《普通昆虫学》常见英文术语1

1984.201～205.3　Clements A.N.The Biology of M osquitoes.V ol.Ⅰ:Development ,Nutrition and Reproduction.Chapman Hall.London ,1992.509.4　Wheeler T.A.Can .Ent .,1992,124:729～735.5　S oldan T.,Landa V.Spol .Zool .,1981,45:189～203.6　吴兴永,归鸿,苏翠荣.昆虫学报,1993,36(3):382～384.7　彩万志,庞雄飞,花保祯,梁广文,宋敦伦.普通昆虫学.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2001.206～207.8　H otta Y.,Benzer S.Proc .Nat .Acad .Sci .USA ,1976,73(11):4154～4158.9　Zoological Records ,1980～2000.10　平山修次郎.原色碟类图谱.东京:三省堂出版社,1938.260.11　杨集昆等.华北灯下蛾类图志(中册).北京农业大学,1978.403～404.12　杨集昆,毛彩仙.大自然,1997,3:19.13　施德祥.昆虫知识,1986,23(6):284.14　陈树椿.昆虫学报,1988,31:340.15　郑一平.昆虫学报,1996,39(2):223～224.16　李恺,郑哲民.昆虫分类学报,2000,22(4):290.17　Brust R.A.Can .J .Zool .,1966,44:911～921.18　Hall D.W.J.Fla .Anti 2Mosq .Assoc .,1987,58:25～28.19　G ardner E.J.,S imm ons M.J.,Snustad D.P.Principles ofG enetics.8th ed.W iley.New Y ork ,1991.729.20　F orattini O.P.,Sallum M. A.M.,Flores D. C.J .Am .Mosq .Contr .Assoc .,1991,7:129～131.21　T amazawa S.Res .Bul .Univ .Farm ,Hokk .Univ .,1977,20:145～152.22　T amazawa S.Mem .Fac .Agr .,Hokk .Univ .,1977,10:284～292.23　Whiting p .P sychol .,1932,14:345～363.24　Clark A.M.,Egen R. C.Dev .Biol .,1975,45:251～259.25　Crosland M.W.J.,Crozier R.H.,Jeffers on E.J .Aust .Ent .Soc .,1988,27:305～309.26　Obara Y.,T amazawa S.Phys .Ent .,1982,7:443～448.27　S turtevant E.H.Z.Wiss .Zool .,1929,135:323～356.28　K im K.C.,C ook E. F.Misc .Publ .Ent .Soc .Amer .,1996,5:78～100.29　G riffiths G.C.D.The Phylogenetic Classification of DipteraCyclorrhapha with S pecial Reference to the S tructure of the M ale P ostabdomen.Dr.W.Junk ,The Hague ,1972.340.昆虫学期刊英文刊名的缩写3吴坤君　盛承发　龚佩瑜33(中国科学院动物研究所　北京　100080)H ow to abbreviate E nglish titles of entomological periodicals .W U K un 2Jun ,SHE NG Cheng 2Fa ,G ONG Pei 2Y u (Institute o f Zoology ,Chinese Academy o f Sciences ,Beijing 100080,China )Abstract G eneral regulations for the abbreviation of English titles of entom ological periodicals are presented.The abbreviated forms of comm on w ords in these titles and the abbreviated exam ples of the comm on periodical names are listed.The possibility of errors in abbreviated titles is als o discussed.K ey w ords entom ology ,periodical title ,abbreviation摘　要　归纳了与昆虫学有关的科学期刊英文刊名的缩写规则,列举了刊名中常见单词的缩写方法和常见刊名的缩写形式,讨论了在缩写刊名时可能出现的问题。

