2021年TOEFL考试模拟题(42)

(完整版)TOEFL-Junior语言形式与含义语法点分类练习编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(完整版)TOEFL-Junior语言形式与含义语法点分类练习）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为(完整版)TOEFL-Junior语言形式与含义语法点分类练习的全部内容。

(完整版)TOEFL—Junior语言形式与含义语法点分类练习编辑整理:张嬗雒老师尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布到文库，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是我们任然希望（完整版）TOEFL-Junior语言形式与含义语法点分类练习这篇文档能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

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TJ时态题1. He ___ one of his other classes on a field trip to the aquarium this Saturday。

A. take B。

to take C。

is taking D. was takenTJ语态题1。

A man’s wristwatch ___ in the lobby of Liugi's Pizza Restaurant on Tuesday， February 16。

2021年新托福题库历年真题2021年新托福题库【历年真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】内容简介本书特别适用于参加新托福考试的考生。

新托福题库包括真题精选、章节练习和模拟试题三部分。

具体如下：第一部分为真题精选。

精选新托福两套真题，考生既可以体验真实考试，也可以测试自己的水平。

每道真题均提供名师详细解析。

第二部分为章节练习。

遵循新托福的考试标准，按照最新真题题型的章目编排，共分为五章：阅读、听力（对话和讲座）、口语（Independent Task 1、Independent Task 2、Integrated Task 3等）、综合写作和独立写作。

