amines test w. solutions

Technical Hotline: (800) 343-1391DigitalMicro-OhmmetersOur products are backed by over 100 years of experience in test and measurement equipment, and encompass the latest international standards for quality and safety.FEATURES►Selectable test currents from 10mA to 200A (model dependent) ►Resolutions to 0.1 micro-ohm ►Accuracies to 0.05%►Large easy to read backlit display ►Automatic and softwaretemperature compensation (model dependent)►Automatic multipoint measurements►Internal data storage of test results ►Analysis and report generation software (DataView ®) included ►Built into a rugged field proven case►Kelvin test cables includedIP 53cover open2• 2 Kelvin clips, 10ft (10A - Hippo)• 2 Kelvin Probes 10ft (1A, spring loaded)• NiMH rechargeable battery pack • Optical USB cable • US 115V power cord • DataView ® software • Extra large tool bag • 2 spare fuses (12.5A)• User manual• 1017.84Kelvin Clips 10ft (10A - Hippo)• 2118.70 Kelvin Clips 20ft (10A - Hippo)• 2118.73 Kelvin Probes 10ft (1A, spring loaded)• 2118.74 Kelvin Probes 20ft (1A, spring loaded)• 2118.75 2 Kelvin Probes Pistol Grip 10ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.76 2 Kelvin Probes Pistol Grip 20ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.77 2 Kelvin Probes 10ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.78 2 Kelvin Probes 20ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.79 Kelvin Clips 10ft (1-10A)• 2118.80Kelvin Clips 20ft (1-10A)FEATURES►Reliable low resistance measurements ► F our-terminal Kelvin resistance measurement eliminates test lead resistance►Measures up to 4000μΩ with 10A of test current ►0.25% basic accuracy ►1μΩ resolution ► D irect reading, easy to operate►Test current selection of 1mA, 10mA, 100mA, 1A and 10A ► P olarity reversal button ► O verload and input fuse protection ► M anufactured to international safety and environmental standards ► A utomatic scaling and zeroing ► L arge terminals accept banana plugs and spade lugs ► R echargeable NiMH battery with internal charger (110/230V) ► R ugged, double insulated watertight case►I ncludes DataView ® software for instrument configuration, data storage, analysis and report generationAPPLICATIONS► A erospace metallic coating resistance measurement ► B onding verification on earth/ground systems ► W eld joint integrity verification ► C ontact resistance measurement of breakers and switchgear ► A ircraft and rail bonding checks ► W ire to terminal connections and resistance checks ► B attery strap resistance checks ► C able joint and bus bar connection checks ► M echanical bond tests1017.84 (10ft) 2118.70 (20ft)2118.73 (10ft)2118.74 (20ft)2118.752118.762118.772118.782118.79 (10ft)2118.80 (20ft)3IP53cover open4• 2 Kelvin clips 10ft (10A - Hippo)• 2 Kelvin Probes 10ft (1A, spring loaded)• NiMH rechargeable 6V battery pack • Optical USB cable • US 115V power cord • DataView ® software • Extra large tool bag • User manual• 1017.84Kelvin Clips 10ft (10A - Hippo)• 2118.70 Kelvin Clips 20ft (10A - Hippo)• 2118.73 Kelvin Probes 10ft (1A, spring loaded)• 2118.74 Kelvin Probes 20ft (1A, spring loaded)• 2118.75 2 Kelvin Probes Pistol Grip 10ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.76 2 Kelvin Probes Pistol Grip 20ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.77 2 Kelvin Probes 10ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.78 2 Kelvin Probes 20ft (10A - spring loaded)• 2118.79 Kelvin Clips 10ft (1-10A)• 2118.80 Kelvin Clips 20ft (1-10A)• 2129.95 RTD Temperature Probe• 2129.96RTD Temperature Probe w/ 7ft extension cableFEATURES►Test up to 60 minutes continuously at 10A ►Measure from 1μΩ to 2500Ω ► T est current selection of 1mA, 10mA, 100mA, 1A and 10A ► R TD temperature probe to check tested sample (optional) ► S electable metal types ► A utomatic and manual temperature correction ► E MF levels measured and eliminated in measurement ► T wo programmable alarm set points ► S tores up to 1500 test results ► S electable Inductive or Resistive test modes ► A utomatic multiple test mode (multiple tests without pressing the test button) ► L arge multi-line electroluminescent display ► L ocal or remote test setup and control ► I nternal rechargeable batteries – conduct up to 5000 10A tests ► R ugged, double insulated watertight caseAPPLICATIONS►Aerospace metallic coating resistance measurement►Bonding resistance measurement of motors and transformers ► B onding verification on earth/ground systems ► W eld joint integrity verification ► C ontact resistance measurement of breakers and switchgear ► A ircraft and rail bonding checks ► W ire to terminal connections and resistance checks ► B attery strap resistance checks ► C able joint and bus bar connection checks ► M echanical bond tests1017.84 (10ft) 2118.70 (20ft)2118.73 (10ft)2118.74 (20ft)2118.752118.762118.772118.782118.79 (10ft)2118.80 (20ft)2129.952129.96 (w/ cable)56ConstructionRotary selectionswitch Large multi-line backlit liquid crystal display Communication/buttonsAC line receptacle * Function buttons allow direct access to data storage and retrieval, polarity reversal, auto/manual measurement and displayed values.Secondary indicator - test current, voltage,Caution indicatorPolarity indicator Overheating Functional DisplayCurrent output Current output terminal (C-)Potential terminal (P+)Potential7Rotary selectionswitchbacklit liquid crystal displayport RTD temperatureprobe inputbuttonsAC line recharging * Function buttons allow direct access to data storage and retrieval, polarity reversal, auto/manual measurement and displayed values.Temperature correction active indicationConstructionFunctional DisplayCurrent output terminal (C+)Current output terminal (C-)Potential Potential terminal (P-)548• Accessory Bag• 2 25ft Kelvin Test Leads w/ Hippo Clamp (200A)• 1 Green Ground Lead w/ Clamp • USB Cable • Power Cord • User manual• DataView ® software• 2129.72 Lead - Set of 2 25ft Kelvin Leads withHippo Clamp (200A)• 2129.73 Lead - Set of 2 50ft Kelvin Leads withHippo Clamp (200A)• 2129.86 Current Probe Model MR6292• 2129.88 Lead - 10ft Eartth/Ground w/ attachedClamp• 5000.40 110V US Power CordFEATURES► A dvanced cooling system allows continuous testing at 100A or below and up to 120 seconds at 200A ►Allows multiple sequential tests►Programmable test currents from 5 to 200A ► M easures single or both sides grounded systems ► D irect viewing of stored tests on the display ► A ccurately measures low contact resistances from 0.1μΩ to 1Ω ► R esolution of 0.1μΩ ► L arge LCD digital display, available in four languages ► S tores up to 8000 test results ► U SB communication interface ► D irect printout using DataView ® software and a PC ► R ugged, light-weight and water-resistant caseAPPLICATIONS► T est switchgear contact resistance ►Test circuit breaker contact resistance ►Test air frame bonding ► T est rail bonding ►Test pipeline bonding ►Test large transformers2129.862129.72 (25ft)2129.885000.402129.73 (50ft)910ConstructionFunctional DisplayExhaust vents Fuse Alphanumeric keypad and function buttons USBport terminal (C+)Current output terminal (C-)Current probe connectorPotential terminal (P+)Potential terminal (P-)11FEATURES►Configure instrument from your PC►Customize views and templates to your exact needs►Create and store a library of configurations that can be used with the Models 6240, 6255, and 6292 as needed ►Display test results►Print reports using standard included templates or custom templates you design►Upload stored test results to your PCStatistical presentation of measurements All set up functions available from one screenClean, easy-to-read report of test resultsEasily documents statistics about user and test site to be storedwith the dataUnited States & CanadaChauvin Arnoux®, Inc.d.b.a. AEMC® Instruments200 Foxborough Blvd.Foxborough, MA 02035 USA(508) 698-2115 • Fax (508) 698-2118Customer Supportfor placing an order,obtaining price & delivery(800) 343-1391************************Sales & Marketing Departmentfor general sales and marketinginformation********************************Repair & Calibration Servicefor information on repair & calibration***************United States & Canada (continued)Technical & ProductApplication Supportfor technical and application support(800) 343-1391*****************Webmasterfor information regarding our website******************South America, Central America,Mexico & the CaribbeanChauvin Arnoux®, Inc.d.b.a. AEMC® Instruments15 Faraday DriveDover, NH 03820 USA***************Australia & New ZealandChauvin Arnoux®, Inc.d.b.a. 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User GuideStericap™ PLUS SystemVacuum Driven Bottle-Top Filtration SystemSCGPCAPREIntroductionThe Stericap™ PLUS Vacuum Driven Bottle-Top Filtration System (Stericap™ PLUS System) is avacuum driven, disposable, universal bottle-top sterile filtration system used in the preparation of buffers, tissue culture media, microbiological media, and other biological fluids. The system can be used to fill vacuum rated bottles and other containers with inner neck diameters from 20 mm to 67 mm.Each Stericap™ PLUS System package comes with 10 individually wrapped sterile filters and one reusable tube set.CAUTION: The system is not compatible with strong acids, bases, polar solvents, aromatic solvents, most chlorinated solvents, or concentrated alcohols. See the “Chemical Compatibility” section for details.Diagram of theStericap™ PLUS SystemA. Vent portneedle valve B. Feed tube toreservoir C. Vacuum tube tovacuum source D. Stericap™PLUS system E. Receiver bottle(not supplied)Materials RequiredThe user must supply the following materials:• Vacuum source (with tubing)• Sterile vacuum rated receiver bottles or vessels with an inner neck diameter of 20–67 mm • Optional equipment (to re-prime in the event of air locking): 50 cc syringe See “Product Ordering” section for catalogue numbers.Guidelines for Use• Use aseptic technique. To ensure sterility of filtered fluid, filtration should take place under a laminar flow hood or other sterile environment.• To ensure sterility, do not use this system if the package is damaged or the seal is broken.• Do not re-sterilize or reuse the Stericap™ PLUS System; it is a single use system.• Wear eye protection whenever using glass or plastic vessels under partial vacuum.• If the system has slowed or stopped flowing because of an air lock, follow steps in “Recovering from an Air Lock Event” section.