中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷

中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。

中大博士面试英语题Here is an essay on the topic "PhD Interview Questions in English" with a word count over 1000 words, written in English without any extra punctuation marks.The journey to earning a PhD is a challenging and rewarding one that requires immense dedication, intellect, and perseverance. As an aspiring doctoral candidate, the interview process plays a crucial role in determining one's suitability for the program. The PhD interview questions can delve into various aspects of the applicant's academic background, research interests, and personal qualities, all of which contribute to the selection of the most qualified individuals.One of the fundamental areas that is often explored during the PhD interview is the applicant's research experience and interests. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide a detailed overview of their previous research projects, the methodology employed, the findings, and the potential implications of the work. This allows the panel to assess the candidate's depth of understanding, critical thinking abilities, and their ability to effectively communicate complex ideas. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their research interests in a concise and coherent manner, highlighting therelevance and significance of their proposed area of study within the broader academic landscape.Another crucial aspect that is commonly evaluated during the PhD interview is the applicant's academic background and qualifications. Interviewers may delve into the candidate's educational history, including their academic achievements, awards, and any relevant publications or presentations. This information helps the panel to gauge the applicant's intellectual capabilities, their commitment to academic excellence, and their potential to thrive in the rigorous doctoral program. Candidates should be ready to discuss their academic journey, the challenges they have faced, and the strategies they have employed to overcome them, demonstrating their resilience and adaptability.In addition to the academic and research-focused questions, the PhD interview may also explore the applicant's personal qualities and motivations for pursuing a doctoral degree. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's long-term career goals, their passion for the field of study, and their ability to work independently as well as collaboratively. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their reasons for choosing the particular program and institution, highlighting how their personal and professional aspirations align with the program's objectives and the university's research focus.Furthermore, the PhD interview may assess the applicant's problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and their capacity to think creatively and innovatively. Interviewers may present the candidate with hypothetical scenarios or challenges related to the field of study and gauge their responses. Candidates should be ready to demonstrate their analytical skills, their ability to think outside the box, and their willingness to tackle complex problems with a systematic and thoughtful approach.The PhD interview may also delve into the applicant's time management skills, their ability to handle multiple tasks and deadlines, and their resilience in the face of setbacks. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's strategies for managing their research, coursework, and other responsibilities, as well as their ability to cope with the demands of a doctoral program. Candidates should be prepared to discuss their organizational skills, their approach to prioritizing tasks, and their strategies for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.Finally, the PhD interview may explore the applicant's communication skills, both written and verbal, as these are essential for success in a doctoral program. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide writing samples, such as research proposals or academic papers, and assess their ability to articulate their ideas clearly and effectively. Candidates should be ready to demonstratetheir proficiency in English, their ability to engage in intellectual discourse, and their capacity to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences.Throughout the PhD interview process, it is crucial for the applicant to remain composed, confident, and engaging. Candidates should be prepared to provide thoughtful and well-reasoned responses, while also demonstrating their enthusiasm for the field of study and their commitment to the doctoral program. By understanding the key areas of focus and preparing thoroughly, aspiring doctoral candidates can navigate the interview process with poise and increase their chances of securing a coveted position in a prestigious PhD program.。

