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托福阅读中的同义替换在托福考试中阅读的词汇量要求最大，这给很多学生都增加了负担，其实在提到一些难词、术语时一般都会进行paraphrase，即以更常见、更简单的词来解释说明这些词，通俗的说就是将这些不太好理解的单词进行同义替换。
一般说来，我们可以从如下几个方面来进行paraphrase转述表达：1. 同义词、反义词的替换AThe elephant is another animal that lives in groups. An elephant herd usually has from twenty to forty members. The elephants in theherd depend on one another for help in time of trouble.解析：此处groups/ herd是同义词;BDinosaurs were ancient species of reptiles. They lived on Earth for 160 million years. Some dinosaurs were as small as rabbits; others were enormous. Some ate meat, and others ate plants. They disappeared about 65 million years ago. Scientists believe that they starved to death. They think the climate changed quickly and caused many plants to die.解析：此处lived/ disappeared;small/enormous; meat /plants均为反义词词组;2. 词义词性的替换CRecently, more airport officers have been shocked by the growth of animal smuggling. Sometimes, they find live turtles, lizards, frogs, and snakes in passengers' carry-on bags. Smugglers use several tricks to bring animals through airports. They put live snakes into film boxes and birds into tennis ball cans. Police even found an iguana taped to a man's chest. Not all animals are smuggled alive, however. Many die on the way. Animal body parts are also found. These include antlers, skins, dried organs, hooves, or feet.解析：此处smuggling、Smugglers、smuggled都是单词smuggle的不同形式，为了表达不同的词性，做不同的成分，分别使用了不同的词性和词义。
托福口语替换词汇之中性词+贬义词托福高级形容词替换之中性词+贬义词中性形容词1、许多 manynumerous ['nju?m(?)r?s]Numerous factories have sprung up in this once desolate area.过去这一带满目苍凉，现在却有了无数的工厂。
a host ofThe special theory of relativity has raised a host of questions.狭义相对论引出了许多问题。
multitude ofI was awed by the multitude of stars in the night sky.夜空中的繁星震撼了我。
2、不同的 differentvarious['ve?r??s]These data have been collected from various sources.这些数据是从各方面搜集来的。
a variety ofA variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.各种重工业沿着港口逐渐开展起来。
diverse[da?'v??s]People hold diverse attitudes toward these new regulations.人们对于这些新规定抱有不同的态度。
3、普遍的 commoncommonplace ['k?m?nple?s]Yet on the most commonplace occasion I can never know your thoughts.然而即便在最普通的事情上我也琢摸不透你的心思。
universal[ju?n?'v??s(?)l]Such problems are a universal feature of senior citizens.这类问题是老年人的通病。
paraphrase技巧例子Paraphrasing（释义重述）是指用不同的措辞或表达方式来表达相同的含义。
这在写作、学术论文、或者进行文本转述时很有用。
以下是一些paraphrasing技巧的例子：1. 同义词替换：原文：The cat is on the mat.释义：The feline is on the rug.2. 更改句子结构：原文：The conference will take place in Paris next month.释义：Next month, the conference is scheduled to happen in Paris.3. 使用不同的形容词和副词：原文：She spoke loudly and confidently.释义：She spoke with a strong and assured voice.4. 变换时态：原文：The team won the championship last year.释义：Last year, the championship was won by the team.5. 改变从句的语序：原文：Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.释义：Despite the rain, they chose to take a walk.6. 加入或删除细节：原文：The painting depicts a serene mountain landscape.释义：In the painting, there is a calm landscape featuring mountains and rivers.7. 变化句子的语气：原文：He must finish the project by Friday.释义：It is imperative that he completes the project by Friday.8. 转换主动语态和被动语态：原文：The chef prepared a delicious meal.释义：A delicious meal was prepared by the chef.9. 使用近义词或短语：原文：The concept is difficult to understand.释义：Grasping the idea can be challenging.10. 删减或合并句子：原文：She has a habit of arriving late, which annoys her colleagues.释义：Her habit of arriving late is a source of annoyance for her colleagues.这些例子展示了paraphrasing的不同技巧，通过运用这些技巧，你可以更灵活地表达相同的意思，从而使文本更加多样化和富有表达力。