• Do not overfill the receiver bottle, which could force liquid into the vacuum source and cause damage.Chemical CompatibilityThe Stericap™ PLUS System is compatible with most aqueous solutions. Based on information from technical publications, materials suppliers, laboratory tests, and field evaluations, we believe that the agents listed below may or may not be used with Stericap™ PLUS System. However, because of the effects of variability in temperature, concentrations, duration of exposure, and other factors outside of our control, we do not provide or imply a warranty with respect to this information. Agents that are not listed should be tested prior to use, or contact Technical Service at/techservice for information. CAUTION: Perform filter binding analysis before filtering very dilute proteins, hormones, or drug solutions.Chemical Stericap™ PLUS System Aqueous solutions•Weak acids•Strong acids∆Alcohols∆Aldehydes◊Aliphatic amines∆Aromatic amines◊Bases•Esters◊Hydrocarbons◊Ketones◊Strong oxidizing agents◊Key: • = Recommended, ◊ = Not recommended,∆ = Limited applicationsHow to Use theStericap™ PLUS System1. Remove a filter unit and the tube set from thepackaging. Peel open their pouches using aseptictechnique under a laminar flow hood, or in another sterile environment.CAUTION: This system is sterile when packaged.Check if the package is damaged or if the seal isbroken. If you notice any damage, contact Technical Service /techservice before using.2. Connect the feed tube to the barbed fitting marked“Inlet” on the clear dome top of the device. Placethe other end of the tube into the solution you want to filter, with the tube weight at the bottom of thefeed container.NOTE: The tube set is reusable. Keep tube weightat the bottom of the feed bottle to prevent air from entering the tube set and creating an air lock.3. Attach the blue vacuum port on the side of thesystem to a regulated vacuum source. (Theuniversal tubing adapter provided with each system fits most vacuum hoses.) If you use a wateraspirator as the vacuum source, use a check-valve or in-line catch flask to prevent the system fromaccidentally drawing water into the receiving bottle.WARNING: Wear eye protection whenever usingglass or plastic vessels under partial vacuum.4. Hold the Stericap™ PLUS System onto the top ofthe receiver bottle and turn on the vacuum to begin filtration. Continue holding the system until thevacuum source secures the filter unit into place and the flow starts into the receiver bottle.NOTE: A small amount of air collected at the top of the dome is normal, and will not affect filtration. If too much air enters the housing and filtration stops, go to the “Recovering from an Air Lock Event”section for instructions on re-priming.5. When the receiver bottle is almost full, detachthe system from the bottle top by simply tiltingit very slightly to lift the gasket off of the bottle.Breaking the vacuum seal on the downstream willtemporarily stop the flow.CAUTION: Do not let the receiver bottle overflowwith liquid or foam. This will cause fluid to advance into the vacuum line, and could damage thevacuum pump or house vacuum system. Be sure to use a vacuum trap or in-line hydrophobicmembrane filter (e.g., Millex®-FG50filter system, Cat. No. SLFG05010) to protect the vacuum line. 6. If more than one receiver bottle is being filled,proceed to Step 7. Otherwise, skip to Step 9.7. With the vacuum source still on, hold the Stericap™PLUS System upright and move the Stericap™ PLUS System onto the next bottle. Hold the unit over the bottle until a vacuum seal is established and thebottle starts filling.A. Vent port needlevalveB. Feed tube toreservoirC. Vacuum tube tovacuum sourceD. Stericap™ PLUSSystemE. Receiver bottle(not supplied)F. Millex®-FG50unitG. Feed bottleH. Tube weight8. Repeat steps 4 through 7 until the desired numberof bottle(s) are filled.NOTE: The total filtration volume of the Stericap™ PLUS System membrane will depend on the solution being filtered. If the membrane becomes fouled before filtration is finished, continue with a new Stericap™ PLUS System.9. Turn off the vacuum source to end filtration. Thendisconnect the vacuum and tube set from thefilter system. Dispose of according to all applicable international, federal, state, and local regulations.Autoclaving the Tube SetThe tube set can be autoclaved up to 10 times using a 15-minute cycle at 121 °C each time. After the first autoclave cycle, the tubing may lose some of its transparency and the tube weight may appear lighter in color . However , these changes will not affect the function of the tube set.Recovering From an Air Lock EventIf the feed tube is inadvertently removed from the feed bottle during filtration, or if a sufficient quantity of air otherwise enters the housing and empties it of liquid, filtration will stop. It will be necessary to re-prime the upstream portion of the device using the vent valve at the top center of the dome.1. Leave the vacuum source on and connected to thedevice in order to protect the membrane.2. Attach a 50 cc syringe to the vent port needlevalve’s female Luer-Lok ® connector on the top center of the dome.3. Twist the needle valve counterclockwise slightly(1 to 1 1/2 turns) to open.4. Pull on the syringe plunger to remove the airfrom the housing and re-prime the feed tube and housing with as much liquid as possible so that the membrane surface is fully submerged again.NOTE: A small pocket of air at the top of the dome is normal and will not affect filtration.A. Vent port needlevalve with 50 cc syringe B. Feed tube toreservoirC. Vacuum tube tovacuum source D. Stericap™ PLUSSystem E. Receiver bottle(not supplied)F . Millex ®-FG 50 unit G. Feed bottle H. Tube weight5. Filtration should resume immediately. Return tostep 4 of the “How to Use the Stericap™ PLUS System” section.SpecificationsFilter membrane Express PLUS ® PES Membrane pore size 0.22 μm Effective filtration area 40 cm 2Capacities 5–10 L (of typical cell culture media reconstituted from powder; e.g., DMEM with 10% serum)Tube set length 3 ftSterilization method Gamma irradiated Storage temperature limit -30 °C to 45 °C (-22 °F to 113 °F)Maximum operating vacuum 25 inHgMaterials of Construction Dome Clear styrene Outlet frit Polypropylene (PP)Collar Impact resistant styrene Gasket Closed cell polyethylene foam Membrane Polyethersulfone (PES)Tube set SiliconeVacuum adapter High density polyethylene (HDPE)Tube weight Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)Vacuum port matrix Cellulose acetate Vent capPVDFQC Release CriteriaIntegrity: Each lot is tested for reverse burst at 30” water during the manufacturing process to insure both membrane and housing integrity.Filter Flow Rate: Samples exhibit an initial flow time of not more than 52 seconds to filter 500 mL of water at 25 inHg vacuum.Sterility: The product is sterilized by means of gamma irradiation in a validated process. The dose is confirmed on a quarterly basis according to Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ® (AAMI) practices and recommendations.Audit CriteriaToxicity: Fluid path component materials were tested and determined to be non-cytotoxic in accordance with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) <87>.Pyrogens: An aqueous extraction from the unitcontains less than 20 EU/unit as determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test according to the USP guidelines.The life science business of Merck operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada.Merck, Millipore, Stericap, Millex, Express PLUS, and Sigma-Aldrich are trademarks ofMerck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Detailed information on trademarks is available via publicly accessible resources.© 2020 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.Bacterial Retention: Samples were quantitatively retentive of a minimum Brevundimonas diminuta challenge concentration of 1 × 107 cfu per cm 2 using Health Industry Manufacturers Association (HIMA) methodology.Product OrderingProducts can be ordered at /products .DescriptionCatalogue NumberStericap™ PLUS System with 0.22 μm Express PLUS ® PES membrane. Each kit contains 10 units and 1 tube set.SCGPCAPRE Sterile receiver bottles (1 L, 12/pk)S200B10REVacuum/pressure pump 115V , 60 Hz WP6211560220V , 50 Hz WP6222050100V , 50/60 Hz WP621006050 cc syringe (5/pk)XX1105005Millex ®-FG 50 filter unit for vacuum line protection (10/pk)SLFG05010NoticeWe provide information and advice to our customers on application technologies and regulatory matters to the best of our knowledge and ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed in all cases by our customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties. Our information and advice do not relieve our customers of their own responsibility for checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose.The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as acommitment by the manufacturing or selling entity, or an affiliate. We assume no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.Contact InformationFor the location of the office nearest you, go to /offices .Technical AssistanceVisit the tech service page on our web site at /techservice .Standard WarrantyThe applicable warranty for the products listed in this publication may be found at /terms .。

SEPARATIONSDevelopment of Supported Ethanolamines and Modified Ethanolamines for CO2CaptureT.Filburn,*J.J.Helble,and R.A.WeissDepartment of Chemical Engineering,University of Connecticut,Storrs,Connecticut06269-3222Liquid amines can be immobilized within the pores of polymeric supports to provide a regenerableCO2sorbent.This paper describes the capture of CO2by a range of ethanolamines(primary,secondary,and tertiary)immobilized within the pores of high-surface-area poly(methyl meth-acrylate)beads.These supported amines were used to remove low concentrations(7.6mmHg)of CO2by a pressure swing absorption process,where low-pressure vacuum was used to desorbthe CO2and regenerate the sorbent.The effect on CO2capture of modification of primary aminesto secondary amines by reaction with acrylonitrile was also evaluated.The modified aminesprovided nearly a factor of2increase in CO2removal capacity compared to the original primaryamines.These results suggest that modified amines could potentially be used for CO2capturein space life support systems as well as for terrestrial flue gas CO2removal applications.IntroductionLong-duration,human-occupied space missions re-quire the use of regenerable sorbents for CO2capture. Regenerable sorbents provide a reduction in overall system weight and volume compared to single-use sorbents and,therefore,decrease the storage volume and launch weight of the space vehicle.Liquid amines are particularly suited to this purpose,as their efficacy in removing carbon dioxide and their regenerability have been demonstrated in a host of industrial applica-tions.1,2Liquid-amine-based scrubbing systems,how-ever,generally require large towers for contacting the liquid amine absorbent with the process gas stream, making them impractical for confined-space applica-tions.This problem has been circumvented by im-mobilizing liquid amines within the pores of a solid support,thus permitting their use without requiring a separate phase separation step.3,4CO2removal and sorbent regeneration are subsequently accomplished though pressure swing absorption.5These supported amines therefore provide an attractive means for using liquid amines as CO2removal agents in the micrograv-ity environment of space.In designing a supported-amine-based system,the selection of the optimum liquid amine to be immobilized within a support remains a challenging problem.Liquid alkanolamine sorbents have been used for the removal of carbon dioxide from gas streams for many years,since Bottoms6introduced the use of triethanolamine(TEA) for the regenerative removal of CO2from natural gas streams.Since that time,numerous refinements have been made in the use of these absorbents,7-9including the utilization of alternate amine formulations to pro-vide higher CO2removal capacities and lower regenera-tion energy costs.The first of these changes switched from the relatively low capacity and low reactivity of TEA(a tertiary amine)to monoethanolamine(MEA),a primary amine.A more recent innovation has been the use of secondary amines(e.g.,diethanolamine,DEA)or hindered primary amines,which have lowered the regeneration energy necessary to reuse the amine solutions.10It is well-known that primary,secondary,and tertiary amines have different p K a values and consequently differing affinities for acid gases such as carbon diox-ide.11These p K a values will also be affected by the physical state of the amines.In aqueous solutions,the basicities of the amine increase from the least basic primary amine to tertiary and finally to secondary.In the gas phase,the basicity increases from primary to secondary to tertiary amine.11Most prior research on CO2removal by amines has concentrated on measuring capacities for aqueous amine solutions.The research described herein examined the CO2removal capacities of different amines immobilized on a solid support,and the specific goal of the research was to ascertain how the type of amine(primary,secondary,or tertiary) affected steady-state CO2capacity in a pressure swing absorption system.Reaction of Amines with CO2In general,the industrial use of amine sorbents has centered on aqueous solutions of primary and secondary amines,which react directly with CO2to form carbam-ate ions,RNHCOO-.Reaction1shows the formation of the carbamate ion for a primary amine.A similar reaction occurs for secondary amines.