美国research paper APA style citations,reference Directary

学术文献的英语Academic Writing: The Importance of Citations in Research。

Citations play a crucial role in academic research by acknowledging the work of others, providing evidence to support arguments, and allowing readers to trace the sources of information. In this article, we will explore the significance of citations in research and discuss the different citation styles commonly used in academic writing.First and foremost, citations serve to give credit to the original authors whose work has influenced the research being conducted. By citing sources, researchers show respect for the intellectual property of others and avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism, the act of using someone else's work without proper attribution, is a serious offense in academia and can have severe consequences for researchers. Therefore, it is essential to cite all sources accurately and consistently throughout a research paper.Moreover, citations provide evidence to support the claims and arguments made in a research paper. By citing reputable sources, researchers can lend credibility to their work and demonstrate that their arguments are based on sound evidence. Citations also allow readers to verify the information presented in the paper and delve deeper into the topic by exploring the cited sources. This transparency and accountability are essential in academic research, as they help to uphold the integrity of the scholarly community.In addition to acknowledging sources and providing evidence, citations also help researchers to situate their work within the broader scholarly conversation. By citing previous studies and building on existing research, researchers can show how their work contributes to the advancement of knowledge in their field. Citations allow researchers to establish connections with other scholars, engage in dialogue with the academic community, and demonstrate the relevance of their research in the context of existing literature.There are several citation styles commonly used in academic writing, including APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), andChicago. Each citation style has its own set of rules and guidelines for citing sources, formatting references, and creating bibliographies. It is important for researchers to familiarize themselves with the specific requirements of the citation style used in their discipline and to follow these guidelines consistently in their writing.In conclusion, citations are an essential aspect of academic research, serving to acknowledge the work of others, provide evidence to support arguments, and situate research within the scholarly conversation. By citing sources accurately and consistently, researchers can uphold the integrity of their work, demonstrate their credibility, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their field. Therefore, researchers should pay careful attention to citing sources in their writing and follow the guidelines of the relevant citation style to ensure the quality and integrity of their research.。

Web Sites in Parenthetical Citations: To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document within the site), it is sufficient to give the URL of the site in the text. No entry in the reference list is needed. Example:Kidpsych is an excellent website for young children (http://).REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT– APA utilizes a system of brief referencing in the text of a paper, whether one is paraphrasing or providing a direct quotation from another author’s work. Citations in the text usually consist of the name of the author(s) and the year of publication. The page number is added when utilizing a direct quotation.Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical CitationLibraries historically highly value intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality (LaRue, 2007).Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the NarrativeLaRue (2007) identified intellectual freedom and patronconfidentiality as two key values held historically by libraries.Direct Quotation with Parenthetical CitationDarwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological"(Gould & Brown, 1991, p. 14).Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the NarrativeGould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor ofthe tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological”(p. 14).CITING SECONDARY SOURCES -- When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the primary and the secondary sources. In the example below, the study by Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis,Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a glimpse into the worldIn the references page, you would cite the secondary source you read not the original study.Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.d.schaeffer 091409。

Some Basic Information about APA Referencing Style for your EssayAPA = American Psychological Association1.Formatting∙ A front cover page with the title, authors’ names and institution∙ A running header and page number at the top of each page∙Use Times New Roman font, 12 point∙ 1 inch margin on all sides (Page Layout → Margins → Normal)∙Double space every line of the essay (i.e. 2.0 between lines)∙For paragraphs, indent the first line by hal f an inch (you can use the ‘Tab’ button)∙Remember that there must be a space after a comma or full-stop∙Text should be aligned to the left2.Citations (referring to the sources in your text)∙Use authors’ surnames and year of publication∙Integral citation: u se an author’s surname followed by the year of publication in brackets in the sentence. This type of citation is part of the sentence and a verb must be used, e.g.Bellingham (2012) states that …∙Non-integral citation: use an author’s surname and year of publication at the end of a sentence. This type of citation does not affect the grammar of the sentence,e.g. …………. (Bellingham, 2012). Pay attention to the location of the comma and full-stop.3. Reference list∙Put the reference list on a new page. Use the title of ‘References’ in the centre of the page ∙Arrange the list alphabetically according to the authors’ surnames (A, B, C, D …)∙First line aligned to the left, second line indented 5 spaces∙Double space all entries (each line)Word countThe length of your EELC121 essay is 1,000 words +/- 10% (900 – 1,100 words). This length only includes the essay (introduction, main body and conclusion) but not the reference list. After your essay (and before the references), include the word count, e.g. Word count: 1,056。

apa大写格式
APA（American Psychological Association）大写格式通常用于学术论文、研究报告等正式文体中。

以下是大写格式的示例：
1. 标题：使用大写字母书写标题，实词首字母大写，虚词首字母小写。

例如：APA Style: Writing Your Research Paper
2. 作者：使用大写字母书写作者姓名，姓和名首字母大写，其他字母小写。

例如：Author Name
3. 出版日期和引用次数：使用大写字母书写年份，使用数字表示月份和日期，引用次数使用小写字母表示。

例如：2023年5月10日，第1次引用
4. 文献引用：使用大写字母书写文献类型（如Book、Journal Article等），使用小写字母书写作者姓氏、年份和文章标题等其他信息。

例如：Article Name, Author Last Name et al. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), pages.
5. 页码：使用大写字母书写页码，使用小写字母书写章节号。

