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浅谈犯罪现场心理痕迹【摘要】：作案人在作案过程中除了留下各种各样的物质痕迹以外，还会留下潜在的心理痕迹，通过现场勘查，提取遗留在现场中的各种痕迹物证，来分析作案人实施犯罪的心理过程，对于推断作案人的犯罪行为动机和目的，认定案件性质，明确侦查方向和范围，具有重要的指导意义。
【关键词】：物质痕迹；心理痕迹；现场勘查作案人在作案过程中除了留下各种各样的物质痕迹以外，还会留下潜在的心理痕迹，通过现场勘查，提取遗留在现场中的各种痕迹物证，来分析作案人实施犯罪的心理过程，对于推断作案人的犯罪行为动机和目的，认定案件性质，明确侦查方向和范围，具有重要的指导意义。
一、犯罪心理痕迹概述近年来,犯罪心理痕迹研究受到我国侦查学界的关注,不同学者给予了不同的定义，作者查阅了资料，主要观点如下：1. 犯罪心理痕迹,专指犯罪人大脑对经历过的特殊事件(犯罪)的认知及记忆【1】2.犯罪心理痕迹是指犯罪人在实施犯罪行为过程中表现出来的,通过犯罪行为间接地反映在犯罪现场遗留痕迹之中的某些比较稳定的、典型的心理特点”【2】3.犯罪现场心理痕迹是犯罪现场客观事物形象的心理属性,或者说现场心理痕迹是犯罪人的心理要素通过犯罪行为赋予犯罪现场客观事物形象的属性【3】4.(犯罪)心理痕迹是指犯罪分子在实施犯罪的过程中,在犯罪现场上能够直接或间接地反映出犯罪心理活动的一切现象,它可以反映出犯罪分子的心理活动过程,心理状态和个性心理特点【4】5.现场心理痕迹是指犯罪分子在实施犯罪过程中和犯罪前后的心理活动,通过行为结果间接地反映在犯罪现场物质痕迹或被害人、事主和知情群众记忆之中的某些带有犯罪意向性、一致性、典型的心理特点【5】6．犯罪心理痕迹是相对于犯罪现场中的物质痕迹而言的”它是犯罪人个性心理在犯罪行为发生过程中客观反映【6】7．现场心理痕迹是指犯罪行为发生的过程中所表现出来的,通过犯罪行为储存在一定载体上的犯罪嫌疑人的心理过程!心理特征和心理状态(心理活动)”【7】通过对上述不同概念的分析比较，可以看出，这些不同的定义之间有异同之处。
侦查心理学第一章侦查心理学概论第二节侦查心理学的方法读心术一、心理判断分析１.人的心理是可以判断分析的，人不是不可貌相，关键是谁来相。
２.人的心理是难以判断分析完全的，只能尽可能完全、准确。
３.心理判断分析的应用广泛，几乎无所不在。
４.分析判断的方法、途径多多，本课仅重点介绍。
心理判断分析（一）作用：从古到今广泛用于政治、军事、商业、企业管理以及个人生活，人际关系处理、建立威信等（二）任务：长、短判长：需求、个性特征、弱点、经历、职业特征等。
判短：目前心态、心思及情绪。
在侦查实践中：街头识别人、抓扒手；与劫持犯谈判；调查讯问中应用等。
心理判断分析（三）定义指针对某人或某事，运用心理学知识，按照辩证的观点，分析某人或某事所反映出的行为模式特点和心理活动特点。
心理判断分析二、心理分析基本途径常用的途径分析途径1、外部表现（察言观色）机理（心理活动规律）：内心活动总要外化为表情、动作、姿势。
在一定范围内，内心活动将影响外部表现。
故可通过外部表现认识人的某些内心心理活动，尤其思、情、意为主的内心感受和活动规律。
①眼神―“目听”孟子曰：“存乎人者，莫良于眸子。
眸子不能掩其恶。
胸中正，则眸子瞭焉；胸中不正，则眸子眊焉。
听其言也，观其眸子，人焉廋哉?”《孟子·离娄上》第十五章②面部表情―“色听”更多地反映个性。
先天性的面部表情肌联动模式。
微表情：大脑作出思考前，面部表情的瞬时快速反应（一般表情2-3秒,微表情仅4毫秒，且幅员不大如额头沟纹、皱眉、眨眼、抿嘴）。
微表情与主要面部表情，言语表达内容相矛盾，提示不自在、紧张心态-可能谎言。
热点：说话者的部分面部表情与言语表达内容不一致，与特定环境不协调。
机理与测谎仪、“马上风”同。
③姿势、动作：身势语言反映情绪及思想，也可帮助认识对象的内心活动，掌握其心理特点。
心理学研究成果：身势肢体语言表达信息大于言语的表达。
（约65%-35%）变化：更反映内心心态A.眼神变化：眼神游移不定、左顾右盼------贼眉鼠眼则有说谎可能；对象回答问题时―眼光迎向讯问者―心态情绪稳定；对象回答问题时―目光移开或低头闪躲―心中有鬼。
Criminal Investigative Psychology(侦查心理学)双语教学大纲编制说明《侦查心理学》为专业基础课，适用于侦查系本科学生。
本课程的教学目的是使学生了解国外侦查心理学的前沿理论与相关研究，同时掌握侦查过程中的各种心理现象，能够运用心理学的基本原理去解释侦查过程中的各种主体的行为以及解决侦查中的问题。
主要内容包括犯罪人特征剖析（Criminal profiling）,讯问中的心理分析与对策（Interviewing suspects）,询问证人的方法（Cognitive interview）等。
本课程以启发学生重视心理学在侦查活动中的运用为主要原则，通过对原文的研读和讲授，提高学生直接阅读外文文献的能力。
教学以讲授法兼课堂讨论、案例分析为主要方法，培养学生自主学习的能力，以及运用理论分析问题、解决问题与实践应用的能力，注重理论联系实际，突出公安特色。
《Investigative Psychology》双语教学大纲是本课程开展教学活动的基本依据。
由赵桂芬执笔，经征求相关专家意见，并由侦查系毕惜茜审阅后，于2009年1月14日由侦查系学术委员会审定。
一、课程名称：Investigative Psychology(侦查心理学)二、课程性质：专业基础课三、授课对象：侦查专业本科学生四、总学时数：28学时，其中讲授21学时五、教学内容：Investigative Psychology: Introduction教学目的和要求：Through teaching, students should have a clear concept about Investigative Psychology; learn about the development of IP as well as the research area of IP. Student should keep in mind about what psychology can contribute to criminal investigation.重点与难点：The stressing point is the definition of Investigative Psychology as well as research area of IP. The difficult point is the definition.学时数：2学时主要内容：1.Definition of Investigative PsychologyDefinition from David Canter. “Investigative Psychology covers all aspects of psychology that are relevant to the conduct of criminal or civil investigations.”Broad and Narrow perspective：Broad one is a term encompassing all the ways that psychology can be used or integrated with the processes and procedures of criminal investigation. Narrow one is a term referring to methods of identifying key features of a crime and the likely characteristics of the perpetrator.The relationship with Forensic Psychology: Investigative Psychology is the subfieldof Forensic Psychology.Ours perspective: Narrow definition: a subject that focuses on the psychological phenomenon