医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

2000年中大博士英语真题1 custodian [kʌs'təudiən] n. 管理人；监护人；保管人reputation [,repju'teiʃən] n. 声望；名声，名誉averse [ə'və:s] adj. 不愿意的；反对的reluctant[ri'lʌktənt] adj. 勉强的；不情愿的；［罕］顽抗的entrepreneur [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家；承包人；主办者faith [feiθ] n. 信任；信念；信仰；忠实capital ['kæpitəl] n. 首都，省会；大写字母；资金；资本家;adj. 重要的；大写的；首都的venture capital风险资本，风险投资['ventʃə]fortune ['fɔ:tʃən, -tʃu:n]n. 运气；财富；命运vt. 给予财富vi. 偶然发生pooling n. 联营，合并；池化v. 积水成池；淤积（pool的ing形式）pound [paund]n. 英镑；loan [ləun]n. 贷款；借款vi. 借出firm['fə:m]n. 商号；公司adj. 坚定的；结实的；牢固的；严格的handsome salary可观的薪水customer ['kʌstəmə] n. 顾客restrict [ri'strikt]vt. 限制；限定；约束single handed单枪匹马； a share of：一部分2 crush [krʌʃ]vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入brutal ['bru:təl]adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的aggression [ə'ɡreʃən]n. 进攻；侵略；侵犯；侵害invade [in'veid]vt. 侵略；侵袭；vi.侵犯remorse [ri'mɔ:s]n. 懊悔；同情sincerity [sin'serəti, -'siərəti]n. 真实，诚挚sorrow ['sɔrəu, 'sɔ:-]n. 悲伤；vt. 为…悲痛tremendous [tri'mendəs]adj. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的sponsored ['spɔnsəd]v. 赞助（sponsor的过去分词）；发起adj. 赞助的；发起的ceremony ['seriməuni]n. 典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪；客套surrender [sə'rendə]n. 投降；交出；vt. 放弃；交出；bills n.议案（bill的复数）；账单guideline ['ɡaidlain]n. 指导方针defense [di'fens]n. 防卫，防护；防御措施；防守；vt. 谋划抵御parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt]n. 议会，国会militarism ['militə,rizəm]n. 军国主义；尚武精神，好战态度；haunt [hɔ:nt]vt. 常出没于…；萦绕于…；n. 栖息地；常去的地vi. 出没；作祟perpetrate ['pə:pitreit]vt. 犯（罪）；做（恶）solemn ['sɔləm]adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的ultra- ['ʌltrə]comb. 表示“极端，过度”pref. 极端；在……之外emerge [i'mə:dʒ]vi. 浮现；暴露；摆脱brandish ['brændiʃ]vt. 挥舞；炫耀prime minister首相，总理savage ['sævidʒ]adj. 残酷的；野蛮的；狂怒的；荒凉n. 未开化的；粗鲁的人；vt. 乱咬permanent ['pə:mənənt]adj. 永久的，永恒的；sidestep history 回避历史emperor ['empərə]n. 皇帝，君主3 monitor ['mɔnitə]n 监控器vt.监控cosmetic [kɔz'metik]adj. 美容的；化妆用的n. 化妆品；装饰品toiletries ['tɔilətriz] n. 化妆品；化妆用具via ['vaiə]prep. 取道，通过；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist]n. 心理学家，心理学者finalist ['fainəlist]n. 参加决赛的选手participant [pɑ:'tisipənt]adj. 参与的；有关系的ministry ['ministri]n. （政府的）部门turn down 拒绝，关小4 smooth [smu:ð] vi. 变平静；adj. 光滑的；顺利的portuguese [,pɔ:tju'ɡi:z, -'ɡi:s]adj. 葡萄牙的；n. 葡萄牙人；lisbon n. 里斯本（葡萄牙首都counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物prospect ['prɔspekt]n. 前途；预期；vi. 勘探degree [di'ɡri:]n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权state [steit]adj. 正式的；国家的；州的；n. 情形；国家；vt. 陈述；规定；声明reiterate [ri:'itəreit]vt. 重申；反复地做consult [kɔn'sʌlt, 'kɔnsʌlt]vt. 商量；查阅；serve as担任…，充当…；起…的作用announce [ə'nauns]vt. 宣布；述说；预示；vi. 宣布参加竞选；当播音员secretary ['sekrətəri]n. 秘书；书记；大臣；部长retain vt. 保持；雇；记住sovereign ['sɔvərin, 'sʌv-]adj. 至高无上的；有主权的；n.独立国diplomatic [,diplə'mætik]adj. 外交的；老练的；territorial [,teri'tɔ:riəl]adj. 领土的；土地的；5 annual ['ænjuəl]adj. 年度的；n. 年刊，年鉴；forum ['fɔ:rəm]n. 论坛，讨论会；法庭；humble ['hʌmbl]adj. 谦卑的，低下的edition [i'diʃən]n. 版本summit ['sʌmit]n. 顶点；最高级会议；adj. 最高级的；prominent ['prɔminənt]adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；常去之地；vi. 求助，诉诸；ski resort滑雪胜地ministerial [,mini'stiəriəl]adj. 部长的；内阁的；公使的；牧师的confrontation [,kɔnfrʌn'teiʃən]n. 对抗；对质；面对site [sait]n. 地点；场所intention [in'tenʃən]n. 意图；目的；意向；[医]愈合overlapping [,əuvə'læpiŋ]adj. 重叠；覆盖v. 与…重叠；盖过（overlap的ing形式6 contact lenses['kɔntækt, kən'tækt]lenses ['lensiz]隐形眼镜cornea ['kɔ:niə]n. [解]角膜misshape [,mis'ʃeip]vt. 使造型不佳；弄成畸形satisfactory [,sætis'fæktəri]adj. 满意的；符合要求的；赎罪的comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成avocation [,ævəu'keiʃən]n. 副业；嗜好；业余爱好vocation [vəu'keiʃən]n. 职业；天职；天命；aviator ['eivieitə]n. 飞行员endanger [in'deindʒə]vt. 危及；使遭到危险handicap ['hændikæp]n. 障碍；不利条件，vt. 妨碍，阻碍；descendant [di'sendənt]adj. 下降的；祖传的n. 后裔；子孙assembly [ə'sembli]n. 装配；集会，集合Terra-cotta Warrior['wɔriə, 'wɔ:-]秦始皇兵马俑Terra-cotta['terə'kɔtə]n. 赤土陶器；赤陶土；Warrior战士former name曾用名impressive [im'presiv]adj. 感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的aggregate ['æɡriɡət, 'æɡriɡeit]vi. 集合；聚集；adj. 聚合的；集合的Although QuY uan has passed away for more than 2000 years, but he has left us with preciousheritage. His poems have been translated into various languages and published all over the world. In 1953when it is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan, the World Peace Congress listed him as one of the four world cultural celebrit ies for commemoration. Qu Yuan will live in world people’s heart forever.旅游业对环境的损害Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. Many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism. But what these people fail to see is that tourism may bring about a disastrous impact(灾难性影响) on our environment. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that(深信不疑)too much tourists bring harm to the environment.The bad impact of tourism on the environment has mainly expressed itself in various ways. One way is the process of exploiting a new scenic spot.( 开发风景区) In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities(人造设施) have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects (不利影响)on the environment. This process usually breaks the ecological balance(破坏生态平衡) of the area. In some mountainous places, trees are being cut down to build hotels for others to see and explore the beauty of the mountains. Then land slides(滑坡，土崩) and mud-rock flows (泥石流)come up. Another way the development of tourism has damaged the environment occurs when tourists go to scenic spots. Some tourists don't have the awareness to protect the environment, and ignorantly(无知地)throw their garbage here and there(乱丢垃圾). Some people even kill the local wildlife to eat, which badly damages the balance of the natural environment.It is wrong to sacrifice the environment for the growth of tourism. We must keep in mind that too much tourists bring harm to the environment. We need to find a balance between satisfying the needs of tourists and reducing to a minimum the pollution they cause.2002年中大博士英语真题1 at no time adv. 决不，从不infrastructure ['infrə,strʌktʃə] n. 基础设施；公共建设；additional [ə'diʃənəl]adj. 附加的，额外的enlarge [in'lɑ:dʒ]vi. 扩大；放大；steam engine 蒸汽机railway line 铁路线modernization [,mɔdənai'zeiʃən, -ni'z-]n. 现代化staff [stɑ:f, stæf]n. 职员；参谋；commuter [kə'mju:tə]n. 通勤者，经常乘公共车辆往返者；proportion [prəˈpɔːʃ(ə)n]n. 比例；部分；面积；urgent ['ə:dʒənt]adj. 紧急的；急迫的convenient [kən'vi:njənt]adj. 方便的2 divorcee [divɔ:'si:, -'sei]n. 离了婚的人contact with与……联系fixes bag 修复包organize ['ɔ:ɡənaiz]vi. 组织起来；vt. 组织；使有系统化；laundry ['lɔ:ndri, 'lɑ:n-]n. 洗衣店，洗衣房snack [snæk]n. 小吃，快餐；bake [beik]vt. 烤，烘resent [ri'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨tardiness ['tɑ:dinis]n. 缓慢，迟延terminate ['tə:mineit]vt. 使终止；使结束；3 constantly ['kɔnstəntli]adv. 不断地；时常地probing ['prəubiŋ]adj. 好探索的；atmosphere ['ætmə,sfiə]n. 气氛；大气；vigor ['viɡə]n. [生物] 活力planetary ['plænitəri ]adj. 行星的assurance [ə'ʃuərəns]n. 保证；保险；确信；断言tribe [traib]n. 部落；族；marvel ['mɑ:vəl]n. 奇迹dwell [dwel]vi. 居住；存在于；altitude ['æltitju:d]n. 高地；高度slope [sləup]n. 斜坡；倾斜；vegetation [,vedʒi'teiʃən]n. 植被；植物，草木；delicately ['delikət] adv. 微妙地；精致地chill [tʃil]n. 寒冷；寒意；shelter ['ʃeltə]n. 庇护；避难所；crevice ['krevis]n. 裂缝；burrow ['bə:rəu]n. （兔、狐等的）洞穴，地道；anthill ['ænthil]n.人群密集的地方；蚁冢desolate ['desələt, 'desəleit]adj. 荒凉的；无人烟drafty ['drɑ:fti, 'dræfti]adj. 通风良好的eagle ['i:ɡl]n. 老鹰乐队，鹰；老鹰soaring ['sɔ:riŋ]adj. 翱翔的；高耸的；cavern ['kævən]n. 洞穴；rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；vigorous ['viɡərəs]adj. 有力的；establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt. 建立；创办；hostile ['hɔstail, -təl]adj. 敌对的，敌方的4 radiator ['reidieitə]n. 散热器；暖气片；ounce [auns]n. 盎司；少量；cubic ['kju:bik]adj. 立方体的centimeter ['senti,mi:tə ]n. [计量] 厘米gram [ɡræm]n. 克；鹰嘴豆tiny ['taini]adj. 微小的；shrew [ʃru:]n. 泼妇，悍妇mammal ['mæməl]n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物starve [stɑ:v]vi. 饿死；挨饿give off 发出（光等）；长出（枝、杈等5 criticism ['krɪtɪsɪzəm]n. 批评；考证；validity [və'lidəti]n. [计] 有效性；正确；rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的，严厉的；elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的；易忘的；逃避的；难捉摸demonstration [,demən'streiʃən]n. 示范；证明；示威游行submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；objective [əb'dʒektiv, ɔb-]adj. 客观的；目标的；formulation [,fɔ:mju'leiʃən]n. 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述subtle ['sʌtl]adj. 微妙的；精细的；frustrating [frʌ'streitiŋ]v. 使沮丧attempted [ə'temptid]adj. 企图的；currently ['kʌrəntli]adv. 当前；一般地excess [ik'ses]n. 超过，超额；过度，过量；react [ri'ækt, ri:-]vi. 反应；影响；反抗；budget ['bʌdʒit]n. 预算6 marine [mə'ri:n]adj. 船舶的；海生的n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；tenant ['tenənt]n. 承租人；房客；ingenuus n. 自由人telescopic [,teli'skɔpik]adj. 望远镜的owl [aul]n. 猫头鹰；枭；惯于晚上活动的人feeler ['fi:lə]n. [动] 触角；试探；试探者；stray [strei]vi. 流浪；迷路；radius ['reidiəs]n. 半径，半径范围inhabitant [in'hæbitənt]n. 居民；居住者torch [tɔ:tʃ]n. 火把，火炬；手电筒spots n. 斑点（spot的复数）；squid [skwid]n. 鱿鱼；乌贼；squirt [skwə:t]n. 喷射；luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；fluid ['flu(:)id]adj. 流动的；流畅的；vicinity [vɪ'sɪnɪtɪ]n. 邻近，附近；neat [ni:t]adj. 灵巧的；整洁的；优雅的；未搀水的cousin ['kʌzən]n. 堂兄弟姊妹；表兄弟becloud [bi'klaud]vt. 蒙蔽；使变暗darken ['dɑ:kən]vt. 使变暗；varieties n. 品种；种类（variety的复数）；illumination [i,lju:mi'neiʃən]n. 照明；[光] 照度；启发；灯饰（需用复数）；阐明luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；I wish back to the era when life is simple and all you know is just about colors, multiplication and nursery rhymes, but you don’t feel regretful and needn’t to care what you don’t know. Being unware towards all the anxieties and sadness, what you care is all about happiness. I would like to think that the world is with justice and every is honest and kind, for I want to believe that everything is possible.How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic?Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. It has seriously influenced peoples daily life and economic development.To solve the problem, some pieces of advice are put forward. Some people suggest that more streets and roads should be built. In this way, the traffic density can be redncedi hence speeding up the flow of buses and cars.But the new roads and streets will be filled with many cars and buses soon.Some people advise to limit the number of bikes and cars. This can decrease the traffic flow. But on the other haad, this will affect the consumption and make buses more crowded.In my opinion, the number of private cars should be put under control. And at the same time, buses should have their own special routes which cannot be used by other vehicles. Besides, underground train and city train should be developed quickly. ( 151 words)20031 taxas tech探讨科技brick wall 砖壁，砖墙circus ['sə:kəs]n. 马戏；马戏团circus boards马戏团董事会hire [haiə] n. 雇用，租用；test equipment测试设备fellowship ['feləuʃip]n. 友谊；奖学金；congressman ['kɔŋɡresmən]n. 国会议员；众议院议员movement ['mu:vmənt]n. 运动；活动；运转；乐章occupationsn. 职业；行业；politician [,pɔli'tiʃən]n. 政治家，政客calculus ['kælkjuləs]n.结石；微积分学2 mathematical [,mæθi'mætikəl]adj. 数学的，数学上的；精确的philosophy [fi'lɔsəfi, fə-]n. 哲学；哲理；人生观sought [sɔ:t]v. 寻找（seek的过去式和过去分词）fulfil [ful'fil]vt. 履行；完成；实践；满足intrinsic [in'trinsik,-kəl]adj. 本质的，固有的consubstantial [,kɔnsəb'stænʃəl]adj. 同质的；同体的；三位一体的permit [pə'mit]vi. 许可；允许autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权foreseeable ['fɔ:si:əbl]adj. 可预知的；能预测的scope [skəup] n. 范围；余地；视野revolutionary [,revə'lju:ʃənəri] adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革apply to适用于；应用于conic section圆锥曲线navigate ['næviɡeit] vt. 驾驶，操纵；shore [ʃɔ:]vt. 支撑，使稳住；mere [miə]adj. 仅仅的；只不过intellectual curiosity求知欲scarcely ['skεəsli]adv. 几乎不，简直不；conceive [kən'si:v]vt. 怀孕；构思；以为resign [ri'zain]vt. 