翻译理论与实践(全套)

第一部分---老龄化产业随着中国老龄化快速到来，如何养老已经成为各方关注的焦点话题。

演员吴秀波最近成为媒体的焦点倒不是演什么新片或有什么绯闻，而是居住在养老院的母亲想儿子，抱怨来的次数太少，老太太每次都要用笔记录双方见面甚至是通话时间。

是居家养老还是去养老院，记者随机采访了身边的人。

“如果夫妻双方都健在，我还是愿意居家养老。

毕竟，一切都是熟悉的，有感情，也方便。

”一位现年近50岁的朋友表示。

调查显示，愿意居家养老的占大部分。

理由如下：一般家庭目前居住都是成熟社区，医疗、购物、交通等都比较方便，这些都是老年人最需要的服务设施。

其实，各地政府已经采取相关措施，应对老龄化的到来。

如上海是全国老龄化程度最高的城市，每五个人中就有一个60岁以上的。

最近，上海静安区提出了“床位不离家，服务送到家”的居家养老模式。

即上海静安区委、区政府结合区域内居家养老的实际，将本区餐饮、医疗、商业、家政、服务等公共资源进行整合，给予适当经济补贴，成立了15个助老服务站，使老年人享受到社区居家养老服务。

上海静安区模式的好处在于：第一，能够为空巢老人提供“量体裁衣”式服务，服务站上门服务，基本上做到了人性化；第二，能够减轻老人思想压力，使老人安心静养。

老人们待在家里静心休养，而不再为吃饭、就医、保健、洗澡、理发等犯愁；第三，能够减少子女的负担，促进家庭和谐。

成都这个休闲城市，也在居家养老上成效明显。

全市有10126名“空巢老人”享受政府购买的居家养老服务，有22000余名志愿者、1000余个社会组织、5000余名专业人员为老年人提供居家养老服务。

“过去是养儿防老，现在不同了，估计独生子女的父母们早有思想准备”，一位受调查者告诉记者。

根据国务院日前印发《中国老龄事业发展“十二五”规划》，“十二五”时期，随着第一个老年人口增长高峰到来，我国人口老龄化进程将进一步加快。

从2011年到2015年，全国60岁以上老年人将由1.78亿增加到2.21亿，平均每年增加老年人860万；老年人口比重将由13.3%增加到16%，平均每年递增0.54个百分点。

第一章英汉文化对比与翻译有一则趣谈:一所国际公寓闹火灾,里面住有犹太人,法国人,美国人和中国人.犹太人急急忙忙先搬出的是他的保险箱,法国人先拖出的是他的情人,美国人则先抱出他的妻子,而中国人则先背出的是他的老母.一、文化的定义文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富,精神财富和相应的创造才能的总和。

文化包括物质文化与精神文化,物质文化是指文化中看得见,摸得着的那部分,因此也称之为硬文化.相对来说,精神文化就是软文化,而软文化则是文化的深层结构。

美国著名翻译理论家尤金．奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：Ecological Culture 生态文化Material Culture物质文化Social Culture社会文化Religious Culture宗教文化Linguistic Culture语言文化二.中西方文化差异（一）西方重唯理,思辩,中方重经验,直觉（二）西方的细节分析与中方的整体综合（三）中西方价值观与人生追求的不同三、文化影响翻译的表现形式:(一)词汇空缺现象（Zero of equivalent word）在一种语言里的有些词在另一种语言里没有对等或契合的词,有人称这种情况为词汇空缺(lexical gap) Salad沙拉Lost Generation迷惘的一代Beat Generation垮掉的一代Baby Boomers生育高峰儿婴儿潮一代Y uppies雅皮士Dinks丁克Sandwich Generation三明治世代Couch Potato电视迷老泡在电视机前的人；终日懒散的人Mall Rats购物狂Hippie嬉皮士功夫kongfu叩头kowtow 炕Kang太极Taichi粽子Zongzi苦力Kuli饺子jiaozi 还有一些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语，在翻译时也必须采用释义或注释等方法，说明该词的语用含义，才能使译语读者了解原语独特的文化现象。