托福写作同义词替换⼤全在同学们平常学习⽣活中，总能看见⼀些同义词，在托福写作中进⾏同义词替换，以此来增加⽂章语⾔的多样性，在这⾥托福⼩编对同义词都做了⼀个整理，从⽽帮助⼤家备考。
托福写作同义词替换⼤全1合适的： suitable/ advisable/ sound/ temperate/ rational/ preferable/ reliable/ fitting/ modest/ moderate 精致的： elegant/ delicate/ elaborate/subtle美好的： gorgeous/ glorious/ splendid/ admirable/ breathtaking/ impressive/ spectacular/ superb杰出的： outstanding/ distinguished/ eminent/ excellent/ supreme/ extraordinary/ prominent/ matchless/ foremost托福写作同义词替换⼤全2著名的： famous/ illustrious/ celebrated/ notable聪明的： intelligent/ wise/ ingenious/ sensible/ smart/ clever/ knowledgeable/ capable⼤的： immense/ huge/ spacious/ prodigious/ massive/ enormous/ vast/ tremendous/ expansive⼩的： slight/ tiny/ microscopic/ small/ diminutive/ minuscule重要的： important/ significant/ concernful/ pivotal/ superb/ momentous/ vital/ primary/ essential/ principal/ leading/ major/ dominant/ predominant/ fateful最好的： optimum/ premium托福写作同义词替换⼤全3基本的： underlying/ elementary/ fundamental/ essential/ cardinal不⾜的： insufficient/ scanty/ meager/ needy/ poor/ scarce/ devoid/ empty/ lacking充⾜的： fraught/ sufficient/ enough/ adequate/ abundant过多的： excessive/ redundant/ overabundant/ inordinate特殊的： unique/ matchless/ unrivaled/ extraordinary / special奇怪的： odd/ bizarre/ quaint/ weird/ queer相似的： similar/ approximate/ proximate/ homogeneous/ identical/ equal/ equivalent/ coordinate.托福写作同义词替换⼤全4⽆效的： null/ invalid/ void有效的： valid/ acceptable/ effective/ resultful/ efficient/ competent⾼兴的： delightful/ happy/ hilarious/ exultant/ gleeful/ joyous/ exalted/ blessed/ pleasing/ amusing成就，成功： success/ triumph/ victory/ accomplishment/ achievement/ fruition/ consummation/ attainments失败： failure/ be defeated/ a case of crabs观点： point of view/ standpoint/ viewpoint/ frame of reference/ theory托福写作同义词替换⼤全5财产： treasure/ profit/ fortune/ moneybag/ wealth/ belongings/ estate/ possessions/ property/ riches/ worth好处： advantage/ behoof/ benefit/ gain/ good/ stead优点： excellence/ merit/ strongpoint/ virtue缺点： bug/ disfigurement/ limitation/ objection/ vice/ lacuna/ defect/downside发展： development/ evolution/ progress/ grow普及： popularization/ prevalence.。
HowtoparaphraseHow to paraphrase不会paraphrase的原因：1、客观原因阅读材料晦涩难懂，可能由于陌生词汇多，或者概念难理解，无法进行概括总结2、主观原因阅读量少，懒于练习，缺少方法。
Paraphrase的四种基本方法：同义词替换单词顺序调换单词形式改变主被动语态肯定否定转换一、Paraphrasing with synonyms同义词替换近义词替换是最常用的paraphrase方法，主要还是实意词（Content words),比如动词（verb)，形容词（Adjective)，副词（Adverb)的替换。
如importance可以换成significance，distinctive可以写作unique。
My car needs petrol.变成：My vehicle requires fuel.Clovis argued that significant improvements were required.变成：Clovis stated that substantial progress was needed.Students’responses to the questionnaire were collected quickly.变成：Students’answers to the survey were obtained rapidly.二．Reversing the order of information单词顺序调换一个句子中会有不一样的信息，通过改变信息的位置也是可以达到转述的目的，改变词序时要注意语法，有时候需要增减单词或改变单词的形式以确保句子的语法正确。
如果不能保证改变语法正确，便最好不要改变单词的位置。
As languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used, there is a fear that that many minoritylanguages may die out.变成：There is a fear that many minority languages may die out, as languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used.I finished my undergraduate study at University of Leicester in 1996.变成In 1996,I got my bachelor degree from University of Leicester.三、单词形式改变一个单词有多种不同的形式，譬如，名词，动词，形容词和副词，通过改变词性也可以重新paraphrase。
雅思听力常用同义词雅思听力中paraphrase，也就是转述或者同义词转换的能力是至关重要的，大多数题目（80%以上）考察的关键就是学生能不能听出录音中说的是题目中关键词的代替词，比如You’d be expected to write an essay each month……and also you need to hand in a short report every four weeks. 而题目问的是What two types of coursework are required each month on the part-time course这里如果考生掌握了every four weeks就是each month 的复现词也是它的同义转换词那么这道题就很容易选出an essay和a short report这两个选项。
以下是我为同学们总结的雅思考试常见同义词,希望能在你们做听力练习的时候有所帮助。
课class /session 报告report/essay 餐厅canteen /refectory/dining room认为believe/assume/suppose 买purchase/buy 限制constrain/restrict/limit环境circumstance/surroundings/environment 繁荣prosperous/thriving/booming/flourishing 有毒的poisonous/toxic 相似look like/resemble 预测forecast/predict分类categorize/classify 代替substitute/replace 导致contribute to/lead to/result in 缺乏inadequate/insufficient/lack/short of 强调emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on明显的apparently/obviously/evidently 组织，机构association/organization超过exceed/surpass 多样的diversity/variety 贫穷poor/in poverty/impoverished 任务job/assignment/task 当前recent/current/nowadays/present/up-to-date重要significant/important/essential/vital/critical 主要的major/most/main/principle解决solve/resolve/deal with/cope with/handle/tackle/address/settle/figure out/work out消除，摆脱get rid of/eliminate 依赖rely on/depend on/ count on要求require/demand/ask/request 给予give/offer/provide 发展develop/cultivate 巨大的significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/remarkable将近approximately/almost/about 参与be involved in/join in/participate许多a lot of/a significant proportion of/a wide range of/a variety of鉴于，考虑到given/considering/in regard to/ 能力capacity/ability复杂的complex/complicated/sophisticated 确保secure/ensure/guarantee唯一的solely/only/merely 房子空的available/vacant/unoccupied/on lease房东landlord/landlady/property owner 最大值maximum/up to最小值minimum/start from 提前ahead/in advance 入口entrance/access预定book/make a booking/reserve/make a reservation 注册enroll/register期刊periodical/journal 研讨课，补习班seminar/workshop包括include/involve 科目subject/discipline 遗传descend/inherit优点advantage/merit/plus/virtue/positive/benefit/strength缺点disadvantage/demerit/minus/drawback/negative/downside/weekness/shortcoming危险danger/hazard/threat/risk 费用fee/charge 允许permit/allow专家expert/specialist 考试成绩score/mark/exam result灾难disaster/catastrophe 污染pollute/contaminate下降decrease/fall/drop/dip/plunge/decline/downward上升increase/rise/go up/surge/hike/ascend/grow 发现discover/find遇到come across/encounter 在…方面in term of/with regard to基础的basic/fundamental 抓住catch/seize/grab著名的famous/renowned/celebrated/made someone’s name致命的lethal/fatal 指出indicate/show/point out工资pay/salary/wage 获得gain/get/obtain/acquire经济financial/economy 成就achievement/accomplishment/feat因素factor/element/reason/contributor 结果result/outcome/consequence困难difficulty/hardship/trouble 盈余surplus/have more than it need论文dissertation/essay 调查investigate/research/survey/questionnaire进行，执行carry out/conduct/implement 起草draw up/draft/prepare贷款loan/credit 数据statistics/data/figure 开始start/embark on/initiate晚于later than/dated after 发明innovation/invention/new things方法way/approach/method 搬move/relocate 努力try/struggle/strive/endeavor。
