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2020年3月19日托福阅读答案解析3月19日托福阅读部分词汇题ardent=enthusiasticcompelling=persuasivescanty=fewdistinctive=characteristicsconfine=restrict toresemble= look likelone=single3月19日托福阅读Passage 1 The extinction trends 灭绝趋势文章解析第一篇文章一共五段，第一段开篇以物种数量的变化趋势引出extinction(大灭绝)的概念，然后对geological time(地质时间)中的 extinction的情况做了大体描述。
第二段讨论这些灭绝的原因，除了气候因素、小行星撞地球外，提出人为因素，本段的考题主要是人为因素影响灭绝的时间要注意。
第三段写最近一次的冰川时期，美国北部和亚欧大陆北部都覆盖着广阔的冰川，生活在这些冰川地带南部边界的人们的生活方式为打猎，人们为了获得食物打猎致使大量的物种灭绝。
第四段写农业的产生改变的人们的生活方式，人们为了开垦土地种庄稼进一步破坏自然，导致大量物种的灭绝。
最后一段写欧洲殖民(European colonies)对当地带来的影响，导致物种大量灭绝。
解析：最近连考大灭绝话题，足见ETS对这个话题的重视度。
本篇文章表面上看在讲大灭绝，实质上同样把人类的发展史与物种的灭绝结合起来考，建议考生把文章中涉及的相关背景知识都做一个较好的了解，如：冰川世纪、农业的起源、欧洲和美国发展史，当然学科词汇必不可少。
相信对背景全面的了解、对词汇的熟练的掌握，能够帮考生们很好的应对这篇文章。
参考阅读：TPO 15 Mass ExtinctionsTPO 8 Extinction of the DinosaursTPO 15 Glacier FormationTPO 21 The Origins of AgricultureTPO 33 Extinction Episodes of the Past3月19日托福阅读Passage 2 水生昆虫如何躲避捕食者本篇文章分为四个段落，第一段通过写生物有各种各样的方法伪装自己以便躲避捕食者，引出水生昆虫如何躲避捕食者，主要写颜色这个方面。
托福阅读文章分类本分类为四大类：自然科学、生物科学、社会科学、其他学科自然科学包括：地质学、天文学生物科学：植物学、动物学、生态\环境学社会科学：艺术、历史\考古学、心理\生理学、社会学自然科学一、地质学冰川类1.OG：Green Icebergs2.TPO 15：Glacier Formation3.TPO 19：Discovering the Ice Ages地质类1.OG：Desert Formation2.OG：Geology and Landscape3.TPO 01：Groundwater4.TPO 03：Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer5.TPO 07：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean6.TPO 12：Water in the Desert7.TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8.TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9.TPO 24：Lake Water10. TPO 27: The Formation of Volcanic Islands11. TPO 29: The History of Waterpower二、天文学火星类1.TPO 08：Running Water on Mars2.TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1.TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2.TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1.Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2. TPO 01: Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3.TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4.TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5.TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants6.TPO 22：Spartina7. TPO 29: Competition二、动物学动物特点1.OG：Swimming Machines2.OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3.TPO04：Deer Population of the Puget Sound4.TPO 13：Biological Clock5.TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6.TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship7.TPO27: Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8.TPO27: Predator-Prey Cycle9.TPO 30: Role of Play in Development10.TPO 30: The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物变化1.Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2.TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3.TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4.TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1.TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2. TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation3.TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings4.TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1.TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2.TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3.TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1.Sample：Electricity from Wind2.TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3.TPO 10：Variations in the Climate4.TPO 18：Lightning5.TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1.Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2.TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3.TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4.TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5.TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6.TPO 27: Crafts in the Ancient New East建筑/戏剧/电影/1.OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2.TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3.TPO02：Early Cinema4.TPO03：Architecture5.TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6.TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1.OG：Artisans and Industrialization2.TPO 06：Powering the Industrial Revolution3.TPO 18：Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia4.TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1.TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2.TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3.TPO 16：Trade and the Ancient Middle East4.TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5.TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1.TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2.TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3.TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1.OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics inThe United States2. TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan3.TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece4.TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5.TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6.TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East7.TPO 