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英语语法讲座――倒装省略强调１.倒装：英语的一般语序为：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语（或表语） + （状语等附加成分）。
有时为了语法上或修辞上的需要而改变这种语序，如将谓语动词放到主语的前面，就称为倒装。
因语法需要的倒装称为"语法倒装"，例如英语中的疑问句多采用倒装形式，如Are you a doctor or an engineer? 因修辞需要，如为了强调、句子结构均衡或承上启下等目的倒装，称为"修辞性倒装"，例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. （山顶上有一座漂亮的小屋。
）。
就应试而言，以下倒装现象应给予特别注意（按考试中出现的频率高低顺序排列）：1）not, not until, never, no, no sooner, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few 等否定词开头的句子，比较：例1正常语序：I shall never forget the first days at college.倒装语序：Never shall I forget the first days at college.（我永远不会忘记初上大学的那些日子）例2正常语序：I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.倒装语序：Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.（直到最近我才知道什么叫市场经济。
）以上两个句子采用倒装语序的主要目的是为了强调。
在这一节中，要特别注意以下三个倒装句型：not until… ，见以上例2no sooner …than…，例如：No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions.（她刚念完这首诗，学生们就开始向她提问题了。
第13章强调、语序、倒装和省略所谓强调，就是指要突出句中的某一个部分，使其显得更加重要。
强调句的基本句型是：It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。
倒装也是强调的手段之一。
省略是为了避免重复或是由于习惯而省略句子中的一个或几个句子成分。
本章将从强调句的基本句型讲起，之后对语序做分类讲解，包括定语的语序和状语的语序，然后对倒装做全面的分析，最后讲解英语中关于省略的重要用法。
典型例句：1.It was in London that I met Ann.（强调）我是在伦敦遇到安的。
2.Do you like these animals?（倒装）你喜欢这些动物吗？3.（I am）Glad to see you.（省略）很高兴见到你。
一、强调1.强调句的基本句型1.用下面的句型来强调某个词或某个短语句型：It is/was+被强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分They will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.他们明天要在这个办公室开个会。
→It is they who/that will have a meeting in this office tomorrow.（强调主语）就是他们（而不是别人），明天要在这个办公室开个会。
→It is a meeting that they will have in this office tomorrow.（强调宾语）他们明天要在这个办公室开个会（而不是做别的）。
→It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in this office.（强调时间状语）→It is in this office that they will have a meeting tomorrow.（强调地点状语）就在这个办公室（而不是其他地方），他们明天要开个会。
倒装、强调和省略倒装Inversion英语的一般语序(自然语序Natural Order)为：主语+ 谓语动词+ 宾语（或表语）+ (状语等附加成分)。
有时为了语法上或修辞上的需要而改变这种语序。
一、语法倒装1. 句首是由某些表示地点状语的副词开头，或者方位副词、介词短语放在句首时，主谓全部倒装(Full Inversion)。
比如：here, back, down, off, in, up，hence, then, thus, often, so，out, up, away, on等，通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时，谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
主语为主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here is your letter. 这是你的信。
Down came the rain. 下雨了。
Hence comes the name magnet. 由此得名“磁铁”。
Into the sky went the plane. 飞机飞向天空。
Away went the girl to the school! 这个女孩到学校去了！Off goes the woman! 那个女人走了！2. 以there开头，表示“….有….”, “There+be+主语”结构；在正式文体中，当主语不明确是一个很长的名词短语时，用“there+不及物动词+主语”结构。
There are more important matters we need to discuss.我们有很多重要的事情需要讨论。
There entered a strange little man.走进来一个奇怪而身材矮小的人。
3. 主语+ live, stand, lie, sit 等动词+（介词）地点状语的结构中常采用倒装语序。
正常语序：An old temple stands at the top of the hill.倒装语序：At the top of the hill stands an old temple.山顶上有座古庙。
英语中的倒装、强调和省略倒装 Inversion英语的一般语序(自然语序Natural Order)为：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语（或表语） + (状语等附加成分)。
有时为了语法上或修辞上的需要而改变这种语序。
一、语法倒装1. 句首是由某些表示地点状语的副词开头，或者方位副词、介词短语放在句首时，主谓全部倒装(Full Inversion)。
比如：here, back, down, off, in, up，hence, then, thus, often, so，out, up, away, on等，通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时，谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
主语为主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here is your letter. 这是你的信。
Down came the rain. 下雨了。
Hence comes the name magnet. 由此得名“磁铁”。
Into the sky went the plane. 飞机飞向天空。
Away went the girl to the school! 这个女孩到学校去了！Off goes the woman! 那个女人走了！2. 以there开头，表示“….有….”, “There+be+主语”结构；在正式文体中，当主语不明确或是一个很长的名词短语时，用“there+不及物动词+主语”结构。