辞职；放弃；委托；contemporary [kən'tempərəri]n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西ignorance ['iɡnərəns]n. 无知，愚昧；不知disinterestedly [dis'intristidli]adv. 公正地；无私地；advances [əd'va:nsiz]n. 前进astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi]n. 天文学anthropology [,ænθrə'pɔlədʒi]n. 人类学sake [seik]n. 目的；利益；理由；3 psychologists [sai'kɔledʒist]n. 心理学家symphonic [sim'fɔnik]adj. 交响乐的；concert [kən'sə:t, 'kɔnsə:t]n. 音乐会；一致；tempted ['temptid]adj. 有兴趣v. 诱惑；冒…的险orchestra ['ɔ:kistrə, -kes-]n. 管弦乐队；conductor [kən'dʌktə] n.乐队指挥，售票员；competent ['kɔmpitənt]adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的derive [di'raiv]vt. 源于；motion ['məuʃən]n. 动作；移动；手势；4 brilliant ['briljənt]adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气poorly off贫困的；没钱的tuition [tju:'iʃən]n. 学费；讲授guard [ɡɑ:d]n. 守卫；警戒；near-bankrupt濒临破产的stationsn. 车站；位置（station的复数形式）；extraordinary [ik'strɔ:dənəri, ,ekstrə'ɔ:di-]adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；prodigious [prəu'didʒəs]adj. 惊人的，异常的，奇妙的tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；embrace [im'breis]vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依5 composed [kəm'pəuzd]adj. 镇静的；沉着v. 组成；作曲myriad ['miriəd]adj. 无数的；n. 无数，极大数量public utility 公用事业randomly ['rændəmli]adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的，胡乱地valid ['vælid]adj. 有效的priviledgen. 特权；专用权comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成inherent adj. 固有的；内在的allocation [,æləu'keiʃən]n. 分配，配置；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，insurance [in'ʃuərəns]n. 保险；保险费；6 grueling ['ɡruəliŋ]n. 惩罚；adj. 累垮人的；rough [rʌf]. 艰苦；adj. 粗糙的；exhaustion [iɡ'zɔ:stʃən]n. 枯竭；耗尽；精疲力竭contestant [kən'testənt]n. 竞争者pack [pæk]背包respectably [ri'spektəbli]adv. 相当好地；体面地；可敬地split [split]vt. 分离；使分离；slamming ['slæmiŋ]v. 砰地关上（门、窗等）；猛烈抨击rocky dicth岩石substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的；spectator [spek'teitə, 'spekt-]n. 观众；旁观者Madurese [,mædju'ri:z]adj. 马都拉人的counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；endurance [in'djuərəns]n. 忍耐力；忍耐；giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人rebound n. 回弹device [di'vais]n. 装置；策略；20071 justly ['dﾊstli]adv. 公正地；正当地；恰当地；touch with 接触possessive [pə'zesiv] adj. 占有的；所有的；所有格的crises ['kraisi:z] n. 危机，紧要关头（crisis的复数形式）underestimate [,ʌndə'estimeit]vt. 低估；irritate ['iriteit]vt. 刺激，使兴奋；entertainer [,entə'teinə]n. 演艺人员，表演者cut off中断；使死亡；剥夺继承权resistant [ri'zistənt]adj. 抵抗的，反抗的；assuming [ə'sju:miŋ]adj. 傲慢的；不逊的；v. 假设underdog ['ʌndədɔɡ]失败者；受压迫者；passive ['pæsiv]adj. 被动的，消极的；charm [tʃɑ:m]n. 魅力，吸引力initiative [i'niʃiətiv, -ʃətiv] n. 主动权；adj. 自发的；dominance ['dɔminəns,-nənsi]n. 优势；统治obedient [əu'bi:diənt]adj. 顺从的，服从的；2 condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪；corrupt [kə'rʌpt]adj. 腐败的，贪污的；堕落charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]n. 费用；电荷；掌管；控告；命令；负载penalty ['penəlti]n. 罚款，罚金；press sb into doing sth迫使某人做某事unsurpassed ['ʌnsə(:)'pa:st]adj. 非常卓越的；未被超越conservative [kən'sə:vətiv]n. 保守派，守旧previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；vi. 提交；sentence ['sentəns]宣判，判决hemlock ['hemlɔk]n. 铁杉；毒芹属植物；presence ['prezəns]n. 存在；出席；参加；风度；grief - stricken 极度悲伤grief [ɡri:f] 悲伤的stricken ['strikən]adj. 患病的；受挫折的；sequence ['si:kwəns]顺序；续发事件radical ['rædikəl]adj. 激进的；根本的；unequalled adj. 无与伦比的；不等同的reputed [ri'pju:tid]adj. 名誉好的；3 tolerant ['tɔlərənt]adj. 宽容的；容忍的weigh [wei]vt. 权衡；考虑；voter ['vəutə]n. 选举人，投票人；district ['distrikt]n. 区域；地方；operator ['ɔpəreitə]n. 经营者；操作员；话务员；content n. 内容，目录；满足；historian [his'tɔ:riən]n. 历史学家misled [mis'led]v. 把…带错方向inference ['infərəns]n. 推理；推论；推断frame [freim]n. 框架；结构；5 fluctuate ['flﾊtjueit]vi. 波动；涨落；动摇intriguing [in'tri:ɡiŋ]adj. 有趣的；迷人的interglacial [,intə'ɡleisjəl]adj. 间冰期的geologic [,dʒiəu'lɔdʒik] adj. 地质的；holocene ['hɔləsi:n]adj. 全新世的；epoch ['i:pɔk, 'epək]n. [地质] 世；新纪元glacial ['ɡleisjəl adj. 冰的；冰冷的；Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n]n. 更新世；Wisconsin [wis'kosin]n. 威斯康星州（美国州名）impend [im'pend]vi. 迫近；即将发生amount [ə'maunt]vi. 总计，合计；moisture ['mosi tʃən. 水分；湿度；潮湿；region n. 地区；范围；snowfall ['snəufɔ:l]n. 降雪；melting ['melting adj. 融化的；溶解的；polar ['pəulə]adj. 极地的；两极的accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit]vi. 累积；unanticipated ['ʌnæn'tisipeitid adj. 意料之外的；implication [,impli'keition n. 含义；暗示；6 shrank v. 收缩（shrink的过去式）；缩小acute [ə'kju:t]adj. 严重的，[医] 急性的；respiratory ['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-]adj. 呼吸的syndrome ['sindrəum, -drəm-]n. [临床] 综合征；hospitality [,hɔspi'tæləti]n. 好客；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，扇区；rolling ['rəuliŋ] n. 旋转；动摇expansion[ik'spænʃən]n. 膨胀；阐述；snap up抢购，匆匆吃下manufacturing [,mænju'fæktʃəriŋ] adj. 制造业的生产vehicle ['viːɪk(ə)l]n. [车辆] 车辆；工具；传播媒介；domestic [dəu'mestik]adj. 国内的；家庭stalled [stɔ:ld]失速的residential [,rezi'denʃəl]adj. 住宅的；与居住有关retailing ['ri:teiling v. 零售（retail的ing形式isolate ['aisəleit, -lit]vt. 使隔离；使孤立；crude [kru:d]adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；durable ['djuərəbl]adj. 耐用的，持久的翻译：brutality [bru:'tæləti]n. 无情；残忍；暴行（需用复数形式hatred ['heitrid]n. 憎恨；怨恨；beastliness ['bi:stli:nis]n. 淫猥；兽性barbarianadj. 野蛮的；未开化的20081 giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人adj. 巨大的；enterprise ['entəpraiz]n. 企业；事业；进取心；bureaucratic [,bjurəu'krætik]adj. 官僚的；官僚政治cog [kog]vt. 给…装配齿轮；well-oiled ['wel'oild]adj. 谄媚的；平滑的；烂醉的machinery [mə'ʃi:nəri]n. 机械；机器；机构；wages ['weidʒis]n. [劳经] 工资；报酬ventilate ['ventileit]vt. 使通风；给…装通风设备；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist] n. 心理学家puppet ['pʌpit]n. 木偶；傀儡；受他人操纵的人automate ['ɔ:təmeit]vt. 使自动化，使自动操作confront [kən'frʌnt]vt. 面对；遭遇；比较emotionally [i'məuʃənli]adv. 感情上；情绪上；令人激动地；intellectually [inti'lektʃjuəli]adv. 智力上；理智地；知性上tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；Subordinate[sə'bɔ:dineit]n. 下属，下级；部属，insecure [,insi'kujə]adj. 不安全的；不稳定的promote [prəu'məut]vt. 促进；提升；推销intelligence [in'telidʒəns]n. 智力；情报工作；mixture ['mikstʃə] n. 混合；混合物；submissiveness [səb'misivnis]n. 柔顺；服从get along（勉强）生活；进展；（使）前进；与…和睦相处constant['kɔnstənt]恒定的；经常的consumption [kən'sʌmpʃən]n. 消费；消耗；arrangements [ə'rendʒmənts]n. 安排；准备；整理serve [sə:v]vt. 招待，供应；为…服务；ruling ['ru:liŋ] adj. 统治的；主要的；支配的；流行negligible ['neɡlidʒəbl]adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略harmony ['hɑ:məni]n. 协调；和睦；融洽comparison [kəm'pærisən]n. 比较；对照；比喻；humble ['hʌmbl]谦卑的，谦虚的，谦恭的，component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的，构成的granted ['gra:ntid]conj. 算是如此，但是resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；度假胜地；vi. 求助，诉诸；常去；approval [ə'pru:vəl]n. 批准；认可；赞成2 decade ['dekeid]n. 十年，十年期veterans ['vetərənz]n. 老兵；退伍军人atmospheric [,ætməs'ferik,-kəl]adj. 大气的，大气层的exposure [ik'spəuʒə] n. 暴露；曝光；leukemia [lju'ki:miə]n. 白血病atomic [ə'tɔmik]adj. 原子的definitive [di'finitiv]adj. 决定性的；最后的elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的，易忘难捉摸marines [mə'ri:ns]n. 海军陆战队intensive [in'tensiv]adj. 加强的；集中的；3 hall [hɔ:l]n. 门厅，会堂；食堂；学生宿舍line with按照，与…一致；沿着…排列Vending v. 贩卖，出售obesity [əu'bi:səti, -'be-]n. 肥大lucrative ['lju:krətiv]adj. 有利可图的，赚钱的；contract with承包；与…订有合约steering ['stiəriŋ] n. 操纵；指导；beverage ['bevəridʒ]n. 饮料stock [stɔk]vt. 进货；备有；n. 股份，股票；库存dispense [dis'pens]vt. 分配，分发；demonstrate ['demənstreit]vt. 证明；展示；access to接近；有权使用motivator ['məutiveitə]n. 动力；激励因素surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生institute ['institjut, -tu:t]vt. 开始（调查）；制定；创立；n. 学会，协会implement ['implimənt, 'impliment]vt. 实施，执行；实现n. 工具，器具mandated [mæn'deitid]adj. 委托统治的v. 托管；强制执行congress ['kɔŋɡres, kən'ɡres] n. 国会；代表大会professionals [prə'feʃənl]n. 专业人员pessimistic [,pesi'mistik]adj. 悲观的，厌世的；condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪4 crumbling ['krʌmbliŋv. 破碎；崩溃ruins n. 遗迹graveyard ['ɡreivjɑ:d]n. 墓地glimpse [ɡlimps]n. 一瞥，一看domes [dəumz]n. 穹顶；拱形结构；mosque [mɔsk]n. 清真寺tomb [tu:m]n. 坟墓；死亡glitter ['ɡlitə]vi. 闪光；闪烁evocative [i'v iv]adj. 唤起的；唤出的thrill [θril]n. 激动；震颤；orchard ['ɔ:tʃəd]n. 果园；果树林prophet ['prɔfit]n. 先知；预言者；overawe [,auvə'rɔ:]vt. 威慑；吓住；使大感敬畏elm tree n. 榆树flock [flɔk]n. 群；棉束minaret ['minəret, ,minə'ret]n. 尖塔donkey ['dɔŋki]n. 驴子；傻瓜；dismount [,dis'maunt]vt. 下车；使下马；possessed [pə'zest]adj. 疯狂的；着魔的drew [dru:]v. 牵引（draw的过去式）；描绘；adventure [əd'ventʃə, æd-]n. 冒险；冒险精神；trinket ['triŋkit]n. 小装饰品fizzy ['fizi]adj. 起泡沫的5 component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的manifestation [,mænife'steiʃən]n. 表现；显示；infant ['infənt]n. 婴儿；幼儿；shortcut ['ʃɔ:tkʌt]n. 捷径；被切短的东西convey [kən'vei] vt. 传达；运输；observation [,ɔbzə:'veiʃən]n. 观察；监视；grossly ['grəusli]adv. 很；非常element ['elimənt]n. 元素；要素；原理；abuse [ə'bju:z, ə'bju:s]n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂；infancy ['infənsi]n. 初期；婴儿期；unfavourable [,ʌn'feivərəbl]adj. 不利的；不适宜的；反对的inadequate [in'ædikwit]adj. 不充分的，不适当facilitiesn. 设施；工具feature ['fi:tʃə]n. 特色，特征；容貌immobility [i,məu'biləti]n. 不动，固定quietness ['kwaiətnis]n. 平静，安静investigation [in,vesti'ɡeiʃən]n. 调查；substitute ['sʌbstitju:t, -tu:t]n. 代用品；代替者climax ['klaimæks]n. 高潮；顶点；significant [sig'nifikənt]adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的n. 象征；perceive [pə'si:v]vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知shatter ['ʃætə]vt. 粉碎；打碎；fondle ['fɔndl]vt. 爱抚；ministration [,mini'streiʃən] n. 援助；服侍；职务spontaneous [spɔn'teiniəs]adj. 自发的；无意识的wholeheartedly adv. 全心全意地，全神贯注exaggerate [iɡ'zædʒəreit]vt. 使扩大；vi. 夸大sensory ['sensəri]adj. 感觉的；知觉的employ [im'plɔi]vt. 使用，采用；雇用；master ['mɑ:stə, 'mæstə]vt. 控制；精通；n. 硕士；主人；6 monopoly [mə'nɔpəli]n. 垄断；垄断者rail [reil]n. 铁轨；扶手；vi. 抱怨freight [freit]vt. 运送；装货；supporter [sə'pɔ:tə]n. 支持者；拥护者merger ['mə:dʒə]n. （企业等的）合并；并购；吸收fierce [fiəs]adj. 凶猛的；猛烈的substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的reduction [ri'dʌkʃən]n. 减少；下降；bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积，容量；vt. 使扩大commodity [kə'mɔditi]n. 商品，货物；grain [ɡrein]n. 粮食；颗粒；throat [θrəut]n. 喉咙；consolidation [kən,sɔli'deiʃən]n. 巩固；合并captive ['kæptiv]adj. 被俘虏的；被迷住的appeal [ə'pi:l]vi. 呼吁，恳求；上诉relief [ri'li:f]n. 救济；减轻，解除；discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；option ['ɔpʃən]n. [计] 选项；选择权switch [switʃ] vt. 转换；subscribe [səb'skraib]vi. 订阅；捐款；认购vt. 签署；赞成；flourish ['flauriʃ]n. 兴旺；茂盛arbiter ['ɑ:bitə]n. [法] 仲裁者Brightening v. 擦亮；照明invest [in'vest]vt. 投资；覆盖；surging ['sə:dʒiŋ]v. 冲击（surge的ing形式）；transaction [træn'zækʃən]n. 交易；事务；办理；Grip n. 紧握；柄；支配coordination [kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən]n. 协调，调和；indifferent [in'difərənt]adj. 漠不关心的；indignant [in'diɡnənt]adj. 愤愤不平的；apprehensive [,æpri'hensiv]adj. 忧虑的；不安的rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；作文：University mergence is a new trend in university development. As a hot topic on and off campus,(校内和校外)it has received much of public attention. People's attitudes towards it vary 变化greatly.People who against it see it as a hasty轻率的decision, which has some potential problems. They claim, for instance, located far away from each other, universities involved with mergence are usually faced with the tough problem of management.Other people who favor it see it as a step that universities take towards the goal of first-rate world university. They argue that, only through mergence can university take full play of advantages and make up their disadvantages. Like the mergence between Tsinghua University and the Institude of Applied Arts. The university's strengths in the field of high techonology complement补足the latter university that has a reputation名声for art. They also point out that by mergence the Chinese universities will increase their competitie power in the world.In my opinion, the university mergence has more advantages than disadvantages, but the university should take into account考虑the potential dangers resulting from the mergence.。