29: Characteristics of Roman Army人口变化特点1.TPO 05：The Origins of the Pacific Island People2.TPO 09：Colonizing the Americas Via The Northwest Coast3.TPO 20：Westward Migration4.TPO 20：Early Settlement in the Southwest Asia5.TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1.OG：Aggression2.OG：The Expression of Emotion3.TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4.TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5.TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6.TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7.TPO 24：Breathing during Sleep四、社会学1. TPO 14：Children and Advertising2.TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching3.TPO 13：Types of Social Groups其他学科类1.OG：Loie Fuller2.TPO 06：William Smith3.TPO 16：Development of the Periodic Table4.TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?5.TOP 28: Early Saharan Pastoralists6.TPO 30 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock。
托福考试频道为⼤家推出【2017年托福考试课程！】考⽣可点击以下⼊⼝进⼊免费试听页⾯！⾜不出户就可以边听课边学习，为⼤家的梦想助⼒!2017年4⽉15⽇新托福阅读题⽬解析 A卷 Debate about the earliest calendars 重复2016.05.22 Historical Trends in European Urban Design 重复2015.04.18 Bird Colonies 重复2014.04.19 Nitrogen in Crops 新题，加试⽂章 B卷 Why Did Nonavian Dinosaurs Became Extinct? 重复2016.07.10 Climate of the Past 重复2016.07.09 Gondwana 重复2015.06.13 C卷 The Qualities of a Good Trout Stream 重复2016.12.03 Historical Trends in European Urban Design 重复2015.04.18 Flightless Bird 重复2014.12.21 D卷 Cerebral Lateralization 重复2016.07.02 Historical Trends in European Urban Design 重复2015.04.18 Did Sauropods live in Swamps? 重复2015.09.17加场 ETS连续多次在每场考试中设置加试，并增加每场的⽂章篇数，旨在测⼤家的基本功和⼼⾥素质!!还好，⽂章难度并不⼤，皆为之前考过的⽂章和TPO中出现的相关话题,切记不要慌张! 新托福阅读考情回忆版本⼀： Passage1: nitrogen。
氮对于植物的重要性，氮可以由打雷和被微⽣物分解⽽合成，种了庄稼后氮会变少，氮有⼈为的添加⽅式，⽐如种⾖类植物，氮肥，氮的新应⽤导致英国⼯业⾰命对⽐⾮洲不断的换耕地 Passage2: early calendar。
托福TPO阅读文章话题匹配自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?以上就是关于托福阅读文章话题匹配(更新至TPO 26)的详细内容，希望对考生们复习托福阅读有所帮助，400-080-6358。
ContentsTPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On Mountains (3)TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theater (7)TPO 2.1 Desert Formation (13)TPO 2.2 The Origins of Cetaceans (21)TPO 3.1 Architecture (26)TPO 3.2 depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer (28)TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound (30)TPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europe (32)TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plants (34)TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People (36)TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolution (40)TPO 6.2 William Smith (42)TPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean (44)TPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greece (46)TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán (48)TPO 8.2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs (50)TPO 9.1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast (52)TPO 9.2 Reflection in Teaching (54)TPO 10.1 Chinese Pottery (56)TPO 10.2 Variations in the Climate (58)TPO 11.1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture (61)TPO 11.2 Orientation and Navigation (62)TPO 12.1 Which Hand Did They Use? (65)TPO 12.2 Transition to Sound in Film (66)TPO 20.1 Westward Migration (69)TPO 20.2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia (72)TPO 21.1 Geothermal Energy (74)TPO 21.2 The Origins of Agriculture (75)TPO 22.1 Spartina (78)TPO 22.2 The Birth of Photography (79)TPO 23.1 Urban Climates (83)阅读中的词汇Section 1 –词汇讲解TPO 1.1 Timberline Vegetation On MountainsIn many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. （原文第一段最后一句话）Tundra 英英翻译Dramatic Drama戏剧–tic 形容词Horizontal Vertical 结合数学几何、画图讲解SlopeShrubsHerbsGrassesSemi-arid 记忆方法Moisture 英英词根重要Tropics 原文中与polar同时出现/ 画图说明重要Subtropics sub - 亚、低于、下属的重要Polar 记忆方法Evergreens 直译ever+ green=SpeciesTwisted近义词组，被风刮的，形容树DeformedLatitude 拼音联想法Longitude 与latitude一同记忆拓展词汇Altitude 不要搞混Attain 单词联想重要Ridges 画图说明重要Valley 画图说明重要Cessation 英英例句非常重要Adjacent 英英词根发音不要读错词根演变非常重要Prone 英英中文例句Section 2Match Timber Evergreen Vegetation Tropics Polar Ridges Valley Cessation Vertical SlopeSection 3 - TPO 1 原文词汇题1. The word ―dramatic‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toGradualComplexVisibleStriking5. The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to RequireResistAchieveEndure7. The word prone in the passage is closest in meaning to AdaptedLikelyDifficultResistantSection 4 –句子翻译1. If you would like to plant vegetation closer than eight meters, choose low-growing plants and shrubs.2. But the most dramatic escalation （扩大、增加）of the air war is the creation of two totallynew airlines. Time Magazine (2004)3. Los Angeles sits on a semiarid coastal (沿海的) plain, with desert on three sides and thePacific Ocean on the fourth.Smithsonian (2002)4. Rainfall affects the moisture content of the atmosphere.5. The tropics are the parts of the world that lie between two