昆虫学专业英语词汇GlossaryAbdomen. The hindmost of the three main body divisions of an insect.Acaricide. A chemical employed to kill and control mites and ticks.Acetyl choline. A substance present in many parts of the body of animals and important to the function of nerves.Acrostichal Bristles. The two rows of hairs or bristles lying one on either side of the mid-line of the thorax of a true fly.Active Space. The space within which the concentration of a pheromone or other behaviourally active substance is concentrated enough to generate the required response, remembering that like light and sound pheromones become more dilute the further they radiate out from their source. Aculeate. (Hymenoptera) Those members of the Hymenoptera which possess a sting. Acuminate. Tapering to a long point.Adeagus. The part of the male genitalia which is inserted into the female during copulation and which carries the sperm into the female. Its shape is often important in separating closely related species.Adecticous. Of pupa: referring to the state in which the pupa does not posses movable mandibles, the opposite being Decticous.Aestivation. Summer dormancy, entered into when conditions are unfavourable for active life i.e. it is too hot or too dry.Age Polyethism. The regular changing of roles of colony members as they get older.Air sac. A dilated portion of a tracheaAlar Squama. The middle of three flap-like outgrowths at the base of the wing in various flies. Alate. Winged; having wings.Alitrunk. Name given to the thorax and propodeum of 'wasp-waisted' hymenopterans. Allopatric. Two or more forms of a species having essentially separate distributions. Alternating Generations. When two generations are produced within a life cycle each producing individuals of only one sex, either male first and then female or visa-versa.Alula. In insects (not birds) the outermost of the three flap-like outgrowths at the base of the wing in various flies: really a part of the wing membrane.Aldrin. (common name). A synthetic insecticide; a chlorinated hydrocarbon of not less than 95 per cent 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene; moderately toxic to mammals, acute oral LD,, for rats 44 mg/kg; phytotoxicity: none when properly formulated, but some crops are sensitive to solvents in certain formulations.Aliphatic. A term applied to the "open chain" or fatty series of hydrocarbons.Alkaloids.Substances found in plants, many having powerful pharmacologic action, and characterized by content of nitrogen and the property of combining with acids to form alkaloid. Alloparental. When individuals other than the parent assist in the caring for that parents offspring. Altruistic. Self-destructive. or potentially self-destructive behaviour performed for the benefit of others.Ambrosia. The fungus cultivated by wood-boring beetles of the family Scolytidae Ametabola. The insects which develop without metamorphosis, namely the Protura, Thysanura, and Collembola.Amide. Compound derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl of the -COOH by the amino group, -NH2-.Amine. An organic compound containing nitrogen, derived from ammonia, NH3, by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by as many hydrocarbon radicals.Amino acid. Organic compounds that contain the amino (NH,) group and the carboxyl (COOH) group. Amino acids are the "building stones" of proteins.Ammonia. A colorless alkaline gas, NH3, soluble in water.Anal. Pertaining to last abdominal segment which bears the anus.Anal angle. The small apical area enclosed by the inner and outer margins of the hindwing.Anal fold. A fold in the inner margin of the hindwing.Anaplasmosis. Infection with Anaplasma, a genus of Sporozoa that infests red blood cells. Anasa wilt.A wilt disease of cucurbits caused solely by the feeding of the squash bug, no parasitic microorganism involved.Androconia. (singula = Androconium) In male butterflies, specialised wing scales (often called scent scales) possessing special glands which produce a chemical attractive to females.Anemic. Deficient in blood quantity or quality.Annulate. Formed in ring-like segments or with ring-like markings.Antenna. (pl., antennae). Pair of segmented appendages located on the head and usually sensory in function - the 'feelers'.Antennation. Touching with the antennaAntenodal Veins. Small cross-veins at the front of the dragonfly or damselfly wing, between the wing base and the nodus.Anterior. Concerning or facing the front, towards the head.Antibiosis. An association between two or more organisms that is detrimental to one or more of them.Anticoagulin. A substance antagonistic to the coagulation of blood.Anus. The posterior opening of the digestive tract.Anal veins. The hindmost, or most posterior longitudinal wing veins.Aorta. The anterior, non-chambered, narrow part of the insect heart which opens into the head. Apex. The point where the costal vein and the outer margin of the forewing meet.Apiary. A place where bees are kept, normally a group of hives.Apical. At or concerning the tip or furthest part of any organ: apical cells, for example are at the wing-tip.Apical area Of the forewing, the area just inside of and contiguous with the apex. Appendage. Any limb or other organ, such as an antenna, which is attached to the body by a joint Appendix. In insects, a short vein, especially a short continuation after the main vein has changed direction.Apterous. Without wings.Apterygote. Any member of the Apterygota -primitively wingless insects (i.e. insects which have never developed wings during their evolutionary history) in modern classifications this includes the Thysanura but not Collembola Diplura and Protura which are no longer considered insects, but are termed Hexapods instead .Aquatic. Living in water.Arachnida. A class of arthropods which include the scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks, among others. Arboreal. Living in, on, or among trees.Arista. A bristle-like outgrowth from the antenna in various flies.>Aristate. Bearing an arista or bristle.Arolium.A small pad between the claws on an insect's foot. Usually very small, but well developed in grasshoppers and some other insects.Arrhenoyoky. The production of males from unfertilised eggs.Arthropoda. A phylum of animals with segmented body, exoskeleton, and jointed legs. Arthropods. Animals belonging to the phylum Arthropoda.Asymmetrical. Organs or body parts not alike on either side of a dividing line or plane. Astelocyttarus. Pertaining to nests, normally those of social wasps, in which the come is attached directly to the support.Aster yellows. A virus disease of many kinds of plants transmitted by the six spotted leaf hopper and characterized by stunting of plants, sterility, and chlorosis in foliage.Attractants.Substances which elicit a positive directional response; chemicals having positive attraction for animals such as insects, usually in low concentration and at considerable distances. Axon. The process of a nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the cell body.Abdomen: The last of the three major body divisions of an insect. Action threshold: The pest density at which a control tactic must be implemented to avoid an economic loss.Active ingredient (AI): The component of a pesticide formulation responsible for the toxic effect.Agroecosystem: A relatively artificial ecosystem in an agricultural field, pasture, or orchard.Antenna, Antennae (pl.): A pair of sensory organs located on the head of an insect, above the mouthparts.Aorta:The front-most, non-pulsating portion of the dorsal blood vessel of an insect.Arthropod: Any of the invertebrate animals (such as insects, spiders, or crustaceans) having an exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed limbs.Augmentation: Biological control practices intended to increase the number or effectiveness of existing natural enemies.Basal. Concerning the base of a structure - that part nearest the body. Basal cells in Diptera are generally small cells near the base of the wing.Basitarsus. The Ist segment of the tarsus - usually the largest.Batumen.A protective layer of propilis or hard cerumen that encloses the nest cavity of a stingless bee colony.Benzene hexachloride.(chemical name) or BHC. (common name). A synthetic insecticide, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocvclohexane of mixed isomers; slightly more toxic to mammals than DDT, acute oral LD51 for rats about 200 mg/kg; phytotoxicity: more toxic than DDT, interferes with germination, suppresses growth and reduces yields except at low concentration; certain crop plants, as potato absorb crude BHC with consequent tainting of tubers. Bilateral symmetry. Similarity of form, one side with the other.Biological control. The control of pests by employing predators, parasites, or disease; the natural enemies are encouraged and disseminated by man.Bionomics. The study of the habits, breeding, and adaptations of living forms.Bipectinate. Feathery, with branches growing out oil both sides of the main axis: applied mainly to antennae.Bisexual. Having two sexes distinct and separate;i.e. a species with males and females. Bivouac. The mass of army ant workers within which the queen and brood, live while the colony is not on the move.Bivoltine. Having two generations per year.Blastogenesis. The origination of different castes, within a species, from the egg by means other than genetic.Book lung. A respiratory cavity containing a series of leaflike folds.Bot. The larva of certain flies that are parasitic in the body of mammals.Brachypterous. With short wings that do not cover the abdomen, used of individuals of a species which otherwise has longer wings.Bract. A small leaf at the base of the flower.Brood. In insects, a group of individuals of a given species which have hatched into young or which have become adult at approximately the same time and which live together in a defined and limited area. Often referring to the immature stages of ants bees and wasps.Bubonic plague.A bacterial disease of rodents and man caused by Pasteurella pestis and transmitted chiefly by the oriental rat flea; marked by chills, fever, and inflammatory swelling of lymphatic glands.Budding.Colony fission, the creation of new colonies by the departure of one or more reproductive females accompanied by a group of workers specifically to establish a new colony. Bursa Copulatrix.That part of the female genitalia which receives the aedeagus and sperm during copulation. Its structure is often important in separating closely related species. Bacterium:A single-celled microscopic plant-like organism that does not produce chlorophyll.Beak: Colloquial expression for the protruding mouthpart structures ofa sucking insect (= proboscis).Biological control: The use of living organisms, such as predators, parasitoids, and pathogens, to control pest insects, weeds, ordiseases. Typically involves some human activity.Biorational:Having a minimal disruptive influence upon the environment and its inhabitants (e.g., a biorational insecticide). Broad-spectrum (insecticide): Active against a wide range of insects.Bt: The bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis.Caecum. (pl., caeca). A sac or tubelike structure open at only one end.Calcareous.Referring to soils or rocks, possessing those elements which result in alkaline or basic reactions.Callow.Newly eclosed workers in social insect colonies whose exoskeletons are still soft and whose colour has not fully matured.Callus.A rounded swelling: applied especially to swollen regions at the front or back of the thorax in various flies.Calypter. Innermost of the three flap-like outgrowths at the base of the wing in various flies. Also known as the thoracic squama, it generally conceals the haltere.Calyptodomous. Of the nests of wasps, referring to those which are surrounded by an envelope. Campodeiform. (applied to a larva) Grub-like, flattened and elongated with well-developed legs and antennae. Many beetle larvae are of this type, and so are those of the lacewings.Capitate. With an apical knob like enlargement.Capitulum. Head like structure of ticks which bears the feeding organs.Carabiform larva. A larva shaped like the larva of a carabid beetle, that is etiolate, flattened, and with well-developed legs; with no filaments on the end of the abdomen.Carbohydrate. Any of a group of neutral compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; for example, sugar, starch, cellulose.Cardo. The basal segment of the maxilla or secondary jaw.Carina. A ridge or keel.Carnivorous. Preying or feeding on animals.Castes. Groups of individuals that become irreversibly behaviorally distinct at some point prior to reproductive maturity. One of three or more distinct forms which make up the population among social insects. The usual three castes are queen, drone (male), and worker. The termites and some of the ants have one or more soldier castes as well.Caterpillar. The larva of a moth, butterfly, or saw-fly.Catfacing.The injury caused by the feeding of such insects as plant bugs and stink bugs on developing fruit which results in uneven growth and a deformed mature fruit.Cauda. The pointed end of the abdomen in aphids.Caudal. Concerning the tail end.Cell.An area of the wing bounded by a number of veins. A cell is closed if it is completely surrounded by veins and open if it is bounded partly by the wing margin.Cellulose. An inert carbohydrate, the chief component of the solid framework or woody part of many plants.Cement layer. A thin laver on the surface of insect cuticles formed by the hardened secretion of the dermal glands.Cephalic. Of or pertaining to the head.Cephalothorax. A body region consisting of head and thoracic segments, as in spiders.Cerci. (singular: cercus) The paired appendages, often very long, which spring from the tip of theabdomen in many insects.Cerumen. A mixture of wax and propolis used by social bees in nest construction.Cervical. Concerning the neck region, just behind the head.Chaetae. Stiff hairs or bristles (singular: chaeta).Chaetotaxy. The arrangement of the bristles or chaetae on an insect: especially important in the classification of the Diptera, Collembla and several other groups.Chelicera. (pl., chelicerae). The anterior pair of appendages in arachnids, the fangs.Chigger. The parasitic larva of trombiculid mites.Chitin.The tough horny material, chemically known as a nitrogenous polysaccharide, which makes up the bulk of the insect cuticle, also occurs in other arthropods.Chorion. The inner shell or covering of the insect egg.Chromosomes.At cell division the dark-staining, rod-shaped structures which contain the hereditary units called genes.Chrysalis. The pupa of a butterfly.Ciliated. Bearing minute hairs (cilia).Cladogram. A diagram showing nothing more than the sequence in which groups of organisms are interpreted to have originated and diverged in the course of evolution.Class.A division of the animal kingdom lower than a phylum and higher than an order, for example the class Insecta.Clavate. Club-shaped, with the distal end swollen: most often applied to antennae.Claustral Foundation. A way of setting up of a new colony by a queen, or king and queen in the termites, which involves her/them being sealing her/themselves a way in a small chamber and raising the first group of workers entirely (or almost so) on stored body reserves (fat and often the flight muscles).Clavus. Posterior part of the forewing of of heteropteran bugs.Cleptoparasitism. Where one female uses the resources and nest of another individual (of either the same or a different species) to provide for her young thus usurping the owners efforts and preventing her from using them.Cline. A progressive, usually continuous change in one or more characters of a species over a geographic or altitudinal range.Club. The thickened terminal (farthest from the head) end of the antennae.Clypeus. Lowest part of the insect face, just above the labrum.Coarctate.(applied to pupae) Enclosed within the last larval skin, which therefore acts as a cocoon and protects the pupa. Such pupae are found in the flies (Diptera, of the sub-order Cyclorrhapha.).Cocoon.A case, made partly or completely of silk, which protects the pupa in many insects, especially the moths. The cocoon is made by the larva before it pupates.Colony. A small or large locally isolated population.Colony.Of social insects, a group which co-operates in the construction of a nest and in the rearing of the young.Comb. The grouped cells of the nests of social many hymenoptera.Comb. A group of spines on the leg of an insect specifically used for cleaning other parts of the insects body.Commensalism.Symbiosis, one or more individuals from two or more species living together such that one benefits but neither loses fitness.Commissure. A bridge connecting any two bodies or structures on a body.Communal. Where females of one species co-operate in nest building but not in brood care. Complete metamorphosis or Complex metamorphosis.Metamorphosis in which the insect develops through four distinct stages, e.g.., ova or egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago; the wings (when present) develop internally during the larval stage.Compound eye. An eye consisting of many individual elements or ommatidia each of which is represented externally by a facet.Connective. A longitudinal cord of nerve fibers connecting successive ganglia.Contiguous. Touching - usually applied to eyes (see also Holoptic).Conspecific. Belonging to the same species.Construction Gland. A gland of wasps producing a size-like substance which enables them to make paper out of wood-pulp.Copularium. The first chamber built by a newly mated pair of sexual termites.Corbicula. The pollen basket on the hind leg of many bees, formed by stout hairs on the borders of the tibia.Corium. The main part of the forewing of a heteropteran bug.Cornicle. One of the pair of small tubular outgrowths on the hind end of the aphid abdomen. Corpora allata. A pair of small endocrine glands located just behind the brain. Cosmopolitan. Occurring throughout most of the world.Costa.One of the major longitudinal veins, usually forming the front margin of the wing and usually abbreviated to C. The costal margin is the front edge of the wing.Costal Cell. The cell between the costa and the sub-costal vein.Costal Fold.A narrow, thin membrane folded back on the upper surface of the costa of the forewing of butterflies, it contains androconiaCoxa. The basal segment of the insect leg, often immovably attached to the body.Crawler. The active first instar of a scale insect.Cremaster.The cluster of minute hooks (sometimes just one larger hook) at the hind end of a lepidopterous pupa: used to grip the pupal support.Crochets. (Pronounced crow-shays). Hooked spines at tip of the prolegs of lepidopterous larvae. Crop. The dilated section of the foregut just behind the esophagus.Cross-vein. A short vein joining any two neighboring longitudinal veins.Cryptic. Colouring and or pattern adapted for the purpose of protection from predators or prey by concealment.Cryptobiotic. Leading a hidden or concealed life.Cubitus. One of the major longitudinal veins, situated in the rear half of the wing and usually with 2 or 3 branches: abbreviated to Cu.Cuneus. A more or less triangular region of the forewing of certain heteropteran bugs, separated from the corium by a groove or suture.Cursorial. Adapted for running.Cuspidal. Two segments of curved lines meeting and terminating at a sharp point.Cuticle. The outer noncellular layers of the insect integument secreted by the epidermis. Cyclorrhaphous Diptera. The group of flies which emerge from the puparium through a circular opening at one end of the puparium. These flies belong to the more advanced families. Cytology. The study of cells and there functioning.Caterpillar:The immature stage (larva) of a butterfly, moth, or sawfly. Chemical control: Pest management practices which rely upon the application of synthetic or naturally-derived pesticides.Class: A category of the classification scheme of living organisms ranking below a phylum and above an order (e.g., Insecta).Classical biological control:The importation of foreign natural enemies to control previously introduced, or native, pests.Cocoon: A silken case formed by an insect larva for pupation.Cole crops:Crops such as cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and other crucifers.Complete metamorphosis:Type of insect development characterized by four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.Conservation: Any biological control practice designed to protect and maintain populations of existing natural enemies.Contact poison: A pesticide that is absorbed through the body wall, as opposed to one that must be ingested.Cucurbits: Vine crops such as cucumbers, melons, squash, and pumpkins. Cultural control:Pest management practices that rely upon manipulation of the cropping environment (e.g., cultivation of weeds harboring insect pests).DDDT. (common name). A widely used synthetic insecticide; a chlorinated hydrocarbon, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane.Dealate.Wingless as a result of the insect casting or breaking off its own wings, as in newly mated queen ants and termites.Decticous. Of pupa: referring to the state in which the pupa possesses movable mandibles which can be used for biting, the opposite being Adecticous.Dengue.(pronounced deng'e). A virus disease of man marked by severe pains in head, eyes, muscles, and joints and transmitted by certain mosquitoes.Dentate. Toothed, possessing teeth or teeth like structures.Denticulate. Bearing very small tooth-like projections.Deutonymph. The third instar of a mite.Diapause. A period of suspended animation of regular occurrence in the lives of many insects, especially in the young stages.Diaphragm. A horizontal membranous partition of the body cavity.Differentiation. Increase in visible distinctive morphology.Dimorphic. Occurring in two distinct forms.Dimorphism.A difference in size, form, or color, between individuals of the same species, characterizing two distinct types.Discal. The central portion of a wing from the costa to the inner margin.Discal Cell. Name given to a prominent and often quite large cell near the middle of the wing. The discal cell of one insect group may not be bounded by the same veins as that of another group. Distad. In a direction away from the body.Distal. Concerning that part of an appendage furthest from the body.D.N.A. An abbreviation for Dioxyribonucleic Acid a large molecule which stores the data in our genes in the form of a 3 character code. D.N.A. is a self replicating molecule.Dorsal. On or concerning the back or top of an animal.Dorsal Nectary Organ. In the larvae of many species of Lycaenidae (Blue Butterflies) a gland located in the dorsal region of the 7th abdominal segment, it secretes a sweet substance which is attractive to ants.Dorsal ocellus. The simple eye in adult insects and in nymphs and naiads.Dorsal shield. The scutum or sclerotized plate covering all or most of the dorsal surface in males and the anterior portion in females, nymphs, and larvae of hard-backed ticks.Dorso-central Bristles. The 2 rows of bristles running along the thorax of a fly on the outer side of the acrostichal bristles.Dorso-lateral. Towards the sides of the dorsal (upper) surface.Dorso-ventral. Running from the dorsal (upper) to the ventral (lower) surface.Dorsum. The upper surface or back of an animal.Drone. The male honey bee.Dulosis.The act of slave making in ants, a species which makes a slave of another is oftenreferred to as Dulotic.Density(insect populations): The number of insects per unit of measure (e.g., beetles per square meter).Diapause: A physiological state of arrested metabolism, growth, and development that occurs at a particular stage in the life cycle of an organism.Dormancy:A recurring period in the life cycle of an organism when growth, development, and reproduction are suppressed.EEcdysis.The moulting process, by which a young insect changes its outer skin or pupal case.Eclosion. Emergence of the adult or imago from the pupaEctoderm. The outer embryological layer which gives rise to the nervous system, integument, and several other parts of an insect. Ectohormone.A substance secreted by an animal to the outside of its body causing a specific reaction, such as determination of physiological development, in a receiving individual of the same species. Ectoparasite. A parasite that lives on the outside of its host.Egg pod. A capsule which encloses the egg mass of grasshoppers and which is formed through the cementing of soil particles together by secretions of the ovipositing female.Elateriform larva. A larva with the form of a wireworm; i.e. long and slender, heavily sclerotized, with short thoracic legs, and with few body hairs.Elbowed Antenna. Antenna, particularly of ants, in which there is a distinct angle between two of the segments - usually between the 1st and 2nd segments, in which case the 1st segment is usually much longer than the others.Elytron.(plural elytra) The tough, horny forewing of a beetle or an earwig(See also Hemi-elytron)Emarginate. With a distinct notch or indentation in the margin. Emery's Rule. The rule resulting from the observation that species of social parasite are very closely related to their host.Embolium.A narrow region along the front margin of the forewing in certain heteropteran bugs: separated from the rest of the corium by a groove or suture.Empodium. An outgrowth between the claws of a fly's foot: it may be bristle-like.Endemic. Restricted to a well defined geographical region. Endocrine. Secreting internally, applied to organs whose function is to secrete into blood or lymph a substance which has an important role in metabolism.Endocuticle. The innermost layer of the cuticle.Endoparasite.A parasite which lives inside its host's body. Most of the ichneumons, are endoparasites during their larval stages. Endopterygote. Any insect in which the wings develop inside the body of the early stages and in which there is a complete metamorphosis and pupal stage.Entomogenous. Growing in or on an insect, for example certain fungi. Envelope.The carton or wax outermost later of the nest of a social insect, particularly those of wasps.Enzyme. An organic catalyst, normally a protein formed and secreted by a living cell.Epicuticle. The thin, non-chitinous, surface layers of the cuticle. Epidermis.The cellular layer of the integument that secretes or deposits a comparatively thick cuticle on its outer surface.Epigaeic. Living or foraging primarily above ground, compared to Hypogaeic the opposite.Epimeron.The posterior part of the side wall of any of the three thoracic segments.Epinotum. The first abdominal segment when it is fused with the last thoracic one, relating to the higher thin waisted hymenoptera. Also called a propodeum.Epipharynx. A component of many insect mouth-parts which is attached to the posterior surface of the labrum or clypeus. In chewing insects it is usually only a small lobe, but in the fleas it is greatly enlarged and used for sucking blood.Epiproct. An appendage arising from the mid-line of the last abdominal segment, just above the anus. In the bristletails and some mayflies it is very long and forms the central 'tail'Episternum.The anterior part of the side wall of any of the three thoracic segments.Epithelium. The layer of cells that covers a surface or lines a cavity. Ergatogyne. Any female member of a eusocial group whose morphological development is somewhere between that of a worker and a queen. Eruciform.(applied to a larva) Caterpillar like; more or less cylindrical with a well developed head and stumpy legs at the rear as well as the true thoracic legs. The caterpillars of butterflies and moths are typical examples.Eusocial A species which lives in a society such that individuals of the species cooperate in caring for the young, which not all of them have produced; there is a reproductive division of labor, with more or less sterile individuals working on behalf of fecund individuals; and there is an overlap of at least two generations in life stages capable of contributing to colony labor, so that offspring assist parents during some period of their life.Exarate Pupa.A pupa in which all the appendages, legs etc., are free and。