如：钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。

《翻译理论与实践》课程讲义第一章翻译概述学时：1周，共2学时教学目的：了解翻译的实质，翻译的标准以及翻译（笔译）常用的两种方法教学重点：翻译（笔译）常用的两种方法——直译与意译教学难点：正确理解句子，运用适当的方法翻译句子教学内容第一节翻译的实质和标准一、翻译的实质翻译是一种语言文字的实践，是利用一种语言文字把另外一种语言文字所表达的思想确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。

二、翻译的标准清代学者严复明确提出“信、达、雅”三条标准,可以说在所有提法中影响最大。

我们认为一切理论都应该坚持对立统一的观点, 都应以“正确”和”通顺”作为准则。

在此基础上,还要注意原文的语言形式和文体风格。

翻译的方法正确理解句子要正确理解句子需要三方面的知识:1.词汇知识 2.语法知识 3. 上下文知识三、直译和意译直译和意译是翻译中最常用的两种方法. 如果原语的词汇意义、句法结构、文体风格与译语风格一致或相似,即可用直译. 如:Still waters run deep, 译为”静水流深”. 但如果两种语言在表达同一思想内容时,词汇意义、句法结构、文体风格相差悬殊,就只有采用意译手段才能达到翻译标准的要求.练习题：1.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.2. It is possible that they never imagined that any considerable amount of public opinion would be rallied in their favor.3. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change as a resultof which it is possible to reform a new substance.4. There was nothing mass produced about the school, but if it was individualistic, it also had discipline.第二章词语理解学时：1周，共2学时教学目的：正确理解词义，并对词义做出判断。

翻译理论与实践教学内容（54学时）1. 翻译理论部分（18学时）第一章中国翻译理论（4学时）中国传统翻译思想：古代佛经翻译思想。

传统翻译思想形成时期（近代西学翻译：马建忠，梁启超，严复，林纾）。

传统翻译思想转折时期（五四新文学时期：鲁迅，瞿秋白，郭沫若，成仿吾）。

传统翻译思想发展时期（四十年代：林语堂，朱光潜，艾思奇，贺麟，朱生豪，梁宗岱）。

传统翻译思想鼎盛时期（建国初期：矛盾，傅雷，钱钟书，焦菊隐）。

现代翻译思想：中西翻译思想的融合（王佐良，许渊冲，叶君健）。

翻译学科的建设。

阅读：《20世纪中国翻译思想史》，王秉钦编著，南开大学出版社，2004年《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本)，陈福康编著，上海外语教育出版社，2003年《翻译的艺术》，许渊冲著，五洲传播出版社，2006年《中国翻译通史》(五卷)，马祖毅主编，湖北教育出版社，2006年《中国20世纪外国文学翻译史》（上下卷），查明建著，湖北教育出版社，2007年《傅雷谈翻译》，怒安编，辽宁教育出版社，2005年《新编当代翻译理论》，刘宓庆著，中国对外翻译出版公司，2005年《中国新时期翻译研究考察：1981-2003》，李林波著，西北工业大学出版社，2007年《梁实秋中庸翻译观研究》，严晓江著，上海译文出版社，2008年《翻译家鲁迅》，王友贵著，南开大学出版社，2005年《翻译家周作人论》，刘全福著，上海外语教育出版社，2007年《二十世纪中国文学翻译之争》，王向远、陈言著，百花洲文艺出版社，2006年《重释“信、达、雅”——20世纪中国翻译研究》，王宏志著，清华大学出版社，2007年第二章西方当代翻译理论主要流派（6学时）美国翻译培训班学派，翻译科学派，翻译研究派，多元体系派，解构主义派，建构主义翻译学。

