语言学导论期末考试试题(滨州学院外语系)

语言学期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是语言的（）。

A. 历史演变B. 社会功能C. 结构系统D. 所有选项答案：D2. 以下哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语义学C. 心理学D. 句法学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是（）。

A. 音素B. 词C. 词素D. 语素答案：A4. 语言学家索绪尔认为语言符号是由哪两个部分组成的？A. 语义和语法B. 语音和语义C. 能指和所指D. 形式和内容5. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 表达情感C. 思考工具D. 所有选项答案：D6. 语言的音位系统是由（）决定的。

A. 社会约定B. 个人习惯C. 物理属性D. 语法规则答案：A7. 以下哪个不是语言的变异现象？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言混合D. 语言的稳定性答案：D8. 语言的词汇系统包括（）。

A. 词根B. 词缀C. 词D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语法系统包括（）。

B. 词法C. 音位学D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪项是语言的内部因素？A. 社会因素B. 心理因素C. 语言接触D. 语言的规则性答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的对象是______，研究的方法是______。

答案：语言；科学的方法2. 语言的音位系统是由______决定的，而词义系统是由______决定的。

答案：社会约定；社会约定3. 语言的最小意义单位是______，而最小的语音单位是______。

答案：语素；音素4. 索绪尔将语言符号分为两个部分：______和______。

答案：能指；所指5. 语言的交际功能包括信息传递、表达情感和______。

答案：思考工具6. 语言的变异现象包括方言、社会方言和______。

答案：语言混合7. 语言的词汇系统包括______和______。

答案：词根；词缀8. 语言的语法系统包括______和______。

《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习CHAPTERONEI.Designfeaturesoflanguage:productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacementII.Originoflanguage:•Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin•Bow-wow自然模声说•Yo-he-ho劳动号子说•Evolution进化说•Conventionalism约定俗成说•Innatism先天论•After-birthacquisition后天习得说•Gestures手势说•Embodiment体验说(Reality---cognition---language)III.Functionsoflanguage:informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandm etalingualfunctionIV.Linguisticsanditsbranches1.Sixperiodsoflinguistics•Philology传统语文学时期(19世纪前)•Historical&comparativelinguistics历史比较语言学时期(19世纪)•Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期(20世纪初)•Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期(20世纪中)•Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期(20世纪中)•Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期(20世纪80年代)2.internalbranches:inrea-disciplinarydivisions(内部分支)1）Phonetics（语音学）studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmittedandperceived.2）Phonology（音系学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列）3）Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.4）Syntax(句法学)isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterre lationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.5）Semantics（语义学）isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.6）Pragmatics（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.3.externalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisions（外部分支：跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支）1）Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.2）Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithi naspeechcommunity.3）Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.4）Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.ChapterTwoPhonetics1.Sub-branchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:theproductionofspeechsoundsAcousticphonetics:thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds2.GroupsofspeechsoundsConsonantsandvowels3.Waystodescribeconsonants1)positionofarticulation2)mannerofarticulation3)voicedorvoiceless4.Waystodescribevowels1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(xorlongvs.short);4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)ChapterThreePhonologyI.PhonemesandAllophones1.Phoneme:adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature(具有区别意义的最小语音单位)2.Allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme(音位变体)3.Contrastivedistribution(对立分布)：thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs(最小对比对)。