考研真题：广东中山大学2021年[英语]考试真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,”Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.1.A.ignore B.prote Ct C. DisCuss D.resolve2.A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret3.A.rise st C.hurt D.misleaD4.A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat5.A.trial B.message C.review D. Con Cept6.A.remove B. Deliver C.weaken D.interrupt7.A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though8.A.Change B. Continue C. Disappear D.happen9.A.suCh as B.rather than C.regar Dless of D.owing to10.A. Disagree B.forgive C. DisCover D.forget11.A.pay B.fooD C.marriage D.sChooling12.A.Begin with B.rest on C.leaD to D.learn from13.A.inquiry B.withDrawal C.persistenCe D.DiligenCe14.A.self- DeCeptive B.self-reliant C.self-evi Dent D.self- DestruCtive15.A.traCe B. Define C.repla Ce D.resist16.A. Con Ceal B.overlook C. Design D.pre Di Ct17.A. Choose B.remem Ber C.promise D.preten D18.A.relief B.out Come C.plan D. Duty19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether20.A.limitations B.investments C. Consequen Ces D.strategiesSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point:That’s not the only thing the Americaneconomy needs.Yes,a bachelor’s degree opens moredoors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of.A.academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.ed to have more job opportunitiesed to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummetingprices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path toeconomic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years. While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“plummeting”(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa, .A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of theWhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currentlyplotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies. The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphidsfor the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing marketpetition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants’customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world,recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deepscheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,Ishould have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like Iwould a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”. says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.A.a desirable mental state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains’shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about _______.A.ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique complimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the “me too”sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.____________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says“I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out. It feels like itis stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”,“Hey”or“Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say“Hi”.42.____________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of“hi”,“hello”, “how are you?”and“what’s going on?”you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that’s can make it so memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward! So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section ⅢTranslation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy”at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,”Gates says.Section ⅣWritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1)apologize and explain the situation, and2)suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use“Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)。

