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七、The Romantic Period1、Romanticism: At the turn of the 18th and 19th century, Romanticism came to be the new trend in English literature. It rose and grew under the imperus of Industria Revolution and the French Revolution. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticism was expressed almost entirely in Poetry. It was a reaction to neoclassicism. It stressed vitality, powerful emotion, limitles s and dreamlike thoughts, thus making the contrast with neoclassicism which was associated with order, common sense and controlled reason.Generally speaking, the Romanticits expressed the ideology and sentiment of those class of social status who were discontened with and opposed to the development of capitalism. But owing to the difference in political attitude, they split into two schools: the first and the second genetation of Romantic poets.The former was represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. They reflected on the classes who got ruined by the bourgeoisie. By way of protesting agai nst capitalist development, they turned to the past, ie. the “Marry Old England” as their ideal. The younger Rimanticists expressed the aspiration of the class created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from pression and exploitation. And they were represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.2、OdeOde is a long lyrical poem that is serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style, and elaborate in its stanzaic structure. The prototype was established by the Greek poet Petrarca whose odes were modeled on the songs by the chorus in Greek drama. In modern use, it is a rhymed lyric , often in a form of an address, generally dignigied or exalted in subject, feeling and style, but sometimes symple and familiar. The masterpieces in English ode include, “Ode to the West Wind”, “Ode to a Nightingale” and “Ode on a Grecian Urn”.1William W ordsworth(1770-1850)作品：The Prelude(his greatest work) ; Lyrical Ballads(with Coleridge); Tintern Abbey;We Are Seven; My Heart Leaps Up.2)His poetic outlook:①Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature." To Wordsworth, nature embodies, human beings in their diverse circumstances. It is nature that gives him "strength & knowledge full of peace."②Common life is Wordsworth's only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor, especially poor children.3)Achievement①The most important contribution he has made is that he has started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self.②He also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language & by advocating a return to nature.Lake poets: Samuel T aylor Coleridge(1772-1834), Robert Southey(1774-1843), William Wordsworth(1770-1850)2W alter Scott(1771-1832)作品：①ballad: Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border②Poetry:The Lay of the Last Minstrel; Lady of the Lake③Novels: Wavery; Rob Roy; Ivanhoe3Jane Austen(1775-1817)）作品：①②Sense & Sensibility ③Northanger Abbey ④Mansfield Park⑤Emma ⑥Persuasion.2）写作特色：Jane Austen first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life.1）Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events：a quiet，prosperous，middle class circle in provincial surroundings，which she knew well from her own experience2）Her subject matter is also limited，for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married，which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lady of that age，who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.3）Austen's interest was in human nature；in her depiction of human nature，instead of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion，by passion or heroic experience，she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living，which became very interesting through her truthful & lively description.4）Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness，elegant & refined，but never showy.4Charles Lamb(1775-1834)作品：①the Essays of Elia,②Tales from Shakespeare,③Dream Children, ④Poor Relations,⑤Speciments ofEnglish Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare.5George Gordon, Lord Byron(1788-1824)1) 作品Children Harold’s Pilgrimage; Oriental Tales; Manfred; Cain; Don Juan②Short lyricsWhen We Two Parted; She Walks in Beauty2) Artistic AchievementByronic HeroAs a leading Romanticist, Byron's chief contribution is his creation of the " Byronic hero," a proud & mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions & powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in an evil society, & would fight single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills & inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems & convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, & then further developed in later works such as Oriented Tales, Manfred, & Don Juan in different guises. The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life & personality of Byron himself, & makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.6Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)作品：Prose:Defence of PoetryPoem: A Song: “Men of England”;"To a Skylark" ；"Ode to the West Wind";Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; The Maspue of Anarchy.7John Keats(1795-1821)”墓志铭：Here lies one whose name was writ in water.1）作品：Endymion; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on an Grecian Urn; Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St.Agnes,& Other Poems.2)济慈四大颂歌:①Ode to a Nightingale;②Ode on a Grecian Urn ③To Autumn;④To Melncholy。
