination of sound power levels of internal combustion engines noise-Quasi-engineering method20 GB/T 1883-1989 往复活塞式内燃机术语 Reciprocating internal combustion engines-Terminology21 GB/T 1921-1988 工业蒸汽锅炉参数系列 Specifications for industrial steam boiler22 GB/T 2785-1988 内燃机气门弹簧技术条件 Internal combustion engine--Technical requirements for valve springs23 GB/T 2940-1982 柴油机用喷油泵、调速器、喷油器弹簧技术条件 Technical specifications of springs for fuel pump, governor and injecter of diesel engines24 GB/T 3166-1988 热水锅炉参数系列 Specifications series of hot water boiler25 GB/T 3821-1983 中小功率内燃机清洁度测定方法 Determination of cleanliness for small and medium power internal combustion engines26 GB/T 4556-1984 往复式内燃机防火Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Fire protection27 GB/T 4672-1984 往复式内燃机手操纵机构动作方向Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Hand operated control devices--Standard direction of motion28 GB/T 4759-1995 内燃机排气消声器测量方法 Measurement procedure for exhaust silencers of internal combustion engines29 GB/T 5264-1985 柴油机喷油泵柱塞偶件技术条件 Technical specification of fuel injection pump plunger and barrel assembly for diesel engines30 GB/T 5769-1986 柴油机喷油器总成技术条件 Technical specification for fuel injector assemblies of diesel engines31 GB/T 5771-1986 柴油机喷油泵出油阀偶件技术条件 Technical specification for delivery valves of fuel injection pumps of diesel engines32 GB/T 5772-1986 柴油机喷油嘴偶件技术条件 Technical specification for fuel injection nozzles of diesel engines33 GB/T 6072-1985 往复式内燃机超速保护Reciprocating internal combustion engines--overspeed protection34 GB/T 6573-1986 拖拉机柴油机散热器型号编制方法 Cooling water radiators for tractor diesel engines--Method of identification symbols35 GB/T 6574-1986 拖拉机柴油机散热器型式、参数和连接尺寸 Types and dimensions and installation parameters of cooling water radiators for tractor diesel engines36 GB/T 6809.1-1986 往复式内燃机内燃机零部件名词和定义第一部分固定件及外部罩盖 Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Terms and definitions of engine components--Part 1: Struture and external covers37 GB/T 6809.2-1988 往复式内燃机零部件术语和定义气门组件、凸轮轴传动和气门驱动机构Reciprocating internal combustion engines-vocabulary of components and systems--Valves, camshaft drive and actuating mechanisms38 GB/T 6809.3-1989 往复式内燃机零部件术语主要运动件 Reciprocating internal combustion engines-Terminology of components main running gear39 GB/T 6809.4-1989 往复式内燃机零部件术语增压及进排气管系统 Reciprocating internal combustion engines-Terminology of components pressure-charging and air/exhaust gas ducting systems40 GB/T 6903-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法通则 Methods for analysis of waterfor boiler and for cooling--General rule41 GB/T 6904.1-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法 pH的测定玻璃电极法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of pH--The glass electrode method42 GB/T 6904.2-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法 pH的测定比色法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of pH--Colorimetric method43 GB/T 6904.3-1993 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法 pH的测定用于纯水的玻璃电极法Analysis of water used in boiler and cooling system--Determination of pH--The glass electrode method for pure water44 GB/T 6905.1-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定摩尔法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of chloride--The Mohr method45 GB/T 6905.2-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定电位滴定法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of chloride--Potentiometric titration46 GB/T 6905.3-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定汞盐滴定法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of chloride--Method of mercurimetric titration47 GB/T 6905.4-1993 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法氯化物的测定共沉淀富集分光光度法Analysis of water used in boiler and cooling system--Determination of chloride--Coprecipitation concentration and spectrophotometry48 GB/T 6906-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法联氨的测定 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of hydrazine49 GB/T 6907-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法水样的采集方法 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The sampling method for water50 GB/T 6908-1986 锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法电导率的测定 Methods for analysis of water for boiler and for cooling--The determination of electrical conductivity for water。