and it‟s regularity w hich are related to investigators in the proceeding of investigation. Broad definition: a subject that focuses on the psychological phenomenon and it‟s countermeasures regarding with all individuals who might be involved in the proceeding of criminal investigation2.The development of IPIntroducing the lasted research method and research outcome of the Center of Investigative Psychology in Liverpool University.3.Research area of IPPolice psychology; Criminal profiling; Interrogation; Interviewing; Negotiation in hostage taking; Psychological autopsy.4. SummaryChapter 1: Early approaches to profiling教学目的与要求：Help students recognize the evolution of the approach of criminal profiling. Students should know about the assumption and functions of profiling. 重点与难点：Focus on the assumption and functions of profiling. The assumption about profiling is the difficult point.学时数：4学时主要内容：Overview1.The definition of profiling1.1A process by which “offender characteristics can be deduced from a detailedknowledge of offence characteristics”.1.2When is Offender Profiling used?In general applied for serial cases, typically for serious crimes when the suspect is unknown. Nowadays, it has also been successfully used with less serious crime e.g.arson and burglary2. The function of profiling2.1Deducing the characteristics of an unknown offender2.2Understanding an offender‟s behaviour and/or future level of threat to others2.3Giving advice to officers on how to interview a suspect2.4Determining whether offences are linked through analysis of their behavioural characteristics.2.5Geographical profiling, which can be used to narrow down the search area of offender.3. The history of profilingThree stages of the development of profiling: Observation; Classification; Knowledge about Criminals and their Actions.4. The assumptions of ProfilingThe rational relies on the uniqueness of experience & different personality types will be reflected in lifestyles & behaviour. This leads to assumptions about profiling:4.1 Coherent relationship between crime scene and offender‟s personality: the crime scene reflects the personality4.2 Personality will not change. We can infer the behavioral pattern of offenders in their daily lives.FBI’s Profiling Approaches1.The early research method of the FBI‟s profiling system.The early work was carried out at the FBI…s Academy in Quantico, Virginia in 1970‟s.From it‟s ownofficers‟ experience in the investigation of serious sexual assault and murder, They also carried out extensive interview with some 36 convicted serial murderers.2. Profiling approach2.1 Information needed for profilingInclude a careful examination of the attacks themselves, a study of the nature of the attacks themselves, consideration of any forensic evidence, c areful consideration of the medical examiner‟s report, the identification of the characteristics of the type of victim selected.2.2. Profiling sequenceSix Steps: Profiling Inputs; Decision Process Models; Crime Assessment; Criminal Profile; Investigation; Apprehension3. Serial Killers- Typologies3.1Early classification3.2Other classifications: selfish vs. unselfish rapists.3.3Further classification of rapists: Power reassurance type vs. power-assertive type;Anger-retaliatory type vs. Anger-excitement type.4.The functions of categorization might have4.Functions of categorization might haveA very careful examination of the offence and the circumstances surrounding it would reveal a great deal about the type of offender who committed a crime. Meanwhile, the information obtained from interviews with these types of offenders is of considerable value to investigating officers.5.SummaryChapter 2: Investigative psychology and the work of David Canter教学目的与要求：Student should know that Canter‟s research is based on psychological principles and knowledge; understand Canter‟s approach of profiling andnarrative theory. Further, Students should know about the operative aspects of geographical profiling, and can do criticism about David Canter‟s approach.