核心同义词转换重要important, valuable, essential, critical, crucial, vital, indispensable, turning point, require, depend on，priority下降decline, descend, fall, drop, slump, reduce, lessen, minimize, vanish(消失) 上升raise, rise, boom, grow, soar, surge, ascend, speed up, accelerate,充足enough, sufficient, suffice, adequate, plenty, abundant不足defective, inadequate, insufficient, scarce, shortage, lack, deplete促进boost, promote, enhance, further, facilitate繁荣flourish, boom, prosper, thrive有利的beneficial, profitable, rewarding, productive,成功achievement, accomplishments, feats, pay-off致命的deadly, fatal, lethal, mortal优点advantageous, virtue, merit, benefit, positive side,方法approach, access减轻relieve, alleviate退化deteriorate, degenerate, degrade落后的rudimentary, primitive破坏devastate, destroy, demolish, damage, spoil, ruin有害的harmful, devastating, detrimental, disastrous, destructive, catastrophic有毒的poisonous, toxic, noxious复杂的complex, complicated, sophisticated缺点disadvantage, failing, defect, fault, weakness, negative side, drawback, flaw, shortcoming阻碍obstacle, barrier, hurdle, hinder,快速的rapid, swift, quick, instant, immediate, prompt渐渐的gradual, step by step, by degrees 影响influence, effect, impact(负面)干涉interfere, intervene, disturb, disrupt很多的considerable, substantial, countless, numerous, innumerable, enormous, tremendous, dramatic, significant, vast, broad, wide, great强烈的intense, intensive, severe, extreme, drastic, explosive基本的fundamental, basic, foundation 卓越的excellent, stand out, exceptional, distinguished, remarkable, extraordinary, prominent, eminent, dominant明显的marked, obvious, evident, apparent, remarkable与…有关connected with, link to, associate with, relate to, involve with, concern with, with regard to, regarding, concerning, on, about创新novel, innovative, creative, original 最近的recent, current, nowadays, present, contemporary适合的appropriate, proper, suitable, fit 昂贵的expensive, costly, luxurious客观的objective, unbiased, impersonal公平的fair, equal, equitable, impartial, just随意的casual, random, unplanned改变transform, shift, revise, convert, turn, modify, change提供offer, grant, supply, render, provide 发送transmit, deliver, emit, give off取代displace, take the place of, give way to, substitute, take over同意agree, concur, reach consensus,限制restrict, restrain, constrain, confine, bound, limit产生create, produce, develop, manufacture, yield, generate强调emphasize, stress, focus on, highlight, concentrate激励motivate, spur, impetus, driving force, push, stimulus, thrust, incentive 导致lead to, contribute to, bring about, result in, breed, induce, spark源自于originate from, stem from, derive from, date back to, come from开始start, begin, initiate, launch, commence, embark on回忆recall, recollect, retrospect, remember, memorize预期anticipate, forecast, predict, expect, foresee大约approximate, about, almost, nearly 能力ability, capacity, faculty, competence环境circumstance, environment, surrounding, background, setting像like, such as, similar to, resemble附：雅思同义词转换不是像大家手机有道字典里的那种，用我上课时候说法是有人文气息。
