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1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.词汇突破：cognitive 认知的（后天习得的）Intuitive 先天的和以上这组单词概念相同的表达还有：Nature先天；nurture后天；born ;先天的；made 后天的；innate天生的；Acquired后天习得；Determine 决定Coupled with 相当于and,想类似的表达还有along with ; combined with等。
主干识别：句子的主语是This success和later research ；谓语是led; 宾语是Ericsson; 不定式短语to conclude 做状语；主干结构是：this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …其他成分：在research后面接一个现在分词短语做后置定语，在这个现在分词短语中that引导的从句做showing 的宾语；在不定式短语中that引导的从句做conclude的宾语；more…than结构翻译为与其说，不如说。
微观解析：由于主语中的第二个并列成分比较长，且是用两个逗号隔开的，在阅读的时候可以跳读；把This success和动词led先连起来然后再来解析其他成分。
译文赏析：这种成功和后来表明记忆本身并不是先天决定的研究使爱立信总结道，记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为不如说是一种习得的行为。
2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.词汇突破：visualize 想象Figure out 发现和找出Suits 使…适合主干识别：句子主语是由how引导的一个主语从句，it是句子的形式主语；句子主干为: How …is not obvious.在主语从句中主语是capacity，谓语是suits 宾语是one ;其他成分：状语为to answer…主语后加上两个动词不定式做后置定语；动词不定式中的宾语questions后面接一个that引导的定语从句。
1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.5.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
2015考研英语基础班讲义(语法长难句部分)考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise插入语或隐性定, market- oriented economy 分译in which在这种经济中consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.合译例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.观众从网上知道了这则消息：几天前，西安发生了一起严重的爆炸事故。
高中英语长难句分析（附历年高考长难句100例）阅读理解得分低，往往是因为文章看不懂，文章中的句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。
句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。
下面我们来谈谈几种英语阅读长难句的处理方法。
如何处理长难句？1. 找谓语，找定语一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语)，我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。
而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。
如：People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。
【分析】that 引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage和hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。
2. 提主干，去枝叶一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。
若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。
如：Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.【句意】来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项研究是一个历时15年的课题，它记录了数千名在美国20世纪90年代中期上中学的一组青少年的财产情况。
难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高，无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。
从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。
从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。
从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态（过去分词除外），也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。
英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。
1）划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2）划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的除外）；3）名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4）非谓语动词结构看作一个整体；5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干；6）分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。
长难句分析的步骤举例：经典例题（2001年考研完型填空第二段）In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一，划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三，句子的结构分析:（1）主干结构是主语（Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor）+将来时谓语（will introduce）+宾语（a draft bill）；（2）that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一个谓语，making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语，在动名词短语内部，payments to witnesses做making的宾语，illegal是宾补；第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。
1. 首先寻找连词：连词包含并列连词，从属连词和关系词，并且依据连词将长句划分成短句；2. 依据五大句型基本结构，判断短句的句子成分。
注意区分谓语动词和非谓语动词（现在分词，动名词，过去分词，不定式），明确句子的谓语动词，剥离定语，状语，从而确定句子的基本结构。
第1句时间状语从句，定语从句1. When he returned, the boy was able to describe everything he had seen to the old man.长句分析：(1) When 引导的是时间状语从句;(2) He had seen: 是一个定语从句，修饰先行词everything. 由于定语从句缺少宾语，因此省略了关系代词that。
注意：先行词为不定代词everything时，关系代词不可使用Which；(3) To the old man: 是做动词describe的宾语补足语；(4) Describe: 描述. Describe something to somebody : 向某人描述某物;长句翻译: 当他回来时，这个男孩能向老人描述他所看到的一切。
第2句目的状语从句，宾语从句2. The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.长句分析：(1) so that : 引导了一个目的状语从句，so 前面的句子是主句，that 后面的句子是目的状语从句；(2) what 引导的是it knows的宾语从句,充当knows的宾语，it 是指示代词，指代的是robot. What在宾语从句中充当do的宾语；(3) have to : 不得不;劝告或建议时用;表示一定真实或肯定发生;(4) have a way to do something : 拥有做某事的方法；长句翻译：机器人必须有一个特定的方式来接收程序，这样它才能知道它要做什么。
2021高考英语阅读之长难句分析与练习（二）Exercise 1：长难句分析1.By the end of the century, we will have discovered other places in our solar system suitable for living and we will have discovered ways to go further into space.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】suitable adj.合适的，适当的；构成短语：be suitable for适合……他们认为这篇文章不宜发表。
约翰想换一个更加适合的工作。
【语法点拨】将来完成时的构成：will/shall have done，表示“到将来某一时间为止已经完成的动作”。
常与by + 将来时间，before+将来时间和by the time 引导的表示将来时间的从句连用。
如：到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。
我们到那里时她会已上班去了。
2. In today’s world, winners are celebrated and treated as heroes, but if doping and gene-therapy continue to affect the outcomes of major sporting events, the word “hero” will have lost all meaning.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】1) celebrate vt.庆祝全城放焰火来庆祝新年。
2) affect vt.影响，感动我坚定的告诉他，他的观点不会影响我的决定。
在场的听众都被他的演讲深深地打动了。
【语法点拨】将来完成时, 具体用法参见第6句。
3. One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about 500-550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time was attempting to rebuild the Roman Empire.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】attempt v.& n.尝试，试图威廉试图找到问题的解决办法。
大学英语核心语法及长难句精讲班引言：1.为什么学语法？语法（英语：Grammar）是指任意自然语言中控制子句、词组以及单词等结构的规则。
2.怎么学语法？at table at the tablein prison in the prisonat school at the schoolout of question out of the questionWe have been roasting the chicken for over 30 years.I really can’t imagine how crisp it will be.第一章动词概述一、谓语动词英语时态The first president of the US was George Washington, the second was John Adams, the third was Thomas Jefferson, and the sixteenth was Abraham Lincoln.Who is the president of the US?George WashingtonAbraham LincolnThomas JeffersonNone of the above某一时间某一动作所呈现的状态。