期末试卷一一、单项选择题（每小题1分，总计20分）1.关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.语言是一种社会现象B.语言就是人们说出来的话C.语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言D.语言是一个符号系统2.从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）A.音渡B.音素C.音位D.音节3.在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（）A.语法B.语义C.语音D.词汇4.从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿” 一词属于（）A.单纯词B.派生词C.复合词D.简缩词5.下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是（）A.笼子B.鸽子C.瓜子D.日子6.下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是（）A.语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则B.语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则D.语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象7.下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是（）A.词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确B.词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊C.词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊D.词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊8.“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是（）A.理性意义不同B.语体色彩不同C.形象色彩不同D.语气意义不同9.下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是（）A.他申请去北京进修B.你去请他比较好C.他取下了挂在墙上的地图D.他害怕老师批评他10.下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是（）A.（甲）他有一件西服（乙）他有一件衣服B.（甲）他的西服破了（乙）他有一件西服C.（甲）那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一（乙）那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》D.（甲）那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一（乙）那个学生借给他一本书11.1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于（）A.正字法改革B.字符类型改革C.文字类型改革D.字符类型和文字类型改革12.汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene,从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于（A.纯粹音译词B.音译兼意译词C.意译词D.仿译词13.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是（）A.通用语汇B.常用语汇C.基本语汇D.专用语汇14.关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的B.社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的C.一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言D.一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言15.关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失B.并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代D.并不意味着语言已经实现统一16.关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见B.主要由权威机构强制推行C.主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行D.主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程17.关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是（）A.模仿说B.天赋说C.强化说D.刺激反应说18.社会语言学属于（）A.理论语言学B.广义应用语言学C.普通语言学D.狭义应用语言学19.汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）A.异化B.类化C.新语法范畴的形成D.实词虚化20.下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）A.苗语B.越南语C.俄语D.日语二、多项选择（每个小题3分，共30分）1.根据舌位的高低，元音可分为（）A.高兀音B.央元音C.半高元音D.半低元音E.低元音2.下列汉字的读音中多包含有辅音［飞］的有（）A.男B.拉C.拿D.拦E.驴3.下列词中带有前缀的是（%1老鼠%1画家%1阿姨%1超越%1超现实主义4.下列词组叫，带双宾语的是（）%1托你一件事%1托你办件事%1请你办这件事%1借你五元钱%1给你一本书5.下列语素中，属于枯着语素的是（）%1宏%1伟%1大%1楼%1机6.卞列语言单位中，属于派生词的是（）%1律师%1鸟儿%1老婆%1苦头%1文学家7.下列词中，处于同一个语义场的词是（）%1桌子%1椅子%1沙发%1柜子%1鞋子8.下列语言属于印欧语系的是（）%1法语%1英语%1德语%1阿拉伯语%1维吾尔语9.汉语属于（）%1汉藏语系%1汉语族%1屈折语%1孤立语%1粘着语10.下列文字中属于表意文字的是（）%1汉字%1中美洲的马雅文字%1古埃及的圣书字%1我国纳西族的东巴文%1古印度的法卢文三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1.符号有视觉符号、听觉和触觉符号三种，语言是一种视觉符号。

最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitionsin Column B.Column A1.最新 2019英语8.mistakes17.语言学期末试题9.interlanguage18.context练习 +答案10.motivation19.blendingngue11.arbitrariness20.culture3.suprasegmental feature12.21.learning strategies4.deep structure13.broad transcription22.selectional restrictions5.predication analysis14.morphology23.phrase structure rules6.idiolect15.category24.culture diffusion7.pidgin16.errors最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案A. Learners ’ indepentdesystem of the second language， which is of neither the nativelanguage nor the second language， but a continuum or approximation from his nativelanguage to the target language. 9B.Learner ’ s attitudes and affective state or learning drive， having a strong impact on hisefforts n learning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.24E. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people whospeak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H. They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.22I. The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s propertiessubcategorization.4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words ， and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner ’conscious， goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.20P.18Q. .19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language，such as a sentence， a noun phrase or a verb. 15S.17T.The ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules of his language12.U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W. They reflect gaps in a learner’ s knowledge of the target，languagenotself-corrigible.16X. They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word ， whose initial letter has been given.1. “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user Competence’4._. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme.Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. Theyare said to be in c____ distribution.7.When pitch ， stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation，they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8. The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers， signifying such concepts as tense， number， case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head，specifier ， and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning ，conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ， in the interpretation of meaning theyare linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12. The sense relation between“ animal” and“ dog” hyponymyiscalled____.13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials o f “ World Health Organization Acronym”.17.According to Halliday ， language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.Diffusion19.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called”， which is a “vfeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between autumn”“ and fall“” is calleds____. Synonym26. H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form，i.e. ， different words are identical in sound or spelling ， or in both. Homonymy27.Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “ SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome ”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an indi Idiolect30. RP， the short form of“ R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. ReceivedⅢ .Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics ， ____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’，s point.e.，of howview the sounds are perceivedby the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental， voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back，open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [?]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat ， biteB. kill ， pillC. peak， pig，D. meat， seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words“ dead and alive” is called ____.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y:John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y:My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl ’ s classification of speech， actswhich of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I ’ m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “ Kodak ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27..B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’，s point.e.，ofhowviewa speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put ”requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv，. theThusprocess ofputting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called.A. categorization B . subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30. Which of the following words contains a front ， close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A . faster B. writer C. lovely D. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words borrow“ and lend ” is called ___.A. gradable antonyms B . relational opposites34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y:John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37. According to Searl’ s classification of speech，actswhich of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D.I have never seen the man before.38.The word “ brunch ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologicallyprogrammed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense， number， gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45. There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A.[z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B.[m]C.[b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52. When a child uses “ mummy” to refer to any woman ，most probably his “ mummy”means.A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult–MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day ， eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words“ north ” and“ south ” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in thepart of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the correspondingbracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general ， but not any particular language ， e.g. English ，Chinese， Arabic ， and Latin ， etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium ofhuman language. F3.In narrow transcription ， we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with thediacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T5.T6.Of the three phonetics branches ， the longest established one ， and until recently the mosthighly developed ， is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “ seal in”the sentence “ theseal could not be found ”cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmedfor language. T9.According to co-operative principle ， the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims ， so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.T12. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14. Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds ， language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning. F17. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20. According to the innatist view of language acquisition，only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children F’21.T22.According to Austin ， the performative utterance is used to perform an action， it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that languagehas two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. Whatare they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday ， what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-1183.P8-94. Give a brief illustration to the“ semantic triangle” suggestedcharsby.P63Ogden-64 and Ri Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin ， what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims givesrise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does eachof the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning?Please illustrate briefly.1)He ated the cake yesterday.2)We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the chair.4)My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1.The meaning of sentence And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2.The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality ， which is governed by thegrammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes ， making a sentenceunacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated”and 2) has “will gone ”;3.But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions ， in other words， constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed ， yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example， as we can find in sentence 3) and4)， no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children ’s story and there is no redpears usually in the world. Therefore ， some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