第三部分为模拟试题。

由新托福考试辅导名师根据改革后的托福考试的命题规律及热门考点进行考前预测，其试题数量、试题难度完全仿真最新真题。

•试看部分内容第一部分真题精选及详解[听力音频]新托福考试真题精选及详解（一）Reading SectionDirectionsTh e Re adi n g secti o n te sts y o u r abi l i ty to un derstan d r eading passage s like those in college textbooks. The p assage s are about 700 words in length.Thi s i s the sh ort fo rm at fo r the Re adin g sectio n. On t h e sh o rt fo rm at, y o u wil l re ad th re e p assage s. Af te r e ach p assage, y ou wi ll an swe r 12-14qu e stio n s ab o u t i t. Yo u m ay take n o te s wh i l e y o u re ad, bu t n o te s are n o t g r a de d. Yo u m a y u se y o u r n o t e s t o an s we r th e qu e sti o n s. S o m e p as s age s m ay i n c l u de a wo r d o r p h ra se that i s underli ned in blue. Click on the wo rd or phra se to see a glossary definition or explanation.Ch o o s e t h e b e s t an s we r f o r m u l t i p l e-c h o i ce q u e st i o n s. Follow the dire ction s on the page or on the screen f or com pu te r-assiste d que stion s. Most que stio n s are wo rth1poi n t, bu t th e l ast que stio n in e ach p assage i s worth more than 1 point.Th e Re adin g se ctio n i s di vi de d into p arts. Cl ick on Ne x t t o go to th e n e x t qu e s ti o n.Cl i c k o n B ac k to re tu r n to p re v i o u s q u e s ti o n s. Y o u m a y r e tu rn to p r e vi o u s questions for al l of the passages in the same part, but af te r y o u go to th e n e x t p ar t, yo u wi l l n o t be abl e to retu rn to p assages in the pre viou s part. B e su re t h a t y o u h a ve a n sw e r e d al l o f th e q u e st i o n s f o r th e p assage s in e ach part befo re yo u cli ck on Nex t at the end of the passage to move to the next part.You can click o n Review to see a chart of the questio n s yo u h ave an swe re d an d th e qu e sti o n s yo u h ave n o t an swe re d in each p art. Fro m th i s scre en, yo u can re tu rn to th e qu e sti o n yo u wan t to an swe r i n th e part that is open.Yo u wi l l h ave20m i n u te s to re ad e ach p a ssag e an d a n swe r th e qu e st i o n s f o r th at pa ssage.Yo u wi l l h ave6 0 minu te s to co mple te all of th e p assage s an d an swer al l o f th e qu esti o n s o n t h e sh o rt f o rm at. A cl o ck o n th e scre e n wi l l sh o w y o u h o w m u ch ti m e yo u h ave t o complete the Reading se ction.THE DEVELOPM ENT OF REFRIGERATION[1] Col d storage, or refri ge ratio n, is kee ping fo od at t emperatu res be twee n 32 an d 45degree s F in o rde r to de l ay th e gro wth o f m i cro o r g an i sm s—b ac te ri a, m o l ds, an d y e ast—th at cau se f o o d to sp o i l. Re f ri ge rati o n p ro du ce s f e w ch an ge s i n fo o d, so m e ats, f i sh, eggs, m il k, f ru i ts, an d ve ge tab le s ke e p th e i r o ri gi n al f lavo r, co l o r, an d n u tri ti on. B e f o re arti f i ci al re f ri ge rat i o n was i n ve n te d, pe o pl e sto re d p e ri sh abl e f o o d wi th i ce o r sn o w to l e n gth e n its s to rage ti m e.Pre se r vi n g f o od b y ke eping it in an ice-filled pi t is a 4,000-ye ar-ol d art. Co l d sto rage are as we re bui l t in base m e n ts, cel l ars, o r c ave s, l i n e d wi th wo o d o r str aw, an d p acke d wi th i ce. Th e i ce w a s t r a n sp o r te d f ro m m o u n t ai n s, o r h ar v e s te d f ro m l o cal l ake s o r ri ve rs, an d de l i ve re d i n l arge b l o cks to homes and businesse s.[2] Artifici al refrigeration is the process of rem oving he a tf ro m a su b s ta n c e, co n t ai n e r, o r, e n cl o se d a re a, to l o we r i ts te m p e r a tu re. Th e h e a t i s m o ve d f ro m th e i nsi de of the co ntaine r to th e outside. A ref ri gerato r u se s the e vapo rati on of a vol ati l e li qui d, o r ref rige ran t, to abso rb he at. In most type s of refrige rato rs, the re f ri ge ran t i s co mpre ss e d, pu mped th ro u gh a p ip e, an d al l o we d to vapo ri ze. As th e l i qu i d tu rn s to va po r, i t l o se s h e at an d ge ts co l de r be cau se th e m o le cu l e s o f v apo r u se ene rgy to leave th e liquid. Th e mole cules lef t behin d h ave l ess ene rgy an d so th e liqui d be come s colder. Thus, th e air inside the refrigerator is chilled.