*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Current addresss:Department of Mechanical Engineering,University of Hartford,West Hartford,CT06117.E-mail: filburn@.2RNH2+CO2w RNHCOO-+RNH3+(1)RNHCOO-+H2O w RNH2+HCO3-(2)1542Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2005,44,1542-154610.1021/ie0495527CCC:$30.25©2005American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web01/29/2005Water can hydrolyze the carbamate and regenerate one amine molecule (reaction 2),but because of the stability of the carbamate ion,this reaction does not occur readily.The ability to form carbamate ions allows for direct reaction of the amine with CO 2,which produces faster CO 2capture kinetics for the primary and secondary amines.Although carbamate formation reaction pro-ceeds rapidly,the overall capacity for CO 2capture for both primary and secondary amines is reduced by the stoichiometry requirement of two amine molecules for each CO 2molecule reacted.The chemical structures of example alkanolamines for each of the three amine types are shown in Figure 1.Tertiary amines are generally not used for CO 2capture,because they do not react with CO 2to produce carbamate ions.Tertiary amines,however,can remove a stoichiometric amount of CO 2by reaction with water to produce hydroxyl ions that can then react with CO 2to produce bicarbonate ions,as shown in reactions 3and 4.The formation of the bicarbonate ion (reaction 4)is relatively slow compared to the carbamate ion formation reaction (reaction 1),however,so that the kinetics of CO 2removal by tertiary amine are generally slower than for primary and secondary amines.Energy costs play a significant role in the feasibility of any commercial CO 2removal system.For amine-based systems,the most significant energy demand is for the amine regeneration step.Primary amines typi-cally have higher heats of absorption than secondary and tertiary amines.This higher heat of absorption produces a commensurate energy penalty for primary amines during the regeneration step.Secondary amines,therefore,provide a useful compromise between the low reaction rates of tertiary amines and high heat of absorption for primary amines.As a result,since the1980s,secondary amines have seen increasing use in industrial applications for acid gas removal.1At present,however,most aqueous solutions of secondary amines limit the amine concentration to ∼20%because of the use of carbon steel in absorption vessels;a relatively low amine concentration is required to reduce the rate of corrosion within the process system.1Table 1lists average heats of solution for capturing CO 2from representative amines.In this paper,we describe the use of supported amine sorbents to capture CO 2and the subsequent regenera-tion of the supported amine using pressure swing absorption at low (∼1mmHg)vacuum pressure.Specif-ically,we examined the most common commercial ethanolamines representing the three amine types,monoethanolamine (MEA,primary),diethanolamine (DEA,secondary),and triethanolamine (TEA,tertiary);see Figure 1.In contrast to these single amine mol-ecules,multiamine molecules can contain more than one type of amine functionality,which suggests the pos-sibility of developing multifunctional amine sorbents that optimize their CO 2capture behavior,i.e.,provide tradeoffs between kinetic and heat of absorption limita-tions.In this paper,the development of new higher-capacity solid amine sorbents by modification of the amine functional group of the immobilized sorbent is also described.MEA was modified by reaction with acrylonitrile to convert some of the primary amine groups into secondary amines.The justification for using reaction-modified amines is based on work described by Giavarini et al.and Rinaldi et al.,12-14who modified tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA,Figure 2)to increase its working capacity for CO 2removal.The working capacity refers to the amount of CO 2that can be absorbed and successfully removed during regeneration of the sorbent.Giavarini et al.and Rinaldi et al.modified TEPA by reacting it with various ratios of phenol,formaldehyde,and combinations of the two.These modified TEPA molecules showed increased working capacity for gas-phase CO 2removal in aqueous systems.In the present study,the amine sorbents were used in an adsorbed state,immobilized on a nonionic poly-meric support.The main objective was to discern the amine type most effective in removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream containing low levels of CO 2.Low levels of CO 2,generally at about 7.6mmHg in a gas stream maintained at 760mmHg total pressure,were considered.These CO 2partial pressures and total pressures mimic those typically found in enclosed-environment life-support systems such as submarines and the spaceshuttle.Figure 1.Chemical structures of ethanolamines (primary,MEA;secondary,DEA;and tertiary,TEA).H 2O +R 3N w R 3NH ++OH -(3)CO 2(aq)+OH -w HCO 3-(4)Figure 2.Structure of the TEPA molecule (normal).Table 1.Integral Heats of Solution for Absorption of CO 21amine type integral heat of solution (cal/g of CO 2)MEA primary 1485DEA secondary 1260DGA primary 1476MDEA tertiary 1035TEA tertiary 837DIPAsecondary1296Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,Vol.44,No.5,20051543Experimental SectionCommercially available ethanolamines MEA(Baker,100%reagent grade),DEA(Aldrich,99%),and TEA(Baker,98.7%)were used as amine sorbents for CO2capture.The ethanolamines were used as received.MEAwas also modified by reaction with acrylonitrile(Aldrich, >99%).The acrylonitrile/amine reaction formed a Michael adduct much like the TEPA amines modified by Rinaldiet al.14via phenol and formaldehyde.The acrylonitriletends to react predominantly with primary aminesconverting them to secondary amines.15Two different ratios of acrylonitrile to MEA wereexamined to provide a mixture of primary and secondaryamines:(1)a Michael adduct formed with1mol ofacrylonitrile(AN)to4mol of MEA and(2)a Michaeladduct formed when2mol of AN were reacted with3mol of MEA.To produce the adducts,188mL of liquidMEA was added to a standard500-mL round-bottomglass flask with a mechanical stirrer.An ice/water bathsurrounding the flask was used to moderate the reactionexotherm..An addition funnel was used to slowly(∼3-5min)add50mL of acrylonitrile(for the1:4molar ratiosynthesis)into the stirred amine.The rate of acryloni-trile addition was limited to prevent the solution tem-perature from exceeding45°C.The solution tempera-ture rose slightly to approximately30°C and thenslowly returned to the ice/water bath temperature.Twobatches of amine/acrylonitrile reactants were produced.In the first,0.25mol of acrylonitrile was added per1mol of amine(MA14).In the second,0.67mol ofacrylonitrile was added per1mol of MEA(MA23).Afterthe addition had been completed,the solution wasslowly heated to50°C,and stirring was then continuedfor1h to ensure complete reaction of the acrylonitrileand amine.The amine sorbents were impregnated into a nonpolarcommercial poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)support.This high-specific-surface-area(BET,470m2/g,as mea-sured by the manufacturer)support bead also provideda large pore volume(1.2mL/g)with a mean porediameter of17nm(based on N2adsorption).Thesebeads had a range of diameter from0.35to0.84mm.The solid polymer beads containing immobilized liquidamines were prepared using a solvent evaporationprocess.The PMMA beads were initially wetted bydispersing them in methanol to facilitate impregnationof the amine into the pores.An amine solution(equalvolumes of amine and methanol)was then added to thebeads,and the amine solution was rotated within arotary evaporator flask at room temperature for5minto produce a homogeneous slurry.The volatile methanolwas then removed by heating the rotary evaporatorflask in a90°C water bath.Care was taken within thefirst few minutes of solvent evaporation to prevent“bumping”of the slurry,which would carry solid supportmaterial into the condensation tube.The impregnation procedure produced sorbents con-sisting of a PMMA polymeric support with30-85%ofits theoretical pore volume filled with liquid amine.Theethanolamine loadings achieved were0.34g of MEA,0.47g of DEA,and0.53g of TEA per gram of dry PMMAbead.Because of the differences in molecular weight,those mass loadings produced nearly equal molar load-ings of∼2mol of amine per liter of support.The use ofthe volume concentration is useful,because the pressureswing absorption experiments were conducted with aconstant volume(0.1L)of sorbent.The CO2absorption measurements were made in a semicontinuous two-bed adsorption system.The fixed-bed reactor contained an open-cell reticulated aluminum foam that allowed the conduction of heat from the absorption chamber into the desorption bed.16A sche-matic diagram of the experimental system is shown in Figure3.As indicated,nitrogen and carbon dioxide supplies were mixed to produce a fixed inlet CO2 concentration(generally1kPa).Not shown are the humidifiers,which permitted variation of the inlet dew point from-40°C to a fully saturated ambient-tem-perature condition.Inlet and outlet CO2levels,temper-atures,and dew points were all monitored as shown. The small bed size(110cm3)and the efficient thermal conduction paths provided by the aluminum foam made both the cyclic and equilibrium capacity measurements operate isothermally,limiting temperature variations between the absorbing and desorbing bed to less than 2°C,and also limited run-to-run absorbing or desorbing temperature variations to much smaller values(<1°C). Once the amines had been fabricated,tests were con-ducted to examine the CO2removal capacity for all sorbents.No capacity for CO2removal was expected from the PMMA support;this material is nonionic and has no affinity for CO2capture.Sorption measurements were conducted only with the supported amine samples. The carbon dioxide removal capacity of the solid amines was measured using a fixed absorption time of 25min,followed by a low-pressure vacuum desorption step for another25min.During absorption,the gas flow was such that a gas residence time of1.75s and an inlet dew-point temperature of7°C were maintained.The absorption/desorption cycle was repeated until steady-state conditions were achieved.That typically required four cycles.The steady-state values are what are reported in this article.Results and DiscussionInitial tests of CO2absorption capacity were con-ducted with each chamber exposed to a continuous stream containing CO2at a partial pressure of7.6 mmHg(in N2)with an inlet dew point maintained at7 (1°C.This stream passed through one bed of thereactor while the second bed was exposed to vacuum for regeneration.After25min of operating in this mode, the