重点与难点：Focus on profiling approach, i.e., five-step model as well as geographical profiling. The difficult part is the understanding of the psychological underpinning.学时数：6学时主要内容：Overview of Five-step Model1.The psychological underpinning of Canter‟s work2. Narrative TheoryNarrative theory is based on the way in which we live our lives according to …scripts‟ which help us to make sense of the world. Our inner-narratives dictate the way in which we deal with people and situations, in both criminal and non-criminal interactions.3. Canter‟s approach of profiling-Five steps model3.1 Interpersonal coherence.Refers to the way in which people adopt a style of behaviour when dealing with others.3.2 Criminal characteristics. Distinguishes between different types of crime.Allows researchers and investigators to establish the …type‟ of offender they are looking at.3.3 Criminal career. Criminals will operate in a consistent way, but will also learn and adapt3.4. Forensic awareness. Means prevention or removal of evidence, such as DNA or fingerprints.3.5 Time and place. Draws on environmental psychology.Canter’s Work on Crime Loc ation1.Canter‟s work on crime location: Geographical ProfilingGeographical profiling is based on environmental psychology principles. The rationale is that majority of offenders operate in limited space and in areas in which they are familiar. The objective is to predict offender‟s home base from crime scene locations.2.The understanding of Mental MapMental maps are internal representations of the external world, and are unique to each individual.The reason why the study of mental maps might be important is that each criminal will have their own mental map of the area in which they live and operate.3.Circle hypothesisCircle theory does apply to most cases of serial rape and homicide but not to all such cases and also not necessarily to other types of crime.4.Rossmo‟ work on geographical profilingRossmo has done some research on the relationship between crime types and travelling distance, and come up with his theory. His techniques are particularly appropriate to serial offending, esp. that involving violent and sexual crimes.5.Concluding commentsProfiling is not a diagnosis or penal classification: profiling typically cannot identify an individual but can give insight into the general personality and characteristics of the person responsibleCase analysis about serials killer in China1.Introducing a serial killer named Hongjun Yang in Jilin province as well asZhihong Zhao in Leimeng Province.2.Describing their behavioral patterns while committing killing.3.Analyzing their characteristics from the perspective of psychology, socialpsychology and psychoanalytic theory as well as other theories can be applied.Chapter 3: Interviewing Suspects教学目的与要求：Students should know about the role of psychology in the proceeding of interviewing suspects; understand the principle of investigative interviewing in UK; learn the attribution of suspects and the effects.