2.false neurotransmitter=假神经递质：将结构上与真性神经递质--去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺相似，但不能完成真性神经递质的生理功能的苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醉胺称为假神经递质。正常生理情况下，蛋白质水解产生的芳香族氨基酸--苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸经肠道细菌脱竣酶作用，分别被分解为苯乙胺和酪胺，进而被吸收入肝在单胺氧化酶作用下被氧化分解而解毒。当肝功能严重障碍时，由于肝脏的解毒功能低下，或经侧支循环绕过肝脏直接进入体循环，大量苯乙胺和酪胺入血，流入脑组织增多；在脑干网状结构的神经细胞内经β-羟化酶作用，苯乙胺和酪胺分别生成苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醇胺，这两种物质在化学结构上与正常神经递质---去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺相似，可取代正常神经递质而被神经元所摄取、贮存和释放，但其被释放后的生理效应则远较去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺弱。假神经递质学说是肝性脑病的发病机制之一。
2).呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）是指因CO2排出障碍或CO2吸入过多，导致血浆H2CO3浓度升高、PH值呈降低趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3).代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）指细胞外液碱增多和/或H+丢失而引起的以血浆HCO3-增多、PH值呈上升趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学考博病理生理学名词解释总结
1.septic shock=感染性休克：在sepsis的基础上病情持续加重，虽大量补液但仍发生低血压或需要应用血管活性药物，存在灌注异常表现；但如合并使用影响肌收缩的药物或血管加压药，可以不出现低血压。
中山大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学