解析雅思阅读同义替换(三)笔者所谓的高级Paraphrasing即为句子的同义转换，综合词与短语与句子结构本身，使学生对同义转换的技巧驾轻就熟。
通常会给出四个例句：Eg.1. People trying to interpret a situation often look at those around them to see how to react. (base reactions on)【Paraphrase】People trying to interpret a situation often base their reactions on those around them.Eg2. But Americans consider it bad manners to look closely at other people in public. (think that)【Paraphrase】But American think that it is bad manners to look closely at other people publicly.Eg3. And we are used to drinking milk from containers showing “contented” cows，whose real lives we want to hear nothing about，eating eggs and drumsticks from “happy” hens，and munching hamburgers advertised by bulls of integrity who seem to command their fate.【Paraphrase】And we are accustomed to drinking milk from containers with pictures of happy cows but we care nothing about the animals’ lives. We are accustomed to eating eggs and legs from the chickens whom we believe willingly and contentedly serve us. We are accustomed to eating hamburgers made from the meat of bulls whom we believe are righteously in control of their own fate.Eg4. “Why are they playing the music so loud？” Perhaps the children have listened to much of the music of oppressed people their parents danced to before they were born，with its passionate but soft cries for acceptance and love，and they have wondered why their parents failed to hear.【Paraphrase】Parents frown on their children playing music so loud. Actually the children are listening to exactly the same music that the parents loved when they were young because that music expressed cries for acceptance and love. But now these parents have become too “mature” to remember that. The parents fail to understand this.在实际授课中，经过这些练习后，笔者会请学生随意跳出阅读真题中任何一个两行以上的长句子，进行在课上即时演示Paraphrasing，激发学生同义转换的大量尝试兴趣。
托福听力中的同义词替换complement = supplement = add to 增加；substitute = replace 代替；so far = until present = up to now 目前为止；rooted in = based on 在……基础上；vulnerable = open to break = open to attack = weak=susceptible 易受伤的；perishable = easy to spoil 易腐烂的；seething = overflowing = excited = active 气氛热烈的；be consistent with = be compatible with 与……一致，与……兼容；property = characteristic = attribute特征，属性；simulated ---- artificial 人工的，后天的；sort = type = kind 类型；staggering = overwhelming压倒性多数；string = series 一系列；swell = enlargement = expand 扩大；tract- area – terrain 领土；symmetric = balance 对称的，均衡的；taper = diminish 逐渐变小；tenet = principle = belief 信念，信条，信仰；vast = immense = extensive 大量的；advent = arrival 出现；affair = matter 事情；chronic = constant = confirmed 慢性的，证实的；consequence = result = importance 结果，重要性；counter = oppose 与……相反；countervail = compensate = oppose补偿，抵消，对抗；distinction = differentiation = excellence = honor 突出的，卓越的；distribution = dispersion = dispersal 分布；embed = implant 植入，嵌入；euphoric = extremely happy 非常高兴地；flake = fragment 薄片，部分；hinder = interfere with阻碍，打扰；ladings = cargos shipment船货；mandatory = required = obligatory 强制要求的；mundane = ordinary世俗的，平凡的prerequisite = something required= something needed to happen 要求的；sank = descended = dropped to the bottom 沉底；scant = minimum 少量的；sited = located 位于；sophisticated = refined = elaborated = complex 复杂的，精致的；ubiquitous = common 到处存在的；unanimity = total agreement 