我们学英语。
我们学过英语。
我们在学英语。
我们将学英语。
一般现在时1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。
时间状语：every …, sometimes, at …, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning, twice a week.我每天早晨7点离开家去学校，一周两次。
2) 客观事实，普遍真理。
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。
高考英语真题长难句100句（翻译带解析）！1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like aman in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。
简析:夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。
2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mailis introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你,当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。
Sentence Fragments and Run-on SentencesA sentence is a group of words that names something and makes a statement about what is named.A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence because it lacks a subject, lacks a verb, or is a dependent clause. Fragments usually begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun. When sentences begin with subordinate conjunctions or relative pronouns, they must be joined to a main clause.FragmentsAlthough he wanted to go to the meeting.Whoever goes to the meeting.Complete sentencesAlthough he wanted to go to the meeting, his doctor advised him to stay home.Whoever goes to the meeting should bring back handouts for the rest of the group.Subordinate Conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as though, because, before, except, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whereasRelative Pronouns: that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whoseRun-on sentences usually occur as comma splices or fused sentences. A fused sentence occurs when independent clauses are joined with no punctuation. A comma splice occurs when only a comma joins two independent clauses.An independent clause is a sentence. It can stand alone and make sense. A dependent clause is a fragment. It cannot stand alone and make sense.Sentence Fragment PracticePlace a () in the left hand column if the sentence is actually a fragment.___ 1. While they were gone to the grocery store.___ 2. Going to Florida and to Jamaica for Spring Break.___ 3. Before the children have to go to bed.___ 4. They are beautiful.___ 5. Three of us went on the retreat.___ 6. Because she had gone to her friend's house late at night without asking for permission.___ 7. She won't eat them.___ 8. I don't know when she's coming back.___ 9. Since they left early in the morning.___ 10. Mike doesn't know.___ 11. Don't go into that room alone.___ 12. After you return from the store.___ 13. Because education is important.___ 14. We are leaving at 3:00.___ 15. Since she was dressed in white.___ 16. While he is planning to be in Europe for the summer.___ 17. There is nobody to help her.___ 18. They are running four miles every morning.___ 19. The importance of eating a healthy diet.___ 20. When they arrive tomorrow.Run-on Sentence PracticeCorrect the following run-on sentences by dividing them into two complete sentences. Add a period to the end of the first sentence, and capitalize the first letter in the second sentence.She wanted to go to the movie she called to find out what time the show started. Corrected: She wanted to go to the movie. She called to find out what time the show started.1.The red car is in the parking lot I don't know where the van and the motorcycle are.2.She was the best student in the class all the study groups invited her to participate.3.She found the house once she didn't think she could find it again.4.There are four possible routes I don’t know which is the best.5.He wanted to meet the group at the restaurant he called to find out what time toarrive.6.There weren't enough copies to go around we had to share the copies that wereavailable.7.You finished your work early you don't have to stay.8.She didn't want to miss her meeting she made sure she left early.9.They were in a desperate situation they didn't know what to do.10.The children wanted to go fishing they gathered the supplies they needed.11.She wanted to leave right after the ceremony too many people were around.12.She sang as loudly as she could everybody heard her.13.There was complete silence around me I still couldn't fall asleep.posted.15.The cat finally fell asleep the mouse ran through the room.16.The player attempted a final shot he won the game for the team.17.She didn't want to go she had no choice.18.He had written down his assignment he couldn't remember where he put that piece ofpaper.19.I was too sick to go I called and cancelled the plans.20.I might have gone later in the day before dawn was just too early.Run-on Sentence PracticeCorrect the following run-on sentences by using a semicolon. Semicolons may be used to join independent clauses not joined by coordinating conjunctions.She wanted to go to the movie she called to find out what time the show started. Corrected: She wanted to go to the movie; she called to find out what time the show started.1.The red car is in the parking lot I don't know where the van and the motorcycle are.2.She was the best student in the class all the study groups invited her to participate.3.She found the house once she didn't think she could find it again.4.There are four possible routes I don’t know which is the best.5.He wanted to meet the group at the restaurant he called to find out what time toarrive.6.There weren't enough copies to go around we had to share the copies that wereavailable.7.You finished your work early you don't have to stay.8.She didn't want to miss her meeting she made sure she left early.9.They were in a desperate situation they didn't know what to do.10.The children wanted to go fishing they gathered the supplies they needed.11.She