崇明区2022学年第一学期高三第一次模拟考试英语（考试时间120分钟，满分140分。

请将答案填涂在答题纸上。

）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Relatives. B. Colleagues. C. Agent and customer. D. Postman and sender.2. A. $3. B. $5. C. $9. D. $15.3. A. Her son doesn’t have a blue scarf. B. She’ll help the man look for his scarf.C. The man didn’t take her son’s scarf.D. She likes the color of the man’s scarf.4. A. His aunt will buy him an e-dictionary. B. His aunt paid too much for the e-dictionary.C.T he woman needn’t buy an e-dictionary.D. He doesn’t know how much an e-dictionary costs.5. A. She missed the whole game. B. She is curious about the result of the game.C. She also left the game early.D. She sat right behind the man during the game.6. A. Dustbins for garbage sorting. B. Benefits of recycling rubbish.C. Charges for colored dustbins.D. Reasons for protecting the environment.7. A. The jacket is too big for him. B. It has been too warm to wear the jacket.C. He doesn’t like cold weather.D. He didn’t buy the jacket until it got cooler.8. A. She hates history lessons. B. She thinks Dr. Parker’s tests are easy.C. Dr. Parker no longer teaches history.D. The man’s source of information is reliable.9. A. Have his desk repaired. B. Ask the bookstore for a refund.C. Look for the misplaced check.D. Borrow some cash from the woman.10. A. He isn’t allowed to tell the student her grade.B. He doesn’t know how to find the student’s grade.C. Dr. Wilson hasn’t finished grading the mid-term exam.D. Dr. Wilson doesn’t want to be contacted while he’s away.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of them. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.高三英语共16页第1页Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Proper ways of helping the homeless. B. Suitable places for helping the homeless.C. Various views on helping the homeless.D. Underlying reasons for helping the homeless.12. A. The money may be stolen. B. They may get addicted to money.C. The money may be misused.D. They may buy clothing with the money.13. A. Set up an organization. B. Teach homeless people a skill.C. Save resources in the community.D. Build shelters for the homeless.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Sleep is vital to people’s health. B. Chinese people sleep least in the world.C. Chinese people are sleeping less.D. Sleep hours vary in different groups of people.15. A. Screen time. B. Attitude to age.C. Mental disorders.D. Working relationships.16. A. The more people earn, the better they sleep.B. Over half of teenagers get less sleep due to study stress.C. Chinese people’s average sleep quality is also worsening.D. Office workers’ sleep quality is the worst among all the respondents.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Studying for an exam. B. A computer game the man is playing.C. Visiting a close friend of theirs.D. A class presentation they’re preparing.18. A. He’s already finished studying. B. He’s taking an online biology test.C. He’s taking a break from studying.D. He’s searching for some information.19. A. Excited. B. Surprised. C. Frustrated. D. Embarrassed.20. A. He owed her a favor. B. He heard she did poorly on the last test.C. He’d rather study on his own.D. He hates to bother her late in the evening.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Laziness and Lack of Sleep Can Shorten Your Life, Especially When Combined You already know that smoking is bad for you and that drinking too much alcohol may shorten your life. Now a new study says that spending too much time in a chair and not having enough sleep should join a short list of behaviors (21) _____ (know) to increase your risk of premature death.Sitting for a long time and lack of sleep were damaging in their own way, but when combined with more traditional risk factors, (22) _____ had a multiplier effect that made an early death far more likely.高三英语共16页第2页The findings, published in the journal PLOS Medicine, make clear that “some risk behaviors tend to come together and (23) _____ the joint risk could be much higher than the sum of the individual risks”.For instance, smoking was (24) _____ (dangerous) single risk factor among the six studied. The small number of people for (25) _____ smoking was their only bad habit were 90 percent more likely to die during the course of the study than were people with practical clean living in every aspect. People who reported high alcohol consumption as their only risk factor did not seem (26) _____ (put) their lives in danger. But for those who combined heavy drinking with smoking, the risk of premature death was doubled. And when lack of sleep (27) _____ (add) to the mix, the likelihood of an early death was nearly five times greater (28) _____ _____ lack of sleep by itself had only a light effect on death.These numbers are based on the lives of 231,048 Australians.(29) _____ (consider) factors such as age, gender, education and other factors, the researchers sawa clear pattern. It was a person’s bad lifestyle (30) _____ contributed to his or her risk of premature death.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. battleB. built-inC. candidateD. carbon-freeE. commercialF. containedG. costlyH. demonstratedI. footprintJ. financedK. growingSeveral Carmakers Push Plans to Offer Hydrogen-powered Vehicles Several big automakers recently announced plans to keep investing in hydrogen vehicle technology. The plans come even as many industry experts believe the technology faces a major uphill 31 to compete against battery-powered electric cars.Hydrogen-powered cars are also known as fuel cell electric vehicles, or FCEVs. With these vehicles, fuel cells convert (转化) hydrogen gas into electricity. This differs from electric vehicles, or EVs, which get their power from a 32 battery.Last month, the chief of Japan’s Toyota Motors, Akio Toyoda, attended a race that 33 an experimental hydrogen vehicle. The vehicle 34 a traditional gasoline-powered engine that had been converted to run on hydrogen.Toyoda told reporters at the event such conversions could keep traditional internal combustion engines (内燃机) running in a 35 world. This, he said, could avoid the need to completely leave behind internal combustion and save millions of auto industry jobs.In Germany, BMW and Volkswagen Group are both developing hydrogen-powered passenger vehicles along with a series of new EVs. BMW said last month it has developed a hydrogen prototype (原型) based on its X5 model in a project partly 36 by the German government.