functions of the two beds,i.e.,sorption and desorp-tion,were alternated.Figure4represents the steady-state CO2loading on the amine bed after four cycles of absorption and desorption.This graph presents a com-parison of the breakthrough capacities for the three ethanolamines(MEA,DEA,TEA)loaded onto supports and operated at20°C.Figure4demonstrates the higher capacity of the secondary ethanolamine relative to the primary and tertiary amines for removing CO2in a PSA system.1For these experiments,the pressure reached1mmHg within the desorption bed at the end of the25-min desorption cycle.In Figure4,the slight change in slope between the primary and secondary amines in the0-10-min time period results from a small variation in amine loading within the support.These small slope changes between MEA and DEA are not important;it is only the larger variations and overall capacity differences that are significant.The large variation at times greater than10min comes from the marked change in capacity between the primary and secondary amines.The large difference between the primary and secondary amines1544Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,Vol.44,No.5,2005and the tertiary amine demonstrates the large differ-ence in affinity for low concentrations of CO 2between amines that form carbamates and amines that do not.The tertiary amines do not form carbamates and,as demonstrated in Figure 4,showed little affinity for CO 2at the levels considered in these tests.A further demonstration of the efficacy of secondary amines for CO 2capture was obtained from the capacity results of the modified MEA samples,i.e.,where some of the primary amine was converted to secondary amine by reaction with acrylonitrile.Absorption tests were conducted at the same loadings and test conditions for each as discussed parisons of the results for pure MEA and the modified MEAs also allowed us to ascertain the influence of the hydroxyl group on CO 2capacity.The hydroxyl ion is known to be an important chemical base in CO 2capture.In fact,aqueous amine solutions will also generate hydroxyl ions,as an inter-mediate in their CO 2capture mechanism.Although the ratio of amine/hydroxyl in MEA,DEA,and TEA inher-ently varied,so that the effect of the hydroxyl could not be unambiguously resolved,MEA and all of the modified MEAs had the same ratio of amine/hydroxyl.In the latter case,only the ratio of secondary to primary amine changed.Moreover,comparisons between the fully reacted MEA,which contained predominantly secondary amines,and DEA (solely secondary amines)isolated the effect of the hydroxyl group concentration.This allowed us to confirm that it is the amine type (secondary amine)and not the quantity of hydroxyl groups attached to the amine molecule that governs the capture of CO 2in this cyclic PSA process.No change in CO 2capacity appears to be related to the quantity of hydroxyl groups on the ethanolamines,as the data in Figure 5show similar capacities between MEA reacted with acrylonitrile and DEA.Note that these molecules have a 2:1ratio in the number of hydroxyl groups present in the tests.Normalization of the capacity data by the amount of amine available on the support surface permits isolation of capacity effects associated with the amine structure (see Figure 5).All of the data are for samples in which the total amount of amine on the support surface was held constant.The only difference is in the mass loading,which is due to the addition of the acrylonitrile,whichFigure 3.Bench-scale system used in all CO 2captureexperiments.Figure parison of suppported,pure amine working capaci-ties.Figure 5.Modified MEA working capacity,normalized.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,Vol.44,No.5,20051545increased the molecular weight of the amine molecule. The modification of the primary MEA amine with acrylonitrile increased the cyclic capacity for CO2cap-ture.The pure MEA curve in Figure5plateaus at an amine capacity of about0.14mol of CO2per mole of amine available within the support.Modification of the MEA with a1:4ratio of AN/amine increased the cyclic CO2removal capacity of the supported amine to0.16 mol of CO2per mole of amine.Increasing the AN/amine ratio to2:3further increased the cyclic CO2removal capacity to nearly0.19mol of CO2per mole of amine. ConclusionsAlthough liquid amines have long been used for removing acid gases from pressurized gas streams,they have generally been used as bulk liquids in aqueous absorption systems.In this report,a novel method for contacting the gas phase and absorbent by using amines supported within the pores of a polymeric support has been demonstrated.The results indicate that secondary amines are most beneficial for removing low concentra-tions of CO2from a gas stream with a supported absorbent.This information comes from a comparison of MEA,DEA,and TEA immobilized within the solid support at the same molar loading.Working capacity test results showed a large increase in capacity and utilization of the secondary amine.In addition,MEA was modified by reaction with acrylonitrile to convert this primary amine into a secondary amine.The acrylo-nitrile molecule formed a Michael adduct with the primary amine of the MEA,converting it into a second-ary amine.The reaction mechanism was tailored to react predominantly with primary amines.This new molecule(MEA-AN,now a secondary amine)provided a large increase in cyclic CO2removal capacity com-pared to the unaltered primary amine molecule. These experiments demonstrate the importance of amine type in removing low levels of CO2from a PSA process while using a polymeric support.These im-mobilized amines clearly have the potential to provide CO2removal for life-support applications The further ability of the support to resist corrosion and foaming while increasing the concentration of amine compared to pumped aqueous systems might provide utility in other applications.By eliminating the need for additives and increasing the amine concentration within the support,these solid amine beads might be useful in terrestrial applications,such as natural gas sweetening or flue gas CO2removal.AcknowledgmentThe authors thank Hamilton Sundstrand Space Sys-tems International for their support of this research effort.Literature Cited(1)Kohl,A.;Nielsen,R.Gas Purification,5th ed.;Gulf Publish-ing Co.:Houston,TX,1997.(2)Newman,S.A.,Ed.Acid and Sour Gas Treating Processes; Gulf Publishing Co.:Houston,TX,1985.(3)Filburn,T.;Genovese,J.;McNamara,L.;Thomas,G.Rapid Cycling Amine Development Test.Presented at the48th Inter-national Astronautical Congress,Turin,Italy,Oct6-10,1997; Paper IAA-97-IAA-10.1.04.(4)Filburn,T.;Lantazakis,M.;Taddey,E.;Graf,J.An Orbiter Upgrade Demonstration Test Article for a Fail-Safe Regenerative CO2Removal System.Presented at the28th International Confer-ence on Environmental Systems,Danvers,Massachusetts,Jul13-16,1998;Paper SAE981536.(5)Filburn,T.;Satyapal,S.;Birbara,P.;Graf,J.Performance and Properties of a Solid Amine Sorbent for CO2Removal in Space Life Support.Presented at1998American Institute of Chemical Engineers,Annual Meeting,November15-20,Miami,FL.(6)Bottoms,R.R.U.S.Process for Separating Acid Gases. Patent1,783,901,1930.(7)Dankwerts,P.The Reaction of CO2with Ethanolamines. Chem.Eng.Sci.1979,14,443-446.(8)Shulik,L.;Sartori,G.;Ho,W.;Thaler,W.;Milliman,G. Primary Hindered Amino Acids for Promoted Acid Gas Scrubbing Process.U.S.Patent4,919,904,1990.(9)Hagewiesche,D.;Ashour,S.;Al-Ghawas,H.;Sandall,O. Absorption of Carbon Dioxide into Aqueous Blends of Monoetha-nolamine and N-Methyldiethanolamine.Chem.Eng.Sci.1995,50 (7),1071-1079.(10)Steve Bedell,Dow Chemical Co.Freeport,Texas,1999. Personal communication.(11)Carey,anic Chemistry;McGraw-Hill:New York, 1987.(12)Faichetti,A.;Giavarini,C.;Moresi,M.;Sebastiani,E. Absorption of CO2in aqueous solutions:Reaction kinetics of modified tetraethylenepentamine.Ing.Chim.Ital.1981,17(1-2),1-7.(13)Rinaldi,G.Acid Gas Absorption by Means of Aqueous Solutions of Regenerable Phenol-Modified Polyalkylenepolyamine. Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.1997,36,3778.(14)Filipsis,P.;Giavarini,C.;Maggi,C.;Rinaldi G.;Silia,R. Modified Polyamines for CO2Absorption.Product Preparation and Characterization.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2000,39,1364-1368.(15)Fletcher,R.;Tepper E.Regenerable Device for Scrubbing Breathable Air of CO2and Moisture Without Special Heat Exchanger Equipment.U.S.Patent4,046,529,1977.(16)Whitmore,F.;Mosher,H.;Adams,R.;Taylor,R.;Chapin,E.;Weisel,C.;Yanko,W.Basically Substituted Aliphatic Nitriles and Their Catalytic Reduction to Amines.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1944, 66,725-731.(17)Astarita,G.;Savage, D.;Bisio, A.Gas Treating with Chemical Solvents;John Wiley and Sons:New York,1983.(18)Bird,R.;Stewart,W.;Lightfoot,E.Transport Phenomena; John Wiley and Sons:New York,1960.Received for review May24,2004 Revised manuscript received October29,2004Accepted November20,2004IE04955271546Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,Vol.44,No.5,2005。

“S olving customers formulating challenges with novel performance additives.”Ether NitrilesEther AminesAlcohols:Linear and Branchedto C 20Air Products is the world’s largest producer of ether amines and ether amine derivatives with an expertise in cationic and amphoteric surfactants. This market leading position starts from a strong commitment to invest in technology, research and people…and is further developed through our strong relationships with customers.At the core of these strong relationships is our deeper understanding of our customer’s needs and challenges. Our experienced technical team works hand-to-hand with customers to develop effective solutions. Whether it’s an environmental benefit, improving the performance of an existing product, or making a production process more cost effective, customers are always looking for assistance and ways to do things better than others in their market. We have been providing that edge for over 40 years. Select product applications:• Hard surface cleaning • Detergent boosters • Foaming agents • Viscosity builders• Mineral flotation collectors• Liquid alternatives to solid fatty amines • Lubrication additives • Fuel additives• Agricultural additives • Antistatic agents • Corrosion inhibitors• Cross linking agents for epoxy resins Formulating can be a complex process. This product guide offers a good starting point providing an overview of our ether amine and ether amine derivative products. For free samples or technical assistance please call us at 800-345-3148. You can also visit our web site at /nimble .Amine Oxides (AO-Series)(CH2CH2O)x HR-O-CH2CH2CH2 N O(CH2CH2O)n-x HThese products are excellent foam boosters and stabilizers. They are also excellent detergents. Amine oxides tend to act non-ionically in neutral and alkaline pH. Tomamine AO-14-250% active bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) isodecyloxypropylamineoxideTomamine AO-72850% active linear alkyloxypropylamine oxide Tomamine AO-40550% active low-foam alkyloxypropylamine oxide Tomamine AO-45550% active low-foam alkyloxypropylamine oxideAmphoteric SurfactantsAir Products amphoteric surfactants are designed for use in alkaline and acidic cleaners. They offer exceptional coupling stability and wetting in a wide range of formulations that may contain other anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants. Scrub tests indicate improved detergency in formulations containing Tomamine Amphoteric surfactants.OCH2CH2C — O v Na BR-O-CH2CH2CH2NCH2CH2C — OHOListed in increasing order of coupling