滨州学院英语期末考试试题# 滨州学院英语期末考试试题## Part I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)### Section A: Short Conversations1. What does the man want to do?A) Go to the library.B) Buy a new book.C) Return a book.D) Borrow a book.2. Why is the woman going to the store?A) To buy groceries.B) To buy a gift.C) To buy a new dress.D) To buy a book.### Section B: Long ConversationsListen to the conversation and answer the following questions.3. What is the main topic of the conversation?4. What does the man suggest they do next?### Section C: PassagesListen to the passage and answer the following questions.5. What is the speaker mainly talking about?6. What is the purpose of the speaker's speech?## Part II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)### Passage 1Read the following passage and answer the questions.7. What is the main idea of the passage?8. According to the passage, what are the benefits oflearning a second language?### Passage 2Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question.9. What does the author think about the importance of environmental protection?A) It is urgent.B) It is not necessary.C) It is only a concern for governments.D) It is a personal choice.10. What is the author's suggestion for individuals to contribute to environmental protection?A) Plant more trees.B) Use public transportation.C) Recycle waste.D) All of the above.## Part III: Vocabulary and Grammar (20 points)### Section A: VocabularyChoose the word that best completes the sentence.11. The ______ of the new policy has been widely debated.A) efficiencyB) effectivenessC) efficacyD) validity### Section B: Grammar12. If it ______ tomorrow, we will have to cancel the picnic.A) rainsB) will rainB) is rainingD) rained## Part IV: Cloze Test (15 points)Read the following passage with blanks. Choose the best word to complete each blank from the options given.13. The ______ of the company has been a major concern for the board members.A) sustainabilityB) profitabilityC) reputationD) growth14. Despite the challenges, the company has managed to ______ its market share.A) maintainB) increaseC) decreaseD) stabilize## Part V: Writing (15 points)### Task: Write an essay on the topic "The Role of Technology in Modern Education."- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using technology in education.- Give your opinion on whether technology should be more integrated into the learning process.Please note that this is a sample English final exam paperfor Binzhou University. The actual exam may contain different questions and formats. Good luck to all the students preparing for their English final exams!。