阅读：《西方翻译理论精选》，申雨平编，外语教学与研究出版社，2002年《西方翻译理论文献阅读》，李养龙编著，世界图书出版公司，2007年《当代国外翻译理论导读》，谢天振主编，南开大学出版社，2008年《当代翻译理论》(Contemporary Translation Theories)，Edwin Gentzler编著，上海外语教育出版社，2006年《翻译研究》(Translation Studies)，Susan Bassnett编著，上海外语教育出版社，2005年《语言、文化与翻译》(Language, Culture and Translating)，Eugene Nida著，上海外语教育出版社，1993年《翻译学——一个建构主义的视角》，吕俊、侯向群著，上海外语教育出版社，2006年《西方翻译简史》，谭载喜编著，商务印书馆，2004年《西方翻译研究方法论：70年代以后》，李和庆、黄皓、薄振杰编著，北京大学出版社，2005年《当代美国翻译理论》，郭建中编著，湖北教育出版社，2000年《当代英国翻译理论》，廖七一编著，湖北教育出版社，2001年《西方译论研究》，刘重德著，中国对外翻译出版公司，2003年《奈达翻译理论研究》，马会娟著，外语教学与研究出版社，2003年《新编奈达论翻译》，谭载喜编著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1999年第三章翻译方法（2学时）词对词翻译，直译，意译，歪译，转译，交际翻译。

翻译理论与实践西译汉第一章语言的可译性1. 语言具有可译性2. 语言和思维3. 宇宙共性4. 生理共性5. 时空共性6. 生产共性7. 社会共性8. 情景共性9. 心理共性10. 语言结构共性Ej 1. cantan en el camino 歌于途中2. descansan bajo el árbol 休于树下3. pesca al pie del muro 钓于城下4. pasa por entre mis piernas 出我袴下11. 习得两种语言能力第二章翻译原理1. 翻译的实质2. 翻译的一般性理论----- 从语言出发3. 语言的交际功能Ej. 1. 发话人2. 收话人3. 语言信号4. 语言信号所指的事物及关系图1图2Funci ón Referencial 图3图4Funci ón Sintomática 图5A: oh ya se me hace tarde B: no importa, te doy un aventón图6Funci ón Estimulante4. 翻译原理基本意义 （本义） 5. 语言的意义 指称意义特指意义指示功能 概括意义属性意义 （引伸意义）象征意义 潜在意义 语体意义 交际翻译 文化教养意义 感情状态意义示兆功能 主观动机意义社会身份意义 消息意义 …… 求答意义刺激功能 刺激方式意义 命令意义…… 保持交际通道意义6 指称意义 significados indicativosEj: mesa 一类事物的概念Y 相加 一种关系 Significado primordial 基本意义Significado espocífico 特指意义Ej: romper tr. intr. prnl.1.弄破撕破弄碎撕碎打碎2.使破损使损破3.阻断减弱4.越过超出5.冲破突破6.打穿穿通7.穿过穿透8.打断使中断9.断绝10.破除违反11.解散冲散使散开12.开始13.开垦Hacer que una cosa deje de estar completa o entera o que pierda la continuidad. 图1图2RevoluciónEj: onda ¿qué onda?7. 潜在意义significados potenciales概括意义significado generalizadoEj: andar pisando huevosHay quien come más con ojos que con la boca Estar en la luna属性意义significado del rasgo destacadoMúsicoEl es muy músicoComer en el mismo plaroNo oirse ni mosca象征意义significado simbólicomoros语体意义significado estilístico8. 文化教养意义significado de nivel educativoLa lógica es el instrumento de filosofarA: ¿Qué hay en San Juan de Dios?B: Bueno, en San Juan de Dios es el mercado. Ahi es el grande. Es como aqui ahora la Merced, pero allá, es San Juan de Dios. Alli, donde hay pura cosa de fantasía9. 感情意义significado de emociónA: ¿En qué regresó, señora?B: En avión. Sí. La maravilla del regreso en jet…¡Huy! Nunca lo había tomado. ¡Quélindo! Pero el regreso fue una maravilla, una maravilla.10. 主观动机意义significado de intenciónA: ¿Quiere usted café ?B: Gracias11. 社会身份意义significado de identificación socialLa Sociedad Psicoanalítica Mexicana estápresentado un ciclo para que el público—ustedes y nosotros—podamos hablar sobre un tema que nos es familiar a todos, puesto que todos hemos sido niños y vemos niños a nuestro alrededor. Sabemos la importancia que nuestra infancia ha tenido en nosotros y queremos hacer algo por que la infancia de los nuestros, que nos rodean, sea un poco mejor. Y los conocimientos de que el psicoanálisis ha obtenido en los últimos sesenta años son conocimientos que nos parecen de gran interés comunicarles a los que no están esterados, y compartir con los que están dentro de este interés. Pues, a ellas es a quienes va dirigida esta breve introducción.12. 刺激方式意义significados estimulantes消息意义significado informativoEj: los mozos unieron su voz a la de los trabajadoresEn el pueblo crecieron los comentarios y expectaciónDe manera que la niña es hija mía.Usted lo ha dicho求答意义valor interrogativo命令意义valor imperativoA: Me gusta mucho el cigarrillo chino.B: Aquí tiene ustedA: No fumas ?B: Si, Quieres un cigarrillo?保持交际通道意义valor fáticoA: ¡ Hola ! ¡ Qué milagro !B: Pues, sí, de veras…¿ Qué haces por aquí?A: Pues, nada… aquí ando. Y tu?B: Pues por aqui también. Cómo has estado?A: Bien… todo coomo siempre. Y tu?B: También bien… ya sabes. Y el trabajo ?A: Por igual…ta duro, pero pues vamos psandola. ……Ej: Buenos díasBuenas tardesBuenas noches。