ability.Tomamine Amphoteric L37% active; high foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Amphoteric SC35% active; high foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Amphoteric 1633% active biodegradable; high foaming,hydrotroping surfactantTomamine Amphoteric LH30% active; moderate foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Alkali Surfactant35% active; moderate foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Amphoteric 40050% active; low foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Amphoteric 1235% active biodegradable; low foaming,hydrotroping surfactant Spraywax Emulsifiers & Drying Agents Tomamine Emulsifier Four75% active dialkyl quaternary designed foremulsification of non-polar hydrophobes,particularly mineral seal oil.Tomamine Emulsifier Four HF A modified high-flash version of EmulsifierFour. The flash point is above 200 °F Tomadry TM N-4 Drying Agent100% active super-concentrated mineralseal oil-containing drying agent. Made withEmulsifier Four.Tomadry N-3 Drying Agent100% active non oil-containing super-concentrated drying agent. Contains ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether.Tomadry N-5C Drying Agent100% active non oil-containing drying agent.Designed for quick water break and waterbeading.Tomadry N-7 Drying Agent100% active non oil-containing super-concentrated drying agent. Does not containethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Tomadry N-8 Drying Agent A high-flash version of Tomadry N-4. Madewith Emulsifier Four HF.Tomamine Emulsion C-340A 18% active cationic emulsion of carnaubawax. Used for “hot carnauba” drying agents. Tomadry DAB Drying Additive A 100% active wax additive designedfor formulation into a wide variety oftransportation cleaning applications. Tomamine Emulsifier 300A balanced emulsifier for Mineral Seal Oil(MSO) and other hydrophobes in waterused to optimize drying efficiency for vehiclecare products.Tomamine Emulsifier 300HF A high-flash version of TomamineEmulsifier 300.Acid Additives & Acid InhibitorsTomamine Acid Foamer100% active foaming additive for organic andinorganic acids.Tomamine Acid Thickener100% active thickener for organic and inorganicacids.Tomamine Inhibitor 60S A cid inhibitor for hydrochloric acid and other acids. Tomamine Inhibitor 60Q Acid inhibitor for many mineral acids.Asphalt & Coal Tar Sealant Additives• T omamine PA-14 Acetate is a patented 100% active cationic surfactant designed to wet various clays, fillers, and fibers resulting in a stable and desirable end-use viscosity for asphalt coatings and sealants.Tomamine® Ether AminesTomamine aliphatic ether amines are a unique class of industrial chemicals with broad range properties. Tomamine PA- and DA- series synthetic ether amines are produced by the reaction of an aliphatic alcohol with acrylonitrile. These unique primary ether amines can be used as additives or building blocks for many other surfactants with broad applications.R-OH + CH2CHCN R-O-CH2CH2CN + 2 H2Alcohol Acrylonitrile Ether Nitrile HydrogenR-O-CH2CH2CH2NH2 + Acrylonitrile + Hydrogen R-O-(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2 Ether Amine (PA-Series) Ether Diamine (DA-Series)Ether Amines (PA-Series)Tomamine PA-10L Hexyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-12EH2-Ethylhexyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-1214Octyl/decyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-14Isodecyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-1618Dodecyl/tetradecyloxypropyl amine Tomamine PA-17Isotridecyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-1816Tetradecyl/dodecyloxypropyl amine Tomamine PA-19Linear alkyloxypropyl amineEther Diamines (DA-Series)Tomamine DA-1214 Octyl/decyloxypropyl-1,3-diaminopropane Tomamine DA-14 Isodecyloxypropyl-1,3-diaminopropane Tomamine DA-1618Dodecyl/tetradecyloxypropyl-1,3-diaminopropane Tomamine DA-17 Isotridecyloxypropyl-1,3-diaminopropane Ethoxylated Amines (E-Series)Air Products produces a wide range of ethoxylated ether amines and ethoxylated fatty amines. These amines have been reacted with various amounts of ethylene oxide to modify emulsification, surface tension, solubility and cationic strength. Some of the more popular uses of the E-Series products are: acid thickening, detergent boosting and textile processing aids.(CH2CH2O)x HR-O-CH2CH2CH2N(CH2CH2O)n-x HTomamine E-14-2bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) isodecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-14-5poly (5) oxyethylene isodecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-17-2bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) isotridecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-17-5poly (5) oxyethylene isotridecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-T-2b is-(2-hydroxyethyl) tallow amine(and 5 & 15-mole adducts)Tomamine E-DT-3N-tallow-poly (3) oxyethylene-1,3-diaminopropaneQuaternary Amines (Q-Series)Air Products quaternary amines are based on the reaction of aliphatic tertiary amines with methyl chloride using isopropanol or glycols as a diluent.(CH2CH2O)x HR-O-CH2CH2CH2N B (CH2CH2O)n-x H Cl vCH3Tomamine Q-14-275% active isodecyloxypropyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl ammonium chloride(Available in propylene glycol)Tomamine Q-17-275% active isotridecyloxypropyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl ammonium chloride(Available in propylene glycol)Tomamine Q-S-70HG70% active mono soya methyl ammonium chloride Tomamine Q-DT-HG50% active tallow diamine diquaternary Tomamine Q-C-15100% active coco poly (15) oxyethylene methylammonium chlorideThe Tomamine DA-series synthetic ether diamines are produced by the reaction of an aliphatic alcohol with two moles of acrylonitrile. Like the Tomamine PA-series, these unique ether diamines can be used as additives or building blocks for many other surfactantswith broad applications use. The Tomamine DA-series ether diamines have excellent low temperature liquidity.Product R Equals DescriptionTomamine DA-1214 C 8H 17/C 10H 21O ctyl/decyloxypropyl-1,3-diaminopropane Tomamine DA-14 Branched C 10H 21 I sodecyloxypropyl-1,3-diaminopropane Tomamine DA-1618 C 12H 25/C 14H 29 D odecyl/tetradecyloxypropyl-1, 3-diaminopropane Tomamine DA-17Branched C 13H 27 I sotridecyloxypropyl-1,3-diaminopropaneTomamine DA-Series Ether AminesTYPICAL PROPERTIES DA-1214 DA-14 DA-1618 DA-17Molecular Wt.290 295 340 330Min. amine value 385 375 330 325Min. mole% primary amine 49 49 49 49Water content, %max 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Flash point, °F >200 >200 >200 >200SpG 25 °C 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87Gardner color, max 5 5 5 5Pour point, °F 20 -50 60 -30Physical form @ 25 °CliquidliquidpasteliquidHR-O-CH 2CH 2CH 2NCH 2CH 2CH 2NH 2Product R Equals Description Tomamine PA-10L C 6H 13 Hexyloxypropyl amine Tomamine PA-12EH Branched C 8H 172-Ethylhexyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-1214 C 8H 17/C 10H 21O ctyl/decyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-14 Branched C 10H 21I sodecyloxypropyl amine Tomamine PA-1618C 12H 25/C 14H 29Dodecyl/ tetradecyloxypropyl amineProduct R Equals Description Tomamine PA-17 Branched C 13H 27I sotridecyloxypropyl amineTomamine PA-1816 C 14H 29/C 12H 25Tetradecyl/ dodecyloxypropyl amine Tomamine PA-19C 12H 25/C 15H 31L inear alkyloxypropyl amineThe Tomamine PA-series synthetic ether amines are produced by the reaction of an aliphatic alcohol with acrylonitrile. These unique primary ether amines can be used as additives or building blocks for many other surfactants with broad applications. Ether amines have excellentlow temperature liquidity. Some of the more popular uses for the Tomamine PA-series products include:corrosion inhibitors, lubrication additives, fuel additives, and mineral flotation collectors.Tomamine PA-Series Ether AminesTYPICAL PROPERTIES PA-10L PA-12EH PA-1214 PA-14 PA-1618 PA-17 PA-1816 PA-19Molecular Wt. 165 200 207 225 260 265 265 272Min. amine value 315 280 260 243 200 200 200 195Min. mole% primary amine 9696969696969696Water content, %max 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Flash point, °F 183 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200SpG 25 °C0.840.850.850.850.850.850.850.85Gardner color, max 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5Pour point, °F -30 -30 20 -50 50 -30 50 50Physical form @ 25 °CLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidPastePasteR-O-CH 2CH 2CH 2NH 2Tomamine E-series Ethoxylated AminesThe Tomamine E-Series amines have a broad range of applications. Some of the suggested uses include:• D egreasers• A nti-static agents • T extile processing aids • C ationic emulsification • D etergent boosters• I ntermediates for the manufacture of quaternariesand amine oxidesSuggested FormulationsPremium Laundry Detergent ComponentWeight %Water 79.0Tomamine E-14-2 Surfactant 3.0Tomadol ® 91-8 Surfactant 7.0Tomamine Alkali Surfactant 5.0Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 4.0Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate2.0Total 100.0Ternary General Purpose Cleaner/DetergentComponent Weight %Tomamine E-14-2 Surfactant 25.0Tomamine Q-17-2 PG Surfactant 25.0Tomadol 91-6 Surfactant50.0Total 100.0Dilute 1 part of this blend with 99 parts of water. Lab studies have shown that the ternary blend is extremely effective without builders at high dilutions for degreasing hydrophobic paraffin-containing non-polar soils.Terpene Microemulsion DegreaserComponent Weight %Dipentene 1225.0Tomamine E-14-5 Surfactant6.4Tomamine E-14-2 Surfactant 0.8Tomamine Alkali Surfactant0.8Water 87.0Total 100.0Air Products produces a wide range of ethoxylated ether amines and ethoxylated fatty amines. These amines have been reacted with various amounts of ethylene oxide to modify emulsification, surface tension, solubility and cationic strength. Some of the more popular usesof the Tomamine E-Series products include: acid thickening, microemulsification, detergent boosting, and textile processing aids. The Tomamine E-Series ether amines are represented by the formula above, where R is the alkyl radical and n is the total number of moles of ethylene oxide.Product R Equals DescriptionTomamine E-14-2 Branched C 10H 21b is-(2-hydroxyethyl) isodecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-14-5 Branched C 10H 21p oly (5) oxyethylene isodecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-17-2 Branched C 13H 27b is-(2-hydroxyethyl) isotridecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-17-5 Branched C 13H 27p oly (5) oxyethylene isotridecyloxypropylamine Tomamine E-T-2Stearic/Oleicb is-(2-hydroxyethyl) tallow amine (CH 2CH 2O)x H R-O-CH 2CH 2CH 2N(CH 2CH 2O)n-x HTomamine Ethoxylated AminesTYPICAL PROPERTIES E-14-2 E-14-5 E-17-2 E-17-5 E-T-2Molecular Wt. 310 445 345 485 360Min. amine value175123155112156% tertiary amine 97 100 97 100 97Flash point, °F >200 >200 >200 >200 >200SpG 25°C 0.94 0.99 0.94 0.99 0.91Gardner color, max 9 11 9 11 16Pour point, °F 20 20 20 20 50Physical form @ 25°CLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidPasteTomamine Q-Series Quaternary AminesHard Surface Cleaning PerformanceNon-Butyl/Low VOC Formula vs. Other General Purpose Cleaners1.0% active, 150 ppm hardness @ 22 °C Formulations Evaluated:SXS Tomamine Q-14-2/ 10% Butyl Component Tomamine AO-14-2Water 83.05% 88.00% 78.75%Tomamine Q-14-2 Amine _ 1.00 _Tomamine AO-14-2 Amine_ 1.00 _Tomadol91-6 Surfactant 3.25 2.00 3.25Sodium carbonate2.002.00 2.00Sodiummetasilicate (5H 2O) 4.00 4.00 4.00EDTA Tetrasodium salt (39%)1.001.00 1.00Tetrapotassiumpyrophosphate 