lines of latitude.6. Showing dead and deformed bodies on TV is not acceptable.7. The chee-tah（猎豹）can attain speeds of up to 97 kph.8. The waves（海浪）had pushed the sand into little ridges.9. The money saved from the cessation of the road project will be invested in public transport.10. We work in adjacent rooms.11. Working without a break makes you more prone to error.TPO 1.2 The Origins Of Theaterorigin难记词汇Spec-ulation 英英记忆方法例句concrete 英英championed champion –noun –verb 拓展Anthropologists 词缀记忆法扩充词汇archeologist 词缀、联想记忆法扩充词汇psychologist 词缀记忆法扩充词汇psycho 俚语En-visions 词缀记忆e-merging 词根英英myth 名词mythical 形容词形式ritual 文章中特指宗教仪式rite 同义词briefly 英英1 2 3扩充词汇brief 形容词扩充词汇brief 名词常用词汇perceived 前缀Per- 通过、完全、非常receive 收到例句attribute 动词例句扩充词汇attribute 名词例句desirableundesirable扩充词汇favorable扩充词汇unfavorableapparent 联想记忆法扩充词汇transparent 前缀accompany 动词扩充词汇company 名词扩充词汇company 名词重要sophisticated 形容词例句sophisticated 形容词例句sophisticated 形容词例句中文conceptions 词根Concept 例句conceptions 另外一个意思Causal cause原因扩充词汇Casual casual dress 不要与causal搞混divorcedoralautonomous autonomous activityAes-the-tic 英英TPO原文常用词汇Concern 名词elaborated 动词would you care to elaborate?elaborating 形容词例句扩充词汇explain扩充词汇illustrateevolve 达尔文进化论Theory of evolution 不重要virtuosity 英英1.1阅读词汇ceased重要、实用imitative 形容词，文中指人的特性重要、实用imitate 动词To copy 口语、写作实用词汇objectify -ify动词结尾modify, justify, notifyconfront front前面的detached divorced同义词扩充词汇attached不重要penchant penchant for fantasySection 2 - Match Concrete Champion Archeologist Oral Brief DivorcedEvolveSection 3 – TPO 词汇题1. The word ―championed‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to ChangedDebatedCreatedSupported2. The word ―attributes‖ in the p assage is closest in meaning toAscribesLeavesLimitsContrasts6. The word ―autonomous‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toArtisticImportantIndependentEstablishedNameless10．The word ―penchant‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to CompromiseInclinationTraditionRespectBut neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Section 4 –句子翻译TPO 1.21. They are collecting this material at the points of origin.2. Speculation was rife (流行的、盛传的) as to whom the prince might marry.3. Concrete evidence4. The plan envisions a settlement （解决）within three years.5. Operational Research（运筹学）is a newly emerging subject.6. This festival descends from（起源于）a religious rite.7. Mr. Smith is a sophisticated world traveler.8. She has become very sophisticated since she went to live in London.9. Some of these points will have to be further elaborated as we go along.10. You should imitate her way of doing things.TPO 2.1 Desert Formationoccupyaccomplished Mission Accomplishedstabilizing 词根stable 后缀–ize 表示…‖化‖ 动词结尾formalizeTPO 1.1 vegetation Timberline那篇subsequent Sub- 在下、亚拓展词汇sequent 形容词英英拓展词汇sequence 名词形式Consequence resulte-ro-sion 英英blown blow过去分词Stony Stone / Stony surface石头表面Finer Fine 比较级Finer Particles更细小的颗粒拓展词汇Fine 英英实用词汇accumulate Accumulated depreciation【会计】累计折旧TPO 1.1 ridges 文中指沙子形成的峰ridges of sandTPO 1 retain 英英tiniest Tiny的最高级Clay an earthy material that is plastic when moist but hard when firedSoil the upper layer of earth that may be dug or plowed and in which plants growsealing Sealed封好的（可指信封、文件）penetration 英英例句拓展词汇penetrate高频词汇Runoff Run-off is rainwater that forms a stream rather than being absorbed by the ground.Pro-gressive present progressive 现在进行时A-ri-di-ty Arid干旱的-ity名词后缀TPO 1.1 semiarid高频词汇delicate 意思1 例句1 意思2 例句2 ecological拓展词汇ecologyTPO关键词Subjecting 动词形式例句拓展词汇cultivation 英英overcultivation拓展词汇Graze 重要程度一般overgrazingoverirrigation拓展词汇irrigation 重要crops 庄稼necessitates 形容词necessaryextensive拓展词汇extend 词根devoid 词根记忆英英例句voidtrample 英英TPO 2.1 Desert Formation 原文翻译Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typicallyresults in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particlesinto the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allowsvery little water penetration.Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased,resulting in accelerated erosion rates.The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb waterresults in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surfacedeterioration is established. Match 1 Graze Accomplished Stabilizing Ridges Clay SoilPenetrateMatch 2Runoff Aridity Delicate Cultivation IrrigationTrample阅读词汇原题1. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning to RestrictedEndangeredPreventedRejected3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning to FragilePredictableComplexValuable5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning to OpenlyImpressivelyObjectivelyIncreasingly7. The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning to Consisting ofHidden byExcept forLacking in句子翻译TPO 2.11. The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished.2. Subsequent events verified that his judgment was at fault.3. As their roots are strong and penetrating, they prevent erosion4. China dishes retain heat longer than metal pans.5. The hermetic（密封的）seal on the packet means that the food lasts longer.6. The name Sahara conjures up(凭幻想（或用魔法）做出) images of adesert of aridity.7. Although the co-ral（珊瑚）looks hard, it is very de-li-ca-te.8. In addition, interest on Treasury issues isn't subject to state andlocal income taxes.9. She also cultivated a small garden of her own.10. Rivers and lakes provide us with water transport and irrigation.TPO 2.2 The Origins of CetaceansCe-ta-ceans 重要程度一般，可以根据文中内容推断whalesdolphinsmammalslungsgills 鱼的呼吸器官streamlined Stream+ line拓展词汇streamabsence 名词形式拓展词汇absent 动词、形容词presence 与absence是反义词hind 单词联想Dis-gui-se 两个意思例句affinities 英英dwelling 英英TPO原文limbs 英英高频词汇marine 英英例句embedded 英英例句jawbones Jaw+ boneshallow shallow watersediments 等同depositsSahara desert高频词汇rear Rearview mirrorPro-pulsion常用undoubtedly 写作、口语实用Cetaceans Whales dolphins mammals lungs, gills,streamlined disguise dwelling limbs marine propulsion Rearview mirror阅读原文词汇题TPO2.23. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to ExactScarceValuableInitial6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to ExplainedVisibleIdentifiedLocated句子翻译TPO 2.21. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.2. Fish take in oxygen through their gills.3. The cars all have a new streamlined design.4. The horse reared up on its hind legs.5. She disguised herself as a man so she could fight on the battlefield.6. Some 3,500 new dwellings are planned for the area...7. They can see themselves going out on a limb, voting for a very controversial energy bill （关于能源的法案）.8. I think he is shallow, vain（自负）and untrustworthy...9. Loose sediments may be changed into solid sedimentary rocks.10. Interest in jet propulsion was now growing at the Air Ministry （航天部）.TPO 3.1 ArchitectureEnclose Practical Symbolical Architecture Aspiration Visual artThree-dimensional TextureHarmony Va-rie-ty Instinctively ShelterEnhance Delight complement Compliment Feasible ViableDoable EmploysDevised DesignBending Integral parts Enormous components Skeleton frameinterior Permanence Permanent Thickar-du-ous 发音（du发“之”）1. the vocabulary that she employs2. They devised a plan to rob a bank.3. I bent over and kissed her cheek.4. Music is an integral part of the school's curriculum.5. It was an enormous disappointment.6. He supplied house builders with modern timber frames7. The police think the videotape may hold some vital clues to the identity of the killer.8. The spoken word is immediate but lacks permanence.9. This material is very thick and this needle is not strong enough to go through it.TPO 3.1 Architecture 阅读词汇原题2.The word ―feasible‖ in the passage is closet in meaning toIn existenceWithout questionAchievableMost likely4. The word ―devised‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toCombinedCreatedIntroducedSuggested5. The word ―integral‖ is closet in meaning toEssentialVariablePracticalIndependent9. The word ―arduous‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toDifficultNecessarySkilledSharedTPO原文：―In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon.‖原文翻译练习：1. (Materials and methods of construction) are integral parts of the design ofarchitecture structures.2. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generationshave made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material.TPO 3.2 depletion of the Ogallala Aquifervast farmers and ranchers semiarid cattleranching aquiferinhabited settledunderlies TexasDakota amountingwells ensuing 中文同义词spraying unprecedented encountered 联想记忆pumpedconserve canal 发音（克-耐奥）tenfold promising1. The vast majority of the eggs would be cracked.2. He decided to lead a more settled life with his partner3. He went to work on a ranch.4. I think a lack of confidence underlies his manner.5. Consumer spending on sports-related items amounted to £9.75 billion.6. The ensuing argument had been bitter.7. The scheme has been hailed as an unprecedented success.8. Every day of our lives we encounter stresses of one kind or another9. the Grand Union Canal.10. the population increased tenfold11. A school has honored one of its brightest and most promising former pupils. TPO 3.2 depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer 阅读词汇原题4. The word ―ensuing‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toContinuingSurprisingInitialSubsequent难题、排除俩、选俩6. The word ―unprecedented‖ in the passage is closest in mean ing toDifficult to controlWithout any restrictionUnlike anything in the pastRapidly expanding7. The word ―virtually‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toClearlyPerhapsFrequentlyAlmost10. The word ―inevitable‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toUnfortunatePredictableUnavoidableFinalTPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Soundprevalent muleHybrid harshbrowses dormancybuilt-in urge migratehigh-elevation mouth of the Columbia River starved circumstancefluctuate bodezoologist indefinite periodrebound predatorinsured profound1. These prejudices（偏见）are particularly prevalent