博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of [D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ mor e workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before long.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do with his c ontrol of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burnin g car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at l east two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a society that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufact urers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor f or research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA t o see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编55(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Fred is ______ from school for a week for bad conduct.A．expelledB．suspendedC．preventedD．discharged正确答案：B解析：suspend vt.暂停，暂缓；使暂时停止(工作或上学)；悬，挂，吊(如：To suspend a workman is to order him not to carry out his usual duties for the time being．The committee suspended two members of the team．The trial is to be suspended whlie new evidence is considered．They have suspended work until next week)。

expel(from)vt．开除；驱逐；排出。

prevent(from)vt.预防，防止。

discharge(from)vt．释放：排出：允许离开。

2．A UN official said that aid programs would be ______ until there was adequate protection for relief convoy.(2005年电子科技大学考博试题) A．dependedB．suspendedC．postponedD．expended正确答案：B解析：本题空格处是说援助计划将被延缓。

B项“suspended延缓”符合题意，如：We suspended the building work during the rain．(下雨天我们中断了建筑工作。

博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。

解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。

2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。

解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。

3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。

解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。

4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。

解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。

各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3. 先天性脑积水4. 颅内压增高二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007 博神外名词解释1. Gradinego syndrome2. 功能神经外科3. Nelson‘s syndrome4. GCS5. Von－Hippol－Lindau简答题1. CCF的临床表现2. 延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3. 急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4. 脑死亡的标准论述题1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山2009博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山2008 博神外24、垂体源性Cushing‘s dise ase 内分泌学检查的临床意义。

25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。

中山2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出Langfitt容积/压力曲线，试述Langfitt试验的过程及临床意义湘雅2005 博神经外科1、癌基因？RAS基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DA VF的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT及MRI表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004 博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005 博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004 博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2003 博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1．Lucid interval2．Brown-Sequard’s syndrome二、问答题（共60分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。

中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷详解一、文章类型本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面。

文章结构清晰，逻辑性强，对于准备参加中山大学考博英语考试的学生具有很高的参考价值。

二、思路梳理1、引言：简述中山大学考博英语考试的意义和重要性。

2、试题构成：详细介绍中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成，包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等部分。

3、考试形式：阐述各部分考试形式的安排和特点。

4、难度分析：对不同部分的难度进行深入分析，为学生提供备考建议。

5、应对策略：提出有效的应对策略，帮助学生顺利通过中山大学考博英语考试。

三、展开论述1、引言中山大学考博英语考试是面向博士生申请者的重要英语水平测试，旨在评估申请者的英语综合应用能力和学术交流能力。

该考试对于申请者的重要性不言而喻，因此本文将详细介绍其试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面，为学生提供参考和指导。

2、试题构成中山大学考博英语考试主要包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等四个部分。

其中，听力部分主要测试考生在听力理解方面的能力，包括听力和填空两个题型；阅读部分主要测试考生在阅读理解方面的能力，包括单项选择和多项选择两个题型；翻译部分主要测试考生在英语翻译方面的能力，包括中译英和英译中两个题型；写作部分主要测试考生在学术写作方面的能力，包括议论文和说明文两个题型。