[3] S ci e n ti st s an d i n ve n to rs f ro m aro u n d th e wo rl d de ve l o pe d a rti f i ci a l re f ri ge r ati o n d u ri n g th e e i gh t e e n th a n d n i n e t e e n th c e n tu ri e s. W i l l i a m Cu l l e n de m o n s tr a te d artifici al ref rige ration in Scotl an d in 1748, wh en he let eth yl e the r boi l in to a parti al vacuu m. In 1805, Ame r i can in ve n to r Oli ve r Evan s de si gn e d the fi rst ref ri ge rat i o n m ach i n e th a t u se d vapo r i n ste ad o f l i qu i d.In184 2, phy sici an Joh n Gorrie use d Evans’s de sign to cre at e an ai r-coo lin g ap paratu s to t re at yel lo w-f e ver p ati e n ts in a Flori da hospi tal. Go rrie later lef t his m edical p r ac ti ce an d e x p e ri m e n te d wi th i ce m a ki n g, an d i n185 1 he was grante d the first U.S. paten t for mechanical re f ri ge ra ti o n. In th e sam e y e ar, an Au stral i an p ri n te r, J am e s Ha rri so n,b u i l t an e th e r re f ri ge ra to r af t e r n o ti ci ng th at wh en h e cle ane d hi s ty pe wi th e the r i t becam e ve ry co ld as the e th er e vapo rated. Fi ve years l ate r, Ha rri so n i n tro du ce d vap o r-co m p re ssi o n re f ri ge ra ti o n to the brewing and meatpacking i ndustrie s.[4] B rewing was the fi rst in du stry in the Uni te d State s to u se m e ch ani cal re f ri ge ration e x ten si ve ly, an d i n th e1870s, comm erci al re f ri ge ration was p ri m ari ly di re cte d at b re we rie s. Ge rm an-b o rn Ado lp hu s Bu sch was th efirst to use arti ficial refrige rati on at his brewe r y in St. Louis. Befo re refri geration, bre wers sto re d the i r bee r in cave s, and p rodu ction was constrain ed b y the amou n t of avail able cave sp ace. B rewi ng was stri ctly a l o ca l bu sin e ss, sin ce be e r was hi gh l y pe ri sh ab l e an d sh ip p ing it any di stance woul d re sul t in spo ilage. Busch sol ved the sto rage problem with the commerci al vapor-co m p r e s s i o n r e f r i g e r a t o r.H e s o l v e d t h e s h i p p i n g p r o b l e m wi th th e n e wl y i n ve n te d re f ri ge ra te d r ai l c ar, wh i ch was insulated with ice bunke rs in each end. Air came i n o n th e top, p asse d th ro u gh th e bu n ke rs, an d ci rcu l ate d th rou gh the car by gravi ty. In sol vin g Bu sch’s s poilage an d sto rage problem s, ref rige ration al so revo lu t i o n i z e d a n e n ti r e i n d u s t r y.B y1891,n e a r l y e v e r y b r e wery was equi p ped with mech anical ref rige ratin g machi nes.[5] The ref ri ge rato rs of to day rely on th e sam e basi c prin ciple of coo ling cau sed b y the rapi d e vapo ration a nd expansion of gase s. Until 1929, refrige rators used t o x i c g as e s—am m o n i a, m e th y l c h l o ri de, a n d su l f u r di o x i de—as ref ri ge ran ts. Af te r th o se gase s acci de ntal l y ki l led seve ral peo ple, chlorofluoro carbons (CFC s) becameth e st an da rd re f ri ge r an t. Ho we v e r, th e y we re f o u n d to be harmful to the earth’s ozo ne layer, so refrigerato rs no w use a re frigeran t calle d HFC 134a, whi ch is les s harmful to the ozone.1. W h at i s the m ai n re aso n th at p e o pl e de vel op e d m e thods of refrige ration?(A) Th e y wan te d to i m p ro ve t h e f l avo r an d n u tri ti o n al value of food.(B) The y n ee de d to sl ow th e n atu ral p ro ce sse s th at ca use food to spoil.(C) Th e y n ee ded a u se f o r th e i ce th at fo rme d o n l ak es and rive rs.(D) Th e y wan te d to e x pan d the p ro du ctio n of ce rtai n industrie s.2. Th e wo rd pe ri sh abl e i n p aragrap h1i s clo se st i n m eaning to(A) capable of spoiling(B) uncooke d(C) of animal origin(D) highly nutritious3. W h at c an be i n f e r re d f ro m p a r ag r ap h1ab o u t co l d s t o r a g e b e f o r e t h e i n v e n t i o n o f a r t i f i c i a l r e f r i g e r a t i o n?(A) It kept food cold for only about a week.(B) It was depe ndent on a source of ice or snow.(C) It require d a container made of metal or wood.(D) It was not a safe method of preserving meat.4. Arti f i ci al re f ri ge rati o n i n vo l ve s al l o f th e f o l lo wi n g processes EXCEPT(A) the pumping of water vapo r through a pipe(B) the rapid expansion of certain gases(C) the e vaporation of a volatil e liquid(D) the transfer of heat f rom one place to another5. Which sentence below best expresses the essential i n f o rm ati on i n th e hi ghl i gh te d se n te n ce i n p aragrap h2? In co rre ct ch o i ce s ch an ge th e m e an in g i n im po rtan t w ays or leave out essenti al information.(A) It take s a l ot of ene rgy to tran sfo rm a li quid in to a vapor, especi ally when the vapor loses heat.(B) S o m e g a se s e x p a n d ra p i d l y an d gi ve o f f e n e r gy w hen they encounter a ve ry cold liquid.(C) W h e n ki n e ti c e n e rgy i s ch an ge d to h e at en e rgy, l i quid molecules turn into vapor molecules.(D) Du ring e vap orati on, the vap or mole cule s u se energ y, and the liquid becomes colder.。