among people living in the North.2. A mule is a hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse.3. When animals browse, they feed on plants.4. Most birds have to fly long distances to migrate.5. A number of the prisoners we saw are starving6. I wish we could have met under happier circumstances.7. Grace had dried her eyes. That boded well.8. His shot in the 21st minute of the game rebounded from a post. (足球门柱)9. The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement.10. Was the vehicle insured?11. This is a book full of profound, original and challenging insights.TPO 4.1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 阅读词汇原题3. The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning toConsists ofCombinesRestrictsEstablishes稍有难度Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.4. The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest inmeaning toImpatientlyHumorouslyContinuouslyImmediately8. The phrase ―indefinite period‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to periodWhose end has not been determinedThat does not begin when expectedThat lasts only brieflyWhose importance remains unknown10．The word ―rebound‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toDeclineRecoveryExchangeMovementTPO 4.2 Cave Art In Europetraces carving crude cliff faces shelters Bare backdrops contemporary depict soughtchief motivation herds explicitly portrayed ceased Confined fertile1. There's been no trace of my aunt and uncle2. ...a wood carving of a human hand.3. a crudely carved wooden form4. They would have liked bare wooden floors throughout the house.5. ...a gallery of pictures depicting Nelson's most famous battles.6. rge herds of elephant and buffalo.7. At one o'clock the rain had ceased.8. ...fertile soil4.2 TPO Cave Art In Europe 阅读词汇原题1．The word ―marked‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toConsiderableSurprisingLimitedAdequate难题★★★★★3．The word ―principal‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toMajorLikelyWell protectedDistinct5．The word ―trappings‖ in the passage is closest in meaning toConditionsProblemsInfluencesDecorationsThe paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings.TPO 5.1 Minerals and Plantssoil N o’-to-rious-ly 重音在前面deficient nutrientstolerate depletionharvesting discolorationstems Phosphorusfacilitates omitmisted overabundancesodium heavy metalscadmium mercuryaluminum; copperzinc hyperaccumulatorshundredfold Tenfoldamassed herbsshrubs contaminatedabandoned mine runoffrelocated compoundsexcavation reburialremediation 例句1. The crops are suffering from deficient rain.2. They compete with beneficial vegetation for space nutrients and water.3. Using short easily recognized words facilitates navigation with minimal conscious reading.4. The windows misted blurring the stark streetlight...5. Their money increased a hundredfold.6. More than 100,000 people could fall ill after drinking contaminated water.7. Runoff is the overflow of water from the land and into a body of water. The water can overflow into a stream, a river, or even anocean. It's caused when the soil can no longer hold any more water.8. That plant has been relocated.9. Honey is basically a compound of water, two types of sugar, vitamins and enzymes.10. A contractor was hired to drain the reservoir and to excavate soil from one area for replacement with clay.11. Electrokinetic remediation is an environment-friendly and highly efficient in-situ（修复）technique.TPO 词汇原题2. The word exhibit in the passage is closest in meaning tofight offshowcausespread7. The word suspended in the passage is closest in meaning togrownprotectedspread outhung9. The word afford in the passage is closest in meaning toofferpreventincreaseremoveTPO原文翻译1. This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species2. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at acost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial,the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils.TPO 5.2 The Origin of the Pacific Island PeoplePacific Speculation encountered absencelinguistic mutually exclusive devised Variously deprecated implicitlyColonize Inferred 中文Drifted anthropology archaeology Prevailing winds currents. domesticated plants marginal conditions prerequisites cultivated possessed Voyage marooned unknown waters derived undisputed1. Critics of the project speculate about how many hospitals could be built instead...2. Did you encounter anyone in the building?...3. He has devised a scheme for making money.4. Selection is normally a mutually exclusive operation.5. The prevailing wind here is from the south-west.6. domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions,7. The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.8. Farmers cultivate their farms with cows.9. They believed she was possessed by devils.10. She escaped her family and shipped on a voyage to Australia.11. Anna's strength is derived from her parents and her sisters12. the