3、考试形式中山大学考博英语考试采用闭卷、笔试形式，考试时间为180分钟。

听力部分通过录音设备播放，考试时间为30分钟；阅读部分考试时间为40分钟；翻译部分考试时间为60分钟；写作部分考试时间为50分钟。

整个考试过程中，考生需在规定时间内完成相应题型的答题，并在考试结束前将答案填涂在答题卡上。

4、难度分析听力部分的难度主要集中在听力和填空题型上，其中填空题需要考生在理解听力材料的基础上进行填空，难度较大。

阅读部分的难度主要集中在单项选择和多项选择题型上，其中多项选择题容易出现模棱两可的选项，难度较大。

[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、阅读理解0 The swimming sky of oceanic expanse in Van Gogh's The Starry Night; the human figure born of marble by the careful hands of Rodin; the graceful, ethereal figure of Degas's ballerina; all communicate both emotion and essence in a world where aesthetic reigns supreme. Art has forever been humankind's tool for expressing the ineffable, a form of communication when words fail or are wholly inadequate. Art challenges the artist by constructing a world in which opposing forces— impulse and control, emotion and thought, ideation and actuality—must cooperate to produce a piece of art. The artist must wrestle an almost untamable creative force for control in order to grant space to its expression. The process of facing and governing this force while conveying it to others makes artistic creation an especially valuable therapeutic tool for the emotionally disturbed.The process of creation and the created product are equally valuable parts of therapeutic art. Creating art requires balancing two aspects of personality that are, in the case of the emotionally disturbed person, especially irreconcilable. Like all artists, the emotionally disturbed person must learn to control and harness the dangerous, unpredictable forces of creation while remaining sufficiently unrestrictive to allow its expression. Balancing these forces in a constructive way while granting full play to both is an important ability to master, one that art therapy teaches particularly well.The emotionally disturbed artist's goal is not the perfect expression of an aesthetic ideal. Yet communicating the mind's content and having it recognized by others is intensely valuable to the disturbed artist's healing. Taking ideas out of the isolation imposed by the mind and reproducing them in a form that can be shared and understood by others releases those ideas from the mind and removes from them some of their power. Using the brush where the pen and voice fail allows others, like the therapist, to recognize, understand, and begin to deconstruct the mind's content.Artistic creation allows emotionally disturbed people to communicate ideas they are unable to express in words, and it provides therapists with an otherwise unobtainable window into the mind. Examination of their artistic pieces reveals an inner world that the self of the disturbed person cannot express another way. Art then becomes a new therapeutic medium through which to understand and address the complex issues that threaten and haunt the disturbed person, and in which to free them.1 The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（A）prove that art therapy has made significant strides in recent decades（B）demonstrate how art therapy can transform nonfunctioning individuals into productive members of society（C）show how art therapy can be beneficial for emotionally disturbed people（D）describe the methods by which artwork can be interpreted by a therapist2 In Line 5 , Paragraph3 "the brush" is used primarily to signify______.（A）the wide variety of artistic equipment（B）the author's preference for art over written communication（C）the process of painting（D）artistic creation3 The passage suggests that the main reason a therapist might use art to work with emotionally disturbed people is that art therapy can______.（A）allow them to address ideas or emotions in a nonverbal way（B）share their innermost thoughts with the public（C）broaden the scope of their social interaction（D）encourage them to cooperate with others4 The author suggests that artwork functions as "window"(Line 2, Paragraph 4)because artwork______.（A）is transparent（B）stifles communication（C）can be extremely fragile（D）allows access to thoughts5 The author's conclusion would be most directly supported by additional information proving that______.（A）art therapists are better able to evaluate the quality of art than regular therapists （B）individuals involved in art programs have more control over their emotions（C）there is a documented connection between creativity and attention span（D）painting relieves some symptoms of arthritis5 Since time immemorial, countless scholars have asked the question: What is beauty? As philosophers engage in weighty discourses, designers update the latest fashions, and artists create their masterpieces, what is considered beautiful changes at an alarming pace. Fifty years ago, the full-figured Marilyn Monroe embodied the American aesthetic value; today, a legion of Hollywood actresses vastly different in appearance from Marilyn's have taken her place. However, aesthetic values not only differ from generation to generation, but do so along cultural lines as well. The conventions that govern painting and music vary greatly from East to West. Often, what is considered disgusting to one civilization is the pinnacle of aesthetic appeal in another. Thus, when left to the sphere of human design, the search for an absolute definition of beauty remains an elusive one at best.As fundamental physicists, my colleagues and I like to believe that we are involved in a search for a beauty that does not remain uninfluenced by definition; The beauty that we search for is not that which is laid down through the work of people and subject to short-term tastes, but rather that which has been established by Nature. Those not involved with physics tend to think of it as a precise and predictive science—certainly not a field of study fit for the contemplation of the beautiful. Yet, one of physics's greatest gifts is that it allows its students to look past extrinsic appearances into a more overwhelming beauty. As a human being, I am captivated by the visual appeal of a wave crashing on the beach. As a physicist, however, I possess the ability to be captivated by the much deeper beauty of the physical laws that govern such a phenomenon. Where the nonphysicist sees a lovely but inexplicable event, the well-schooled physicist is able to perceive a brilliant design.In truth, since the day that Albert Einstein first proposed the notion that there might be one overarching physical theory that governs the universe, aesthetics has become adriving force in modern physics. What Einstein and we, as his intellectual descendants, have discovered is this;Nature, at its most fundamental level, is beautifully constructed. The remarkable simplicity of the laws that govern the universe is, at times, nothing short of breathtaking. And at every step, as new discoveries and technologies allow us to examine the physical world on deeper and deeper levels, we find that the beauty itself becomes more profound. As Einstein himself said, it would seem more likely that we should find ourselves living in a " chaotic world, in no way graspable through thinking. " Yet here we are, closer than ever to a full understanding of the universe's beautiful clockwork.6 The author mentions Marilyn Monroe in Paragraph 1 in order to______.（A）provide an example of today's standards of beauty（B）discuss her abilities as an actress（C）demonstrate how susceptible aesthetics are to change（D）illustrate that the standard definition of beauty remains constant7 The author's assertion in Lines 7-8, Paragraph 1("what is considered disgusting...in another")suggests that______.（A）cultures are destined to clash（B）many civilizations are prone to disgusting behavior（C）different societies are tied together by an appreciation for physics（D）it is nearly impossible to say what is truly beautiful8 As used in Line 3 Paragraph 2, the phrase "laid down" most nearly means______. （A）rested（B）slept（C）created（D）set9 In the course of outlining the various gifts of physics, the author cites all of the following EXCEPT______.（A）the ability to look for a beauty that is unchanging（B）appreciating the visual beauty of a wave crashing（C）understanding both extrinsic and intrinsic beauty（D）seeing a deeper design in natural events10 In the third paragraph, Albert Einstein's proposal of an "overarching physical theory" suggests that______.（A）the author believes that there is beauty in simplicity（B）the universe is infinitely complex（C）aesthetics has no place in physics（D）the physical world will never be understood rationally11 The author quotes Albert Einstein in Lines 7 - 8 , Paragraph 3 in order to______. （A）detail the way physical laws affect chaos（B）emphasize the scope of Einstein's influence（C）suggest that Einstein might have doubted the beauty of physics（D）stress just how remarkable the order of the universe really is12 The purpose of this passage is to______.（A）discuss the way various cultures assess beauty（B）explain the beauty that is unmasked through an understanding of physics（C）demonstrate the way concepts of beauty change over time（D）finding new relevance for different physical laws12 For eighty years Thomas's family had grown corn on its hundred-acre plot. In his grandfather's day, even in his father's, wheat and timothy were also sown to help feed cattle and pigs. While there had been no animals on the land in Thomas's time, Thomas's father spoke at length about those days, when he himself had been a child. Back then, Thomas's father had dedicated every one of his free hours to taking care of the farm; grinding chop, cleaning up after the animals, mending fences, and performing innumerable other taxing chores. Later, it was just corn, sold to some big company out East that his father said paid them a little less every year. It wasn't about the money though; his father would have made do just enough to keep things going. His concern was family and tradition, the agricultural way of life.During harvest, Thomas would ride on the enormous thresher with his father. In the cabin, above the green sea parting before them, he would listen as his father explained the significance of a life dedicated to agriculture. As Thomas nibbbled on a lunch packed by his mother, his father expounded upon his philosophy that a man must not be separated from the land that provides for him, that the land was very important. He would say, time and again, "A man isn't a man without land to call his own. "He was not an uneducated man, Thomas's father. He had completed high school and probably could have gone to college if he wanted, but he was a man of the earth, and his spirit was tied to the soil. Agriculture was not his profession; it was his passion, one that he tried to seed in the hearts of his three boys. Thomas's two older brothers had little time for farmwork, however. What chores they were not forced to do went undone or were done by Thomas; their energies were focused on cars, dating, and dance halls.Even at a young age, Thomas was able to see in his father's eyes the older man's secret despair. The land that had been in his family for three generations was not valued by the fourth. Not even little Tommy, who always rode in the cabin with him and helped out as much as he was able, would stay and tend the fields. The world had grown too large, and there were too many distractions to lure young men from their homes. Boys these days did not realize they had a home until it was too late.Sitting on the hood of his jeep, Thomas gazed out over dozens of acres of orange survey stakes that covered what was once his family's farm. The house, barn, and silos were all gone, replaced by construction trailers and heavy equipment. The town that layjust five miles up the road had grown into a city, consuming land like a hungry beast. Thomas's father had been the last farmer left in the county, holding out long after the farm became unprofitable. He farmed after his sons left and his wife died; he farmed until his last breath, on principle.Now a highway and several shopping malls were going to take his place, Thomas thought. His brothers both said it was inevitable, that progress cannot be halted. They argued that if the family did not sell the land, the city would claim eminent domain and take it from them for a fraction of what they could get by selling it. Thomas did not feel he had any right to disagree. After all, he had chosen to leave the farm as well, to pursue his education. Though he didn't stand in their way, and though his profit from the lucrative sale was equal to his brothers', Thomas was sure he felt something that they could not. The money didn't matter much to him; he had enough to get by. It was something about the land. Now that he had finally found his way back to it, he was losing it. He was losing his home.13 Which is NOT CORRECT about the farm in Thomas's father's day?（A）Corn, wheat and timothy grown on the farm were sold for profit.（B）Cattle and pigs were raised on the farm.（C）Thomas's father could make both ends meet.（D）Thomas's father spent a lot of time doing farm chores.14 In Line 6 Paragraph 1 the word "taxing" most nearly means______.（A）monetary（B）expensive（C）rejuvenating（D）tiring15 Based on the passage, a thresher(Line 1 , Paragraph 2)is most likely used to______. （A）mend fences（B）harvest crops（C）construct shopping malls（D）plant seeds16 Thomas's father's statement in the last line of Paragraph 2 primarily shows the father to be______.（A）discouraged because he is getting less money for his corn each year（B）overwhelmed by the number of tedious chores he must complete each day（C）convinced that his life as a farmer is worthwhile（D）pleased that his youngest son is with him as he threshes the corn17 The most likely cause of the "secret despair"(Line 1, Paragraph 4)that Thomas sees in his father's eyes is his father's______.（A）sadness that his sons would not care for the family farm in the same way that he had（B）disappointment that Thomas didn't help as much as he could have with the farm chores（C）worry about his sons' preoccupation with cars, dating, and dancing（D）regret that he didn't attend college even though he could have done so18 The description of Thomas's brothers' interest in the last two sentences of Paragraph 3 highlights______.（A）the difference between the brothers as young men and as adults（B）the reasons that Thomas performed the brothers' neglected chores（C）the gap between the brothers' values and those of their father（D）the considerable conflict between the brothers and their father19 An important function of Paragraph 5 is to______.（A）establish that the narrative to this point has been a flashback（B）contrast Thomas's current life with his past life（C）summarize the plot（D）foreshadow Thomas's future20 The last sentence of the passage suggests that Thomas feels______.（A）excited anticipation（B）regretful nostalgia（C）overwhelming despair（D）unaccustomed relief二、句子改错21 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a √ or write "No error" on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)For the last decade, American restaurants were serving larger portions, a trend which nutritionists believe has contributed to an increase in obesity.22 Bill is the captain on the football team, but the soccer coach allows his players to take turns acting as captain.23 We were surprised to find volunteers from the local high school to be as helpful and efficient as those we had trained to assist in earlier emergencies.24 Many countries, including the United States, has signed treaties that address the problem of the warming of the earth's atmosphere.25 The botanical garden program familiarizes children with names of different flowers, teaches them the conventions of naming plants, and they have the opportunity to learn skills used by gardeners.26 As the mayor of the city, he had a presence that was comforting to his constituents, who had supported him since he first ran for city council.27 Concerned by the patient's chest pains and breathing difficulty, the nursing student was quick to realize that these symptoms were consistent to those of a heart attack.28 Fans of downhill skiing respected the decision by the judges that athletes which take performance-enhancing drugs while training would be disqualified from the competition.29 The human resources department is using online advertisements to recruit new employees because applicants can respond to this more quickly than to print ones.30 One would have difficulty determining which factor contributes more to the success of a great writer—talent or hard work.三、写作31 Consider carefully the issue discussed in the following paragraph, and then write an essay that answers the question posed in the task.Human beings can attain a worthy and harmonious life if only they are able to rid themselves, within the limits of human nature, of the striving for the wish fulfillment of material kinds. The goal is to raise the spiritual values of society.—Albert EinsteinAssignment: You are required to write an essay of about at least <u>400 words</u> in which you answer the question "<u>Is the desire for ' wish fulfillment of material kinds' a good or a bad thing?</u>" and discuss your point of view on this issue. Support your position logically with examples from literature, the arts, history, politics, science and technology, current events, or your experience or observation.Marks will be awarded for Content, Organization, Grammar, and Appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.四、英译汉32 Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Carrara, shut in by the great hills, is a very picturesque town in Italy. Few tourists stay there; and the people are nearly all connected, in one way or another, with the mining of marble. There are also villages among the caves, where the workmen live. It contains a beautiful little Theatre, newly built; and it is an interesting custom there, to form the chorus of laborers in the marble mines, who are self-taught and sing by ear. I heard them in a comic opera, and in an act of "Norma" ; and they performed remarkably well; unlike the common people of Italy generally, who(with some exceptions among the Neapolitans)sing terribly out of tune, and have very disagreeable singing voices.Neapolitans: 那不勒斯人五、汉译英33 Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)青花瓷(blue—and-white porcelain)能在中国瓷坛独占鳌头，主要因为它与中国人长期追求的文化和美学精神相契合，这就是平淡天真、自然从容。

