16
Selection of Manufacturing process
Types of Processes
Conversion (ex. Iron to steel)转化工艺 Fabrication (ex. Cloth to clothes) 制造工艺 Assembly (ex. Parts to components)装配工艺 Testing (ex. For quality of products) 测试工艺
Make-to-Stock:按库存生产 Step 1 Step 2 Finished Goods Customer
Make-to-Order:按订单生产
Step 1 Raw Materials
15
Step 2
Customer
按订单装配
Assemble-to-Order:按订单装配 Step 1 Work-In-Process (WIP) Step 2 Customer
28
Process Reengineering 流程再造
• 美国管理学者迈克尔 哈默提出:流程再造 是指从根本上对业务流程的进行再思考和 再设计,从而在当今的衡量绩效的关键指 标上获得显著改进 • 流程再造和全面质量管理是相互兼容的,如 都以顾客为中心,都强调组织和全员的参与, 都强调持续的改进等等
5
K-mart vs Wal-mart
January 2002 (million) 4,825 26,258
Kmart
库存 销售成本
Walmart
库存 销售成本
22,749 171,562 Kmart:存货周转天数=4825/26258=0.18 year=67 days 库存周转率=1/flow time=365/67=5.44 Wal-mart:存货周转天数=22749/171562=0.13 year=48.4 days 库存周转率=1/flow time=365/48.4=7.54