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美国的现代主义名词解释在20世纪初的艺术和文学领域，现代主义是一种革新和创造性的运动，它从根本上改变了人们对于艺术、文学和社会的看法。
尽管现代主义涉及许多领域，本文将专注于解释美国现代主义的相关名词和概念。
1. 实验性文学：实验性文学是现代主义的核心要素之一。
它打破了传统文学的规范，摒弃了线性叙事和传统结构，试图通过采用非传统的写作风格和技巧来表达更深层次的主题。
例如，威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）在他的小说《狱中记》中采用了拼接式叙事，不按时间顺序组织故事。
这种实验性的写作形式使读者更深入地探索人物的内心世界和复杂的情感状态。
2. 战争后遗症：两次世界大战对美国文化产生了巨大的冲击，这也影响了现代主义的发展。
战争在美国社会中留下了深刻的创伤，这在许多现代主义作品中得到了体现。
作家欧内斯特·海明威（Ernest Hemingway）的小说《永别了，武器》和诗人T.S.艾略特（T.S. Eliot）的诗集《荒原》中都描绘了战争给人们心灵带来的痛苦和后果。
3. 多重意义和隐喻：现代主义文学强调了文本的多重解读和隐喻性。
作家们使用象征主义和意象主义等技巧，以隐喻和暗示的方式来表达复杂的主题。
例如，费兹杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）的小说《了不起的盖茨比》中所描绘的盖茨比的奢华生活和追求美国梦的悲剧，通过光线和色彩等象征性元素传达了对于财富和爱情虚妄性的批判。
4. 主体性和自我意识：现代主义文学强调了主体性和自我意识。
作家们试图通过内心世界的探索来揭示个体的经验和情感。
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）的小说《至灵室》通过意识流技巧，展现了主人公的内心思考和感受，强调了个体在现代社会中的孤独和失落。
5. 市场社会和消费文化：现代主义文学对于市场社会和消费文化的批判也是一个重要方面。
作家们探讨了工业化和商业化给人类价值观带来的影响。
解读一幅漫画：15种现代艺术流派最近在微博上看到一幅漫画，觉得还挺有意思的，在这里说一下这些流派究竟是什么吧。
P.S 我发现这天居然是愚人节，这真的和愚人节没有什么关系。
1.现实主义realism现实主义是一个被广泛运用的艺术概念，泛指艺术对于自然的忠诚。
而在艺术史中，狭义地指一场十九世纪中后期起源于法国的艺术运动，主张以准确观察为基础，表现普通民众以及他们的日常现实生活。
正如它的创始人之一，法国画家库贝尔所说——“我不会画天使，因为我从没有见过他。
”米勒，《拾穗》，18572.印象派impressionism印象派起源于1860年代的法国，因莫奈的画作《印象•日出》而得名。
它抛弃了古典艺术“绘画中最重要的就是线条”的告诫，着重于展现光影的改变而否定轮廓。
不过，这幅漫画里的人物的轮廓模糊，色彩由一个个小点组成，更像是修拉创立的点彩画派（pointillism）。
它通常被归为新印象派（neo-impressionism）或者后印象派（post-impressionism）。
（在西方艺术语言中，“后”意味着“反”，说修拉是印象派会让人家不高兴的）。
这种画法以光谱中的原色为理论依据，将细小的原色斑点分布在画布上，而通过观察者的眼睛调和色彩，是一种相当Geek的技巧。
修拉，《大碗岛星期日的下午》，18863.野兽派fauvism野兽派是20世纪崛起的画派，最大的特点就是色彩大胆鲜艳，笔法率直奔放，也难怪艺术评论家把它形容为“野兽”。
漫画中，人物色彩鲜明，连眼球都涂成了红色，与绿色形成鲜明对比。
野兽派的领军人物是法国画家马蒂斯。
有人这么揶揄他这幅《戴帽子的女人》——“一罐颜料掼在公众的面前”。
马蒂斯，《戴帽子的女人》，19054.新艺术运动Art Nouveau新艺术运动是一个在20世纪初盛行的艺术运动，主要体现在建筑和室内设计领域。
它最重要的风格就是有活力、波浪形和流动的线条，特别是花卉或藤蔓等的曲线。
the 20th Century American Literature(1900-1910s)Historical BackgroundThe influence of WWI ：•an economic boom• a sudden jump in technology•The breakdown of old moral values ——bobbed hair, short skirts, women drinking and smoking • a tremendous disillusionment (幻想破灭，美国梦，Benjamin Franklin)•Nothing had changed.•There was a popular contempt轻视for the law—the prohibition of alcohol, bootleggers走私者, etc.•The dream美国梦had failed and the country was building up economic troubles toward disaster.• A loss of faith began with Darwin’s theories of evolution达尔文进化论. Without faith man could no longer keep his feeling and thought whole; hence a sense of life being fragmented变成碎片and chaotic混乱的. Without faith, man no longer felt secure and happy; hence the feeling of gloom阴暗and despair绝望•Bertrand Russell伯特兰·罗素（英国哲学家）, commented评论on the spirit of the period—Man must not expect any help from a beneficent慈善的God. Man must recognize that he is of noimportance in such a world ---- Nothing can preserve保护an individual life beyond the grave.Death will doom注定all human endeavors努力and achievements to ultimate extinction化为灰烬. He advises man to believe in himself, to face life with “a despairing courage绝望的勇气”.