托福模拟考试题语法与改错题汇集（二）___：rinehart 时间：xx-06-24 Comparatively few cities inthe United States have peting newspapers today. a ___jor change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers. A. because then most large cities having B. when did most large cities have C. then most large cities that had D. when most large cities had___：nickelli 时间：xx-06-25 我觉得选D,但题目好像有点毛病___：callasun 时间：xx-06-25 98,5的题吧? 题目没问题,但today后是逗号吧?呵呵空格前完整句,后应该接从句 A是从句中没谓动,B语序错,C状从连接词错.___：iamyoyo 时间：xx-06-25 1 ( )helped form the principles which were to later affect the American constitution. b. Both colonial characteristics and their values d.The values of colonial characteristics why not d? 2 The sun hasyellow-gold rays because (we) are viewing (it) through the earth s atmosphere but judging (from its) su ___ ___ temperature, the sun s rays (are probably) closer to white.___：callasun 时间：xx-06-25 主谓一致 values是价值观的意思___：iamyoyo 时间：xx-06-25 谢！：）可是。

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题（含答案）托福阅读文本：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.托福阅读题目：1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.托福阅读模拟题答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA。

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 42试题及答案PASSAGE 42Railroads reshaped the North American environment and reoriented North American behavior. "In a quarter of a century", claimed the Omaha Daily Republican in 1883, "they have made the people of the United States homogeneous, breaking through the peculiarities and provincialisms which marked separate and unmingling sections." The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources, made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production, and carried consumer goods to households; it dispatched immigrants to unsettled places, drew emigrants away from farms and villages to cities, and sent men and guns to battle. It standardized time and travel, seeking to annihilate distance and space by allowing movement at any time and in any season or type of weather. In its grand and impressive terminals and stations, architects recreated historic Roman temples and public baths, French chateaus and Italian bell towers — edifices that people used as stages for many of everyday life's high emotions: meeting and parting, waiting and worrying, planning new starts or coming home.Passenger terminals, like the luxury express trains that hurled people over spots, spotlight the romance of railroading. (The twentieth-Century Limited sped between Chicago and New York in twenty hours by 1915). Equally important to everyday life were the slow freight trans chugging through industrial zones, the morning and evening commuter locals shuttling back ions and urban terminals, and the incessant comings and goings that occurred in the classifications, or switching, yards. Moreover, in addition to its being a transportation pathway equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks signals, crossings, bridges, and junctions, plus telegraph and telephone lines the railroad nurtured factory complexes, coat piles, warehouses, and generating stations, forming along its right-of-way what has aptly been called "the metropolitan corridor" of the American landscape.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ancient architecture on the design of railroad terminals(B) The importance of natural resources in the development of railroads(C) The railroad's impact on daily life in the United States in the nineteenth century(D) Technological improvements in the area of communication in the nineteenth century2. It can be inferred from the quote from the Omaha Daily Republican (line 2-4) that railroads(A) made all sections of the nation much wealthier(B) brought more unity to what had been a fragmented nation(C) reduced dependence on natural resources(D) had no effect on the environment of the United States3. The word "it" in line 7 refers to(A) transport(B) scale(C) production(D) railroad4. The word "drew" in line 8 is closest(A) obliged(B) designed(C) helped(D) attracted5. The word "annihilate" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) conquer(B) utilize(C) separate(D) mechanize6. The word "Moreover" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) consequently(B) furthermore(C) although(D) because7. All of the following were true of impressive passenger terminals EXCEPT:(A) Their architecture was influenced by the architecture of Europe.(B) Luxury express trains traveled between them.(C) They were usually located in small towns.(D) They were important to many commuters.8. According to the passage , which type of development lined the area along the metropolitan corridor?(A) Stores and shopping areas(B) Recreational areas(C) Industrial(D) Agricultural9. The word "aptly" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) appropriately(B) virtually(C) consistently(D) incessantly10. The author mentions the Twentieth-Century Limited as an example of(A) a freight train(B) a commuter train(C) a luxury train(D) an underground train11. The author gives a synonym for which of the following words?(A) homogeneous (line 3)(B) standardized (line 9)(C) temples (line 11)(D) classification(line 20)ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC D。