There are more important matters we need to discuss.我们有很多重要的事情需要讨论。
There entered a strange little man.走进来一个奇怪而身材矮小的人。
3. 主语 + live, stand, lie, sit 等动词+（介词）地点状语的结构中常采用倒装语序。
正常语序：An old temple stands at the top of the hill.倒装语序：At the top of the hill stands an old temple.山顶上有座古庙。
强调、替代、省略和倒装知识要点归纳强调、省略、替代为了表达说话人强烈的感情色彩或达到语法结构的需要，常采用强调。
应用中，强调常通过强调结构、语法性倒装、修辞性倒装等来体现。
作为修辞手段，省略和替代能使语句简练、紧凑，但往往给学生的理解和选择造成一定的障碍。
在近几年的高考题中省略和替代现象时有出现，而且出错率较高，原因是因为大多数考生对省略和替代的规律不明了。
请注意下面的说明。
一.强调结构为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语、或状语），常用强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分+tha t(who)…表示强调的it 在这种结构的句子中作主句的主语。
如：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that (who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…另外，还要注意下面几点。
1)在强调主语时，that 后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的一致It is I who am a teacher.2)即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数如：It is they who often help me with my lessons.3)在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why 或how ，而用that如：It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.4)在强调not … until 结构中由until 短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型It is(was) not until ...that...。
倒装强调省略倒装（Inversion）一. 在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。
但有时谓语的全部或一部分却提到主语面前，这种语序叫做“倒装”。
倒装的原因是一语法结构的需要，二是为了强调。
二. 倒装分成部分倒装和完全倒装（全部倒装）部分倒装：把be动词,助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。
完全倒装：整个谓语置于主语前（此时的谓语是一个单个形式，不借助动词）。
如：1. Not only did he come , but he went to her . (部分倒装)助动词主语谓语2. From the window came the sound of music (完全倒装)介词短语谓语主语三. 高中英语学习中应掌握的知识点。
1．在一般疑问句和特殊疑问句中。
如：Is the person’s blood circulating ?Why did Hawking need a PHD ?How can we grow rice in areas where there is little water ?2．在there be 结构中：如：There is a rumor that a large company wants to build a factory in your town .There will be a basketball match this afternoon .3. 在here , there 或out ,in , up , down , away 副词开头的句子里，以示强调。
如：The bell goes there. (原句) →There goes the bell. (倒装句)The bus comes here. (原句)→H ere comes the bus .(倒装句)The children rushed out. (原句)→Out rushed the children .(倒装句) The boy went away. (原句) →Away went the boy.(倒装句)注意：主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。
省略、倒装和强调省略为了使句子结构更加紧密或为了避免重复，而将前面或后面已经出现过的词语省略，或因习惯上的用法而省略部分词语，这样所形成的句子叫省略句。
一. 简单句中的省略1. 省略主语在祈使句或某些习惯性的用法中常省略主语。
如(You) Close the door at once.(It) Sounds fine to me.2. 省略主语和谓语的一部分在表示建议的问句、比较状语从句、感叹句和there be句型中常省略。
如What (do you think) about a cup of tea? He speaks English as well as you (do).What a (good) girl (she is)! (Is there) anything elso to buy?3. 省略宾语、表语这种省略常见于对话的答语中。
如---Which of the two is better?---It’s hard to tell (it).He is hard-working and so is his sister (hard-working).4. 名词所有格后名词的省略名词所有格修饰的名词有上下文已出现或表示店铺、住宅、教堂等地点时常省略。
如These are John’s books and those are Mary’s (books).At her mother’s (house) she passed many happy days.5. 冠词的省略在某些固定短语the next day（morning，week，year …）中，有时为了使语气紧凑，定冠词the常可以省略；在副词的最高级前面定冠词常可以省略；另外在某些独立结构中和as引导的让步状语从句中，常可省略冠词。
如We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.He sings (the) best in the class. Child as she is, she knows a lot.6. 介词的省略一些动词搭配构成的短语，如prevent / stop sb（from）doing，have trouble / difficulty/ problems（in）doing，spend time（in）doing等中的介词常可以省略。
如Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river?I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.7. 动词不定式中的省略如果不定式所表示的内容在上文中已经出现，为了避免重复，常常把不定式里的动词及其后续部分省略，只保留to。
如---Will you go with me?---Well, I’d like to (go with you).动词不定式省略的八种情况：○1有些动词，如believe，find，think，feel，consider，imagine，prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj.中的to be可以省略。