《普通昆虫学》常见英文术语一、形态学1、entomology 昆虫学：以昆虫为研究对象的学科。

2、insect morphology 昆虫形态学：涉及昆虫的结构、功能、起源和演化。

3、head 头：昆虫体躯的第一段，由数个体节愈合而成。

4、thorax 胸：昆虫体躯的第二段，由前胸、中胸和后胸三个体节组成。

5、abdomen 腹：昆虫体躯的第三段，也是最后一段，其内部包藏着主要内脏器官和生殖器官。

6、somite 体节7、tergut 背板：背面的骨化区（骨化：大多数成虫羽化后体壁很快硬化）。

8、ternum 腹板：腹面的骨化区。

9、pleuron 侧板：侧面的骨化区。

10、endoskeleton 内骨骼：沟下陷入部分呈脊状或板状称为内脊；呈或刺状或叉状者叫内突。

内脊和内突构成昆虫的内骨骼。

11、ecdysial line 蜕裂线：位于头部背面的一条常呈倒“Y”形的线。

12、frontoclypeal sulcus 额唇基沟：位于口器上方，为额与唇基的分界线，常为一条较深的横沟，有时呈“ʌ”形或中断甚至消失。

13、frons(front) 额：蜕裂线侧臂之下、额唇基沟之上、额颊沟之间的区域。

14、clypeus 唇基：额与上唇之间的区域。

15、occiput 后头：后颊以上的部分。

16、tentorium 幕骨：昆虫头部的内骨骼。

17、antenna 触角：着生于额区的一对分节附肢，其基部包被与膜制的触角窝内。

由柄节、梗节、鞭节三节构成。

18、scape 柄节：最基部的一节，常粗短。

19、pedicel 梗节：触角的第二节，较小。

20、flagellum 鞭节：触角的端节，常分若干亚节，此节在不同的昆虫中变化很大。

21、eye(compound eye) 复眼：昆虫最重要的一类视觉器官，能辨别出近距离的物体，特别是运动着的物体。

22、ocellus 单眼：包括背单眼和侧单眼，它们只能感受光线的强弱与方向，而无成像功能。

一．直翅目OrthopteraChewing mouthparts，Paurometamorphosis（渐变态），Phytophagous（植食性）前胸背板发达，马鞍状1.螽斯科Tettigoniidae katydids螽斯2.蟋蟀科Gryllidae crickets 蟋蟀Ensifera剑尾亚目3.蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae mole crickets 蝼蛄4.蝗科Acrididae grasshopper蝗虫Caelifera锥尾亚目5.菱蝗科Tetrigidae5.蚱科Tetrigidae二．同翅目HomopteraPiercing-sucking mouthparts 刺吸式口器,most are paurometamorphosis, some（whiteflies and scale insects(介壳虫雄虫)）are hyperpaurometamorphosis(过渐变态)，头后口式，Polymorphism多型现象：同种昆虫同一性别在大小、颜色、结构上存在明显差异。

1.蜡蝉科Folgoridae planthoppers蜡蝉2.蝉科Cicadidae cicadas蝉3.叶蝉科Cicadellidae leafhoppers叶蝉4.沫蝉科Cercopidae froghoppers沫蝉5.角蝉科Membracidae treehoppers角蝉6.木虱科Psyllidae psyllids木虱7.蚜科Aphididae aphids蚜虫8.粉虱科Aleyrodidae whiteflies粉虱三．半翅目Hemiptera1.椿科Pentatomidae stink bugs椿2.盾椿科Scutelleridae3.长椿科Lygaeidae4.猎椿科Reduvidae 6.花椿科Anthocoridae5.盲椿科Miridae plant bugs盲椿Piercing-sucking mouthparts 刺吸式口器，前口式，paurometamorphosis（渐变态），Phytophagous（植食性），Predaceous（捕食性），Parasitic寄生性四．双翅目Diptera1.瘿蚊科Cecidomyiidae2.蚊科Culicidae mosquitoes蚊3.虻科Tabanidae horse flies 牛虻4.食蚜蝇科Syrphidae5.实蝇科Tephritidae apple maggot实蝇6.蝇科Muscidae flies苍蝇Halteres平衡棒：双翅目后翅退化为平衡棒，用于保持平衡Ptilinal suture额囊缝：高等蝇类头部倒U字形缝，触角基部上方侧下延伸至复眼下缘五．鳞翅目Lepidoptera1.螟蛾科Pyralidae2.尺蛾科Geometridae3.舟蛾科Notodontidae4.毒蛾科Lymantriidae5.灯蛾科Arctiidae6.夜蛾科Noctuidae7.弄蝶科Hesperiidae 8.凤蝶科PapilionidaeSiphoning mouthparts 虹吸式口器幼虫三对胸足，五对腹足Chaetosemata毛隆：蛾子复眼侧后方一对感觉器官Crochets 趾钩：躅式幼虫腹足末端小型钩状结构（重要鉴别特征）蛾夜出，蝶昼出；休息时蛾翅平覆体背，蝶翅垂直于体；蛾触角羽状，蝶棒状；蛾翅缰 沟连锁，蝶多翅抱型；蛾蛹唱结茧地下，蝶不结茧树上；蛾少数咀嚼，蝶全部虹吸。