2021年托福听力模拟试题及答案（卷四）The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The "hole" at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock.Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of theshelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) observations of the stars by ancient people(B) rock formations of Arizona(C) a site used by ancient people to measure time(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun2. The word "obtained" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) acquired(B) transported(C) covered(D) removed3. The word "attributes属性，特征" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) changes(B) characteristics(C) locations(D) dimensions4. The word "its" in line 10 refers to(A) roof(B) beam(C) hole(D) spot5. The word "establish" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) create(B) locate(C) consult(D) choose6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.(C) Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves(C) The movement of the spot of light from north to south(D) The size of the sport of light at midday8. The word "roughly粗糙地" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) finally(B) harshly(C) uneasily(D) approximately9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT(A) a calendar(B) a home(C) a clock(D) an observatory10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.(C) After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.答案：CABCA BCDBAThe largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300times greater than Earth's, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter's interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen. Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter's puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval heat or heat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance —from rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.1. The word "attained获得，达到" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) attempted(B) changed(C) lost(D) reached2. The word "flamed" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) burned(B) divided(C) fallen(D) grown3. The word "they" in line 7 refers to(A) nuclear reactions(B) giant planets(C) terrestrial(D) substances4. According to the passage , hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is(A) extremely hot(B) combined with helium(C) similar to atmospheres(D) under great pressures5. According to the passage , some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that they both have(A) solid surfaces(B) similar masses(C) similar atmospheres(D) metallic cores6. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of(A) ammonia(B) helium(C) hydrogen(D) methane7. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter is caused by(A) the Great Red Spot(B) heat from the Sun(C) the planet's fast rotation(D) Storms from the planet's Southern Hemisphere8. The author uses the word "puzzling" in line 17 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is(A) the only spot of its kind(B) not well understood(C) among the largest of such spots(D) a problem for the planet's continued existence9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.10. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 21)?(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun(B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupitergives off11. According to the passage , Jupiter's most distant moon is(A) the least dense(B) the largest(C) warm on the surface(D) very rocky on the surface12. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the planet itself.(B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.(C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.(D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat1答案：DABDD ACBDD ABAs the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integratingimmigrants into American society.The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home,in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities(B) an increase in the number of trained teachers(C) the expanding economic problems of schools(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country2. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) advantages(B) probability(C) method(D) qualifications3. The phrase "coincided with与。

2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷二十二）Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible by piecing together bits of historical evidence, such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists dating back to thefifteenth century. ( TPO43, 48) piece v.拼凑，组装大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible (by piecing together bits of historical evidence),(such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists) (dating back to the fifteenth century). (TPO43,48) 托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子的主干是：Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible 修饰一：(by piecing together bits of historical evidence) ，介词短语中文：通过拼凑很多小的历史证据修饰二：(such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists) ，介词短语中文：例如海面温度记录、气压和降水的日常观察，南美洲渔业记录以及西班牙殖民者的作品。