如I consider him (to be) lazy.His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.○2当不定式在某些动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，不定式常省略。
常见动词有wish，warn，invite，allow，ask，force，forbid，permit，persuade，order等。
如Why didn’t he come earlier? He was told to (come early).She didn’t come, though we had invited her to (come).○3在can not but，can not choose but，can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but 之前有实义动词do的某个形式do，does，did，done时，也不带to，否则要带to。
如I can not but admire his courage.He has no choice but to accept the fact.○4当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略，常见动词有afford，agree，expect，forger，wish，want，refuse，remember，pretend，manage，know，hope等。
如I would like to do it for you, but I don’t know how to (do it for you).Nothing has ever stopped him from sleeping when he wants to (sleep).○5感官动词see，hear，feel，watch，notice等以及使役动词let，make，have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。
如They made the boy go to bed early.---- The boy was made to go to bed early.注意：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略，也可以保留。
○6当不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常承前省略。
如---Will you join us in the game?---I’ll be glad to (join you in the game).You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not ready to (answer the question).○7不定式在chance，courage，time等名词后作定语时可省略，此时to也常省去。
如I haven’t read the book, but I wish I would have time (to read the book).温馨提示：如承前省略的不定式内容含有be或作助动词用的have，to后要保留be或have。
如---Are you a student?---No, but I used to be.John didn’t come, but he ought to have.○8当不定式在be going to，be able to，have to，ought to，used to后作复合谓语时，不定式符号后的内容可省略。
如I didn’t want to wait for him but I had to (wait for him).They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).二. 并列句中的省略1.如果后面分句中的谓语动词有与前面相同的部分，则省略谓语动词相同的成分。
如Bob has done his homework, but Tom hasn’t (done his homework).2.主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。
如He gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.3.主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略。
如She was poor but (she was) honest.His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.三. 复合句中的省略1. 名词性从句中的省略○1wh-特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句，若有与前面主句重复的内容，则可将重复内容省略，而只保留特殊疑问词wh-。
如Someone has used my bike, but I don’t know who (has used it).He will come back, but he does n’t know when (he will come back).He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).You are unhappy. Can you tell me why (you’re unhappy)?○2在某些表虚拟语气的名词性从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。
如It is important that we (should) speak to the old politely.○3在I’m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答句时，后面跟“so”与“not”分别表示肯定和否定，宾语从句可省去。
如---Do you think it will rain?---I hope not (that it will not rain).注意：I don’t hope so.(×)---Do you believe our team will win?---I guess so.2. 定语从句中的省略○1在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that，which，who（whom）常可以省略。
如The man (who / whom) I saw is called Smith.Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?○2有些定语从句，在不引起歧义的情况下，可省略一些成分，变为“介词+ 关系代词+ 不定式”形式，从而使语句更加简洁。
如I was trying to find a place in which to lay all these books.上句的完整形式是：I was trying to find a place in which I could lay all these books.温馨提示：在这种句子里主句的主语必须与不定式的主语一致，否则不可改为省略式定语从句。
如I was trying to find a place in which my brother could live.不能改为I was trying to find a place in which to live.而I was trying to find a place in which I could live.可以改为I was trying to find a place in which to live.○3在限制性定语从句中“起”表语作用的关系代词可以省略。