重点与难点：Focusing on the deception detecting and false confession, as well as the attribution of suspects, which is also the difficult part.学时数：4学时主要内容：1.The role of psychology. Suspect interviewing is an area in which the application of findings from psychological research may be appropriate.2. Investigative interviewing. Focus on the principle of investigative interviewing3. Attribution of suspectsIf one takes the typical scenario of an interview with a suspect it may be possible to see what attributions might be made.3.1Common attribution of suspects: the police have a reasonable suspicion that theperson has committed an offence; The suspect was found near the scene of a crime or because he or she matches the description given by a witness; The suspect has previous convictions for the same type of crime, then the police may already havecome to believe that the individual is more than likely responsible.3.2In such attribution, the police may approach the interview itself with such belief:that the person has committed the offence in question and that the purpose of the interview is simply to persuade him/ her to admit involvement in the crime.4. Identifying those who are lying4.1 Oxford claims that 'suspects usually lie in order to avoid guilt or criminal proceedings'.4.2 Vrij suggests that there may be some advantage in training police officers to look for such indirect measures of deception rather than have them rely on their stereotypical (but often incorrect) assumptions about the behaviour of liars.5. False confession5.1 The cause of false confession.5.2 A confession has a compelling influence on jurors and they are more likely to convict on the basis of a confession than anything else.6. Types of confessionGenerally, the classification is based on the motive of confession, include following types: to achieve fame or notoriety, to assuage guilt feelings, to protect another individual, from an individual confusing fantasy with reality, etc.5 .who is most likely to confessionGudjonsson has attempted to identify the sort of person who is most likely to be coerced into making a confession. He has developed a scale of interrogative suggestibility which he claims can separate out those more likely to confess from those who are less likely to do so.Chapter 4: British and American Interrogation Strategies教学目的与要求：Help students understand the characteristics of interrogation and confession, thus, they would know why false confession are easy to be happened. Students should know interrogation principles that applied in UK and it‟s rationale, also, they should examine the basic pattern of interrogation and its rationale. Interrogation training can be learnt as a common sense.重点与难点：Focus on the characteristics of interrogation and confession as well as the feasibility of new interrogation principle in UK, the nine steps of Reid‟s techniques. The difficult part is the nine-step techniques.学时数：6学时主要内容：1. Understanding of interrogation and confession1.1 The characteristics of Interrogation and confessionThe characteristics of Interrogation and confession are as follows: A critical stage in criminal investigation; A closed social interaction; A confession is likely to be unreliable by its nature.1.2 How to understand “a closed social interaction”2. Interrogation principles have been change in UK2.1Two kinds of changes: Defensive lawyers have presented; using an audio or video tape to record the course of interrogation.2.2 The principle of the acceptance of confession has been changedFrom voluntary to reliability3. The change is slowThe t ransition from coercive questioning