翻译理论与实践（Translation theory and Practice）This paper consists of the 8888 contributionPpt documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you first select TXT, or download the source file to the local view.Translation theory and PracticeI., What, is, translation, II., Is, it, to, translate, easy, III.,, Can, all, the, translated, words, be?I., What, is, translation?1, the definition of translation? 2, translation is to translate the text or? E.g.1:, My, sister, went, to, school, at, 7., e.g.2:, have you eaten? Where to? E.g.3: you're beautiful today! -- where?!II., Is, it, easy, to, translate?Henchman? Go back to man in the? The? Street? Crow s feet a hen party '? Fog lock hill mountain fog water disappears in the sky with rain window, two East West three point cut to carve up the piece, seven horizontal eight vertical knife knife toward the sea towards towards falling towards long clouds long long.III., Can, all, the, words, be, translated?According to the nephew lanterns (old uncle)? East sunrise rain, is (clear) the situation is a (clear)? --The professor shouted:Gentlemen, order --The entire class yelled:! "" Beer! "--Why is the river very? Rich? --Because it has two banks.You can cage a swallow, but you can t swallow a "cage. --The secret is going to? Be exposed, and we ll look pretty silly. --You" already look pretty and silly. bathing on bikini? Girl, eyeing, boy, finds boy eyeing bikini on bathing girl.Chapter 1The definition of translation, the purpose of translation, the type of translation, the standard of translation, the process of translation, the conditions for translationDefinition of translationTranslation is the practice of language in which the content of another language is re expressed in one language. Feng Qinghua? Translation is a kind of language (i.e., primitive) information in another language (the target language) express, so that the readers can get the original thoughts expressed by the author, are roughly the same as the original readers feel. - Fan Zhongying, translation is the translator's re understanding of the same thing and the use of another text. - Qiao HaiqingDefinition of translationTranslation is "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Translation is." Jakobson? "The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) byequivalent textual material in another language (TL). Catford Translation is the replacement of? A representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. HudsonThe purpose of translationA bridge of communication and communication between different languages and cultures.Types of translationIntra language translation (intralingual translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language (interlingual translation) translation? An interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language? Intersemiotic translation (intersemiotic translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of nonverbal signs systemChinese translation theoriesYan Fu: Xindaya translation - Three: xindaya. It is hard to ask for a letter. Take care of the letter and fail to reach it,Even if you do not translate it, you will also interpret it. ? Lu Xun: faith, Shun - a course to make it easy, one is to preserve the original charm. / / faith rather than fluency? Qu Qiubai: the notion of equivalence translation should be the original intention, exactly China introduced to readers, make readers get China concept concept equal to other language from the textto the reader. Contradiction: to reproduce the artistic conception the highest task of literary translation is to reproduce the artistic conception so that the target readers can enjoy the beauty as much as the original.Chinese translation theoriesLiu Zhongde: letter, reach, cut letter: believe in content: as long as it is cut: to adapt to style, Zhang today: true, good, beautiful, truth: truth, principle, good: ideological principles: Beauty: artistic principlesForeign translation theoriesTytler: 1. The translation should the same effect on give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. style and manner of 2. The writing should be of the same character as that of the original. translation should have all 3. The the ease of the original composition.Federov: on Translation should produce a translation version which may be read with as much pleasure as the original, and yet remain faithful to its spirit, sense and style. Nida: dynamic equivalence theory