1.00 1.00 1.00Sodium xylene sulfonate, 40% 5.70 _ _Ethylene glycol butyl ether __10.00Total100.00% 100.00% 100.00%(CH 2CH 2O)x HR-O-CH 2CH 2CH 2N B (CH 2CH 2O)n-x H Cl vCH 3Tomamine E-14-2/Q-17-2/Tomadol 900(1:1:2 ratio, 0.1%)d-Limonene, 0.1%(microemulsion)d-Limonene, 1.0%(microemulsion)d-Limonene,100% (solvent)% transmittance20406010080Immersion Cleaning PerformanceTernary General Purpose Cleaner/Detergent vs. d-Limonene0.1% active, 150 ppm hardness @ 12 °CSoil = lithium grease in motor oil10% Butyl blendTomamine Q-14-2/AO-14-2 blend SXS blendWater % Soil Removal020406080Gardner Scrub Cleaning PerformanceTomamine Q-14-2 75% active isodecyloxypropyl bis-(2-hydroxy-ethyl) methyl ammonium chloride (Available in propylene glycol as Q-14-2 PG)Tomamine Q-17-2 75% active isotridecyloxypropyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride (Available in propylene glycol as Q-17-2 PG)Tomamine Q-S-70HG 70% active mono soya methyl ammonium chloride in hexylene glycol Tomamine Q-DT-HG 70% active tallow diamine diquaternary in hexylene glycol Tomamine Q-C-15100% active coco poly (15) oxyethylene methyl ammonium chlorideThe Tomamine Q-Series amines have broad range application. Some of the suggested uses include:• C orrosion inhibitors • A nti-static agents• S urfactants in non-butyl cleaning systems • C ationic emulsification • D etergent boostersInitial Foam Height vs. Foam Height after 5 Minutes0.1% actives; 0 ppm hardness @ 25 °C pH 7.0Ross-Miles Foam HeightTomamine Quaternary Amines TYPICAL PROPERTIES Q-14-2 Q-17-2 Q-S-70HG Q-DT-HG Q-C-15pH, 5% solution 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-8 6-9Molecular Wt. 370 410 410 525 915Flash Point, °F 75 75 >200 >200 >200SpG 25 °C 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 1.06Gardner color, max 8 8 12 14 11Pour point, °F 0 0 40 20 20Physical form @ 25 °CliquidliquidliquidliquidliquidAir Products quaternary amines are based on the reaction of aliphatic tertiary amines with methyl chloride using isopropanol as a diluent. The Tomamine Q-Series ether amine-based quats are represented by the formula, on page 11, where R is the alkyl radical and n is the total number of moles of ethylene oxide.Foam Height (cm)051015Q-C-15Q-DT-HG Q-S-70HG Q-17-2Q-14-2Initial 5 Min.Tomamine Amphoteric SurfactantsAlkali TYPICAL PROPERTIES L SC N LH Surfactant 400 12 16SpG 25 °C 1.041.051.041.051.051.091.111.04Active, % 37 35 33 30 35 50 35 33Gardner color, max 6 7 7 6 7 5 7 7Flash point °F >212 >212 >212 >212 >212 >212 >212 >212Pour point °F 30 30 30 30 30 30 26 30pH, 5.0% solution5-8 5-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9CMC,% (critical micelle conc.) 0.01 0.013 0.3 0.014 0.3 2.0 0.02 0.3Surface tension @ 0.1% (dynes/cm) in 2% NaOH3330383037622638Tomamine Amphoteric 16Tomamine Alkali Surfactant Immidzoline Carboxylate % Soil Removed010********4050Tomamine Amphoteric-LH Cocoimidazoline Dicarboxylate SXSCocoampho-dipropionate Phosphate EsterTomamine Amphoteric 12Tomamine Amphoteric-SC Hard Surface Cleaning Performance2% Hydrotrope, 2% Soda Ash, 1.5% Na 2SiO 3 • 5H 2O,1% Baypure CX-100TomamineAmphoteric-L NP-9Tomamine Alkali SurfTomamine Amphoteric-400Foam Height (cm)2468101214161820Tomamine Amphoteric 12Tomamine Amphoteric-SC Tomamine Amphoteric 16Tomamine Amphoteric-LH Initial 5 Min.Initial Foam Height vs. Foam height After 5 Minutes0.1% actives; 150 ppm hardness @ 25 °CRoss-Miles Foam HeightTomamine Amphoteric SurfactantsAir Products amphoteric surfactants are designed for use in alkaline and acid cleaners. They offer exceptional coupling stability and wetting in a wide range of formulations that may contain other anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants. Scrub tests indicate improved detergency in formulations containing Tomamine Amphoteric surfactants compared to formulations containing generic hydrotropes such as sodium xylene sulfonate.Tomamine Amphoteric-SC Tomamine Amphoteric-LH Tomamine Alkali Surfactant % Hydrotrope Required2461481012Tomamine Amphoteric 12Tomamine Amphoteric 16Tomamine Amphoteric-400SXSListed in increasing order of coupling ability Tomamine Amphoteric L 37% active; high foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Amphoteric SC 35% active; high foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Amphoteric 16 33% active biodegradable; high foaming, hydrotroping surfactant Tomamine Amphoteric LH 30% active; moderate foaming hydrotropeTomamine Alkali Surfactant 35% active; moderate foaming hydrotropeTomamine Amphoteric 400 50% active; low foaming hydrotrope Tomamine Amphoteric 1235% active biodegradable;low foaming, hydrotroping surfactantSuggested Uses• H igh & low foam alkaline cleaners • F oamers for acid cleaners • H and & laundry soaps • M echanical foaming systems • S hampoos & personal care products% Hydrotrope Required to Couple an Alkaline Formulation Component Weight %NP-9 2.0KOH, 45% 20.0Na Silicate 3.22/1 20.0Na Gluconate 2.0Hydrotropeq.s.Water balanceTomamine Amphoteric-L Tomamine Amphoteric-SC Tomamine Amphoteric-LH Tomamine Amphoteric 16% NaOH5101530352025Tomamine Amphoteric 12Tomamine Alkali Surfactant Tomamine Amphoteric-400Tomamine Amphoterics Caustic Solubility 1.0% active, 0 ppm hardness @ 25 °COCH 2CH 2C — O v Na B R-O-CH 2CH 2CH 2NCH 2CH 2C — OH OTomamine Ether Amine OxidesHard Surface Cleaning PerformanceAir Products Non-Butyl/Low VOC Formula vs. Other GeneralPurpose Cleaners1.0% active, 150 ppm @ 22 °CFormulations Evaluated:Component SXS Q-14-2/AO-14-2 10% Butyl Water83.05% 88.00% 78.75%Tomamine Q-14-2 Surfactant _ 1.00 _Tomamine AO-14-2 Surfactant _ 1.00 _Tomadol 91-6 Surfactant 3.25 2.00 3.25Sodium carbonate2.002.00 2.00Sodium metasilicate (5H 2O) 4.00 4.00 4.00EDTA tetrasodium salt (39%)1.001.00 1.00Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 1.00 1.00 1.00Sodium xylene sulfonate, 40% 5.70 _ _Ethylene glycol butyl ether __10.00Total100.00% 100.00% 100.00%Suggested FormulationSpray And Wipe Hard Surface Cleaner Component Weight %Water96.5Sodium Tripolyphosphate 1.0Tomadol 900 1.0Tomamine AO-14-21.510% Butyl blendTomamine Q-14-2/AO-14-2 blend SXS blendWater % Soil Removal20406080Gardner Scrub Cleaning PerformanceTomamine AO-14-2 50% active bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) isodecyl-oxypropylamine oxideTomamine AO-728 50% active linear alkyloxypropylamine oxide Tomamine AO-405 50% active low-foam alkyloxypropylamine oxideTomamine AO-45550% active low-foam alkyloxypropylamine oxideThe Tomamine AO-Series has a broad range of applications. Some of the suggested uses include:• Hard surface cleaning • Foam stabilization• Surfactants in non-butyl cleaning systems • Grease emulsification • Detergent BoostersTomamine Ether Amine Oxides TYPICAL PROPERTIES AO-14-2 AO-728 AO-405 AO-455SpG @ 20 °C0.950.951.011.03Active, % 50 50 50 50Gardner Color, max. 3 3 5 5Flash point, °F 78 78 >212 >212Pour Point, °F 30 30 32 32Physical formliquid liquid liquid liquid Surface Tension @ 0.1% (dynes/cm)28303134Air Products ether amine oxides are excellent detergents, foam boosters and foam stabilizers. They are used in detergent formulations to provide grease emulsification and soil suspension. Amine oxides tend to act non-ionically in neutral and alkaline pH. Tomamine Ether amine oxides are represented by the formula where R is the alkyl radical and n is the total number of moles of alkylene oxide.Tomamine AO-728Tomamine AO-14-2Tomamine AO-455Tomamine AO-405Foam Height (cm)24681012Initial 5 Min.Initial Foam Height vs. Foam height After 5 Minutes 0.06% actives; 150 ppm hardness @ 22 °C, pH 7.0Ross-Miles Foam Height(CH 2CH 2O)x HR-O-CH 2CH 2CH 2N O(CH 2CH 2O)n-x HAir Products Acid Foamer and Acid Thickener are designed to foam and thicken most inorganic and organic acids. In addition to the acid additives, Air Products offers Tomamine Inhibitors 60Q and 60S for corrosion protection of mild steel and stainless steel when exposed to inorganic and organic acids.• T omamine Acid Foamer is a cationic surfactant designed to providedense, stable foam in strong acids such as hydrochloric, hydrofluoricand sulfuric acids. Acid Foamer provides 99% inhibition of HCl orH2SO4 on stainless steel.• T omamine Acid Thickener is a cationic surfactant designed to thickena variety of acids.• T omamine Inhibitor 60Q is a versatile and effective corrosion inhibitorfor use in cleaning applications. It is designed to not darken in mostacid solutions allowing for a lighter-colored acid-based product.• T omamine Inhibitor 60S is an effective, less expensive version ofInhibitor 60Q. It can be used in acid cleaning applications where theacid color is not critical.Tomamine Acid Foamer Suggested FormulationsComponent HF Acid NH4 BifluorideWater 70.0% 64.0% Tomamine Acid Foamer 3.0 3.0 95% Sulfuric Acid 10.0 20.0 70% Hydrofluoric Acid 17.0 _ Ammonium Bifluoride _ 13.0 Total 100.0% 100.0%Acid Thickener Suggested FormulationsComponent Formulation #1 Formulation #2 Water 67.9% 77.7% 75% Phosphoric Acid 3.0 12.7 Tomamine Acid Thickener 4.0 4.0 Tomadol 91-8 Surfactant 0.5 0.5 Salt (NaCl) _ 5.0 37% Hydrochloric Acid 24.5 _ Perfume 0.1 0.10 Total 100.0% 100.0% Formulation #1 Viscosity @ 25 °C: 1750 cPsFormulation #2 Viscosity @ 25 °C: 1800 cPsTomamine Acid Additives and InhibitorsTYPICAL Acid Acid Inhibitor Inhibitor PROPERTIES Foamer Thickener 60Q 60SSpG @ 25 °C 1.06 0.91 1.02 1.04Active, % 100 100 90 90Gardner color, max 13 13 15 17Flash Point °F >212 >212 78 78Physical Form @ 25 °C liquid paste liquid liquid 100020003000400050006000Acid Thickener (Wt%)Viscoity(cps)01243Acid Thickener with 9.0% HCl; 2.0% Phosphoric AcidUse Level vs. ViscosityThe Tomadry N-series are fully formulated super concentrates. Simply dilute 39 parts of concentrate with 61 parts of water. The resulting “39% active” spraywax microemulsion is usually diluted 5 gallons to 50 gallons with water prior to use. Apply 4-6 ounces of the dilute spray wax per vehicle via a spray arch, wand or other delivery system.The Tomamine Emulsifier Four, and Emulsifier Four HF, are dialkyl quaternary amine emulsifiers designed for formulating microemulsion concentrates.Suggested Drying Agent Concentrate Formulation Component Weight % Mineral Seal Oil 12.1 Tomamine Emulsifier 300 15.5 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 2.4 Water (cold, tap) 70.0 Total 100.0Charge the mineral seal oil, Tomamine Emulsifier, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and mix until clear. Add the water slowly while mixing. When the water has been added, mix about 5 more minutes. Add dye & fragrance if desired. The carwash operator would use 1/3 to 1/2 oz. per car.Suggested On-Line Total Body Protectant Formulation Component Weight % Tomamine Emulsifier 300 11.9 Mineral Seal Oil 9.3 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1.8 Tomadry DAB 5.0 Water (cold, tap) 72.0 Total 100.0Charge the Emulsifier 300, mineral seal oil, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and Tomadry DAB and mix until clear. Add the water slowly while mixing. When the water has been added, mix about 5 more minutes. Add dye & fragrance if desired. The carwash operator would use 3/4 to 1 oz. per car.Product DescriptionTomamine Emulsifier Four75% active dialkyl quaternary designed for emulsification of non-polar hydrophobes, particularly mineral seal oil. Tomamine Emulsifier Four HF75% active high flash version of Emulsifier Four. The flash point is above 200 °F.Tomadry N-4 Drying Agent100% active super-concentrated mineral seal oil-containing drying agent. Made with Emulsifier Four.Tomadry N-3 Drying Agent100% active non-oil containing super-concentrated drying agent. Contains ethylene glycol monobutyl ether.More biodegradable than mineral seal oil spraywax.Tomadry N-5C Drying Agent100% active non-oil containing drying agent. Designed for quick water break and water beading. Fast-acting and biodegradable. Tomadry N-7 Drying Agent100% active non-oil containing super-concentrated drying agent. Does not contain ethylene glycol monobutyl ether.More biodegradable than mineral seal oil spraywax.Tomadry N-8 Drying Agent100% active non-flammable drying agent. Made with Emulsifier Four HF.Tomamine Emulsion C-34018% active cationic emulsion of carnauba wax.Tomadry DAB Drying Additive100% active wax additive designed for formulation into a wide variety of transportation cleaning applications to improveshine and protection.Tomamine Emulsifier 300B alanced emulsifier for MSO and other hydrophobes in water used to optimize drying efficiency for vehicle care products. Tomamine Emulsifier 300HF A high-flash version of Tomamine Emulsifier 300.TomamineTomamine Emusifier Tomadry Dry Agent Emulsion TYPICAL PROPERTIES E-4 E-4HF 300 300HF N-4 N-3 N-5C N-7 N-8 DAB C-340 lb/gal 8.0 8.3 – – 8.0 7.8 7.2 7.8 8.3 – 8.6 Active, % 75 75 – – 100 100 100 100 100 – 18 Diluent Ethylene Glycol Isopropanol Hexylene Glycol – – none none none none none – Water Color amber amber – – amber amber amber amber amber – black Physical Form liquid liquid – – liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid – liquid。