practices to a new ethos of “searching for the truth” has been difficult for some police. The cause is that “Openness” may be odds with the very adversarial nature of the criminal law and the police culture.4. Police interrogation in AmericaPolice interrogation in the United State in stark contrast to the legal system in England, deception is considered by the American police, also, the courts play a natural part of detecting. The law in US always supports police deception.5. Interrogation training5.1 US police are permitted by the courts to engage in trickery and deception and are trained to do so by the police organization.5.2The training is generally carried out by outside commercial training organizations.6. Police Interview Techniques: (Inbau, Reid, Buckley & Jayne (2001). USA.)Reid Technique6.1 The goal of interrogation, is to breaks down denials and resistance, to Increases the suspect‟s desire to confess.6.2 Categorisation. Two types of suspect: Emotional: remorse –sympathetic approach; Unemotional: no remorse –factual analytic approach that appeals to common sense & reasoning.6.3Nine stepsPre-interviewD irect positive confrontation: interviewer presents his …absolute certainty‟ of guilt.Theme developmentHandling denials. Repeated denials give suspect advantage. Interruption advocated.Overcoming objections. In guilty suspects denials tend to become objections.Procurement and retention of suspect‟s attention. E.g. move close, make eye contact.Handling susp ect‟s passive mood. This is a psychological state that precedes confessionPresenting an alternative question. Give a highly incriminating account followed by a face-saving one.Suspect orally relates details of offence (post confession).Converting oral confession into written one. This should be done quickly to preventretraction.6.4 Problems with Reid methodThe problem is that the validity of this method is not backed up by empirical support. The technique mainly relies on the assumption that the police are good at detecting deception.Chapter 5: Cognitive interview教学目的与要求：Students should know the concept of cognitive interview, mastery of the techniques of cognitive interview.重点与难点：Focus on the techniques of both cognitive techniques and its enhanced version. The difficult is the theory that supports this interviewing approach.学时数：4学时主要内容：1. Discuss importance of the Cognitive Interview1.1The elicitation of complete and accurate witness accounts may determine whether or not a case is solved1.2The need to identify and develop techniques that police investigators can themselves use in questioning witnesses1.3To use memory theory and research for the development of the techniques2. Cognitive Interview Techniques2.1Context reinstatement2.2Report everything2.3Change order2.4Change perspective3. The Enhanced Cognitive Interview3.1Greet and establish rapport3.2Explain the aims of the interview3.3Context reinstatement3.4 Initiate free report3.5Witness compatible questioning3.6Recall in a different order3.7Change perspectives3.8ClosureChapter 6: Person perception and interpersonal skills教学目的与要求：Recognize the three factors influencing perception. Through self assessment, gain insight on how one‟s own perception impacts understanding of people and situations重点与难点：Focus on the factors impression formation and related factors. The confusion part is how to form objective impression about suspects.