语言学概论期末考试试卷（参考答案）语言学概论期末考试试卷一、填空题（每空1分，共15分）1、现代语言学之父是，他的代表作是。

2、美国语言学家创立了高度形式化的生成语法。

3、人耳能听到的声音频率范围在赫兹之间。

低于赫兹的声音叫“次声”，高于赫兹的声音叫“超声”。

4、本书讨论的语汇学主要包括两个方面的内容：一是，二是。

5、语法是语言中关于词的和词的规则。

6、各种文字的字符大体上可以归纳成三大类，即、和。

7、文字起源于和。

二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1、人类最重要的交际工具是（）A．文字B．语音C．语言D．手势、表情等非言语手段2、语言是（）A．写成的作品或发表的言论B．个人说的行为和结果C．从言语中概括出来的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和D．说话3、应用语言学最早是指（）A．计算语言学B．语言教学C．交际语言学D．心理语言学4、汉语普通话的辅音音位[ ]的区别特征是（）A．舌叶清擦音B．舌面中浊擦音C．舌面前清擦音D．舌面后清擦音5、“拼死拼活”和“风风火火”是（）A．成语B．惯用语C．歇后语D．谚语6、“所以”是一个（）A．词B．词组C．句子D．语素7、词类的本质属性是（）A．形态B．意义C．分布D．结构8、由语法形式表达的语义叫做（）A．理性意义B．非理性意义C．词汇意义D．语法意义9、下面几个词语具有贬义色彩的是（）A．成果B．勾结C．顽强D．鼓励10、在述谓结构中（）是处于支配地位的核心成分A．情态B．命题C．谓词D．变元三、名词解释（每小题4分，共16分）1、能指2、韵律特征3、向心词组4、语系四、简答题（每小题7分，共21分）1、义素分析的步骤2、为什么说语言学理论和应用研究应该区分？3、划分词类有哪些标准？五、分析题（每小题8分，共16分）1、在[ ]里写出相应的音标，在（）里写出包含这个音的例子（语种不限）。

如：舌尖中不送气浊塞音：[d]（英：dog狗）（1）舌根浊鼻音：[ ]、（）（2）舌尖前不送气清塞擦音：[ ]、（）（3）舌面后清擦音：[ ]、（）（4）舌尖后送气清塞擦音：[ ]、（）（5）双唇不送气浊塞音：[ ]、（）（6）唇齿浊擦音：[ ]、（）2、下面几组英语片段中的划线部分都是通过一定语法手段表示了不同的语法意义，属什么语法范畴，以及采用了什么语法手段。

《语言学概论》复习题注：可利用查找功能复制部分题干查询对应题目和解析。

查找按键：Ctrl+F （超越高度）一、名词解释1. arbitrariness (任意性)2. parole (言语)3. affixes (词缀)4. Hyponymy (上下义关系)5. Connotation (内涵)6.allomorphs (语素变体)7. diphthongs (双元音) 8 allophones (音位变体)9. affixes (词缀) 10.Polysemy (多义性)二、填空1. Performance refers to the realization of langue in actual use.2. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.3. Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.5.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sent ences in languages is called syntax.6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, interlanguage is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.7. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called homonymy.8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.9. There are 5 main areas of phonetic study.10.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be descr iptive.11.Modern linguistics regards the written language as secondary.12. According to F. de Saussure, performance refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.三、判断1. English is a typical intonation language. (T)2. Adjectives belong to open class words. (T)3. The first pragmatic theory is Conversational Implicature.(F)4. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.(T)5. There is no difference between data retrieval and information retrieval.(F)6. English is a typical intonation language. (T)7. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.” (F)8.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the soun ds to convey meaning in communication.(T)9. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.(F )10.A compound is the combination of two words.(F)11. The meaning of a sentence is always the sum total of the words in that sentence.(F)12.Realations between meanings of words can be synonymy, antonymy or hyponymy.(T)四、简答1. Define phoneme.A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules.(4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels?The position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.3. What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. Please list the 4 design features of language①arbitrariness ②duality ③creativity ④displacement5. List the seven functions of human languages.①Informative function ②Interpersonal function ③Performative function ④Metalingual function ⑤Phatic communion function ⑥Recreational function⑦Emotive function6. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?They are different from each other in four aspects:Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful grouping of sentences.Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.。

语言学期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的本质和结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的规则性？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇5. 语言的交际功能指的是什么？A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部形式C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的个人表达答案：C6. 语言的哪一部分负责表达概念？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 词汇答案：C7. 下列哪项是语言的物理表现形式？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 语用答案：C8. 语言的哪一部分负责表达关系？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇答案：A9. 语言的哪一部分负责表达情感？B. 语用C. 语音D. 词汇答案：B10. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的变异？A. 语言变异B. 语言变化C. 语言演化D. 语言发展答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是______。