1205101 Part one. Insects蝈蝈——katydid蟋蟀——cricket蜜蜂——bee蝉（知了）——cicada蝴蝶——butterfly螳螂——mantis蚱蜢——grasshopper蚊子——mosquito苍蝇——fly蚂蚁——ant蛾子——moth萤火虫——firely臭虫——bed-bug蜻蜓——dragonfly瓢虫——ladybird跳虫——collembolan双尾虫——double-tail worms 衣鱼——clothing fish蜉蝣——mayfly豆娘——damselfly石蝇——stone flies 金龟子——beetle牛虻——gadfly虱子——louse蜘蛛——spider疟蚊——anopheles豉甲——whirligig蚧——scales蝽——stinkbug蚕蛾——silkworm moth凤蝶——swallowtail锹甲虫——stag beetle菜粉蝶——small whitebutterfly蛆——maggot摇蚊——midge夜蛾——miller粉蚧——mealybug蝼蛄——mole cracket地中海实蝇Mediterraneanfruit fly稻蝗——locust尺蛾——looper蝗虫——locust草蛉——laceuing网蝽——lace bug天牛——longicorn叶蝉——leafhopper步行虫——ground beetle跳蚤——flea毛毛虫——caterpillar螟虫——borer蓑虫——bagworm网蚊——bironella金钟儿—bell-ring crickel仰泳蝽——backswimmer瘿蚊——cecidomyiidae库蚊——culex果蝇——fruit fly螽斯——katydid蜚蠊——cockroachesPart two. Animals in RiverPart three. Flying Animarobin知更鸟swallow燕子sparrow麻雀canary金丝雀thrush画眉pigeon/dove鸽子woodpecker啄木鸟kingfisher翠鸟parrot鹦鹉cuckoo杜鹃peacock孔雀crow乌鸦hawk/eagle鹰vulture秃鹫owl猫头鹰seagull海鸥swan天鹅flamingo火烈鸟heron苍鹭crane鹤batterfly蝴蝶anopheles 按蚊,疟蚊bald eagle 白头鹰bee, honeybees 蜜蜂beetle 甲虫, 金龟子bird of paradise 极乐鸟, 天堂鸟blackbird 乌鸫bumble bee 大黄蜂butterfly 蝴蝶cabbage butterfly 纹白蝶canary 金丝雀chaffinch 苍头燕雀cicada 蝉condor 秃鹰cormorant 鸬鹚crow 乌鸦cuckoo 杜鹃,布谷鸟cygnet 小天鹅dove 鸽dragonfly 蜻蜓drone 雄蜂eagle 鹰fly 苍蝇gander, wild goose 雁glowworm, firefly 萤火虫golden eagle 鹫goldfinch 金翅雀heron 苍鹰horsefly, gadfly 厩蝇,牛虻hummingbird 蜂雀hummingbird蜂鸟kingfisher 翠鸟lark 百鸟,云雀magpie 喜鹊mosquito 蚊moth 蛾nightingale 夜莺pale clouded yellow 纹黄蝶parakeet 长尾鹦鹉parrot 鹦鹉partridge 石鸡, 鹧鸪pelican 鹈鹕bat 蝙蝠plaice 鲽plover 千鸟ptarmigan 雷鸟quail 鹌鹑queen bee 蜂王Part four. Animals on Prarie goat 山羊ass，donkey 驴billy 雄山羊ewe 雌绵羊sheep 绵羊lamb 年幼的绵羊boar 雄猪pig，swine 猪piglet，shoat 年幼的猪buck 公兔catta 雌猫wildcat 野猫ox 雄牛cattle 牛herd 牛的统称calf 小牛，牛犊heifer 小母牛chicken 鸡cock，rooster 公鸡brood 鸡hen 母鸡colt，foal 马驹，小马wolf 狼horse 马stallion 雄马mustang 野马kitty，pussy 小猫cat 猫tomcat 雄猫，公猫weasel 鼬，黄鼠狼vole 田鼠vole 田鼠cow 母牛dog 狗donkey，ass 驴duck 鸭gilt 小母猪pig 猪goose 鹅gosling 幼鹅hinny 驴骡enny ass 雌驴lion 狮leopard 豹panther，puma 美洲豹rabbit 兔子Part five: Sea animals海星starfish 珊瑚coral 螃蟹crab 章鱼octopus 龙虾lobster 贝类shell 鲨鱼shark 海参slug 乌贼cuttlefish 虾子prawn 海豚dolphin 金鱼gold fish 牡蛎oyster 珊瑚coral 虾shrimp、水母jellyfish、、乌贼cuttlefish、章鱼octopus 海牛manatee、lionfish、鲸whale、海星starfish 海豚dolphin、鲨鱼shark、海龟turtle、寄居蟹hermit crab 海獭otter、海狗fur seal、海象walrus、海绵sponge、蟹crab、管口鱼trumpetfish、小丑鱼clownfish、、金鳞鱼squirrel fish、蝶鱼butterfly fish、比目鱼flounder、刺河鲀porcupine fish、海蛇sea snack阳燧足brittle star白带鱼hair tail fishPart one. Animals on land1马horse 母马mare 小马colt/foal 矮马pony 斑马zebra 纯种马thoroughbred 野马mustang骡mule 驴ass/donky 犀牛rhinoceros2牛ox 公牛bull 母牛cow 小牛calf 小母牛heifer 水牛buffalo 河马hippopotamus 美洲野牛bison 牦牛yak 3猪pig/swine 种猪boar 肥猪hog 小猪piglet 小母猪gilt 豪猪porcupine 野猪wild boar4羊sheep 母羊ewe 山羊goat 羊羔lamb 羚羊antilope 小羚羊gazelle5鹿deer 驯鹿reindeer 长颈鹿giraffe 麋鹿elk6骆驼camel 单峰驼dromedary 羊驼（草泥马）alpaca 大羊驼llama 小羊驼vicuna7猫cat 雌猫tabby/she-cat 公猫tomcat 小猫kitty/kitten/pussy 野猫wildcat8兔子rabbit 野兔hare9鼠rat 土拨鼠marmot 鼹鼠mole 田鼠vole 家鼠mouse 睡鼠dormouse10猴子monkey猩猩orangutan 大猩猩gorilla 黑猩猩chimpanzee 狒狒baboon 长臂猿gibbon11公鸡cock 母鸡hen 小鸡chicken 珍珠鸡guinea/fowl 火鸡turkey12蛇snake 王蛇boa 眼镜蛇cobra 美洲蝮蛇copperhead 银环蛇coralsnake 蟒蛇python 响尾蛇rattlesnake13豹leopard 猎豹cheetah 美洲豹panther/puma其它：狮子lion 老虎tiger 大象elephant 狗dog 獾badger 黄鼠狼weasel 水獭otter 狐狸fox 狼wolf 松鼠squirrel 河狸beaver 熊bear 雪貂ferret 食蚁兽anteater 袋鼠kangaroo 考拉koala 刺猬hedgehog 孔雀peacock 鸵鸟ostrick 蜥蜴lizard 古蜥蜴tuatara 变色龙chamelemon 壁虎wall lizard 熊猫panda 蜗牛snail 穿山甲pangolinsPart two. Flying animalsBird （鸟类）bat 蝙蝠鹰eagle 秃鹫cinereous vulture 翼手龙pterodactylus 蚊子mosquito 苍蝇fly 大雁wild goose 蜜蜂bee 蝴蝶butterfly 蜻蜓dragonfly 鹦鹉parrot 蝉cicada 麻雀sparrow 燕子swallow 鸽子dove 海鸥sea mew 飞鱼flying fish 啄木鸟woodpecker 鼹鼠mole 猫头鹰owl 翠鸟alcedo atthis bengalensis 企鹅penguin 鸢kite 鹮ardeidae 鹤crane 蚂蚱blood sucker 昆虫insect 飞行壁虎fly wall gecko 飞蛾moth 飞行蝠鲼(Mobulas) 漂泊信天翁Wandering Albatross 灰颈鹭鸨(柯利鸟)Kori Bustard 蜂鸟Wood Nymph 秃鹫Cinereous Vulture 天鹅Swan 鸿雁Anser cygnoides 丹顶鹤Red-crowned Crane 八哥crested myna 乌鸦crow 喜鹊magpie 金丝雀canary 百灵鸟lark 游隼tiercle 鹌鹑quail 鹭heron 斑鸠turtledove 白头翁the roof of Chinese pulsatillaPart three. Sea animals珊瑚coral、海胆sea urchin、虾shrimp、水母jellyfish、海马sea horse、乌贼cuttlefish、章鱼octopus、海牛manatee、lionfish狮子鱼、魟鱼ray、鲸whale、海星starfish、海豚dolphin、鲨鱼shark、海龟sea turtle、寄居蟹hermit crab、海獭sea otter、海狗fur seal、海象walrus、海豹seal、海葵sea anemone、、蟹crab、管口鱼trumpetfish、小丑鱼clownfish、海狮sea lion、金鳞鱼squirrel fish、蝶鱼butterfly fish、比目鱼flounder、刺河魨porcupine fish、海蛇sea snake、龙虾lobster 贝类shellbass 海鲈鱼, beltfish－带鱼，buffalofish－水牛鱼，carp－鲤鱼catfish 鲶鱼, catfish-鲶鱼，cod 鳕鱼, cod fillets 鳕鱼块cod－鳕鱼，conger (eel)鳗鱼corvina黄花鱼croaker 白花鱼,跟黄花鱼是一类,肉质很嫩,清蒸dace鲮鱼drumfish－鼓鱼flounder 比目鱼,又叫龙利, flounder－龙利, 比目鱼一类的鱼，grouper 石斑鱼haddock 北大西洋鳕鱼halibut 大比目鱼herring 青鱼，鲱，herring roes 鲱鱼子mackerel 鲭milkfish－虱目鱼mullet 胭脂鱼orange 香橙鱼octopus 鱆鱼perch 河鲈鱼plaice欧蝶鱼red mullet 红鲣red snapper 红鲷鱼ribbonfish 带鱼. salmon 三文鱼(也叫？鲑鱼？或大马哈鱼sea bream 海鲤shark 鲨鱼swordfish 剑鱼, swordfish－剑鱼，tilapia 罗非鱼,又叫吴郭鱼,非洲鲫鱼, tilapia－鲷鱼，trout－鳟鱼，跟salmon是亲戚tuna－吞拿鱼、金枪鱼，whitefish－白鱼，squid－乌贼，鱿鱼，scallop-扇贝肉，鲤鱼carp 鳗鱼eel 章鱼octopus 三文鱼salmon 鱿鱼squid 金枪鱼tuna 基围虾shrimp 虾prawn 大虾king prawn 龙虾lobster 螃蟹crab (crab stick 蟹肉条) 贻贝, 蚌类mussel 牡蛎, 蚝oysterPart four. Insects昆虫——insects 蜻蜓dragonfly 蜘蛛spider 蚊子mosquito 蚂蚁ant 蜜蜂bee 蝴蝶butterfly 跳蚤flea 瓢虫ladybug 甲虫beetle 蝉cicada 蝇子，苍蝇fly 小虫，臭虫bug 灯蛾moth 疟蚊anopheles 黄蜂wasp 螳螂mantis 蟑螂cockroach 蟋蟀cricket 蜗牛snail 蝉cicada 蜈蚣centipede 蝎子scorpion 蜘蛛spider 蚕silkworm 苍蝇fly 瓢虫ladybug 金龟子tumble bug 蛔虫ascarid 蝗虫locust 蚯蚓earthworm 白蚁termite 臭虫bedbug 跳蚤flea 虱子louse 蝈蝈——katydid蟋蟀——cricket 蝉（知了）——cicada 螳螂——mantis 蚱蜢——grasshopper 蛾子——moth 萤火虫——firely 臭虫——bed-bugPart five. Fresh-water animalsShrimp 虾Snake 蛇Water flea水蚤Crab螃蟹Loach 泥鳅Eel 鳝Clam 河蛙River crab 河蟹Water snake 水蛇Toad 蟾蜍Tadpole 蝌蚪Frog 青蛙Craspedacusta smeisis 中华桃花水母Vivipara 田螺Crucian 鲫鱼Grass carp 草鱼Chub 鲢鱼Catfish 鲶鱼Salamander 蝾螈Amazon River dolphin 亚马逊河河豚American alligator 美国鳄鱼River otter 水獭Hippopotamus 河马American bullfrog 美国牛蛙。