埃姆斯试验[编辑]
维基百科，自由的百科全书
埃姆斯试验（英语：Ames test，又称为细菌回复突变试验或安氏突变试验）为美国人布鲁斯·埃姆斯博士于1983年所提出的突变物测试方法。

此法检测出175已知之致癌物，并发现其中有超过90%者皆显示为阳性(具突变性)，因此，埃姆斯试验也被做为先期测试方法之一。

而现在正以埃姆斯试验为模式系统，进行各式化学物可能的毒性及致突变性之安全评估，但仍需其它的测试辅助测试而进一步确认。

试验特点及方法[编辑]
埃姆斯试验具简易、快速、经济等特点，此方法目前被广泛的使用在突变物之测试。

此法将经逆转菌种(revertant)之沙门氏菌暴露于待测物中；由于此逆转菌种(revertant)无法存活于缺乏组氨酸之培养液中。

将逆转菌培养于含待测物但无组氨酸试液中，该菌却能利用培养液中葡萄糖合成组氨酸而存活并生长出菌落时，表示该带测物具有基因突变之作用，而能将逆转菌回复为原菌种。

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR THE INTELLIGENT GAS SENSORS, iSERIESTechnical NoteHoneywell introduces the Next-Generationintelligent (iseries) gas sensors. These sensorshave a digital interface, longer life andnumerous built-in diagnostics features.The iseries’ intelligent diagnostic features help enhance the overall instrumentperformance, making them smarter and safer by indicating faults and monitoringhealth, thereby decreasing downtime and cost of ownership.The purpose of this document is to describe the Predictive Calibration and End-of-lifefunctions, and outline the principles of the diagnostic tests.BACKGROUNDAll gas sensors drift over time and eventually need recalibrating, and the amountof drift is strongly dependent on the environment that the sensor is used in.Traditionally, instrument developers, fleet managers or end users would work out forthemselves by experience how often they need to recalibrate sensors, or would use recommendations from the sensor or instrument manufacturer as it is not knownwhat conditions the sensors are being used in. This often results in unnecessarilyfrequent recalibrations which is costly and time consuming.Intelligent FeaturesThe iseries platform uses internal tests to monitor the condition of the sensorand apply algorithms both to compensate for drift and to predict when the sensoraccuracy exceeds a predefined limit and needs recalibrating.It can also predict when it is wearing out and can give warning in advance that thesensor needs replacing. As both the Predictive Calibration and End-of-life indicationuse predictions based on the environment that the sensor is being used.Definition of Diagnostic TestsPredictive Calibration: The calibration process can be very tedious, costly and a time-consuming process. With this function, sensors can predict in advance whenits accuracy is becoming too poor to give a reliable reading. This function helps to identify exactly when a recalibration is required.The sensor can estimate the time to recalibration up to six months in advance. Recalibration intervals will be typically at least twice as long as for conventional sensors and will adapt depending on the environment – with sensors used in more benign environments needing less frequent calibrations than those in aggressive ones.The user can configure the accuracy limit of the sensor, and this will determine the interval at which the calibration is needed. In other words, the tighter the accuracy value, the more frequent calibration needed.The user can therefore trade off accuracy against recalibration interval. There is also a configurable built in fixed interval recalibration countdown timer for applications where legislation requires calibration at certain intervals.End-of-Life: The lifespan of a sensor depends mostly on the environmental conditions at which the sensor is exposed. With this function, the sensor can predict in advance when its sensitivity is falling too low to give a reliable and accurate reading. When the End-of-life function is triggered, the sensor automatically warns the instrument via a set of fault flags sent together with the gas reading. If the fault is detected the instrument can warn the user to stop using the sensor.How was the design of the sensor optimised?Honeywell engineers performed finite element analysis of the water management and electrolyte distribution within sensors and gained an extensive understandingof the optimum designs for retaining the electrolyte in the right place at the right concentration.Subsequently, safety operating area charts were developed based on a combination of fundamental physical theory, modelling and experimental verification to show how sensors will perform and withstand over the full temperature, humidity and time.To validate that the sensor will last in real-world applications, an environmental database was obtained. The database contains hundreds of locations around the world, with temperature and humidity data for 10 years with two hourly resolution. The knowledge of use cases for sensors was combined, for example time spent indoors and outdoors, charging to provide input data on the actual conditionssensors are exposed to in the real world. This information was fed into the models to predict how long sensors will last and how their performance will change in real world conditions, and to assist us in optimising the sensor design for maximum performance and life.The environmental performance data was generated by storing sensors in a rangeof environmental conditions over a two-year period. There were more than 8000 individual gas responses recorded for each gas typeDuring this period, the sensors were tested to generate different databases corresponding to the performance of the sensor at particular environments.The resulting predictive algorithm keeps track of the electrolyte concentration and environmental conditions over time and extrapolates this data with a linear regression in order to accurately predict when does the sensor need to be calibrated or when does the sensor is about to reach its lifespan.How does the predictive model for EoL and Predictive Calibration works?To estimate the EoL and Predictive Calibration, a 30-day time period is defined. During this period, the sensor will keep track of the environmental changes. The model works under the assumption that the sensor will be exposed to similar conditions.For instance, if the sensor has been in an extremely hot and dry environment, the predicted model will calculate the corresponding water loss as if the conditions remained the same; giving warning to the user in order to prevent further dry out. Figure 1 shows how the electrolyte concentration and predicted electrolyte concentration vary for a sensor in an extreme environment. The environment chosen corresponds to a challenging environment for the sensor to survive: during winter, outdoor temperatures can be -40°C or less, and in a heated unhumidified buildingor car, the relative humidity can be extremely low due to the very low water content of the cold outside air. Therefore, a sensor which spends part of the day indoors and part outdoors (a typical ‘field worker’ use case) not only gets very dry in winter but is also expected to function at very low temperatures.A perfect prediction (theoretical) would follow the dashed black line. In other words, the predicted days to recalibration would be exactly equal to the actual days to recalibration.The solid black line shows the true electrolyte concentration, which gets dry (high concentration) each winter but recovers to some extent each summer. The yellow line shows how the concentration has been predicted. The historical relative humidityis calculated from the average of another 30 days prior to that. As the prediction is made over a longer time, it becomes less accurate, mainly because the historical environmental conditions become less representative of the future conditions. How often does the sensor updates the EoL and Predictive Calibration?The diagnostic test runs automatically every 24 hours. However, the test is only performed when the sensor is in sleep mode, so it is highly recommended to change the sensor to sleep mode whenever it is not in use (otherwise the End of Life and Predictive Calibration estimations will not be updated/recalculated, leading to non-accurate results).The sensor needs to be in sleep mode at least two minutes per day, so it can update the EoL and Predictive Calibration values.What technique is used for the diagnostic tests?For this test, a smart indicative gadget is used as a diagnostic electrode. Thenan electrochemical technique called square wave voltammetry is applied to the electrode.The technique is a linear potential sweep voltammetry that uses a combined staircase potential and a square wave, which has the advantage of having better peak definition and location than conventional cyclic voltammetry or staircase voltammetry.The diagnostic test is performed to determine the electrolyte concentration of the sensor.Figure 2. Diagnostic TestingHow and when the End-of-Life and Predictive Calibration are flagged?The error and faults can be transmitted to the instrument every time it requests a gas reading from the sensor. For additional information about the gas reading format consult get data pack command (0x30) in the User’s Manual.Predictive Calibration alarm consists of two different parameters, and the • Thealarm will be triggered when either the countdown or the accuracy threshold are reached (whichever is triggered first):o The Predictive Calibration estimation will depend on the requested accuracy of the sensor. This parameter can be configured by the user: the tighter theaccuracy value, the more frequently the calibration.o Additionally, a countdown timer can be set by the user. This period can reflect the time required to calibrate the sensor, which may vary depending on thespecified standard or applications.