高三英语共16页第3页Officials at South Korean automaker Hyundai have also spoken about the importance of continuing to explore hydrogen-based vehicles along with developing EVs. The company currently sells a passenger fuel cell vehicle called the NEXO. And Hyundai announced it plans to offer hydrogen fuel cell versions for all its 37 vehicles by 2028.In fuel cell technology, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electrical power. It is considered clean energy because the process only releases water and steam into the atmosphere. This makes the technology a good 38 for helping the world reduce its carbon emissions.Currently, however, most of the hydrogen produced worldwide is made using natural gas or coal — both of which cause pollution. Supporters of the technology expect that to change over time. They say the 39 use of electricity from wind and solar energy will be able to separate hydrogen and oxygen in water. Those production methods, however, are more 40 .III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When looking at ways to expand your business, does it make sense to go global? The answer is yes — expanding to international markets helps companies grow, increases buying power and diversifies market opportunities. It better prepares the company for changes in the 41 economy. It can result in increased profits, a diverse customer base and improved stability.Before the pandemic, 42 expansion almost always meant international travel. 43 bias (偏见) in some countries historically made business expansion difficult for women, and international travel can 44 the delicate work-life balance entrepreneurs(企业家) of both sexes strive to maintain.The Covid-19 pandemic 45 global e-commerce and opportunities. The world is conducting business 46 with far more success than anticipated. This shift to business by the internet presents tremendous global opportunities for women as it effectively makes the situation 47 .Conducting business on the internet 48 the complications of gender, race, religion, color and lifestyle, simplifying business down to the principles of supply and demand. This opens more doors for growth and enables entrepreneurs to study potential markets and the buyer’s journey from the 49 of their own office.So, how can you accomplish successful international expansion? First, identify your target market, and then develop an inbound marketing strategy.This involves providing all the information your target consumers need on your 50 so consumers can find you and research the answers to their initial questions on their own. With a defined inbound strategy, well-written content and social media outreach, you can bring 51 buyers to you instead of continually searching for new buyers.高三英语共16页第4页A vital part of your global inbound marketing strategy will be to translate important information from your website into your target consumer’s native language. Even if your target consumers are multilingual, most 52 to buy from sites that provide information in their native language.Then how can you develop your inbound marketing strategy? The first step is to select a market that 53 your company goals and marketing strategy. Choose one country, one language, and develop a multilingual marketing strategy that defines your goals and prepares you to connect with prospective buyers. Once you create the plan and process for the first country, you can copy it when you’re ready to expand into 54 markets.You might believe that your business is too small to get involved with 55 — but consider this: When you make use of the power of the internet, it doesn’t matter if your company is large or small. The key is to shift your focus from outbound to inbound marketing — and bring buyers to you.41. A. booming B. domestic C. current D. industrial42. A. rapid B. successful C. further D. global43. A. Gender B. Media C. Cultural D. Political44. A. keep B. upset C. promote D. restore45. A. looks into B. breaks down C. speeds up D. responds to46. A. desperately B. efficiently C. securely D. remotely47. A. fair B. worse C. real D. reliable48. A. increases B. promotes C. removes D. illustrates49. A. angle B. comfort C. relief D. imagination50. A. desk B. website C. shoulder D. market51. A. qualified B. wealthy C. foreign D. optimistic52. A. intend B. hesitate C. volunteer D. prefer53. A. attaches to B. benefits from C. sees through D. agrees with54. A. commercial B. additional C. overseas D. private55. A. marketing B. financing C. exporting D. trainingSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Francis Kéré appears on the screen in a loose white Oxford shirt and an enormous, slightly amazed smile. “Can you imagine?” the newest Pritzker Architecture Prize winner says. “I was born in a little village in Burkina Faso where there was no school then. And my father wanted me to learn how to read and write very simply because then I could then translate or read him his letters.”