答案：语言2. 语言的三个基本功能包括表达、______和交际。

答案：指称3. 语音学研究的是语言的______方面。

答案：声音4. 语法学研究的是语言的______方面。

答案：结构5. 语义学研究的是语言的______方面。

答案：意义6. 词汇学研究的是语言的______方面。

答案：词汇7. 语用学研究的是语言的______方面。

答案：使用8. 语言的最小意义单位是______。

答案：语素9. 语言的最小声音单位是______。

答案：音素10. 语言的最小结构单位是______。

答案：词三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 请简述语言学的主要研究内容。

答案：语言学主要研究语言的本质、结构、发展、变化以及语言在社会和个人中的作用。

滨州学院2010-2011学年第二学期期末考试英语专业 (本) 2009级《高级阅读》试卷（A）(答案一律写在答题纸上,在本试卷上做答无效)I. Vocabulary (1.5 points each, 15 points)Directions: Write down the synonyms/antonyms of the following words on ANSWER SHEET 1 according to the hints given. Use the words you have just learned this term.Synonyms:1. threat: m____2. fussy: p____3. fragile: vu____4. ascribe: a____5. trivial: p____Antonyms:6. implicit: __plicit7. dissatisfied: c____8. secure: tr__9. industrious: sl____ 10. rebellious: m____II. In-depth Reading (20 points)Directions: The following paragraph is an excerpt from a novel written by a British feminist writer. Read it and answer the questions. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Feeling . . . clamoured wildly. “Oh, comply!” it said. “. . . soothe him; save him; love him; tell him you love him and will be his. Who in the world cares for you? or who will be injured by what you do?” Still indomitable was the reply: “I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself. I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man. I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad—as I am now. Laws and principles are not for the times when there is no temptation. . . . They have a worth—so I have always believed; and if I cannot believe it now, it is because I am insane—quite insane: with my veins running fire, and my heart beating faster than I can count its throbs.”Questions:1. Guess the writer and original title of the novel. (5 points)2. How do you understand this paragraph? Comment on this paragraph with no more than 100 words. Failure to obey this would result in the loss of marks. (15 points)III. Reading Comprehension (2 points each, 40 points)Directions: Read the following passages. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.Passage 1The ability to “see” oneself in the future is a remarkable human trait - some would say unique - that is not w ell understood. That’s despite the fact that we probably spend as much time thinking about the future as we do thinking about the present.Now new research from Washington University in St. Louis suggests that it's precisely because we can remember the past that we can visualize the future.“Our findings provide convincing support for the idea that memory and future thought are highly interrelated and help explain why future thought may be impossible without memories, ” says doctoral candidate Karl Szpunar.The findings are consistent with other research showing that persons with little memory of the past, such as young children or individuals suffering from loss of memory, are less able to see themselves in the future.The researchers base their conclusions on brain scans of 21 college students who were cued to think about something in their past, and anticipate the same event in the future, like a birthday or getting lost. The experiment was carried out as each student lay on their stomach in a magnetic resonance imaging machine, a dreadful but very useful piece of equipment that can show which areas of the brain are stimulated during specific thought processes.The students were also asked to picture former President Bill Clinton in a past and future setting. Clinton was chosen because he was easily recognized and familiar to all the students.The researchers found a “surprisingly complete overlap” among regions of the brain used for remembering the student's past and those used for picturing the future. And every region involved in remembering was also used in anticipating the future.In short, the researchers isolated the area of the brain that “lit up ” when the students thought about an event in their own past. And more importantly, that same area lit up again when they thought about a similar event in their future. In fact, the researchers report that the brain activity was so similar in both cases that it was indistinguishable.”The findings were reinforced when students imagined Bill Clinton. Since none of them knew him personally, their memories were not autobiographical. And the brain scans showed “significantly less” correlation between memories of having seen pictures of Clinton in the White House and projecting him into the future.So this “time machine, ” as the researchers describe it, allows us to use the past to see ourselves in the future, and both our memories and our anticipation are interdependent. (426 words)1. A remarkable human trait that is not well understood is the ability ________.A. to think about the pastB. to see the futureC. to remember the pastD. to control the present2. The findings support that ________.A. future goals will greatly influence a person's present performanceB. a person's present performance is determined by his / her past knowledgeC. future thought depends to a great degree on the memory of the pastD. present thought is impossible without the ability to imagine the future3. The conclusion of the experiment on students was that ________.A. the students could picture themselves better than Bill Clinton in a past and future settingB. the students could imagine themselves as well as Bill Clinton in a past and future settingC. the students could anticipate Bill Clinton better than themselves in a past and future settingD. the students could only picture themselves in a past and future setting but not Bill Clinton4. This “time machine ” in the last paragraph most probably refers to ________.A. clockB. brain scanningC. magnetic resonance imagingD. memory Passage 2Directions:Go over the passage quickly. Mark A (for TRUE) if the statement true; B (for F ALSE) if the statement is false; C (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.Visiting the White HouseWhite House Tours Public tours of the White House are available for groups of 10 or more people. Requests must be submitted through one's Member of Congress and are accepted up to six months in advance. These self-guided tours are available from 7:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday , and are scheduled on a first come, first served basis approximately one month in advance of the requested date. We encourage you to submit your request as early as possible since a limited number of tours are available. All White House tours are free of charge. For the most current tour information, please call the 24-hour line at 202-456-7041. Please note that White House tours may be subject to last minute cancellation. White House Visitor CenterAll tours are significantly enhanced if visitors stop by the White House Visitor Center located at the southeast corner of 15th and E Streets, before or after