完全同意，没有敌意；spectator = viewer 观众；sporadic = intermittent = irregular 不规则的；stylus = pen 铁笔，针状物；unconceivable = unimaginable 难以想象的…uniformly = evenly = without variation = consistently 一致的；unique = sole = distinct 独特的；warranted = authorized = justified授权的；assume=take on 呈现/suppose = posit 假定；foster=promote = encourage 促进；plumage = feather 羽毛；composition = mixture 混合物；substitute=replacement 替代品；premise= assumption 假设；vigorous = strong 繁荣的，健壮的；scope = extent 程度；extraordinary = exceptional 特别的；uneasy = unstable 心神不安的，不稳定的；bulk = major 大多数；spread = distribute 散布，分布；endeavor = enterprise 进取心；proximity = nearness 接近；rotate = turn 转动，旋转；assertion = strongly statement 主张，断言；evidence = proof 证据；preeminent = foremost 最重要的；barrier = obstacle 障碍物；primitive = early 最初的；sort = type 类型；rudiment = basic 初级的；intact = unaffected 未被碰过的；prize = value 珍视；lucrative = profitable有利可图的；ineffectively = with out any result 无效的；misleading = inaccuracy 不准确的；architecture = structure 结构，建筑物；accomplished = skilled 熟练的；embedded = enclosed 内含的，嵌入的；collaboration = joint effects 协作；identical = the same 相同的；allow=enable 使得；dispersal = distribution分散，散布；hampering = restricting 妨碍，牵制；cherished = valuable 珍爱的；precision = accuracy 准确；broadly = extensively 广泛的；yearly = annual 每年；tracking = following 接下来的；tolerant = endure 忍受；rather than = instead of 而不是；transformation = conversion 转变；sample = example 样板，例子；crawl = move 爬行；hobby = pastime 消遣，娱乐；inherent in = characteristic of 与生俱来的特征；recharge = refill 再充电，再装满；devise = create 设计，发明；attest to = confirm 证明；replicas = copies复制品；extant = not extinct 现存的；be closer resemblance to = be more like 与……更相像…attribute = credit 归功于，把……记作；attribute = character 特征，属性；aware of = familiar with 熟知；agile = astute = clever = quick and active 机警的；arise = emerge 发生，出现；being = creatures 生命，存在；beforehand = foreordain 预先，注定；bulk = major part 大批，大多数；blossom = flourish 开花，繁盛；barge = boat 驳船；cardinal = fundamental 最重要的；channel = direct = guide引导；contrive = create发明，设计；convinced = conviction = strong belief 坚信；chronically = constant 慢性地，长期地；crest = peak 鸟冠，顶部；compel = push 强迫；configuration = arrangement 配置，安排；camouflage = disguise 伪装；constraint = limit 有限的；consequent = resulting 后续的，导致的；convert to = change to 变为，转向；curb = control 控制；collaborate = cooperate 合作；depletion = drain 排干，流尽，耗尽；deluxe = lavish 豪华的；duplicate = copy 复制；delicate = dainty 精致的，精美的；distribution = geographic range 分布；extend = reach 伸出；excavation = dug-out 挖掘；enlist = obtain 征募，谋求；exercise = use练习，运用；exaggerate = overstate 夸张，言过其实；enthusiastic = eager 热切的，渴望的；follow =t rack跟踪；fertile = reproductive肥沃的，有繁殖力的；fashionable = popular 流行的，时尚的；feast = eating 用餐；flexible = adaptable 灵活可变的；fragmentize = break up 裂成碎片；govern = regulate 管制，控制；imposing = impressed 令人难忘的；intense = strong 强烈的；inhospitable = unfavorable 不适宜的；implausible = unbelievable 令人难以置信的；irreparable = permanent 不能挽回的，永久性的（伤害）；implement = tool 工具；inevitable = unavoidable 难以避免的；lucrative = profitable 有利可图的；myriad = numerous 无数的；manifest = reveal 展示；mandatory= required 必须的；mock = pretend 假装，模仿；nocturnal = nighttime 夜间；occasion = event 事件；pigmentation = color 染色；perilous = dangerous = risky 危险的；permit = allow 允许，容许；preordain = foreordain 命中注定的；preordain = appoint指定，约定；property = characteristic特征；proponent = supporter 组件；preserve = retain 保持，保留；propel = push驱使，推进；rigidly = strictly严格地；roam = wander徘徊，漫游；rigorous = harsh 严酷的；readily = easily 容易的；rendering = presentation 表现，表演；realm = area 领域；reinforce = strengthen 加强；surplus = extra 另外的，多余的…indicate = demonstrate 说明，表明；thrive = flourish 繁荣，兴盛；fluctuating = changing 持续波动的；mirror = reflect 反映；procure = obtain 获得；paradoxically = seemingly contradictory 表面上看起来矛盾的；counsel = advice 劝告，忠告；mock = pretend 嘲弄，模仿；spectacular = impressive 印象深刻的，引人入胜的；mimic = copy 仿制品；routinely = commonly 常规的；revolutionize = dramatic change 变革；initially = originally 最初；source = origin 源泉；diversity = variety 多样性；depict = portray 描绘；disassemble = break 分解；archive = record 档案；attribute = characteristic属性，特征；avid = enthusiastic 渴望的，热心的；basic = fundamental 基本的，基础的；collision = hit each other 撞击；copious = plentiful丰富的；disintegrate = tear apart 分解；dual = double 双重的；eager = enthusiastic 热切的；endeavor = enterprise 尽力，竭力；erect = build 矗立，建立；expediency = advantage便利；immigration = movement 迁徙；infrastructure = foundation 基础设施；locale = place场所；mean = average 平均值；myriad = innumerable == innumerous 大量的；peak = maximum 峰值，最大值；rate = classify鉴定等级，分级；save for = except for除……之外；tie = relation 联系；volume = quantity 容量；bulk = great quantity = majority 大量的；ferry = transport摆渡，渡运；hint = indication 暗示，提示；implausible = unbelievable 令人难以置信的；launch = start 开始；of legitimacy = lawful 符合法律规定的；of likelihood = probable 有可能；minute = tiny 少量的；misconception = wrong idea 错误想法；offset = balance 抵消，弥补；omit = exclude 遗漏；onset = beginning 开端；patchy = irregular 参差不齐的，不规则的；permanent = lasting 长久的，长期的；precede = come before 在……之前；preserve = protect 保护，保存；proximity = closeness = nearness 接近；right to some place = all the way一直向……地方；account = description 叙述，故事；arid = dry 干旱的，干燥的；allied with = linked to 与……结盟；access = reach 接近；astute = clever 狡猾且机敏的；avenue = method = vehicle = approach 方法，手段；appearance = rise出现；appreciable = noticeable可察觉到的；assert = strong statement 声称，断言；augment=increase 增加；absorb = take in 吸收…significant = considerable = important 重要的；surmise = guess 假设，猜想；scope = extent 程度；stealthily = silently 悄悄地，暗地里；suited = appropriate 合适的；staunch = strong 坚定的；sustenance = living 生计，生活；spectator = human viewer 观众…Sophisticated = refined 精致的，精良的；segment = portion 部分；take place = occur 发生；threatening = endangering 有危险性的；technique = method 方法；testify = give evidence 证明；toxic = poisonous 有毒的；unadorned = not decorative 朴实的，无修饰的；uniform = without variation 一成不变的；Undertake = attempt 试图；vagary = uncertainties 反复无常，不确定性；virtually = almost 几乎；vigor = energy 精力，能量；with respect of= in terms of 从……角度；warranted = justified有正当理由的，有保证的；aggravate = increase加重，恶化；Approach = move toward 接近；assertion = strongly statement 断言；central = essential 核心的，重要的；collect = gather 收集；counter = oppose 反对；dependable = reliable 可依靠的；deposit = laid down 存储，贮藏，放弃，放下；design = create 发明，设计；dim = decrease 削弱，降低；domestic = home 本地的；exaggerate = overstate 夸张，过言；extol = praise 称赞；focal point = centre area 焦点；solitary = alone 孤立的；foster = encourage 鼓励；however = yet 尽管；ignite = set on fire 点燃；immoral = improper 不道德的，不合适的；inert = motionless 迟钝的，不动的；indispensable = significant 必不可少的；largely = mostly 多数情况下；on the contrary = whereas 与……相反…。