高三英语共16页第5页The first African winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize had already received numerous awards in his field, but Kéré was as surprised as anyone else to be selected for the field’s most famous prize. “Francis Kéré is pioneering architecture — sustainable to the earth and its inhabitants — in lands of extreme scarcity,” said committee chair, Tom Pritzker, in a statement. “He is equally architect and servant, improving upon the lives and experiences of countless citizens in a region of the world that is at times forgotten. Through buildings that demonstrate beauty, modesty, boldness and invention, Kéré gracefully deserves this Prize.”Kéré says his architectural practice was inspired by his own experience attending school with around 100 other children in a region where temperatures are regularly higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. “You will sit and it’s very hot inside,” he said. “And there was no light, while outside, the sunlight was strong and in my head the idea one day grew that as an adult, I should make it better. I was thinking about space, about room, about how I can feel better.”In his designs for Gando Primary School and Naaba Belem Goumma Secondary School in Burkina Faso, Kéré drew on traditional building materials and emphasized shade and shadows with well-ventilated (通风良好的) spaces that reduce the need for air conditioning.When he was twenty, in 1985, Kéré earned a vocational scholarship to study carpentry in Berlin. But while absorbed in the practicality of roofing and furniture making, he also attended night school and was admitted to Technische Universität Berlin, from which he graduated in 2004 with an advanced degree in architecture. He was still a student when he designed and built Gando Primary School. It turned out to be a springboard for his career and still guides his ethos (理念) today.56. Which of the following is a reason for Kéré’s winning the Pritzker Architecture Prize?A. His designs are innovative and eco-friendly.B. He’s received plenty of awards in architecture.C. His designs mainly consist of school buildings.D. He’s good at using new materials in his architecture.57. _____ acts as a stimulus to Kéré’s becoming an architect.A. His study of carpentry in BerlinB. His hometown’s extremely hot whetherC. His parents’ expectations of himD. His uncomfortable experience at school58. _____ helps Kéré establish his status in architecture.A. His design of Gando Primary SchoolB. His research in Technische Universität BerlinC. His love for nature and his hometownD. His commitment to the development of Africa59. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Francis Kéré: a True Pioneer in African ArchitectureB. Francis Kéré: a Great African Contributor to ArchitectureC. Francis Kéré: the First African to Win Architecture’s Top AwardD. Francis Kéré: the First African Winner of Awards in Architecture高三英语共16页第6页(B)Communicate Fluently & Effectively in English"The Cities are My Classrooms!"Why spend your time in a classroom when you can invest your time studying during breakfast ordinner?And why stay inside in the afternoon when you can study by the beach or in a bar?That's right. That's the way we teach.'Active Learning' is the best way to learn, practice, and perfect your English."Walk and Talk English & Eat and Drink English!"Are you considering new challenges? Would you like to take your English to the next level with our in-house methods that are highly effective, yet relaxing and fun?How about spending your hard-earned vacation time studying English during a delicious breakfast, or during lunch in a historical pub, or at night from a sky room as you enjoy views of London or Dublin? You could be sitting comfortably inside or in front of a palace or castle, drinking coffee or tea while you study. Why not?What is your greatest challenge withthe English language?Get in touch with us and help us tounderstand your difficulty as well asyour goals in life.It is essential that the solution we offeralso fits in well with your personality,mindset, objectives with English, youravailable time to travel, and yourfamily commitments.Lastly, your holiday in Europe, as wellas your experiences with the Englishlanguage and your travels to differentcities, should have that 'Wow!' factorthat helps you to remember yourholiday forever.高三英语共16页第7页✓ A language immersion (沉浸) programme is theexperience of diving into a different culture.✓It is not the 'false-reality' of the internet ortechnology.✓To experience historical cities, villages, castles,pubs, businesses etc., is to understand a country'sculture and its DNA.60. The above advertisement is aimed at _____.A. foreign students in Ireland and EnglandB. students in the world’s top-ranked universitiesC. people who’d like to learn English while travellingD. people who’s fluent in English and good at communication61. What is special about English 4 Professionals?A. It cooperates with the world’s top-ranked universities.B. It exposes learners to the culture in the course of learning.C. It motivates learners by providing bonuses like a trip to Dublin.D. It boasts active learning methods with the help of virtual tourism.62. According to the advertisement, your learning experience with E4P can be _____.A. funny but thrillingB. objective and relaxingC. experiential but exhaustingD. personalized and unforgettable(C)The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm, but the puddles (水坑) on the region’s icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet.Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting, made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean. Temperatures have been running around 60 degrees Fahrenheit — 10 degrees warmer than normal for this time of year, scientists said.The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July 15 and 17 this year alone — 6 billion tons of water per day — would be enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools, according to data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center.Each summer, scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in 2019, when 532 billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea. An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet’s surface to melt. Global sea level rose permanently by 1.5 millimeters as a result.Greenland holds enough ice — if it all melted — to lift sea level by 7.5 meters around the world. The latest research points to a more and more threatening situation on the Northern Hemisphere’s iciest高三英语共16页第8页island.