名词解释：两性生殖（sexual reproduction）：必须经过雌雄两性交配，雄性个体产生的精子与雌性个体产生的卵子结合（即受精）后，由雌虫将受精卵排出体外，每粒卵发育成一个子代个体，因此又称两性卵生。

孤雌生殖(parthenogenesis)：也称单性生殖，是指卵不经过受精也能发育成新个体的现象。

多胚生殖(polyenryony)：是指1粒卵发育成两个以上胚胎，每个胚胎发育成1个子代个体的生殖方式。

胎生(viviparity)：有些昆虫的胚胎发育时在母体内完成的，字母提所产出来的不是卵而是幼体，这种生殖方式成为胎生。

个体发育()：昆虫的个体发育是指由卵发育到成虫的全过程，包括胚前期、胚胎期和胚后期3个连续的阶段。

胚前发育：是指生殖细胞在亲体内形成，以及完成授精和受精的过程。

胚胎发育：是指从受精卵开始卵裂，至发育为幼虫为止的过程，其中又有卵生、卵胎生、胎生和多胚发育等几种类型。

胚后发育：是指从幼虫孵化到成虫性成熟的发育过程。

孵化(hatching)：昆虫胚胎发育到一定时期，幼虫或若虫冲破卵壳儿孵出的现象，成为孵化。

变态(metamorphosis)：昆虫在个体发育过程中，特别是在胚后发育阶段不仅其体积不断生长增大，因而发生着量德变化；而且在外部形态和内部组织器官等方面，也发生着周期性的质的改变，昆虫的这种在一起发育过程中伴随着一系列形态变化的现象，成为变态。

不全变态(incomplete metamorphosis)：又称为直接变态(direct metamorphosis)，是有翅亚纲外生翅类（除浮游目外）具有变态类型。

全变态(complete metamorphosis)：是昆虫纲中最进化的变态类型。

其特点是一生经过卵、幼虫(larva,复数larvae或larvas)、蛹(pupa,复数pupae或pupas)和成虫(adult或imago)4个不同虫态。

龄期(stadium)：昆虫的生长和蜕皮呈周期性的交替进行。

昆虫英语单词大全双语百科以下是昆虫的英文单词：1. Butterfly - 蝴蝶2. Bee - 蜜蜂3. Ant - 蚂蚁4. Mosquito - 蚊子5. Cricket - 蟋蟀6. Bug - 臭虫7. Ladybug - 瓢虫8. Dragonfly - 蜻蜓9. Cocoon - 蚕茧10. Silkworm - 蚕11. Wasp - 黄蜂12. Bee fly - 蜜蜂蝇13. Centipede - 蜈蚣14. Caterpillar - 毛毛虫15. Meal worm - 面包虫16. Flea - 跳蚤17. Cockroach - 蟑螂18. Moth - 飞蛾19. Tsetse fly - 舌蝇20. Locust - 蝗虫21. Termite - 白蚁22. Hornet - 大黄蜂23. Beetle - 金龟子24. Grasshopper - 蚱蜢25. Coccid - 鸡螨26. Earwig - 耳虫27. Mantis - 螳螂28. Mayfly - 蜉蝣29. Stonefly - 石蝇30. Caddis fly - 沉蝇31. Water bug - 水虫32. Water boatman - 水划蝽33. Water strider - 水黾34. Springtail - 跳虫35. Snail - 蜗牛36. Slug - 鼻涕虫37. Scorpion - 蝎子38. Sea squirt - 海鞘虫39. Starfish - 海星40. Sea urchin - 海胆41. Jellyfish - 水母42. Coral polyps - 珊瑚虫43. Barnacle - 藤壶44. Sponge - 海绵动物45. Seaweed - 海藻46. Seagrass meadows - 海草草原47. Kelp forests - 海带森林48. Mangroves - 红树林。

普通昆⾍学名词解释1.初⽣分节：⼀般昆⾍的幼期，相邻体节具环形凹陷，即节间褶，纵肌附着褶上，其体节相当于胚胎发育的真正体节，故称这种体节为出⽣体节。

2.蜕裂线:是幼⾍脱⽪时裂开的线,通常呈倒Y 形,它的中⼲起⾃胸部的背中央,伸到复眼间分叉成两条测臂。

3.翅脉:翅脉是翅的两层薄壁件纵横分布的条纹，由⽓管部位加厚⽽成，对翅表起着⽀架的作⽤，主要的翅脉有⼀定的名称。

4.脉序：⼜叫脉相，指翅脉在翅⾯上的分布形式。

不同类群的脉序存在⼀定的差别，⽽在同⼀类群中⼜相对稳定。

5.消化系数：⾷物通过消化作⽤后，⼀部分变成为可吸收的养分，另⼀部分则不能吸收⽽排除体外，可消化吸收的部分与消耗⾷物的⽐值，称消化系数。

6.肠外消化：昆⾍在取⾷前先将唾液或消化液注⼊寄主组织内，当寄主组织溶解后，再吸回肠内的过程。

7.神经元：⼜称神经细胞，是构成神经系统结构和功能的基本单位。

8.神经节：神经节是功能相同的神经元细胞体在中枢以外的周围部位集合⽽成的结节状构造。

9.突触：昆⾍各类神经元的树状突、侧枝活轴突的端丛，并⾮是直接连着的，⽽是在脑内、神经节内活神经肌⾁连接点等处形成突触，进⾏联系和传递信息的10.突触传导：神经元之间在组织学上的间断性，使动作电位不能直接通过突触，⽽必须借助神经递质进⾏传导。