readers get responses, and feelings with the original readers read the original income roughly equal. Newmark: text centered theoryProcess of translationIt is generally believed that the original text is understood expression Nida: original text testAnalytical translationTarget textRestructureFour steps: analysis, translation, reconstruction, testTranslation, from, English, to, Chinese:1., The, days, run, into, weeks., the days go by, for a few weeks.2. It, s, all, Greek, to, me., the translation condition, I do not understand at all. Mandarin Chinese is better than3. Mary has? A clever tongue. Marie (glib glib). English language ability is better than4., You, can, never, tell., wide knowledge, no one can say.5., My, memory, failed, me, at, that, moment., I can't remember that moment.6., Your, name, obstinately, escapes, me., I can't remember your name.7., To, think, that, you, should, fail., I don't think you will fail. 8., Would, it, were, otherwise, if that's not the case. There was more mischief than harm in him. he is only mischievous, and no harm. 10., I, never, go, past, my, old, school, but,, think, of, our, headmaster.. Every time I pass my alma mater, I remember our headmaster. 11., The, book, is, beyond, me., I can't read this book. 12., There, is, nothing, like, leather, for, shoes., leather shoes are great. 13., It, is, too, recent, to, be, forgotten., fresh in memory.14., The, mountain, is, not, valuable, because, it, is, high.,mountain is precious, not at its height. The "This is the last place I where expected to meet you." did not expect to meet you here. 16., He, is, nothing, if, not, stubborn., he's a stubborn man. 17., I, was, not, a, little, surprised., I was shocked.18., He, can, do, it, if, any, one, can., only he can do it.19. You cannot make something out of nothing. one can't make bricks without straw. 20., I, can, t, bear, the, sight,, of, that, man.I can't stand seeing that man.Similar sentences1. He had made a box., he has made a box. He had a box made., he told people to make a box.2. Foolishly he spoke. he was so foolish to speak. He spoke foolishly. he talks very stupid.3. Quite properly he was punished. he deserved to be punished. He was punished quite properly., he was properly punished.4., We, asked, him, to, speak, from, his, experience., we ask him to talk about it based on his experience. We asked him to speak about his experiences. we asked him to talk about his experience.Similar sentences5. He is behind time. he's late. He, is, behind, the, times., he's behind the times.6. His success is out of question. his success is beyond doubt. His, success, is, out, of, the, question, he's never going to be successful.7., They, went, to, sea., they're going to besailors. They, went, to, the, sea., they went to the beach. 8., It, has, been, raining, continually, for, two, days., rain, intermittent two days. It has, been, raining, continuously, for,, two, days rain continued for two days.Similar sentences9., He, has, no, more, than, ten, books., he has only ten books. He has not more than ten books., he has ten books at most.He is not a little afraid of it. he was very scared. He is not a bit afraid of it., he is not afraid at all. 11., I, didn, t, go, because, I, was, afraid., I am not afraid to go. I, didn, t, go, because, I, to., was, afraid, I did not go, because I dare not go. 12. She kept the house., she watches over the house. She kept house. her home.Similar sentences13., This, is, no, place, for, me, to, go., this is not whereI should go. There, is, no, place, for, me, to, go, I have nowhere to go. 14. I, had, a, good, talk, to, him, yesterday., I gave him a good dressing down yesterday. I had a good talk with him yesterday. I had a really good time talking to him yesterday. 15., Tom, escaped, prison., Tom escaped the jail. Tom, escaped, from, prison., Tom, jailbreak. 16., Is, there, any, difficulty, in, this? Do you have any difficulty with this? Is, there, some, difficulty, in, this? It's a bit difficult, isn't it?Similar sentencesWe are sure that man is mortal. we are sure that man will always die. We, are, sure, that, man, is, dead., we are sure the man is dead. 18., We, hired, the, boat, by, the, hour.. We ship by hour. We hired, the, boat, for, an, hour., we rented an hour boat.Similar sentences19., I, did, not, notice, him., I didn't notice him. I, took, no, notice, of, him., I don't care about him. 20., Happily, he, did, not, die., thankfully he did not die. He did not die happily., he died uneasy.The second chapter is semantic translationFirst, the choice of meaning in the understanding of polysemy (polysemy)The translation of runRun, a, car, run, shop, run, oil, run, message, a, fever, run, a, computer, run, run, a, meeting, run,, chickens, run, a, arms, advertisement, run, anHead translation10. He arranged his speech under five heads. his speech is divided into five parts. 