•.Imagism☐Imagism意象主义was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American英裔美国人poetry that favored赞成precision精度of imagery and clear, sharp language. The Imagists意象主义诗人rejected the sentiment情感and discursiveness散漫、推论typical of much Romantic and Victorian （强调理性）poetry.What is an image?☐T. E. Hulme: The image must en able one “to dwell存在于and linger徘徊upon a point of excitement, to achieve the impossible and convert转变a point into a line”.☐Ezra Pound: An image is “that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant 瞬间of time”.☐Richard Aldington: The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.Literary Sources of Imagism☐The Imagist Movement drew from a variety of poetic traditions—Greek, Provencal, Japanese and Chinese poetry. The ideographic表意的and pictographic象形文字的nature of Chinese language, and virile男性的laconism简洁and austere pregnancy丰富，意味深长which characterize ancient Chinese poetry fascinated the Imagists.three major phases☐1908—1909An Englishman, T. E. Hulme, founded a Poets’ Club in 1908, which met in Soho every Wednesday evening to discuss poetry. He believed that the most effective means to express the momentary瞬间的impressions is through “the use of one dominant image”.☐1912—1914Ezra Pound took over the movement. In 1912, they published a collection of poems, entitled Des Imagistes, in which a manifesto宣言came into being.⏹ a. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;⏹ b. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;⏹ c. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.☐1914—1917Amy Lowell took over the movement and developed it into “Amygism”. In 1915, 1916, 1917, three volumes of Some Imagist Poets came out, containing six principles based on the original three. After 1917, Imagism ceased to be a movement.Features of Imagism1.To use the language of common speech, but to employ采用the exact word, not the nearly-exact,nor the merely decorative装饰性的word.2.We believe that the individuality of a poet may often be better expressed in free verse自由诗体than in conventional传统的forms. In poetry, a new cadence韵律、节奏means a new idea.3.Absolute freedom in the choice of subject.4. To present an image. We are not a school学派of painters, but we believe that poetry should render particulars exactly and not deal in vague generalities模糊的概论, however magnificent华丽的and sonorous响亮的. It is for this reason that we oppose the cosmic广大无边的poet诗人, who seems to us to shirk逃避the real difficulties of his art.5. To produce a poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred玷污nor indefinite.6. Finally, most of us believe that concentration is of the very essence本质of poetry.In a Station of the Metro☐ a classic specimen of Imagist poetry☐the use of one dominant image to represent what he was experiencing☐apparition: appearance, something which shows up; something which is not real and which cannot be clearly observed☐influence from ancient Chinese poetry (《长恨歌》: “玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨.”)⏹The apparition of these faces in the crowd;⏹Petals on a wet, black bough.☐人群中那些亡魂的脸花瓣，在潮湿的黑色枝头荒木田守武——俳句落花飞回枝蝴蝶Ezra Pound (译文)A fallen blossom is coming back to the branchLook, a butterfly题都城南庄去年今日此门中,人面桃花相映红。