their tour. The Center is open seven days a week from 7:30 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. and features many aspects of the White House, including its architecture, furnishings, first families, social events, and relations with the press and world leaders, as well as a thirty-minute video. Allow between 20 minutes to one hour to explore the exhibits. The White House Historical Association also sponsors a sales area. Please note that restrooms are available, but food service is not.Mobility-Impaired / Using a WheelchairGuests requiring the loan of a wheelchair should notify the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building upon arrival.Wheelchairs loans are offered on a first-come, first-served basis. Reservations are notpossible.Visitors in wheelchairs, or with other mobility disabilities, on the Congressional guided or self-guided tours, between 8:00 a.m. and 12 noon, use the same Visitor entrance and, with up to four members of their party, are admitted without waiting in line and without tickets.Visitors in wheelchairs are escorted by ramp from the entrance level to the ground floor, and by elevator from the ground to the state floor. Guests generally wait in line with their family or group.Hearing-ImpairedTours for hearing-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. Tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate. A u.s. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer conducts the tour in sign language. Signed tours are available to groups of 8 to 20. Groups are also encouraged to bring their own interpreters.Signing interpretation is also available for individual visitors with advance notice. A Congressional office first issues guided tour tickets to a guest who is hearing-impaired and then contacts the Visitors Office at least 2 weeks in advance to request interpreter service.The Visitors Office TDD (telephone device for the deaf) is 202-456-2121. Messages may be left outside normal business hours.Visually-ImpairedTours for visually-impaired groups may be arranged in advance by writing to the Visitors Office, White House, Washington, DC 20502. The tours are usually scheduled at 9:30 a.m., between the Congressional and public tour times. Participants enter at the East Appointment gate. A u.s. Secret Service / Uniformed Division Tour Officer permits visitors to touch specific objects in the House. Touch tours are currently available only to groups of 8 to 20, not to individual visitors. Guide animals are permitted in the White House.General Tour InformationAll White House tours are free. Changes in tour schedules are occasionally made because of official events. Notice may not be given until that morning. The Visitors Office 24-hour Information Line recording at 202-456-7041 provides the most up-to-date information. The TDD is 202-456-2121. Visitors should confirm tour schedules by calling the information line the night before and the morning that they plan to visit. It is occasionally necessary to close individual rooms on the tour; however, notice about closed rooms is not possible.Prohibited ItemsProhibited items include, but are not limited to, the following: handbags, book bags,backpacks, purses, food and beverages of any kind, strollers, cameras, video recorders or any type of recording device, tobacco products, personal grooming items (make-up, hair brush or comb, lip or hand lotions, etc.), any pointed objects (pens, knitting needles, etc.), aerosol containers, guns, ammunition, fireworks, electric stun guns, mace, martial arts weapons / devices, or knives of any size. The u.s. Secret Service reserves the right to prohibit any other personal items. Umbrellas, wallets, cell phones and car keys are permitted.Please note that no storage facilities are available on or around the complex. Individuals who arrive with prohibited items will not be permitted to enter the White House.ParkingThe closest Metrorail stations to the White House are Federal Triangle (blue and orange lines), Metro Center (blue, orange, and red lines) and McPherson Square (blue and orange lines). On-street parking is not available near the White House, and use of public transportation is strongly encouraged.Restrooms / Public TelephonesThe nearest restrooms and public telephones to the White House are in the Ellipse Visitor Pavilion (the park area south of the White House) and in the White House Visitor Center. Restrooms or public telephones are not available at the White House. (875 words)5. Both Congressional guided and self-guided tours need to be scheduled in advance.6. All White House tours are free of charge except on federal holidays.7. The White House Visitor Center provides free drinks but not food service.8. Wheelchair reservation service is provided by the officer at the Visitors Entrance Building.9. Hearing-impaired visitors can request signing interpretation service from the Visitors Office.10. Touch tours are currently only offered to visually-impaired groups of 8 to 20.Passage 3What would happen if people were suddenly paid for doing something they usually did from intrinsic motivation, such as donate blood? Researchers generally thought that if people were given external rewards (money, awards, prizes, or tokens) for doing tasks (donating blood) that they formerly did from intrinsic motivation, their performance of these tasks would decrease.Because the finding that external rewards decreased intrinsic motivation was widely accepted, many books advised that rewards should not be used in educational settings, hospitals, or volunteer organizations because such rewards would do more harm than good. However, researchers recently reanalyzed the past 25 years of studies on intrinsic motivation and reached two different conclusions. First, they found that any decrease in intrinsic interest resulting from an external reward was so small as to not be detected by statistical analysis ofhundreds of studies. Second, they found that verbal praise, which is a form of external reward, did not decrease intrinsic interest but rather increased it.For a long time, it was also thought that external rewards automatically decreased creative work and interest. But researchers have found that the effects of giving children a reward for completing a creative task depends on how they perceive the reward. If they perceive the reward as a treat, it will increase their intrinsic interest, but if they see the reward as an external pressure to be creative, it will decrease their intrinsic interest.These studies show that, unlike previously thought, external rewards do not automatically decrease intrinsic interest and that verbal praise actually increases intrinsic motivation. Research on intrinsic motivation shows how cognitive factors, such as how you perceive situations, influence your motivation and achievement. (277 words)11. It was thought by the researchers that if people were given some awards for doing tasks