学时数：2学时主要内容：1.Perception1.1Factors Influencing Perception1.2 Impression formationWhenever an individual meets someone for the first time they tend to form an immediate impression of that person. We often form impressions rather quickly, sometimes without any direct evidence.Key factors: Facial appearance; Hairstyle and clothing; Physique; Voice and speech style.2. Non-verbal communication (NVC)2.1The importance of NVC in an officer‟s decision-making.When questioned, the suspect may well deny any wrongdoing but the officer may be justified in examining other signals that being given off whilst the denial is being made.The officer may use age and race as early filtering devices when deciding who to stop on the street, NVC may also alert the officer that the person appears to have something to hide.2.2Some significant clues: Gestures; Posture; Eye contact and other speech regulators; Gestures 4.SummaryChapter 7: Attribution, prejudice and stereotyping教学目的与要求：Student should know the fundamental attribution theory and the attribution errors; recognize factors that are used to the advantage or detriment of understanding others.重点与难点：Focus on attribution theory and it‟s connection with policing. the confused part is the prejudice and stereotyping.学时数：2学时主要内容：1.Attribution Theory1.1internal vs. external attributionA person tries to determine whether another person‟s behavior is caused by internal or ex ternal factors. This is conditioned by three attributes: consensus in behavior; consistency in behavior; distinctiveness in behavior.1.2 Other attributions1.3 Attribution Theory Errors2 Prejudice and stereotyping2.1Prejudice and policing2.2 Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one‟s perception of the group to which that person belongs.3. Ethnocentrism and social identity theory4. SummaryWe need to study perceptions in a systematic manner to improve our decision-making performance.教学安排表：考核方法：主要采用试卷考核的方式，也可以根据教学需要采用口试、论文、调查报告等形式，平时成绩应占一定比例。
犯罪现场心理分析的途径侦查办案实践中，办案人员必须在现场勘查的基础上，对现场发现、提取的痕迹物证进行分析研究，弄清案件性质和特点，明确侦查范围和方向，最终确定侦查破案的途径。
这种分析过程实际上就包含了犯罪现场心理痕迹分析的过程。
犯罪现场心理痕迹分析是依据犯罪心理学原理，以及其他相关学科知识，运用心理分析的方法，对犯罪行为人在犯罪现场所遗留的物质痕迹（包括现场任何一个有证据作用或无证据作用的痕迹）进行分析，推断特定物质痕迹所折射出的特定心理痕迹，从而推断犯罪行为人作案动机、目的、作案时的心理状态、可能有的典型个性及生活经历，为明确侦查范围和方向提供依据。
一、犯罪现场心理痕迹分析的重要性侦查破案，最终目的是要弄清案件事实真相，使犯罪分子受到法律应有的制裁。
要达此目的，必须有确实、充分的证据，而证据的获得，又需我们通过一定的途径去寻找。
在刑事侦查中，刑事诉讼法规定了收集证据的一些合法途径，这些途径对收集犯罪物质痕迹是非常重要的。
但是面对当今日益复杂化、暴力化、智能化的犯罪状况，我们有时很难找到确实、充分的证据来证明案件事实真相。
因此，国际、国内的一些专家、学者包括实际部门的工作人员试图在原有方法的基础上用心理分析的方法来查找犯罪嫌疑人。
实践证明，这种方法在案件的侦破中不仅行之有效，而且为寻找犯罪嫌疑人找到了一条捷径。
二、犯罪现场心理痕迹分析的可能性心理学原理告诉我们：人的任何行为都是在一定的心理支配下完成的，而人的一定的心理又是在先天遗传素质的基础上，通过后天的环境教育影响形成的，因此人的一定的行为能反映出人的特定的心理状态、个性乃至整个人的面貌。
犯罪行为是犯罪主体对犯罪客体的作用，因此总要形成一定的物质痕迹，而犯罪行为人在现场留下的物质痕迹，是其犯罪行为、犯罪心理及其他心理的外化表现。
所以，犯罪现场痕迹中一定隐含着相应的心理痕迹。
它是犯罪行为人心理活动和外部行为综合作用的结果，这是事物发展联系内在逻辑的充分体现，也是现实的一种客观存在。
侦查人员在侦查过程中的心理侦查人员在侦查过程中的心理侦查活动是司法实践活动的重要环节，其主要任务是揭露和证实犯罪。
在侦查活动过程中，侦查人员根据侦查工作的需要，自觉进行自我心理调控，并针对犯罪嫌疑人及其他与犯罪有关人的心理活动规律和特点，实施相应的侦查心理对策，有助于提高侦查实践活动的效率。
侦查活动是在侦查人员的一系列心理的支配和调节下进行的。
侦查人员对于自己在侦查活动过程中的心理活动首先要有自觉的认识，才能进行有效的自我心理调控，从而保证侦查活动的顺利进行。
一、侦查人员在侦查过程中的认识犯罪嫌疑人及其犯罪活动虽然是客观存在的事实，但是在案件未侦破以前，却是隐蔽的。
必须通过刑事侦查人员的认识过程，才能揭露和证实隐蔽的犯罪嫌疑人和犯罪事实。
因此，侦查人员在侦查过程中的认识活动极为重要。
人的认识是通过感知、记忆、想象、思维各种心理过程，对客观事物由表面现象到本质和规律的主观能动的反映过程。
侦查破案过程也是一种认识过程，这种认识过程有其自身的特点。
认识时间的紧迫性。
侦破工作是一项时间性十分紧迫的工作，必须抓住犯罪现场尚未被破坏、犯罪痕迹清晰、脏物尚未脱手、罪证尚未销毁、犯罪嫌疑人尚未远逃、被害人和证人的记忆清楚等有利时机，侦破工作才能做到事半功倍。
否则，如果贻误破案良机，则会事倍功半，给侦破工作带来极大的困难。
认识的间接性。
侦查工作是由已知的犯罪结果，追溯过程，查找、确定犯罪嫌疑人的间接认识过程。
认识对象的隐蔽性。
犯罪嫌疑人为了逃避侦查，在作案前、作案中和作案后，一般都作了充分的反侦查的心理准备，实施各种反侦查的措施。
如制造各种假象，编造各种谎言，与同伙订立攻守同盟；破坏现场，消灭作案痕迹，毁灭罪证；或贼喊捉贼转移侦查人员的视线等。
这就给侦查工作带来极大的困难，往往使侦查人员对案件的认识陷入某些误区。
因此，侦查人员在侦查活动中，自觉进行心理的自我调控，避免认识的误区是非常重要的。
(一)侦查人员在侦查过程中的注意侦查活动是由许多环节组成的十分紧迫而细心的工作，在某一个环节上出现认识的疏忽或错误，都会使侦查工作走上弯路而贻误侦查的有利时机，造成工作的困难或失败。