“Unprecedented(史无前例的)” rates of melting have been observed at the bottom of the Greenland ice sheet, a study published in February found, caused by huge quantities of meltwater flowing down from the surface. This water is particularly concerning because it can destabilize the sheet above it and could lead to a massive, rapid loss of ice.And in 2020, scientists found that Greenland’s ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return. The rate of melting in recent years exceeds anything Greenland has experienced in the last 12,000 years, another study found — and enough to cause measurable change in the gravitational field over Greenland.At the East Greenland Ice-core Project — or EastGRIP — research camp in northwest Greenland, the work of scientists to understand the impact of climate change is being affected by climate change itself.Aslak Grinsted, a climate scientist at the University of Copenhagen’s Niels Bohr Institute, said that they have been trying to get flights into the camp but the warmth is destabilizing the landing site.Before human-caused climate change kicked in, temperatures near 32 degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of. But since the 1980s, this region has warmed by around 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per decade — four times faster than the global pace — making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point.63. The passage is mainly written to _____.A. alert people to the rapid melting of Greenland’s ice sheetB. arouse people’s awareness of protecting the environmentC. inform people of the large amount of ice Greenland holdsD. reveal to people the cause and effect of the rise in sea level64. What does “a transformation” in the first paragraph refer to?A. Climate change.B. A rise in sea level.C. Global warming.D. The melting of ice.65. What can be learned about the ice that melted in 2019?A. It repeated a record melting of the ice sheet several years ago.B. Its amount was the largest ever and lifted sea level permanently.C. It was enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools.D. Its melting rate was so rapid as to result in an unexpectedly hot spring.66. It is implied in the passage that _____.A. climate change is a result of human activitiesB. the study of climate change is being made easierC. the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet is reversible高三英语共16页第9页D. temperatures increase 1.5°F or so each decade globallySection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.The company has already achieved several milestones since it was founded.B.Its goal is to create sustainable meat products to replace meats such as beef, chicken and even fish.C.The layers of meat and fat can be regrouped in different proportions to create different flavorexperiences.D.Additionally, producing meat without having to raise and kill cattle may work out better forensuring animal welfare and overall health.E.The meat product is the first of its kind and was created using a specific 3D-bioprintingtechnology that was recently patented by the company.F.In the final steps, the muscle cells and fat cells are turned into meat, ready to be processed into thefinal product, whether it’s a burger, steak, or even a meatloaf.Israeli Company Develops 3D Printed BeefIf there were an award for the funniest company name of 2022, then the 3D printed meat company “Steakholder” would win that award.Israeli company Steakholder Foods Ltd. has introduced its new product, Omakase Beef Morsels, which are bioprinted with cultured meat. The bites are inspired by the world-famous Wagyu beef, famous for its fat marbling patterns (大理石花纹) in the meat, which is also very expensive.The company was formed in 2019 and has an office in Israel and Belgium, and is now expanding its operations to the US. 67Stakeholder uses stem cells from cattle for the production of its printed beef, and the muscle tissue and fat are printed from two separate bio-inks. 68 A bite can be made juicier, chewier, and the taste can also be altered.The process works by first selecting the animals to extract (提取) the stem cells from. The cells are selected from animals that will provide the best meat and yield. The next step is proliferation, in which the cells are placed into a nutrient rich reactor to multiply. When the cells reach appropriate numbers, the stem cells change into muscle cells and fat cells. 69“This product marks a major step forward for us and for the cultured meat industry in general,” said Arik Kaufman, CEO of Steakholder Foods. “It is the result of a lot of hard work and our desire to achieve the highest level of meat possible through bioprinting and cell culture processes.”高三英语共16页第10页70 Its patent for 3D-bioprinting technology is the result of intensive cooperation between its 3D printing engineers and cell biologists. “We see Omakase Beef Morsels as the combination of food, technology and fine art,” Kaufman said. “We want to inspire chefs around the world to create delicious masterpieces and unforgettable dining experiences.”So there you have it, guilt-free meat eating may be just around the corner.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. ChatbotsWhat if instead of clicking on link after link on a company’s website, you could type a question and get an immediate, customized answer? Some companies are working to make this a reality using chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.There are two types of chatbots: open and closed. A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time. This means that open chatbots can respond to a wider range of inquiries, compared with closed chatbots. Communicating with them feels more natural, but if they have not been correctly trained, users may have a bad experience with them.One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once. This means that users can get immediate answers to their questions rather than waiting for a human representative. Chatbots have the potential to overcome several technological problems people face. These include difficulty in searching websites and trouble finding basic information and answers to simple questions.However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system. Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot. Thus, chatbots are unlikely to completely replace human agents. Rather, they will help users resolve simple problems so that customer service representatives can focus on more difficult issues.高三英语共16页第11页。