undisputed fact that he had broken the law.13. He deprecated the low quality of entrants to the profession14. What can be inferred from it?TPO 5.2 阅读词汇原题2. By stating that the theories are mutually exclusive the author means that if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be falsethe differences between the theories are unimportanttaken together, the theories cover all possibilitiesthe theories support each other3. The word overwhelming in the passage is closest in meaning to powerfulfavorablecurrentreasonable6. The word implements in the passage is closest in meaning toskillstoolsopportunitiespractices10. The word undisputed in the passage is closest in meaning to mysteriousunexpectedacknowledgedsignificant原文翻译：Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised.The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization ofthe Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing,and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place,domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.TPO 6.1 Powering the Industrial Revolutiondramatic harnessingreign of George Ⅲdroughtexploited cylinderpiston vacuumvastly embodiedcould not be employed condenserreciprocating cutting its fuel consumptiona mil-len-nium and a half 发音Coal gasrival grew accustomedgaslit charcoalfurnaces raw materialsretained monopolymerely canalsingredients1. Turkey plans to harness the waters of the Euphrates River for big hydro-electric power projects.2. ...Queen Victoria, Britain's longest reigning monarch (君主).3. So you feel that your skills have never been fully appreciated （认可）or exploited?4. expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder5. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles （原文）6. Cassette recorders cannot rival the sound quality of CDs...TPO 6.1 阅读词汇原题utilizedrecognizedexaminedfully understood4. The word vastly in the passage is closet in meaning toquicklyultimatelygreatlyinitially8. The phrase grew accustomed to in the passage is closest in meaning to began to preferwanted to havebecame used toinsisted on9. The word retained in the passage is closest in meaning togainedestablishedprofited frommaintainedTPO 6.2 William Smithblacksmith Rudimentary 联想记忆surveying fossilsapprenticed roamed 例句/原文Canal excavating 发音例句/原文Sur-ve-yor 发音重音在前catalogsteam locomotive endured 例句best courses for the canals sediments TPO原文outcrop temporal sequence 联想记忆/拓展newly dug canal succession TPO原文mail coachesQuartzstratapatternemergingJurassic连线练习：Excavate seriesSuccession RegisterCatalog digTemporal time句子翻译练习：1. He had only a rudimentary knowledge of French.2. fossils over two million years old3. They're roaming around the country shooting at anything that moves...4. They are excavating a tunnel through the hill.TPO 6.2 阅读原题词汇thoroughstrictbasicoccasionalcarefullyquicklyfrequentlyobviouslyIn 1815 he published the first modern geological map ―A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Par t of Scotland‖, a map so meticulously researched that itcan still be used today.vanisheddevelopedvariedsurvivedpossiblyabsolutelysurprisinglynearlyTPO 7.1 The Geologic History of the MediterraneanGeologic organisms 英英中文例句geologists wiped out 英英中文例句Mediterranean Drilling 英英中文例句aboard in the course of 中文例句oceanographic Pe-cu-li-a-ri-ties 英英中文例句发音abruptly straits 英英中文例句Sediment Pre-ci-pi-ta-ted 英英中文例句seafloor Sa-li-ni-ty 中文发音basin spectacularly 英英中文例句hypothesis1. Joe's other peculiarity was that he was constantly munching（咀嚼）hard candy.2. The amoeba（变形虫）is a very simple organism.3. Many of her movies had been spectacularly successful.4. This last payment will wipe out your debt to me.5. I drilled five holes at equal distance.6. The subject cropped up（出现）in the course of conversation.7. A cool breeze（冷风）caused a precipitate drop in the temperature.8. I don't think we should make precipitate decisions...TPO 7.1 阅读词汇原题1．The word “objective”in the passage is closest in meaning to achievementrequirementpurposefeature8. T he word ―scores‖ in the passage is closest in meaning tomemberslarge numberspopulationsdifferent typesIncreasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species.11. The word ―Turbulent‖ in the p assage is closest in meaning tofreshdeepviolenttemperateTPO 7.2 Ancient Rome and Greeceterritorial Ce-ment 发音英英中文例句legions utterly 英英中文例句phenomenon obsession 英英中文例句Rural life assembled 英英中文例句infinitely undeniable 英英中文例句imitator Im-pe-ra-tive 英英中文例句mere disgust 英英中文例句s-pe-cu-la-tive predisposed 英英中文例句sensibilities derivative 英英中文例句英英中文例句1. One of the most important properties of a work team is cohesiveness.2. Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humor...3. ...a mixture of wet sand and cement.4. The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless.5. I don't understand television's current obsession with cookery programmes.6. The pupils assembled in the school hall.7. He had undeniable charm.8. It is absolutely imperative that we finish by next week.9. He disgusted many with his boorish（粗鲁的）behaviour.TPO 7.2 阅读词汇原题3. The phrase ―obsession with‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to thinking aboutfixation oninterest inattitude toward6. The word ―fostered‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to acceptedcombinedintroducedencouraged难题★★★★★In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to thestability which rural life engenders（产生）,fostered the Roman virtues（美德、品质）:gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas,a sense of devotion to family and country,and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.11. The word ―spheres‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to abilitiesareascombinationsmodelsThe Roman genius was projected intonew spheres—especially into those of law,military organization, administration, and engineering.TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacánextensive circumstantially 英英中文例句irrigation eliminated 英英中文例句millennium commodity 英英中文例句foresighted exotic 英英中文例句eruptions tourism 英英中文例句lava necessitate 老词汇obsidian coerce 英英中文例句arose elite 英英中文例句predominant 英英中文例句Prosperousflourish1. If you think you may be allergic to a food or drink, eliminate it from your diet.2. The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.3. There are some exotic words in English language.4. You can't coerce her into obedience.5. The area is heavily dependent on tourism.6. Commodity prices remain stable and there are plenty of goods on the market.7. The predominant feature of his character was pride.8. Disagreement arose about exactly how to plan the show.阅读TPO 8.1 The Rise of Teotihuacán词汇原题1. The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning to ancientcarefullyvery largecarefully protected3. The word pinpoint in the passage is closest in meaning to identify preciselymake an argument fordescribeunderstand4. The word ingenuity in the passage is closest in meaning to ambitionsincerityfaithcleverness8. The word predominant in the passage is closest in meaning to most aggressivemost productiveprincipalearliest。
托福阅读提升学习效率3个备考要点讲解明确托福阅读真正考点考生在托福阅读备考中的重点在于适应答题的环境和节奏。
这需要考生把握托福阅读文章内容和明确托福阅读题目考点。
所以，考生要提升基础阅读能力，从词汇、语法和文章结构出发备考，要把握托福考试的8000词汇，在学习词汇时不仅要知道单词的汉语意思也要掌握词汇用法;要提高长难句的分析能力，要在备考中多阅读相关文章，提高阅读能力。
学会托福阅读机经真题正确用法这里提到的真题包括托福阅读考试回顾、托福阅读官方真题Official以及托福阅读预测机经。
对于托福阅读考试回顾，考生要从中把握本次考试的话题是什么、话题所属学科、话题具体背景知识;尤其熟记考过的词汇;对于托福阅读官方真题Official，考生可以分析文章中所有不懂的词汇以及难句并通过全文翻译来扫清理解障碍，也可以根据不同话题文章的写作特点来总结多个话题文章写作思路;考生也要利用官方真题Official题目来测试自己的阅读水平，深入分析题目类型和熟悉运用答题策略。
掌握托福阅读高效解题技巧在托福阅读备考使用官方真题Official题目时，考生可以对每种托福阅读题型有足够了解，从中巩固题目答题策略。
但是考生的短期提升只有策略是不足的，因为短期掌握的策略在遇到有难度文章或者不熟悉的题目时都帮助不大。
所以考生可以掌握一些答题技巧。
比如在文章中遇到难题时，考生可以利用猜词等技巧来读懂词汇，可以通过上下文语境来推测词汇含义;对于托福阅读题型解答也要掌握一些技巧。
比如细节类题型解答时可以利用排除等手段高效解题，推论题、修辞目的题可以利用题目本身的特点来锁定答案等等。
新托福阅读题解析：脑偏侧优势学科分类Biology题目：Cerebral Lateralization内容回忆：人的大脑由左右半脑组成，通过神经纤维连接。
左半脑控制右边身体，右半脑控制左边身体，这叫做脑的偏侧优势(cerebral lateralization)。
TPO11-2解析 Orientation and NavigationTPO11-2Orientation and Navigation1. Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?从第1段中关于鸟的迁移能够推断出以下哪⼀项？A、Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.鸟会选择最直接的迁徙路线达到它们新的栖息地。
（没提到迁徙路线是否直接）B、The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.迁徙的⽬的是去加⼊更⼤的鸟群。
（倒数第2句提到为什么它们迁徙，但只是说这个问题不像它们如何发现道路⼀样重要，因此推断不出此结论）C、Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south.鸟的迁徙⼀般包括在北⽅和南⽅来回搬迁。
D、The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.鸟的迁徙的⽬的地能⼀年⼜⼀年地发⽣变化。
（根据第3句的fly to specific places和come back to the same tree可知，鸟的⽬的地是固定的）解析：推断题。
以”migration”为关键词，定位出题句为1、2两句，即知更鸟春天和冬天在南北之间迁徙，因此选C，A没提到，B推断不出，D表述错误。
2. The word perplexed（使困惑） in the passage is closest in meaning toA、defeated 打败B、interested感兴趣C、puzzled 迷惑D、occupied 占据解析：词汇题，动词。
Orientation and NavigationTo South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate. Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B.Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.What about birds that migrate at night? Perhaps they navigate by the night sky. To test the idea, cagednight-migrating birds were placed on the floor of a planetarium during their migratory period. A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year. When the planetarium sky matched the sky outside, the birds fluttered in the direction of their normal migration. But when the dome was rotated, the birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky. The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars.There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues. Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells. The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time. Furthermore, one sensory ability may back up another.Paragraph 1: To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. Thepeople for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.1. Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?○ Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.○ The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.○ Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south.○ The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.2. The in the passage is closest in meaning to○ defeated○ interested○ puzzled○ occupiedParagraph 3: Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as theythe position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemedHow could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps?Obviously, more testing was in order.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restlessmovements.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.○ Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.4. The word in the passage is closest in meaning to○ unbelievable○ inadequate○ limited○ creative5. According to paragraph 3, why did Kramer use mirrors to change the apparent position of the Sun?○ To test the effect of light on the birds' restlessness○ To test whether birds were using the Sun to navigate○ To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route○ To cause the birds to migrate at a different time than they would in the wild6. According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless?○ When the weather is overcast○ When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route○ When their normal time for migration arrives○ When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the SunParagraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?○ He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.○ He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate toward the box with food.○ He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route.○ He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.Paragraph 5: In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.8. According to paragraph 5, how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible?○ They kept the direction of their flight constant.○ They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.○ They kept flying toward the Sun.○ They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun.9. The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because○ when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky ○ birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction○ birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun○ birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible or notParagraph 6: What about birds that migrate at night? Perhaps they navigate by the night sky. To test the idea, caged night-migrating birds were placed on the floor of a planetarium during their migratory period. A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year. When the planetarium sky matched the sky outside, the birds fluttered in the direction of their normal migration. But when the dome was rotated, the birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky. The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars.10. According to paragraph 6, how did the birds navigate in the planetarium's nighttime environment?○ By waiting for the dome to stop rotating○ By their position on the planetarium floor○ By orienting themselves to the stars in the artificial night sky○ By navigating randomly until they found the correct orientation11. Which of the following best describes the author's presentation of information in the passage?○ A number of experiments are described to support the idea that birds use the Sun and the night sky to navigate.○ The author uses logic to show that the biological clock in birds is inaccurate.○ A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.○ The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.environmental cues. Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells. The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time. Furthermore, one sensory ability may back up another.12. in the passage is closest in meaning to○ new○ increasing○ convincing○ extensiveParagraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Gustave Kramer conducted important research related to the ability of birds to orient and navigate.●●●Answer Choices○ Because caged birds become disoriented when the sky is overcast, Kramer hypothesized that birds orient themselves according to the Sun's position.○ In one set of experiments, Kramer placed the box containing food at the same point of the compass each time he put food boxes in the birds’ environment.○ Kramer demonstrated that an internal biological clock allows starlings to compensate for the Sun's movement.○ After several studies, Kramer surmised that an internal biological clock allows some species of birds to navigate at night.○ The role of environmental cues in birds' navigation is clear, for on overcast days, birds use objects besides the Sun to orient themselves.○ Kramer showed that night-migrating birds use the sky to navigate by the stars.参考答案：1. ○32. ○33. ○44. ○15. ○26. ○37. ○28.○19. ○110. ○311. ○112. ○213. ○114. Because caged birds…Kramer demonstrated that…Kramer showed that...。