11., We, have, thirty, head, of, cattle.We have thirty cows. 12., Heads, or, tails? Heads or tails? 13., Where, is, the, head? Where is the toilet?The translation of head:1. head of the English Department, director of the English Department of2. head of the government head of the bed, head of government3.4. head of the staircase a of the needle at the top of the stairs5. head6. He was badly wounded in a the head. he was badly wounded in the head.7. He has a good head for maths. he has a lot of mathematical talent.8., You, should, use, your, head., you should use your head.9. The, dinner, cost, US, five, dollars, a, head., the meal cost us 5 yuan each.The translation of I. poor:1. The, cloth, is, poor, in, quality., this cloth is of poor quality.2. The, water, is, poor, in, oxygen., this water is anoxic.3. Her first concert had a poor audience., her first concert, with very few listeners.4. This, to, her, was, a, poor, consolation., this comfort does not work for her.5. In my poor opinion, you should let her go. in my humble opinion, you should let her go. Boat. She was a poor sailor and always went to bed immediately on on getting the she has seasickness problems, so always go to bed on board.The translation of II. runThe He will not be running in the next election., he is not ready to run for the next election. 2., The, train, is, not, running, today., that train is off today. 3. The film began to run. filmat the. 4. His face was running with sweat. he Sweat streamed down the face. 5., It, was, such, a, ran., hot, day, that, the, butter, the weather was so hot that the butter melted. 6., The, road, runs, north., this road extends north. The "The rumor runs that he is going to resign." is rumoured that he is going to resign. 8., The, monsoon, had, six, weeks, more, to, run., the rainy season will last six weeks.The translation of II. run9., The, car, repair, will, run, you, at, least, two, hundred., repair, at least you spend two hundred yuan. 10. The play ran for only a week in that theatre.. The play was only staged for a week in that theater. 11., Potatoes, are, running, large, this, year., potatoes grow a lot this year. 12., A, freezer, doesn, run., t, cost, much, to, the use of the refrigerator is not very expensive.The translation of III. liveShe needs to find somewhere to live. she needs to find a place to live. 2., Where, do, these, plates, live? Where are these dishes? 3., Spiders, can, live, for, several, days, without, food., spiders can live without food for a few days. 4., We, saw, a, real, rattlesnake, live! We saw a live rattlesnake.The translation of III. live5. The club has live music most nights., the club has live music most nights.6. The show is going on live., the show is being broadcast live.7., Pollution, is, still, very, much, a, live,issue. pollution is still a very interesting issue at the moment.8., This, is, a, live, and, interesting, book., this is a lively and interesting book.The translation of IV. like1., He, likes, mathematics, more, physics., than, he prefers mathematics to physics.2., Bananas, don, t, like, me., I ate a banana and my stomach was upset. (bananas do not fit my stomach.) Three它的味道像芒果。

第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。

2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。

3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。

五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。

4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。

5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。

我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。

五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。

1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。

1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。

莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。

他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。

1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。

虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。

当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。