托福TPO9综合写作题目及托福TPO9综合写作题目及范文汽车制造商和政府都在积极地寻找内燃机的代替品，托福TPO9综合写作题目材料就氢燃料电池发动机替代内燃机的可行性进行了讨论。

下面是店铺整理的托福TPO9综合写作范文，希望能帮到大家! 托福TPO9综合写作高分范文The lecturer points out several problems with the use of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines in support of her claim that substituting them for internal-combustion engines is technologically unfeasible, environmentally unfriendly, and economically unviable.First, the lecturer states that it is impractical to replace internal-combustion engines with fuel-cell engines because using the latter requires hydrogen in a pure liquid form, which is technologically challenging to both obtain and store. However, the reading argues that because hydrogen can be extracted from many resources including water, fuel cell engines powered by this infinite source of energy are an extremely attractive alternative.Second, the lecturer refutes the claim in the reading that hydrogen cells are environmentally friendly. She argues that although engines that use hydrogen cells produce less pollution, the manufacturing of hydrogen cells generates large amounts of harmful by-products due to the burning of fossil fuels in the purification process.Third, although the reading suggests that hydrogen-based engines are more fuel-efficient and thus economically competitive than internal-combustion engines, the professor argues that such an advantage is undermined by the fact that fuel-cell engines are extremely expensive to manufacturebecause they require the addition of platinum, a very rare and expensive material.托福TPO9综合写作阅读材料：Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile’s main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far, the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.汽车制造商和政府都在积极地寻找内燃机的代替品，而目前内燃机是汽车主要的动力源。