11.反射弧：反射活动的结构基础称为反射弧，包括感受器、传⼊神经、神经中枢、传出神经和效应器。

12.昆⾍激素：昆⾍的内分泌腺分泌的激素。

可经体液运⾄全⾝各处，对昆⾍的⽣理机能、代谢、⽣长发育、变态、滞育、⽣殖等起调节控制作⽤。

13.信息素：⼜称外激素，是由⼀种昆⾍个体的分泌腺体分泌到体外，能影响种件或种内其他个体的⾏为、发育和⽣殖等的化学物质，具有刺激和抑制两⽅⾯的作⽤。

14.受精：是卵⼦和精⼦融合为⼀个合⼦的过程。

15.授精：两性交配时，雄⾍将精液或精珠注⼊雌⾍的⽣殖器管内，使精⼦储存与雌⾍的受精囊中的过程，称为授精。

16.孤雌⽣殖：也称单性⽣殖，指卵不经过受精也能发育成正常的新个体。

昆虫重要目分类如大蟋蟀、油葫芦等。

=通称蓟马。

◆形态：体微小至小型，一般为1－2mm 。

口器锉吸式。

触角丝状。

复眼发达，单眼3个，排列成三角形，无翅型缺单眼。

跗节1－2节，末端有一能伸缩的端泡。

翅通常2对，前、后翅均狭长，边缘密生缨状毛；翅脉退化；静止时翅平放于体背。

腹部通常10节。

无尾须。

具产卵器。

■生物学：过渐变态。

两性生殖为主，也有孤雌生殖。

多为植食性，危害农作物的花、叶、枝、芽等，而以花上最多，如烟蓟马。

也有少数为捕食性种类，可捕食蚜虫、粉虱、螨类或其他种类的蓟马，如塔六点蓟马。

1 纹蓟马科体较粗壮，褐色或黑色。

触角9节，第3、4节常生有带状感觉器，翅较阔，前翅末端圆形，围有缘脉，有明显的纵脉；翅面常有暗色斑纹。

锯状产卵器从侧面看，其尖端向上弯曲。

本科种类不多，多为捕食性。

如横纹蓟马。

2 蓟马科体略扁平。

触角6－9节，第3、4节上有叉状或锥状感觉器，末端1－2节形成端刺。

有翅者翅狭长，末端尖，翅脉少，无横脉。

锯状产卵器从侧面看，其尖端向下弯曲。

许多种类是农业上的大害虫。

如烟蓟马=通称蝽或蝽象。

◆形态：体小至中型，略扁。

刺吸式口器，喙从头的前方生出。

触角3～5节。

复眼显著。

前胸背板甚大，中胸小盾片发达。

跗节一般3节。

多数具2对翅，前翅为半鞘翅，基半部硬化的部分可分为革片、爪片、缘片和楔片，而端部的膜质部分，称为膜片，常具翅脉。

翅静止时平放于身体背面，末端部分交叉重叠。

胸部腹面常有臭腺■生物学：渐变态。

该目昆虫大多为植食性危害农作物、果树、林木蔬菜、等，刺吸茎叶的汁液，是重要的园艺害虫；部分种类可捕食害虫。

1网蝽科（Tingidae ）=又称军配虫。

体小而扁，体长多在5mm 以下。

触角4节，以第3节最长。

喙4节。

无单眼。

头顶、前胸背板及前翅呈网状花纹。

前胸背板向后延长覆盖中胸小盾片，两侧扩展成侧背板。

前翅质地均一，不分成革质与膜质两部分。

足正常，跗节2节。

植食性，多在叶背面或幼嫩枝条群集食害，排出锈渍状污物，并在被害植物组织产卵，若虫暗黑色，体侧有刺突。

昆虫形态学重要词汇昆虫形态学重要词汇Acrosternite腹板缘片acrotergite(atg)背板前缘片alinotum生翅背板alula覆片alveolus毛窝amniolic cavity(AmC)羊膜腔amnion(am)羊膜anal fold翅扇摺anal vens臀脉anapleurite後侧片anatomy解剖学annelida环节动物类antecosta背前缘内脊起antecostal stuture前缘内脊起缝antennae触角antennal sclerite触角骨片antennal suture触角缝anterior mesenteron rudiment前中肠基质anterior notal wing process背板翅前突起apodemes内骨apophysis内骨突起archenteron原肠archicephalon原始头archicerebrum原脑弓arcuate vein弓状脉arolium端叶arthropods节肢动物articular membrane关节膜articulation关节auxiliae爪基辅骨片axillary cord翅键索axillary plate翅键骨片axillary region翅键区axillary sclerites翅键骨Basal fold翅基摺basalare翅基骨片basicostal suture基节前缘缝basicoxite基节骨片basipodital基底节basiscosta基节前缘脊起basisternum基腹片basitarsus基跗节basituras基小跗节basment membrance基底膜blastocoele胚囊腔blastoderm胚叶blastomeres胚球blastopore原口blastula囊胚期body cavity体腔body segment体环节body wall体壁Capopodite蹠节cardiac sinus围心窦cardioblasts围心细胞cardo轴节cells翅室centipedes蜈蚣cephalic lobes头叶cervical sclerites颈骨片cervix颈部chelicerae钩角chitin几丁质chorion卵壳cibarium围食腔cleavage卵割clypeus头盾coelom体腔coelomic sacs体腔囊colleterial glands护卵腺collophore黏管commisures神经连锁conjunctiva节间膜(连络膜) connectives神经结缔convergent suture背纵沟coronal冠缝cortical cytoplasm原皮细胞层costa缘脉coxa基节coxal corium基节膜coxomarginale基节狭缘coxopleurite基侧片coxopodite肢基节cranium头颅cross-vein横脉cubitus肘脉cuticula表皮Dactylopodite趾节definitive head固定头deutocerebrum後大脑deutoplasm卵黄dicondylic joint双关键节dorsal blastoderm背胚层dorsal blastoderm囊胚层dorso-pleural line背侧线dorsum背区Ecdysis脱皮ectoderm外胚层empodium悬垫endite内叶endocuticula内表皮endoderm内胚层endopodite内肢endopterygota内生翅类endoskeleton内骨epicranial suture头颅缝epicraniam颅顶板epicuticula上表皮epidermis上皮层epimeron後侧片epineural sinus神经上窦epipharynx上咽头epipleuites立侧骨片epipodite长副肢episternum前侧片epistomal suture口上缝euplantalae跗节褥垫euplearun侧臀片eusternum真腹板eutrochantin真转片exite外叶exocuticula外表皮exopodite外肢exopterygota外生翅类exoskeleton外骨骼extraoral mouth cavity围口腔exuviae蜕exuvial gland蜕皮腺Femur腿节first axillary第一翅键骨first maxillae第一小颚first median plate第一中骨片first thoracic spiracle第一胸部气孔first trochanter第一转节flagellum鞭节follicular cell卵膜细胞foramen magnum後头孔(大枕孔) forth axillary第四翅键骨frenulum翅刺frons额部frontal sutures额缝fultarae下咽头悬垂骨furca叉状骨furca seernam叉状骨腹片furcasternum叉腹板Galae sutures喉咽缝galea外瓣ganglia神经节gastrocoele原肠gastrula原肠胚gastrulation原肠形成genae颊genglionic cells神经节细胞genital segments生殖节germ band胚带germ cells种细胞germ tract胚极细胞germinal disc胚盘glossae中舌gnathal region咀嚼区gnathal segment颚节gnathocephalon颚头gnla喉咽片gonads内性器gula外咽片gular suture外咽片缝Haemocoele血腔hatching membrane孵化膜holoblastic division全分割humeral plate肱骨片(上搏骨片) hypodermis上皮层(真皮hypopharynx下咽头hypostoma口下部hypostomal suture口下缝Intermediate mesenteron rudiment中肠基质intersegmental connectives神经结缔intersegmental membrane节间膜intersternite节间腹骨片invagination of the embryo胚内陷involution of the embryo 胚内卷ischiopodite坐节Jointing节jugal region翅垂区Labial adductors下唇内收肌labial glands下唇腺labial suture下唇缝labiostipites下唇主片labium下唇labrum上唇lacinia内叶lateral nerve cords侧神经索lateral plates胚侧板laterogternite腹侧骨片laterotergite侧背片ligula下唇舌limb basis肢基节Mandible大颚mandibularglands大颚腺maxillae小颚maxillary gland小颚腺maxillipeds颚足maxillulae第一小颚media中脉median dorsal vessel中背管median nerve cord中央神经索median prostomial ganglion中央前肠神经节median ventral vessel中腹管medianplate翅基中骨片mentum下唇基片meroblastic division局部分割meron副基节meropodite长节mesenchyme间胚叶mesenteron中肠mesenteron rudiments中肠基质mesoblast中胚叶mesoderm中胚层mesothorax中胸metamere胚胎节(体原节)metathorax後胸micropyle精孔middle plate胚胎中板monocondylic joint单关键节morphology形态学morula桑椹体motor nervesmoulting脱皮moulting glands脱皮腺mouth hooks口钩myotome肌节myriapoda多足类Natum原背板neopterygota新翅类nephridia分枝肾管neural groove胚神经沟neural ridges神经脊neuro blasts神经胚细胞notaulices背纵沟notum背板nuclear cytoplasm核细胞质Occipital arch後头弓occipital condyles後头键occipital suture後头缝occiput後头ocelar sclerite眼骨片ocular suture复眼缝onychophora有爪类ovum heca卵囊organization体制ouipital arch後头穴ovum卵Palpifer负须节palpiger担须节palpus颚附器之端肢paraglossae侧舌paragnatha侧颚paranotal lobes侧板片叶片parapoida疣足parapsidal furrows侧片沟parapsides侧(背)片paraptera翅片paratergite背侧骨片parietals头侧区patella膝节pedicel梗节pedipalps肢须peripatus栉periproct肛节peristome口缘区phragmanotum悬骨背片phragmata悬骨planta小牵爪骨plapus触须pleural apophysis侧板内骨突起pleural region侧区pleural ridge侧板脊起pleural suture侧板缝pleural wing process侧板翅突起pleurite侧骨片pleuro-ventral line侧腹线pleuron胸侧板pleurostoma口侧缘pleurostomal suture口侧缘缝plica basalis 翅基摺plica jugalis翅垂摺plica vannalis翅扇摺podite,podomere肢节postalar bridge,postalare後翅基(臂)桥postantennal pppendages後触角副器postbdomen後腹部postcoxal bridge,postcoxale後基节桥postcubitus後肘脉postembryonic growth胚後生长posterior mesenteron rudiment posterior notal wing process背翅後突起postfrontalsuture後额缝postgenae颊後区postmentum後下唇基片postnotum,pharagmanotum後背板片postoccipital suture後头後缝postocciput後头後区postomium口前节poststernite後腹板骨片posttergite後背板骨片preadomen前腹部prealare,prealar bridge前翅基桥preantennae前触角precosta前缘脉precoxal bridge前基节桥prelabium前下唇prementum前下唇基片prepectus前侧前片prepodeum前伸腹板prescutal suture前楯板缝prescutum前楯板片presternum前腹板片pretarsus前跗节preular bridge翅基前桥primary segmentation原始分节primitive body region原始体区primitive streak原沟procephalon前头proctodaeum後原肠管propodeum前伸腹节propodite前肢节prostomium口前部prothorax前胸protocephalon原头protocerebrum原大脑protopodite原肢节pteralia翅基髁pterothorax生翅胸ptilinal suture额囊缝ptilinum额囊pulvilli褥垫pycnogonida海蜘蛛类,三叶虫(trilobita) Radius径脉remigal region,remigium翅前区Salivarium唾液囊salivary glands唾腺scale鳞片scape柄节sclerite骨片scleroma体环节sclerotization骨化scutellum小楯片scutoscustllar楯板缝scutum楯片second antennae第二触角second axillary第二翅键骨second maxillae第二小颚second median plate第二翅基中骨片second spiracle胸部第二气孔second spiracle第二气孔second trochanter第二转节secondary segmentation後天性分节sections体段segment节segmental appendage分节副器segmental coelomic cavities 体节腔室segmental ganglia成对神经节segmental regions节区segmented ganglion节神经节segmented worm分节的虫子sense organ感觉器官septa隔壁serosa浆膜seta刺毛setal membrane刺毛膜soma体干somatic cell体细胞somatic layer体壁层somite体节spermatozoon精子spina刺骨spinasternum刺腹板spine刺splanchinc layer内脏层spur距sterna costa腹板前缘脊起sternacostal suture腹板前缘缝sternacpsta腹板前肋sternal apophyses腹板内骨脊起sternellum小腹板sternite腹板骨片sternopleurite腹侧片sternum腹板sternum apophyses腹内骨stipes主片stomodaeum前肠管subalare後翅基骨片subalere翅下骨片subcosta亚缘脉subcoxa亚基节subgalea亚外瓣subgenal areas颊下区subgenal suture颊下缝subitn肘脉submentum亚下唇基片suboesophageal ganglion食道下神经节superlinguae舌上器suspensorium of the hypopharynx下咽头悬垂骨suture缝线syncephalon结合头Tagma体段tarsas跗节tarsomere(tarsite)小跗节tegala肩板tegmata体段telopodite端肢telotarsus端跗节telson尾节tentoripits幕状骨坑tentorium幕状骨tergite背板骨片tergum背板third axillary第三翅键骨thoracic region胸部tibia胫节tonofibrillae表皮纤维tormogen毛窝细胞tracheae内部气管tracts of haemocoele闭锁的血腔路径trichogen生毛细胞trichopore毛孔trochanters转节trochantin副转片trochophore转环虫trunk体干Ungues侧爪(unquifer端爪骨片unquitrector plate牵爪骨片V-shaped notal ridge V型背板脊起val vulae性瓣vannal veins摺脉veins翅脉vena arcuate弓状脉vena cardinalis基脉vena dividens分界脉vennal region,vannas摺扇区venter腹面ventral nerve cord腹神经索ventriculus胃vertex头顶vitelline membrane卵黄膜vitellophages噬卵黄细胞viviparous胎生Wing base翅基wing regions翅区wormlike creatures虫形动物Yolk卵黄yolk cells卵黄细胞yolk cleavage卵黄之卵割Zygote结合子。

一、名词解释1. 世代：昆虫一个新个体（不论是卵或是幼虫）从离开母体发育到性成熟产生后代止的个体发育史称为一个世代。

2.年生活史：一种昆虫一年内的发育史，或更确切地说，由当年的越冬虫态开始活动起，到第二年越冬代结束止的发育经过，称为年生活史。

3.两性生殖：昆虫经过两性交配而产出后代的生殖方式叫两性生殖。

4.孤雌生殖：昆虫不经过两性交配或经交配但不产生受精卵而发育成后代的生殖方式叫孤雌生殖。

5.变态：胚后发育过程中从幼期的状态改变为成虫状态的现象，称为变态。

6.不全变态：一生经历卵期、幼虫期和成虫期3个虫期，而且成虫期的特征随着幼期的生长发育而逐步显现，翅在幼期的体外发育，称为不全变态。

7.休眠：常常是由不良环境引起的昆虫生长发育暂时停止的现象，当不良环境消除后昆虫可马上恢复活动，继续生长发育的现象。

8.滞育：由光周期引起的生长发育暂时停止的现象，一旦进入滞育，必须经过一定条件的刺激，昆虫才能在回到合适的光周期时继续生长发育。

9.羽化：昆虫由蛹或老熟幼虫破壳而出的过程叫羽化。

10.补充营养：成虫期所进行的营养。

11.趋光性：就是昆虫对光刺激进行趋向或背向活动的习性。

12.完全变态：一生经历卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期四个时期，其翅是在幼虫的体壁下发育，不显露在体外的变态方式叫完全变态。