wanted to leave right after the ceremony too many people were around.12.She sang as loudly as she could everybody heard her.13.There was complete silence around me I still couldn't fall asleep.posted.15.The cat finally fell asleep the mouse ran through the room.16.The player attempted a final shot he won the game for the team.17.She didn't want to go she had no choice.18.He had written down his assignment he couldn't remember where he put that piece ofpaper.19.I was too sick to go I called and cancelled the plans.20.I might have gone later in the day before dawn was just too early.Run-on Sentence PracticeCorrect the following run on sentences by using an appropriate coordinating conjunction and a comma. The coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so (FANBOYS).She wanted to go to the movie she called to find out what time the show started. Corrected: She wanted to go to the movie, so she called to find out what time the show started.1.The red car is in the parking lot I don't know where the van and the motorcycle are.2.She was the best student in the class all the study groups invited her to participate.3.She found the house once she didn't think she could find it again.4.There are four possible routes I don’t know which is the best.5.He wanted to meet the group at the restaurant he called to find out what time toarrive.6.There weren't enough copies to go around we had to share the copies that wereavailable.7.You finished your work early you don't have to stay.8.She didn't want to miss her meeting she made sure she left early.9.They were in a desperate situation they didn't know what to do.10.The children wanted to go fishing they gathered the supplies they needed.11.She wanted to leave right after the ceremony too many people were around.12.She sang as loudly as she could everybody heard her.13.There was complete silence around me I still couldn't fall asleep.14.She wanted to know her final grade she was the first one waiting for the grades to beposted.15.The cat finally fell asleep the mouse ran through the room.16.The player attempted a final shot he won the game for the team.17.She didn't want to go she had no choice.18.He had written down his assignment he couldn't remember where he put that piece ofpaper.19.I was too sick to go I called and cancelled the plans.20.I might have gone later in the day before dawn was just too early.Sentence Fragments and Run-on Sentence PracticeSelect the sentence from each group that is a sentence fragment or a run-on sentence.1. A. Probably two to three hours, depending on how hard the task is.B. The test seemed impossible, but I managed to make an A.C. We went shopping this past weekend.D. He wanted the blue one.2. A. When you use the conjunctions and, for, nor, but, or, for, or, yet, so.B. They promised to be there in time for the reception, but I expect they will be late.C. There were four in our group.D. Let's meet at Lucy's house, and remember to bring the soft drinks and popcorn.3. A. Mr. Smith, along with all of his students, took his place in the auditorium.B.The girls arrived late and left early; they only intended to make a briefappearance.C.It is important to spend time studying, however, rest and recreation are alsoimportant.D.The prosecution presented its case so well that it would be a surprise for the juryto return a verdict of not guilty.4. A. This position requires speaking, writing, and supervising skills.B.The conversation took place in her office, which was cluttered with papers andbooks.C.The activity is brisk in the living room and in the kitchen while people aresearching for a place to sit.D.This is not what I requested the color is too dark, and it's the wrong size.5. A. After searching through a loose-leaf binder of old homework assignments, hefinally found the notes he was searching for, and he began his intense studymarathon.B.The student entered the professor's office cautiously, and he wondered if theprofessor--especially someone so distinguished as to be the department head--could have any understanding of the stress students face.C.Then she would be calm.D.She looked at the cat again, who had been watching her, and the bird, which waschirping outside the window.6. A. He took the elevator up to the ninth floor; he was just in time for his appointment.B.She waited a minute before dialing the phone, still wondering if she was makingthe right decision.C.The child's mother looked at him disapprovingly; he was wet, and his new clotheswere covered in mud.D.Because there was a policy that only students of the school could check out booksfrom the library.7. A. Jane watched for a moment, and then went back to work.B.The teacher, having prepared the class for their exam.C.She stood up and put on her jacket and hat.D.Mary, sitting on the edge of her chair, watched to see the champion baton twirler'sfire and knife performance.8. A. He looked old; his hair and beard were gray.B.Because the only one in the room besides her was an old gentleman with a fragilehand placed on each knee, whose eyes were closed as if he were asleep or dead or meditating.C.Next to the young girl was the boy, still sleeping in the chair, and next to him wasan older man, constantly watching the clock.D.I like the way Judge Smith runs the courtroom; she has no trouble keeping order.9. A. His teaching position paid well; nevertheless, his graduate school tuition was agreat financial strain.B.Please don't ask me to read I didn't bring my glasses.C.We sang until midnight.D.She had the correct answer.10. A. Not wanting to appear overly ambitious.B.Learning to play a musical instrument takes a great deal of time and patience.C.All of the books on the list appealed to him, but he knew he would only have timeto read two during the trip.D.This is an important presentation for anyone interested in the field.。