2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷三）托福阅读文本：There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic eon. Much ofour information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history comes from the fossilrecord, because we have a reasonably good understanding of the types of environment in whichmany fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celledbacteria, provide little evidence in this regard. However, the rocks themselves do include theearliest evidence for glaciation, probably a global ice age.The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity is based onthe principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now at work on and withinthe Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The deposits associated with present-dayglaciers have been well studied, and some of their characteristics are quite distinctive. In2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake Huron (dating fromthe early part of theProterozoic age), there are thin laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annuallayers of sediment deposited in glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layeredannual cycle, one layer corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of thesummer season, and the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition.Although it is not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almostcertainly glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional largepebbles or "dropstones," a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse material issometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into otherwise very fine grainedsediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those in Canada have been found in otherparts of North America and in Africa, India, and Europe. This indicates that the glaciation wasglobal, and that for a period of time in the early Proterozoic theEarth was gripped in an ice age.Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have been fairlybenign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the next 1.5 billion years or so.Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of glacial episodes between about 850 and 600million year ago, near the end of the Proterozoic eon.托福阅读题目：1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of theProterozoic age(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age(C) The varying characteristics of Proterozoic glacial varves in different parts of the world(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age2.According to the passage , the fossil record of the Proterozoic eon is(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kindsof organisms(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods(C) very difficult to interpret due to damage from bacteria(D) more useful to researchers than otheraspects of the rock record3. The word "scarce" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) ancient(B) tiny(C) available(D) rare4. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations(B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time(C) different kinds of sedimentary rocks may have similar origins(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers5. The word "resemble" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) result from(B) penetrate(C) look like(D) replace have similar origins6.According to the passage , the layers in varves are primarily formed by(A) fossilized bacteria(B) pieces of ancient dropstones(C) a combination of ancient and recent sediments(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition7. The phrase "the other" in line 17 refers to another(A) annual cycle(B) glacial lake(C) layer of sediment(D) season8.According to the passage , the presence of dropstones indicates that(A) the glacial environment has been unusually servere(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly(C) there has been a global ice age(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances9. Why does the author mention Canada, North America,Africa, India, and Europe in lines 23-24?(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones(B) To explain the principles of varve formation(C) To provide evidence for the theory that there was a global ice age in the early Proterozoic eon(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic eon indifferent parts of the globe10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) fossil record (line 3)(B) laminae (line 13)(C) varves (line14)(D) glacial episodes (line 28)托福阅读答案：ABDAC DCCCC托福阅读文本：Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneursincreased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations inmanufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average percapita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year —30 percent over the course of a generation.Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods,since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs —even withouttechnological improvements —had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient bydistributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of theproduction process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expandedthe scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according tothe amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles bywage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previouslyjourneymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer apowerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However,it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even moreimportant new organization, the modem factory, which usedpower-driven machines andassembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 theprolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour milldriven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell intocontainers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to thetop of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers madeuse of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabledthem to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations ofinexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.托福阅读题目：1. What is the passage mainly about?(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods2. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) ensured(B) raised(C) arranged(D) discouraged3. The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) value(B) popularity(C) extent(D) diversity4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output(C) rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820'sand 1830's EXCEPT(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production(D) a decrease in the price of shoes6.All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT(A) It involved stages of production.(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.7. The word "prolific" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) efficient(B) productive(C) self-employed(D) progressive8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built byOliver Evans?(A) They were located away from large cities.(B) They used new technology to produce power.(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.9. The word "it" in line 25 refers to(A) water power(B) machinery(C) grain(D) mill10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factorymachinery?(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.11. The word "eager" in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) wealthy(B) knowledgeable(C) regular(D) enthusiastic托福阅读答案：DBCAB CBBCA D托福阅读文本：Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the samespecies. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species tohave specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect agroup of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are thepredominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some specieshave simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce manywith various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called socialinsects, insects that live in organized groups.Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission isrelatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent,depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimeseffective over a very long range.Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and isusually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability tomodulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means,but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in differentbehavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented incombination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number ofexocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulatecreatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciatebecause of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting andanalyzing these pheromones.Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances,play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate theformation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. Forexample, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced byqueen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of theirgregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causesnearby aphids to respond by moving away.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate(B) How pheromones are produced by insects(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species2. The word "serve" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) improve(B) function(C) begin(D) rely3. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out(A) chemical signals that are common among insects(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals(C) similarities between two chemical substances(D) how insects produce different chemical substances4. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) best(C) only(D) final5. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs isdependent on how quickly they(A) lose their effectiveness(B) evaporate in the air(C) travel through the air(D) are produced by the body6. According to the passage , the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone mayvary when the(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms7. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) controlling(B) storing(C) questioning(D) finding8.According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.9. The word "They" in line 24 refers to(A) pheromones(B) roles(C) activities(D) insects10. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) inactive(B) inefficient(C) unchangeable(D) unbalanced11. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that(A) also communicate using sight and sound(B) live underground(C) prey on other insects(D) live in organized groups托福阅读答案：ABCCBADBAAD托福阅读文本：The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughnessis mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopicpictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes.They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are aboutone-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3.According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollomissions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6.All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7.All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)百度文库-赵诚作品(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9.According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed托福阅读答案：BCDAD CACDC百度文库-赵诚作品。