Chapter 1 Enging types and their operation1.1 Introduction and historical perspective1．内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel .2．有别于外部燃烧机器，在内燃机中，能量是在机器内部燃烧或氧化燃料释放出来的。

In internal combustion engines ,as distinct from external combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine.3．实际上正是由于燃烧发生在机器做功部件内部才使它们的设计和运行特征从根本上有别于其他类型的机器。

It is the fact that combustion takes places inside the work-producing part of these engines that makes their design and operating characteristics fundamentally different from those of other types of engine.4.他的专利利用将液体燃料喷入仅由压缩而加热的空气中触发燃烧使效率高出其他类型内燃机的两倍。

更高的压缩比，不存在爆震或敲缸的现象成为可能。

His concept of initiating combustion by injecting a liquid fuel into air heated solely by compression permitted a doubling of efficiency over other internal combustion engines.Much greater expansion ratios, without detonation or knock were now possible.5.Houdry 发现蒸发的油在450至480度的温度下经过活性催化剂可转化为高质量汽油，比热裂解的产出高得多。

编号问题选择A选择B选择C选择D答案注解1"On a large diesel engine installation, crankshaft axial alignment is maintained by the ________."piston rod guides engine thrust bearing crosshead bearing main shaft flexible coupling B在大型柴油机安装中，曲轴靠推力轴承保持轴向对中。

2"A diesel engine which is rated for normal operation at a crankshaft speed of 800 rpm, is commonly classed as a ________."slow-speed diesel medium-speed diesel high-speed diesel constant-speed diesel B曲轴转速800转／分以额定功率正常运行的柴油机称为中速柴油机。

3Which of the following statements is correct concerning available astern power for diesel main propulsion systems?Astern power is to be provided in a sufficient amount to secure proper control of the ship in all normal circumstances.The astern power of the main propelling machinery is to provide for continuous operation astern at 60% of the ahead rpm at rated speed."For main propulsion systems without reversing gears, controllable pitch propellers or electric propulsion drive, running astern is not to lead to overload conditions.""Astern power available will be equal to ahead power when controllable pitch propellers are utilized, thus discounting the need for increased operating parameters."A倒车功率必须能提供足够的功率确保在各种正常情况下能够对船舶进行适当的控制。

专利名称：Torque control system for internalcombustion engines发明人：Tashiro, Hiroshi,Murakawa, Takji,Yagi, Toyoji 申请号：EP94110118.0申请日：19940629公开号：EP0635924B1公开日：19971008专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：Disclosed is a torque control system for internal combustion engines which can save electric power consumption by appropriately avoiding torque application after the internal combustion engine starts increasing the torque. Ignition timing detecting means (7, 13, 208, 209) detects the ignition timing of an internal combustion engine (1). Torque application start commanding means (13, 207, 307) commands operation start to torque applying means (3, 5, 8), generator-motor (3), under the torque increase command from the internal combustion engine (1), while torque application stop commanding means (13, 210, 310) commands operation stop to the torque applying means (3, 5, 8) according to the number of ignitions immediately before the engine torque actually starts increasing under the torque increase command. The torque applying means (3, 5, 8) continuously applies torque to the internal combustion engine (1) after the input of the operation command until the input of the operation stop command. As a result, effective torque application and electric power saving can be achieved.申请人：DENSO CORP地址：JP国籍：JP代理机构：KUHNEN, WACKER & PARTNER 更多信息请下载全文后查看。