that they formerly did from intrinsic motivation, they would _______.A. do those tasks betterB. finish those tasks in less timeC. not change their attitude towards those tasksD. give a less satisfactory performance12. The word "intrinsic" means _____.A. externalB. excellentC. inherentD. moralistic13. According to researchers, if a child is given a reward for completing a creative task, _____.A. the child will be more interested in the taskB. the child will be less interested in the taskC. the child will see the reward as a treat and do the task betterD. the way the child sees the reward affects their interest14. Recent studies show that _________.A. external rewards decrease intrinsic motivationB. decreases in intrinsic interest resulting from an external reward can be detected by statistical analysisC. verbal praise decreases intrinsic interestD. external rewards do not automatically decrease intrinsic interest15. The passage discusses _____.A. intrinsic motivationB. donating bloodC. external awardsD. the function of verbal praisesPassage 4Local inhabitants have always feared the gorillas. In 1861 British explorer John Speke was warned that the volcano slopes were inhabited by manlike monsters. The mountain gorillas were unknown to western scientists until 1902, when a German explorer shot two.Over the next 25 years hunters killed or captured more than 50 of the rare primates. By the 1960's, with the human populations of Rwanda and Zaire exploding, much of the gorillas' highland habitat had been taken, leaving 450 of the apes squeezed into the Virungas. By 1981 there were just 254 left.Their unlikely savior was American primatologist Dian Fossey, author of Gorillas in the Mist. Setting up a research center in Rwanda in 1967, Fossey trained a crew of trackers to monitor the gorillas and lead her to them each day. She soon alerted the world to their threatened extinction.Among her recruits was Fidele Nshogoza. Over a shared pot of pombe －banana beer －Nshogoza, now 47, told me of his first encounter with the gorillas. He came across more than a dozen sprawled in an alpine meadow, looking just like a family on a picnic. Nshogoza watched as the brawny patriarch lay on his belly, resting his chin on blockbuster arms. "Le grand chef," Nshogoza whispered in awe. "The chieftain."Gathered about the leader were his six wives, typically less than half his size. An imp-faced youngster clambered onto the silverback's shoulders, pulling his hair in fun. The father let the infant yank away. The silverback has the power of several men, Nshogoza thought, but is so gentle with his family. The great ape was not the monster of native legend. (276 words)16. The Western scientists did not know mountain gorillas until ________.A. local inhabitants told themB. the British explorer John Speke warned them against the manlike monstersC. a German explorer shot two of themD. Rwanda and Zaire took much of the gorillas' highland habitat17. American primatologist Dian Fossey did all the following EXCEPT that ______.A. she wrote the book Gorillas in the MistB. she established a research center in Rwanda in 1967C. she trained a crew of trackers to monitor the gorillas each dayD. she was the first person to disclose the gorillas' threatened extinction18. Fidele Nshogoza _______.A. was a famous Rwanda explorerB. worked as a gorilla research center's directorC. regarded the great ape as the monster of native legendD. was Dian Fossey's assistant and team member19. " Le grand chef " means _______.A. the great cookB. the top leaderC. the terrible man-eating gorillaD. the manlike monster20. Nshogoza's impression upon the leader gorilla was that _________.A. he was both a powerful leader and an absolute master of his kindB. he was the monster of native legendC. he had many wives and treated his family gentlyD. he was a merciless fighter and could kill several menIV. Blank-Filling Reading(2 points each, 10 points)Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel association, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.21)_______________________________. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. 22)_________________________.Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. 23)______________________________________________.Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement.24)__________________________.25)________________________________. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.[A] The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers including car-rental and sight-seeing services.[B] They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.[C] Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.[D] As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.[E] Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their- contracts and to send them clients.[F] In This way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-Planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.[G] Consequently, the agencies started to pay more attention to the comfort of travel. V. Cloze (1 point each, 15 points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are the last areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves and the fantasies they (26)__ about their lives, the restrictions on money available (27)__ them, the presence of others in the family with a (28)__ on that money, and the influence of current convention, (29)__ , surroundings and locality. Shopping is an important human activity.Yet shoppers are (30)__ with a confusing situation and a(n) (31) __ changing one.The confusion arises from the claims (32)__ adverting, from inadequate information about new products, new materials, new places to shop--a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a (n) ( 33 )__ choice of goods than ever before.The search (34)__ the right purchase is based on ignorance of (35) __ own needs and ignorance of the product's (36)__ for those needs. When choosing any particular item, there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance. (37) __ none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example, you can ask a shop assistant initially.(38)__ you find one, she may quite (39)__ not know the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a housewife (40) __ part-time.26. A. imagine B. possess C. have D. own27. A. to B. for C. with D. of28. A. right B. demand C. request D. claim29. A. growth B. upbringing C. cultivation D. expansion30. A. dealt B. faced C. coped D. greeted31. A. suddenly B. instantly C. rapidly D. readily32. A. made by B. seen in C. hinted at D. set in33. A. ampler B. larger C. broader D. wider34. A. from B. into C. for D. with35. A. their B. one's C. his D. her36. A. fitness B. use C. value D. worth37. A. And B. Still C. Yet D. Even38. A. Even ff B. Although C. Because D. While39. A. generally B. authentically C. innocently D. genuinely40. A. studying B. practicing C. working D. shopping。