13.化蛹：昆虫由老熟幼虫脱皮而产生蛹的过程叫化蛹或蛹化。

14.孵化：昆虫完成胚胎发育后，卵破壳而出的过程叫孵化。

15.虫龄：幼虫的大小或生长进程叫虫龄。

虫龄以蜕皮次数做为指标，虫龄＝蜕皮次数+116.龄期：相邻两次蜕皮之间所经历的时间间隔，就是该虫龄的龄期。

17.生长脱皮：昆虫在幼虫阶段所进行的蜕皮，脱皮后伴随着体积的增大，而没有重大的形态上的改变。

18. 离蛹：附肢和翅悬垂游离于蛹体外，可以活动，同时腹节间也能自由活动。

19.渐变态：幼虫期与成虫期在形态和生活习性等方面都很相似，只是翅未成长和生殖器官未成熟。

20.半变态：幼期水生生活，成虫陆生，以致成幼期具有明显的形态分化。

1 昆虫学(1)基本词汇生理和解剖：Transverse section of abdom of an insect体腔body cavity血腔haemocoele血淋巴haemolymph背血管dorsal vessel=大动脉aorta+心脏heart背膈dorsal diaphragm腹膈ventral diaphragm背血窦(围心窦)dorsal sinus围脏窦periviseeral sinus腹血窦ventral sinus 腹神经索ventral nerve cord脂肪体fat-body消化系统digestive system消化和营养digestion and nutrition消化道alimentary canal口mouthpart食道oesophagus嗉囊crop前胃proventriculus胃盲囊caecum(caeca)中肠mid-gut后肠small intestine (hind gut)回肠ileum结肠colon直肠rectum马氏管Malpighian tubes胃stomach滤室filter chamber环肌circular muscles纵肌longitudimal muscles激食要素phagostimalant蛋白质protein氨基酸amino acid糖sugar脂肪fat 维生素vitamin无机质inorgaic iron唾液腺salivary gland酯酶esterase（短链）脂酶lipase （长链）体壁body wall=tegument基膜basement membrane真皮层epidermis表皮层cuticle内表皮endocuticle外表皮exocuticle上表皮epicuticle蜕皮腺ecdysial gland膜原细胞tormogen cell毛原细胞trichogen cell几丁质chitin多元酚polyphenol氧化酶oxidase硬化harden暗化darken色素pigment黑色素melain pigment类胡萝卜素carotenoid(orange)蝶啶(是一类荧光色素)pterin(fluorescent pigment) 渗透性permeability外骨骼skeleton电解质electrolyte表皮内突ingrowth capodemes= endeskeleton表皮外突outgrowth非细胞外突non-cellular outgrowth微毛microtrichia细胞性外突cellular outgrowth单细胞外突unicellular outgrowth刚毛setae毒毛poisonous hair鳞片scale多单细胞外突刺stab＝thorn距spur色素色=化学色pigment color=chemical color鳞片scale结构色＝光学色strucrual color＝chemical color折射refract散射scatter反散reflect脊椎动物vertebrate无脊椎动物inverterate呼吸系统respiratory system呼吸respiration气管系统tracheal system=管状内陷物tabule invagination气门spiracles 气管trachea 分级气管intracellulav tracheloes气管口tracheal orifice气管腔atrium＝tracheal背纵干dorsal longitudinal trunks侧纵干secondary longitudinal trunks腹纵干ventral longitudiaual trunks背气管dorsal trachea内脏管visceral trachea物理腮physical gill循环系统circilatory system肌肉系统muscular system神经系统nervous system神经原=神经细胞neurones=nerve cell突触synapses中枢神经系统central nervous system交感神经系统sympathelic nervous system周缘神经系统peripheral nervous system前脑protocerebrum视叶optic lobe中脑deutocerebrum后脑tritocerebrum静息电位resting potential动作电位action potential昆虫激素和外激素昆虫激素insect hormone：由内分泌器官分泌的、具有高度活性的微量化学物质。

普通昆虫学_中国农业大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.（）是昆虫运动的中心。

答案:胸部2.昆虫学英文（）。

答案:Entomology3.（）不是附肢特化而来。

答案:翅4.咀嚼式口器中，具有切断和撕裂食物的结构是（）。

答案:上颚5.蓟马的翅属于（）。

答案:缨翅6.（）是表皮中最坚硬的一层。

答案:外表皮7.中肠的（）具有分泌消化酶和吸收消化产物的功能。

答案:柱状细胞8.昆虫体内位于触角、翅和附肢的基部，辅助心脏进行血液循环的结构，叫（）。

答案:辅搏器9.昆虫通过（）将氧气输送到体内的组织和细胞中。

答案:微气管10.昆虫的腹神经索包括头部的（）和胸、腹部的一系列神经节和神经索。

答案:咽下神经节11.利己素对（）。

答案:释放者有利12.蚜虫的蜜露属于（）。

答案:协同素13.卵的形成或称卵子发生始于( )。

答案:卵母细胞14.缨翅目、同翅目粉虱科和雄性介壳虫中，幼期向成虫期转变时要经过一个不食又不大动的类似蛹的虫龄，这种变态叫（）。

答案:过渐变态15.在昆虫的胎后发育中，虫体的生长主要在（）进行。

答案:若虫或幼虫16.（）是分类的基本阶元。

答案:物种17.为害十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫小菜蛾，属于（）。

答案:菜蛾科18.（）科的蝴蝶前翅Sc脉基部常膨大，部分种类的Cu脉及 A脉的基部也有膨大。

答案:眼蝶19.下列昆虫中，跗节为隐4节（或称拟3节）的是（）。

答案:瓢甲科20.某一空间中全部生物种群的集合体，叫（）。

答案:群落21.生活在有限空间和有限资源供应的环境条件下的昆虫种群，呈（）生长。

答案:“S”型22.（）昆虫前翅多具伪脉。

答案:食蚜蝇科23.（）是昆虫步行足中最发达的一节。

答案:腿节（或股节）24.（）昆虫腹部的粘管、握弹器及弹器都是附肢特化而来的。

答案:弹尾目25.前胃位于昆虫的（）。

答案:前肠26.中肠的（）具有分泌消化酶和吸收消化产物的功能。

答案:柱状细胞27.肌细胞呈细长的纤维状，故又称（）。

E-C American Heritage Dictionarybluetongue n.A viral disease of sheep and cattle that is transmitted by biting insects and is characterized by fever, the formation of oral lesions, and swelling and cyanosisof the lips and tongue.蓝舌病：羊、牛的病毒性疾病，由蚊虫叮咬传染，症状为发烧、口腔腐烂、唇舌肿胀、发紫entomophilous adj.Pollinated by insects.虫媒的：依靠昆虫传粉的cephalic adj.1. Of or relating to the head.头的：属于或关于头的2. Located on, in, or near the head.头部的：位于头上、头内或靠近头的anterior adj.Abbr. a.1. Placed before or in front.前面的：位于前部的，前面的2. Occurring before in time; earlier.先前的：时间上先发生的；较早的3. Anatomy Located near or toward the head in lower animals.【解剖学】头部附近的：位于或朝着低级动物头部附近的4. Located on or near the front of the body in higheranimals.身体附近的，身体前部的：位于高级动物身体附近或前部的5. Located on or near the front of an organ or on the ventral surface of the body in human beings.人体器官的，人体器官附近的，人体前侧面的：位于人体某器官或附近的，或在人体前侧面的6. Botany In front of and facing away from the axis or stem.【植物学】茎干前部的：在茎或干前部且背向茎干的caudal adj. Anatomy【解剖学】1. Of, at, or near the tail or hind parts; posterior:后部的：尾巴的或后部的、在或接近尾巴或后部的；后面的：the caudal fin of a fish.鱼的后鳍2. Situated beneath or on the underside; inferior.后面的：位于下部或内侧的；下方的3. Zoology Taillike.【动物学】尾状的posterior adj.1. Located behind a part or toward the rear of a structure.后部的，后面的：位于某部分之后的，在结构之尾部的2. Relating to the caudal end of the body in quadrupeds or the dorsal side in human beings and other primates.背后的，尾部的：与四足兽的身体尾部有关的，或与人类和其他灵长动物的背部有关的3. Botany Next to or facing the main stem or axis. 【植物学】近茎轴一侧的：紧挨着主茎或轴的，面向主茎或轴的4. Coming after in order; following.在后的，其次的：次序上较后的；相继的5. Following in time; subsequent.随后的，后来的：时间上较后的；随后的n.The buttocks.屁股dorsal adj.1. Anatomy Of, toward, on, in, or near the back or upper surface of an organ, a part, or an organism. 【解剖学】背的：背侧的，背上的，近背部的，器官或组织的上表面2. Botany Of or on the outer surface, underside, or back of an organ.【植物学】背部的：器官外表面的或器官外表面上、底面或器官的背部ventral adj.1. Anatomy Relating to or situated on or close to the abdomen; abdominal.【解剖学】腹的；腹部的；腹面的：关于或位于或邻近腹部的；腹部的2. Relating to or situated on or close to the anterior aspect of the human body or the lower surface of the body of an animal.前侧的：关于或位于或邻近人体前部的或动物身体下部表面的3. Botany Of or on the lower or inner surface of an organ that faces the axis; adaxial.【植物学】向下一面的，内面的：属于或在向着茎轴的器官的下部或内部表面上的；近轴的n.1. A ventral fin.腹鳍；臀鳍2. The abdominal segment of an insect.腹面：昆虫的腹部体节lateral adj.1. Of, relating to, or situated at or on the side.侧面的：属于、关于或位于侧面的2. Of or constituting a change within an organization or a hierarchy to a position at a similar level, as in salary or responsibility, to the one being left:横向的：属于或构成在组织或机构内部的位置变动，这种变动是同级变动，例如在工资或责任上，以填补空缺的位置：made a lateral move within the company.在公司内部进行平级调动3. Linguistics Of, relating to, or being a sound produced by breath passing along one or both sides of the tongue.【语言学】边音的：属于、关于或由通过舌的一侧或两侧的气息发出的声音proximal adj.1. Nearest; proximate.最近的；最接近的2. Anatomy Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment, or the midline of the body:【解剖学】接近中央的：接近一个参照点、比起点、附着点或身体中线的：the proximal end of a bone.骨骼的近中心端basal adj.Botany Located at or near the base of a plant stem, or at the base of any other plant part:【植物学】基生的：位于植物干茎的基部或附近，或在植物任何部分的基部：basal placentation.基部胎盘distal adj.1. Anatomically located far from a point of reference, such as an origin or a point of attachment.末梢的，末端的：解剖上远离参照点的，如起点或可缚的一点2. Situated farthest from the middle and front of the jaw, as a tooth or tooth surface.远侧的，远中的：远离颌的中前部的，如牙齿或齿面apical adj.1. Of, relating to, located at, or constituting an apex. 顶端的：顶端的，有关、位于或构成顶端的2. Linguistics Of, relating to, or articulated with the tip of the tongue, as t, d,and s.【语言学】用舌尖发音的：用舌尖发音的，如t，d和s，与其相关的segment n.1. Any of the parts into which something can be divided:部分，片：某些可被分割的任一片：segments of the community; a segment of a television program.社区的组成部分；电视节目的一个片断2. Mathematics The portion of a line between any two points on the line. 【数学】线段：线上任意两点间的部分3. The area bounded by a chord and the arc of a curve subtended by the chord.弓形，扇形：由弦正对的弦和弧线的弧所成的区域4. The portion of a sphere cut off by two parallel planes.球缺：被两个平行平面切割的球的一部分5. Biology A clearly differentiated subdivision of an organism or part, such as a metamere.【生物学】体节：某一器官或部位再分的有明显区别的部分，如分裂片metamere n. Zoology【动物学】Any of the homologous segments, lying in a longitudinal series, that compose the body of certain animals, such as earthworms and lobsters. Also called somite体节：任一纵向排列的相同器官中的一节，它构成某些动物的躯体，如蚯蚓和龙虾，也作somitetagma n.tag.ma.taA distinct section of an anthropod, consisting of two or more adjoining segments, such as the cephalothorax of a spider.法子：一种节肢动物的一节，包含两个或更多相连的环节，比如一只蜘蛛的头胸部sclerotization n.The process by which the cuticle of an arthropod is hardened by formation of sclerotin.硬化：节肢动物的表皮通过硬蛋白的形成而变硬的过程exoskeleton n.A hard outer structure, such as the shell of an insect or a crustacean, that provides protection or support for an organism.外骨骼：为生物提供保护或支持的坚硬的外部结构，象甲壳类动物或昆虫的骨盘tergum n.The upper or dorsal surface, especially of a body segment of an insect or other arthropod.背板：上部或背部表面，尤指昆虫或其它节肢动物的身体的一部分notum n.The dorsal part of the thoracic segment of an insect. 背板：昆虫胸节的背部表面sternum n.A long flat bone in most vertebrates that is situated along the ventral midline of the thorax and articulates with the ribs. The manubrium of thesternum articulates with the clavicles in human beings and certain other vertebrates. Also called breastbone胸骨：位于多数脊椎动物延胸部中线并与肋骨相连的一块长而平的骨头，人类和一些其它脊椎动物胸骨的胸骨柄与锁骨相连，也作breastbonepleuron n.An external, lateral part of the body segments of arthropods.侧板：节肢动物体节的外部的侧面部分tergite n.A sclerite forming one of the constituents of a tergum.背甲：组成动物背甲几部分之一的一种硬壳sternite n.The ventral shield or plate of each segment of the body of an insect or other arthropod.腹片：昆虫或其它节肢动物身体每一节的腹甲或板suture n.1. Anatomy The line of junction or an immovable joint between two bones, especially of the skull. 【解剖学】骨缝：位于两骨之间的结合处或不动关节的缝，尤其是头颅骨2. Biology A seamlike joint or line of articulation, such as the line of dehiscence in a dry fruit or the spiral seam marking the junction of whorls of a gastropod shell.【生物学】缝线：类似于接缝的关节或关节线，如干果中的裂口缝或腹足纲动物外壳的软体连结处的螺旋形缝线sulcus n.1. A deep, narrow furrow or groove, as in an organ ora tissue.沟，槽：一条深而窄的沟或槽，如在某一器官或组织中2. Anatomy Any of the narrow fissures separating adjacent convolutions of the brain.【解剖学】脑沟：任何一条分离大脑相邻脑回的狭窄褶皱endoskeleton n.An internal supporting skeleton, derived from the mesoderm, that is characteristic of vertebrates and certain invertebrates.骨骼：体内支撑的骨骼，由中胚层而来的，是脊椎动物及某些无脊椎动物所特有的特性appendage n.1. Something added or attached to an entity of greater importance or size; an adjunct.附属物，附件，附加物：附加或附在更重要或更大实体上的东西；附加物2. Biology A part or an organ, such as an arm, a leg, a tail, or a fin, that is joined to the axis or trunk of a body.【生物学】附器，附肢：与身体的轴或躯干相连的部位或器官，如胳膊、腿、尾或鳍Reference Terms:appendage, appurtenance, adjunct, accessory, attachmentThese nouns denote subordinate elements that are added to another entity. An这些名词均指加到另一实体上的从属成份。