2021年托福考试模拟试题：语法202*年托福考试模拟试题：语法Test 1 语法题笔记练习题 1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案:B分析:动词believe 的用法:直接加that引导的宾语从句.这里that为连接adv.,在句中不作任何成分,其后接完整句.参考译文:大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液.2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案:B分析:缺宾语,答案中只有B,D可以作宾语,但D的语序不对.参考译文:1976,Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家.补充: 常考 the first/second/… one to do sth3. On January 7, 1955, Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案:A分析:缺宾语,C, D都不能作宾语.一句话中只能有一个谓语,而B中有was,句中出现两个谓语,一定错.参考译文:1955年1月7号,Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人.4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States,_________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenonB. a phenomenon that acceleratedC. accelerating a phenomenon which,D. the acceleration of which phenomenon答案:B分析:考的是同位语结构,a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 的同位语.A中and为conj.,后面应该连接一个完整的句子,但缺主语,错;C中语序混乱,错; D中of which作为介词宾语,后面应该接一个完整句,但只有一个phenomenon主语,句子不完整,错.参考译文:可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化,当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区,这个现象更被促进了.补充: accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________ President.A. he becameB. when becomingC. becameD. did he become答案:A分析:before为状语从句引导词conj,后面一般引导一个完整的句子.B同时出现两个状语从句引导词,错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序,选项中使用了倒装句式,错.参考译文:里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州的州长. 更多推荐：202*年托福考试时间安排表(全年)更多推荐：202*年托福报名时间安排表(全年)更多推荐：202*年托福成绩查询时间表(全年)2021年托福（TOEFL）考试模拟试题：阅读The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers,and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies?A. to show how the war for independence affected the economyB. to compare the economic power of two different regionsC. to identify the two largest commercial enterprisesin AmericaD. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?A. to show that half of New York remained loyal to BritainB. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the warfor New YorkD. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York3. Chinese people had fought for independence from foreign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas.答案：1.A2.C2021年托福考试模拟试题：阅读If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation —— conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.l. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The elements of salt(B) The bodies of water of the world(C) The many forms of ocean life(D) The salinity of ocean water2. The word "this" in line 5 refers to(A) ocean(B) evaporation(C) salinity(D) crystals3. According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in(A) coastal areas(B) tropical areas(C) rainy areas(D) turbulent areas4. All of the following are processes that decrease salinity EXCEPT(A) evaporation(B) precipitation(C) runoff(D) melting5. Which of the following statements about the salinity of a body water can best beinferred from the passage?(A) The temperature of the water is the most important factor.(B) The speed with which water moves is directlyrelated to the amount of salt.(C) Ocean salinity has little effect on sea life.(D) Various factors combine to cause variations in the salt content of water.6. The word "altered" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) determined(B) changed(C) accumulated(D) needed7. The world "it" in line 18 refers to(A) sea ice(B) salinity(C) seawater(D) manner8. Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?(A) To show that this body of water has salinity variations(B) To compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters(C) To give an example of increased salinity due to freezing(D) To point out the location of deep waters9. Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ocean ice?(A) The salt remains in the water.(B) The surrounding water sinks.(C) Water salinity decreases.(D) The water becomes denser.10. What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?(A) It is relatively warm.(B) Its salinity is relatively high.(C) It does not move.(D) It evaporates quickly.答案：BCDACAACDD2021年托福考试模拟试题Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone torefer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone isa chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calmaggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire(B) origin(C) science(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin(B) small intestine(C) bloodstream(D) pancreas29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) remembered(B) surprised(C) invented(D) motivated30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must(A) be part of the digestive process(B) influence the operations of the nervous system(C) affect processes in a different part of the body(D) regulate attitudes and behavior31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A) whether scientists understand their function(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) misunderstood(B) precise(C) significant(D) simple33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) sudden(B) small(C) changing(D) noticeable34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) advertised(C) prescribed(D) researched36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal(B) Adults with strong digestive systems(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D) Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal ofstudy to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The bodyis a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Wherewould the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affectnot only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27. B28. A29. D30. C31. D32. C33. B34. D35. A36. D37. A38. third square39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….。

2021年托福考试模拟试题及答案Crafts in the Ancient Near EastParagraph 1Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.Q1 Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.B. Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s populationC. Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food for the people in UrukD. Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from produce grown in field surrounding the city.确定句子核心信息While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to supportthemselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.分析：本句是由while引导的让步状语从句(注：while出现在句中引导对比对照关系的状语从句;如出现在句首则引导让步关系的状语从句，)+主句scholars assume that…the city组成一个虽然…但是…的大结构。