语言学期末试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的结构D. 语言的功能答案：C2. 下列哪一项不是语言的任意性特点？A. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系B. 语言符号的发音与意义之间有必然联系C. 不同语言之间存在对应关系D. 语言符号的构成具有任意性答案：B3. 索绪尔将语言分为哪两个平面？A. 语音和语义B. 语言和言语C. 语法和词汇D. 语义和语用答案：B4. 语音学研究的是：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的心理属性D. 语言的语法结构答案：B5. 下列哪一项不属于词汇语义学的研究范畴？A. 同义关系B. 反义关系C. 句法结构D. 词义变化答案：C6. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音位B. 词C. 词素D. 语素答案：C7. 语言的组合规则属于：A. 语音学B. 词汇学C. 句法学D. 语用学答案：C8. 语言的聚合规则属于：A. 语音学B. 词汇学C. 句法学D. 语用学答案：B9. 下列哪一项是社会语言学的研究内容？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的语法结构答案：C10. 语言的变异性体现在：A. 语音的变化B. 语法的变化C. 词汇的变化D. 所有选项答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 语言学的分支学科包括语音学、语法学、__________、语用学等。

答案：词汇学2. 语言的两种基本功能是表达和__________。

答案：交流3. 索绪尔认为语言符号是由__________和所指构成的。

答案：能指4. 语言的音位变体称为__________。

答案：音位变体5. 语言的最小语音单位是__________。

答案：音素6. 语言的最小语法单位是__________。

答案：词7. 语言的最小语义单位是__________。

答案：语义素8. 语言的__________是指语言随时间的演变。