普昆二第二十三章昆虫系统学的基本原理●种是生物中具有统一的构造和一定的地理分布，能够交配、产出可育后代，与其他种存在生殖隔离的群体。

●一些形态相似、亲缘相近的种集合在一起组成属，特征相近的属组成科，近缘的科组成目，目上又归为纲，纲上并为界。

这些界、门、纲、目、科、属和种等排列等级就是分类阶元，而位于分类阶元上的具体生物类群即为分类单元。

下面以东亚飞蝗为例说明一下常用的分类阶元：分类阶元分类单元界：动物界Animalia门：节肢动物门Arthropoda纲：昆虫纲Insecta目：直翅目Orthoptra总科：蝗总科Acridoidea科：斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae属：飞蝗属Locusta种：飞蝗Locusta migratoria L.亚种：东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen)亚种是指昆虫种内地理分布不同或寄主不同，并具有一定的形态差异的亚群。

●双名法与三名法双名法，是指一个属名和一个种名构成一个物种的学名(scientific name) 。

学名必须是一个分类阶元的拉丁或拉丁化的名称。

这里必须指出，种名不能单独使用，只有当属名和种名组合构成一个双名时，才能代表一种动物的名称。

学名之后为命名人的姓氏。

三名法，指一个名称包含三个词，属名、种名及亚种名，其后为命名人的姓氏（命名亚种的学者的姓氏）。

●同物异名与异物同名异物同名：不同的分类阶元用完全相同的名称来表示，这样的名称为异物同名。

这也包括词干相同。

第一个名称为首同名，以后的名称为次同名。

首同名是有效名称。

同物异名：一个分类单元用了两个或两个以上的名称称为同物异名。

第一个名称为首异名。

首异名是有效名。

●模式标本建立新种时，据以鉴定和描述新种的所有标本。

模式标本代表了作者的新种概念，并作为鉴定比较的依据。

对于每一个种的名称都有一个固定的参考，从而使后人能够改正分类工作中的错误。

✓模式方法：将分类单元的名称与载名模式联系起来的方法。

昆虫学常用专业英语词汇Antenna：触角Denticles：小齿（爪垫）Claw：爪Tarsus：跗节Tibia：胫节Femur：腿节Ocelli：单眼Anterior：前侧Inner edge：内缘Foreleg：前足Posterior：后侧Outer edge：外缘Middle leg：中足Pronotum：前胸背板Mesonotum：中胸背板Lateral：侧面Mesal：中线Posterior：后部Metanotum：后胸背板Hind leg：后足Forewing pad：前足Coxa：基节Trochanter：转节Hind wing pad:后翅Gills:鳃Abdomen:腹部Posterolateral projection:后外侧Cerci:尾丝Terminal filament:终丝Caudal filaments:中尾丝Labrum：上唇Hypopharynx：下咽部Incisors：切齿叶Prostheca：臼叶Molar：臼齿Right mandible：右下颌骨Left mandible：左下颌骨Galea-lacinia：外-内颚叶Palpus：颚须Right maxilla：右大颚（上颚）Left maxilla：左大颚（上颚）Paraglossa：侧唇舌Glossa：中唇舌Labium：下唇Vertex：头顶Median ocellus：中单眼Lateral ocellus：侧单眼Frons：额Compound eye：复眼Mandible：上颚（下颌骨）Postclypeus：后唇基Anteclypeus：前唇基Cercus：尾毛Epiproct：肛上板Auricle：叶耳male genitalia：雄性外生殖器Occiput：枕骨部Paraprocts：肛侧板Ovipositor：产卵管Median cleft：正中裂Thorax：胸部Wing pada：翅牙Movable hook：活动钩Palpal setae：触须刚毛Ligula：唇舌Premental setae：前骇刚毛Proximal area：近端区域Nodus：结节Distal area：末端区域Antenodal crossveins：结前横脉Postnodal crossveins：结后横脉Anal vein：臀脉Quadrangle：四方室·Burrowing hook：挖掘钩End hook：端钩Palpal lobe：触须叶Dorsal hook：背钩Lateral spine：侧棘Cercus：尾毛arculus：弓脉Palpal seta：须肢毛frontal horn：前角labrum：唇板prothoracic leg：前胸足subtriangle：亚三角室anal triangle:臀三角anal loop：臀套frontal shell：额壳vulvar lamina：下生殖板anal appendages：肛附器nodus：结节denticulate lobe：齿状叶angulate margin：有角的边缘ridge：脊spine：刺、棘prothoracic coxa：前胸基节mesothoracic coxa：中胸基节parallel wing cases：平行的鞘翅divergent wing cases：发散的鞘翅trochanter：转节tarsal claw：跗爪basal subcostal crossveins：基肋下横脉supertriangle：上三角室trigonal planate：三角平面anterior hamule：前钩列subanal lobes：肛下叶anal cell：臀室anal vein：臀脉costal vein：前缘脉subcostal vein：亚前缘脉radial vein：径脉radial sector：径分级anterior cubital：肘前部median vein：主脉（中脉）posterior cubital：肘后部gentital hook：钩形突subgenital plate：下生殖板posterior supracoxal gill：后基节鳃thoracic gill：胸鳃posterior supracoxal gill：后基节鳃infracoxal gill：基节下鳃paraglossa：侧舌labial palp：唇须submental gill：亚颏鳃setal fringe：刚毛边缘。

2005一、基础知识用中文解释下列术语1. synonym, homonym；Synonym:一种昆虫只能有一个学名，以后任何人所定的学名都叫做异名，是不被采用的。

Homonym：同样一个学名，只能用于一种昆虫，如果用作为另一种昆虫的名称，就成为同名，也不为科学界所承认。

对这些同名和异名，以后的人有权来修订它。

这样就保证了动物界中所有属名都各不相同，同一属内的种名也各不相同。

2. vein, venation;Vein 翅脉：是翅的两层薄膜之间纵横行走的条纹。

由气管部位加厚所形成，对翅膜起着支架的作用。

Venation 脉相：翅脉在翅上的数目和分布型式称为脉相。

3、色素色，结构色；（已有）色素色：又称化学色，是昆虫着色的基本形式，这类体色是由于虫体一定部位有某些化合物的存在造成的，这些物质吸收某种长光波，而反射其他光波形成各种颜色。

这类物质一般是新陈代谢的产物，如黑色素和嘌呤色素，但黄色的类胡萝卜素来自食物，它常与蓝色四吡啶色素结合，形成很多昆虫的绿色。

根据色素色所在位置不同，色素色又可分为表皮色、真皮色、真皮下色和表皮上色四类。

翅上的斑纹属表皮色，其特点是昆虫死后仍保持稳定。

蜻蜓体色中的黄色斑来自真皮细胞层，因而虫体死亡后，随着皮细胞破坏而消失。

有些昆虫体壁透明，其体色由内部器官的颜色来决定称真皮下色。

有些昆虫如蜻蜓当性成熟时表皮上出现柔软的绒毛似的白色蜡质，称表皮上色。

结构色：又称物理色，是由于昆虫体壁上有瘠薄的蜡层、刻点、沟缝或鳞片等细微结构，使光波发生散射、衍射或干涉而产生的各种颜色。

如甲虫体壁表面的金属光泽和闪光等是典型的结构色，它不能被化学药品或热水处理而消失。

4、平衡棒，翅的连锁；平衡棒：双翅目的后翅退化成棒状称为平衡棒。

翅的连锁：在鳞翅目、同翅目和膜翅目等许多昆虫中，前翅和后翅借一些连锁器连接起来，使前后翅在飞行时互相配合，协调动作，称为翅的连锁。

在鳞翅目中，翅的连锁有四种类型：翅轭连锁、翅缰连锁、翅轭翅缰连锁、贴接连锁。