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（回忆版）阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happenedmore than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating pictureof the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet‟s environmentfrom hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the humanbrain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endingsof Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to mostEnglish-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevita ble one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA is inevitable in radical education reforms.B is but all too natural in language development.C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty.B. personality.C. liveliness.D. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author'sA. interest in their language.B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory.D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”.B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”.D. “humble” is to “noble”阅读3Massive changes in all of the world‟s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it‟s one of London‟s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irishriders.The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here,one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Cola or Budweiser as well The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $ 10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting thatsoccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of asport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Tide” fight, and this mean s that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!1. Globalization of sporting culture means that ___.A. more people are taking up sports.B. traditional sports are getting popular.C. many local sports are becoming internationalD. foreigners are more interested in local sports2. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?A. Good economic returns.B. Revival of sports.C. Communications technology.D. Marketing strategies.3.What is the author‟s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?A. Favourable.B. Unclear.C. Reserved.D. Critical.4. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because___.A. they become more professional than ever.B. they regard sports as consumer goods.C. there exist few world-class championshipsD. sports events are exciting and stimulating阅读4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they havenot said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world‟s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.1.What is the author‟s opinion of housing p roblems in the first paragraph?A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.B.a new building material will have been invented.C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.A.is difficult to foresee.B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.D.is the question of finding enough ground space.4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.A.standards of building are low.B.only minimum shelter will be possible.C.there is not enough ground space.D.the population growth will be the greatest.5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C.Hong Kong‟s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.阅读5Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleepresearcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events —until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.11. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA.can be modified in their coursesB.are susceptible to emotional changesC.reflect our innermost desires and fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA it's function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of dreams to emotionsD its difference from the prefrontal cortex13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend toA aggravate in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC persist till the time we fall asleepD show up in dreams early at night14. Cartwright seems to suggest thatA waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC dreams should be left to their natural progressionD dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?A Lead your life as usual B.Seek professional helpC Exercise conscious controlD Avoid anxiety in the daytime完型填空：Celebrities (名人)lead very stressful lives, for no matter how fascinating or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.For one thing，celebrities don‟t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed on the front pages of the National Enquirer and the Globe so that bored supermarket shoppers can read about "Leonardo DiCaprio"s Awful Secret" or "The Heartbreak behind Winona Ryder's Smile." Even a celebrity's family is made public. A teenage son's arrest for using drug or a wife's drinking problem becomes the subject of headlines. Photographers chase celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and on the street, hoping to get a picture of Halle Berry in curlers (卷发器)or Jim Carrey drinking beer. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat out or attend a football game, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless photographers.Celebrities must also cope with the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from public attention, inviting remarks like "She really looks old" or "Boy, has she put on weight." Embarrassing pictures of celebrities are sold at high prices, which increases the pressure on celebrities to look good at all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act claim and collected under any circumstances. Because they are constantly observed, they have no freedom to be angry or to do something just a little crazy.Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly behaviors such as kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity‟s hai r, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers bear some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s-Princess Diana. Whether or not their pursuit caused the accident that took her life, it‟s clear she was chased by reporters like an escaped prisoner chased by police dogs. And celebrities can even fall victim to deliberately deadly attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people could not get these world-famous figures off their minds. As a result, famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game-and never out of season.排序段落：In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation. The problem for the governors is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality of their colleges and universities helps drive the economic engines of their states. And they are constantly beingtold by everyone from college administrators to editorial writers that the only way to make their state universities better is to spend more money.So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but on how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy in the 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, the study could produce a push for higher standards, more efficiency and greater accountability. “When it comes to higher education, we talk a lot about money, but we don‟t often talk of standards and accountability. With tuition ri sing faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say, …Enough!‟” Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.Such proposals would be sure to shake up those who protect the status quo and trigger a major public debate. Education establishments that often believe that they know best tend to get nervous when elected officials seek to become involved. Utah GOP Gov. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion represented a “major shift” in the way governors address higher education and signaled their desire for greater direct involvement by the state chief executives in the oversight of their state university systems. While the governors were quick to note that American higher education still is the best in the world, they say adjustments that reflect the changing realities of the global economy might be needed to keep it that way.英译汉：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist‟s intellectual preparation for his or her career.But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.1. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Part B 选择搭配Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps.remain a huge strength, bring together students and researchers from all disciplines and all parts of the world, and guarantee a human scale of values within a big university.1) Above everything else will still rise the questioning, tough-minded hunger for learning, for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever outwards. That has characterized this university.2) . Not in the heart of the city: the colleges, the river and the commons and meadows that cluster around it. The。