• Likewise, the End-of-life is flagged when either the countdown or the future prediction algorithm conditions are met (whichever is triggered first):o The predicted End-of-Life algorithm is flagged when the sensor detects less than 50% of its initial sensitivity or when the electrolyte concentrationis above or below its limit. The sensitivity estimation is constantly updatedand its calculation is based on the measure at the minimum temperatures atwhich the sensor has been exposed to.o Along with this, there is a five-year countdown timer. The alarm is flagged after the sensor has reached its expected lifespan.How accurate are the End-of-life andPredictive Calibration functions?The predictive model for End-of-life and time to calibrationis highly accurate if the environmental conditions remainadequately constant.An analogy to this is the ETA (estimated time to arrival) in a car’s GPS system, which is based on previous average speed. If you travel at a constant speed, the ETA will count down linearly and be quite accurate over long distances. However, if you speed up or slow down the ETA could increase of decrease significantly throughout the journey. Similarly, if a sensor is kept in constant conditions, the future prediction based on historical conditions should predict a long way into the future quite accurately, and as a result the time to end of life or recalibration would decrease linearly over time. If the sensor is put into a more aggressive environment, then its predicted time to EOL/ recalibration will start to drop rapidly, whereas if a sensor that has been running in aggressive (e.g. dry) conditions is transferred to more benign conditions, the time to end of life or recalibration prediction may even increase over time.Other diagnostic tests:Just like the End-of-life and Predictive Calibration flags, the sensor can warn the instrument about other possible errors and failures that may appear on a sensor whenever a gas reading command is requested. These flags could also be used to indicate to the end user what type of maintenance is required, for example if the sensor warns that its electrolyte is getting too dry or wet the instrument could advise the user to store it in a suitable humidity environment to recover it.The following table shows the possible failures that the sensor may encounter along with their corresponding automatic detection methods:002717-2-EN | 2 | 08/21HoneywellAdvanced Sensing Technologies 830 East Arapaho Road Richardson, TX 75081FOR MORE INFORMATIONHoneywell Advanced Sensing Technol-ogies services its customers through a worldwide network of sales offices and distributors. For application assistance, current specifications, pricing, or the nearest Authorized Distributor, visit /ast or call:USA/Canada +302 613 4491Latin America +1 305 805 8188Europe +44 1344 238258Japan +81 (0) 3-6730-7152Singapore +65 6355 2828Greater China+86 4006396841WARRANTY/REMEDYHoneywell warrants goods of itsmanufacture as being free of defective materials and faulty workmanship during the applicable warranty period. Honeywell’s standard product warranty applies unless agreed to otherwise by Honeywell in writing; please refer to your order acknowledgment or consult your local sales office for specific warranty details. If warranted goods are returned to Honeywell during the period ofcoverage, Honeywell will repair or replace, at its option, without charge those items that Honeywell, in its sole discretion,finds defective. The foregoing is buyer’s sole remedy and is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including those of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Honeywell be liable for consequential, special, or indirect damages.While Honeywell may provide application assistance personally, through ourliterature and the Honeywell web site, it is buyer’s sole responsibility to determine the suitability of the product in the application.Specifications may change without notice. The information we supply isbelieved to be accurate and reliable as of this writing. However, Honeywell assumes no responsibility for its use.。

Agilent 6850 Series II Network GC System SpecificationsDescriptionThe single-channel Agilent 6850 Series II Network GC system has similar state-of-the-art performance as the Agilent 6890N GC, but is only half as wide. The six-button, two-line local interface provides run control and status information. The GC is network-ready with a built-in LAN communications interface. The GC is also automatic liquid sampler (ALS)-ready with built-in controller for the G2880 autosampler or the Agilent 7683/7693 autoinjector.Environmental Conditions •Ambient operating temperature:15 °C to 35 °C•Ambient operating humidity: 5% to 95%•Storage extremes:–40 °C to 70 °C•Heat dissipation: 3,000 Btu/h,0.88 kW typical (at 100–120 V)Power Requirement Standard Oven•Approximately 1,440 VA (max) at 100–120 V, 2,000 VA at 230 V •100 V (+10%, –10%), 15 amps,47–63 Hz•120 V (+10%, –10%), 12 amps,47– 63 Hz•230 V (+10%, –10%), 9 amps,47–63 HzFast Oven•120 V (+10%, –10%), 20 amps,47–63 Hz•200/208 V (+10%, –10%),12 amps, 47–63 Hz•230 V (+10%, –10%), 11 amps,47–63 HzCertifications•Conforms to the following safetystandards:-Canadian Standards Associa-tion (CSA): C22.2 No. 1010-CSA/Nationally RecognizedTest Laboratory (NRTL):UL 3101-International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC): 61010-1-EuroNorm (EN): 61010-1•Conforms to the followingregulations on ElectromagneticCompatibility (EMC) and RadioFrequency Interference (RFI):-CISPR 11/EN 55011:Group 1 Class B-IEC/EN 61326-1:2005 Electri-cal equipment for measure-ment, control, and laboratoryuse - EMC requirements-IEC68-2-27 Mechanical ShockTest Standard-Canada ISEC/NMB-001-AS/NZC CISPR 11•Designed and manufacturedunder a quality system registeredto ISO 9001•Declaration of ConformityavailableColumn Oven•Dimensions: 202 ×200 ×105 mm (HWD)•Oven power is turned off auto-matically when the lid is opened•Column basket diameter:130 mm•Standard: 5 °C above ambient to350 °C. With CO2cryo:–20 °C to 350 °C.•Temperature setpoint resolution:1 °C•Column bleed compensation•Maximum run time: 999.99 min2Split/Splitless Capillary Inlet•Maximum temperature: 375 °C •Pressure range: 0–100 psi(0–150 psi optional)•Accepts columns from 50-µm idto 530-µm id •Pressure pulse mode •Gas saver mode•Total flow ranges through theinlet: He, 20 to 1,000; H 2, 26 to 1,000; N 2, 20 to 200 mL/min •Split ratio may be adjusted elec-tronically without affecting column flow or head pressurePurged-Packed Injection Port•Maximum temperature: 375 °C •Accepts 530-µm capillary columnsor 1/8-inch metal-packed columns up to 20 feet in length •Total flow setting range:0–100 mL/minPTV•Maximum temperature: 375 °C •Three temperature programramps •Temperature ramp rates 0.1 to720 °C/min •Pressure setting range: 0–100 psi •Total flow setting range:0 to 200 mL/min N 20 to 1,000 mL/Min H 2or He •Available with LCO 2cyrogeniccooling only •Lower temperature limit withoutCO 2: ambient plus 10 °C •Lower temperature with LCO 2cyrogenic cooling: –30 °C (10 °C less than oven)•Available with Gerstel septumlesshead or Merlin MicroSeal septum headPCOC•Maximum temperature: 375 °C •Three temperature programramps or oven track mode•Maximum temperature ramprate: 350 °C/min •Pressure setting range: 0–100 psi •Total flow setting range:0 to 100 mL/min •Available with LCO 2cyrogeniccooling only •Lower temperature limit withoutLCO 2cyrogenic cooling:Oven temperature plus 3 °C with oven track on, –20 °C with oven track off •Lower temperature with LCO 2cyrogenic cooling:-17 °C with oven track on -20 °C with oven track offDetectorsDetectors include EPC.Flame Ionization Detector (FID)•Maximum temperature: 375 °C •Automatic ignition •Flame-out detection andreignition •Minimum detectable: <5 pgcarbon/s as propane using N 2carrier and a 0.29-mm id jet •Linear dynamic range:107 (±10%)•Full range auto scaling•Data acquisition rate: up to 200 Hz •Flows: air, 0 to 800; hydrogen,0 to 100; make-up (He or N 2),0 to 100 mL/minThermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)•Maximum temperature: 375 °C •Minimum detectable: <400 pgpropane/mL helium carrier (MDL can be affected by laboratory environment.)•Linear dynamic range: 105(± 5%) •Flows: reference gas, 0 to 100;make-up (He, H 2, N 2),1 to 12 mL/minFPD•Available in single wavelength only•250 °C maximum operating temperature•MDL: <20 pg S/s, <0.9 pg P/s with dodecanethiol/tributylphosphatemixture•Selectivity: 105gS/gC, 106gP/gC •Dynamic range: >103S, 104P with dodecanethiol/tributylphos-phate mixtureMicro-ECD•Equipped with hidden anode and high velocity flows forcontamination resistance•400 °C maximum operating temperature•Makeup gas types: argon/5% methane or nitrogen •Radioactive source: <15 mCi63Ni •MDL: <0.008 pg/s lindane •Dynamic range: >5 × 105with lindane•Data acquisition rate: up to50 HzLocal User Interface• Six-button interface with two-line display:-Status is on the top line; listsand messages are on thebottom line.-] ]buttons scroll through alist.-LOAD button loads a method.-PREP RUN button prepares theunit for manual injection.•START/STOP buttons control the sequence or method.•Keyboard can be locked.General•Clock-time programming (24 h)•Up to five methods stored, built-in SERVICE method•One sequence•Run deviation log•Contact closure (48 VAC/VDC250 mA) with BCD input to con-trol external multiposition valve(up to 16 positions).•Internal valve control; 24 VDC,200 mA•Built-in power/control for theAgilent 7683 autoinjectorData Communications•RS-232-C: maximum Baud rate is57,600•Analog outputs (1 mV, 1 V, 10 V)•Remote start/stop•LAN interfaceEPCStandard•Pressure setpoint increments:0.01 psi•Temperature and pressure sen-sors compensate for ambientvariation and altitude•All EPC setpoints are included inthe methodAuxiliary (Aux) EPC•Maximum number of modules:one•Maximum number of channels:three•Pressure increments: 0.01 psi•Maximum pressure: 100 psig•Maximum pressure ramp rate(when configured as Inlet):150 psi/minValving (optional)One 6-port gas sampling valve or one4-port liquid sampling valve can bemounted in a heated compartment.The valve can be connected to thecolumn either directly or via theinlet. Valves may be run-time pro-grammed. Actuating a samplingvalve will START a run.Both the traditional actuator/rotaryvalves as well as piston/diaphragmvalves are available. The rotaryvalves are suitable for most applica-tions. The air-actuated diaphragmvalves have a much longer life andare easier to maintain; however,they are not suitable for ammonia,primary and secondary amines,hydrazines, strong oxidizers, andalkaline solutions (pH >10).The recommended operating tem-perature and pressure ranges for theminiature VICI®diaphragm designare: 50 to 150 °C and 20–300 psi.The valves are actuated pneumati-cally and require 40 to 50 psi airpressure.The recommended operating tem-perature range for the rotary 6-portgas sampling valve is 50 to 200 °Cand the maximum sample pressureis 400 psi.The operating temperature range forthe rotary 4-port liquid samplingvalves is 70 °C to 175 °C. At 5000 psi,the maximum temperature is 75 °Cwhile at 1000 psi the maximum tem-perature is 175 °C.The gas sampling valve, rotary ordiaphragm, is supplied with a0.25-cc loop. Other loops (0.5, 1, and2 cc) are available separately.Liquid sample valves have a built-insample loop (0.5 or 1.0-µL size).3/chemMaintenance and Support•Service method sets tempera-tures and flows for routine main-tenance (such as septum or linerchanging)•Operating and service informa-tion on CD-ROM. Includes multi-media maintenance procedures•Diagnostics built into the(optional) handheld controllerfor use by the operator:-Inlet (leak) test-Inlet vent trap (restriction) test-FID jet (restriction) test•Additional diagnostic tests builtin for hardware fault detectionDimensions and Weight• Height: 490 mm to FID cover top,and 505 mm to top of valve box• Width: 283 mm, or 333 mm if thecryogenic option is installed• Depth: 568 mm• Weight: 29 kg (maximum)Agilent shall not be liable for errors contained herein orfor incidental or consequential damages in connectionwith the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.Information, descriptions, and specifications in thispublication are subject to change without notice.VICI® is a registered trademark of Valco InstrumentsCo. Inc. and VICI AG.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2010Printed in the USAJanuary 5, 20105989-0958EN。