例如：第1章，第1页
需要注意的是，APA格式对于标题、作者、出版日期和引用次数等信息的
书写有具体的要求，建议参考APA官方网站上的指南进行书写。

A P A C I T A T I O N S T Y L EO K A N A G A N C O L L E G E L I B R A R YThe Okanagan College Psychology and Business Administration Departments require the use of American Psychological Association (APA) style for citing references in student papers. APA style is also used in some courses in Arts, Science and Health. It is important to remain consistent within the paper and to use the style recommended by your college professor or instructor.The examples in this guide cover frequently used citation forms only. For more detailed information refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), (BF 76.7 .P83 2009) and to the APA Style website at .GENERAL RULES∙Double-space your paper, including the reference list.∙Format reference list entries with a hanging indent (.5 inch or 1.27 cm). See example on page 6 of this guide.∙Arrange reference list entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author or by title if there is no author.∙Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name, not the full name.∙If the reference list includes two or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order (oldest first).∙Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in the article title and subtitle. Capitalize all words of proper names.∙Italicize journal titles and volume numbers. Do not italicize issue numbers. Italicize book titles.∙References cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and secondary sources, which are cited in text only andnot included in the reference list. (See examples 7 & 10 on page 5.)∙Any republished tables or figures (including photographs and illustrations) must be clearly marked as reprinted or adapted, and the original source must be provided both in the text and in a footnote to the table or figure.∙If you are unable to identify a specific example, follow an example that is most like your source.∙ A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique string of numbers and letters applied to content.DOIs are typically on the first page of a journal article or are included in a database’s articleinformation.EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES AND CITATIONS IN TEXTThe following examples of reference list entries are single-spaced to conserve paper. The reference list should be double-spaced, as in the sample reference list on page 6 of this guide.Journal article1 authorWith DOI (Example on p. 198 ofManual, #1) Manouselis, N. (2008). Deploying and evaluating multiattributeproduct recommendation in e-markets. InternationalJournal of Management & Decision Making, 9, 43-61.doi:10.1504/IJMDM.2008.016041(Manouselis, 2008)Journal article2 authorsPrint version Paginated by issue (p. 199, #3) Noonan, J. R., & Johnson, R. K. (2002). The misuse of thediagnosis of bipolar disorder in the forensic context.American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 20(3), 5-19.(Noonan & Johnson, 2002)Journal article 3-5 authors Retrieved from databaseNo DOI(p. 199, #3) Davis, J. M., Lee, L. S., & Yi, M. Y. (2009). Time-userpreference and technology acceptance: Measuredevelopment of computer polychronicity. American Journalof Business, 24, 23-31. Retrieved from /mcobwin/majb/First citation:(Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)Subsequent citations:(Davis et al., 2009)Journal article 6 or 7 authors With DOI (p. 198, #1) Cummings, E., Schermerhorn, A., Merrilees, C., Goeke-Morey,M., Shirlow, P., & Cairns, E. (2010). Political violence andchild adjustment in Northern Ireland: Testing pathways ina social–ecological model including single-and two-parentfamilies. Developmental Psychology, 46, 827-841. doi:10.1037/a0019668(Cummings et al., 2010)Journal article 8 or more authors With DOI(p. 198, #2)Lavoie, M.-P, Lam, R. W., Bouchard, G., Sasseville, A.,Charron, M.-C., Gagné, A.-M., … Hébert, M. (2009).Evidence of a biological effect of light therapy on the retinaof patients with seasonal affective disorder. BiologicalPsychiatry, 66, 253-258. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.020(Lavoie et al., 2009)Journal article OnlineNo DOI(p. 199, #3) Crystal, J. D., & Foote, A. L. (2009). Metacognition in animals.Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 4, 1-16.Retrieved from http://psyc.queensu.ca/ccbr(Crystal & Foote, 2009)Magazine article (p. 200, #7) Padgett, T., & Grillo, I. (2008, August 25). Cocaine capital.Time, 172(8), 28-30.(Padgett & Grillo, 2008)Magazine article Online(p. 200, #8)Hutson, B. (2009, August). A unique consumer market. BlackEnterprise, 40(1), 52. Retrieved from http://www(Hutson, 2009)Newspaper article No author Discontinuous pages (p. 200, #10) Scientists say music manipulates shoppers. (2000, September14). The Ottawa Citizen, pp. A1, A20.(“Scientists say,” 2000)Newspaper article Online(p. 200, #11) Taylor, P. (2009, October 22). Study finds recession can begood for your health. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from(Taylor, 2009)Book(p. 203, #18) Heschl, A. (2001). The intelligent genome: On the origin of thehuman mind by mutation and selection. New York, NY:Springer-Verlag.(Heschl, 2001)BookGroup author Author as publisher 6th edition(p. 203, #18; p. 203, section 7.02) American Psychological Association. (2009). Publicationmanual of the American Psychological Association (6thed.). Washington, DC: Author.First citation:(American PsychologicalAssociation [APA], 2009)Subsequent citations:(APA, 2009)Edited book(p. 202, section 7.02) Lenzenweger, M. F., & Hooley, J. M. (Eds.). (2002). Principlesof experimental psychopathology: Essays in honor ofBrendan A. Maher. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychological Association.(Lenzenweger & Hooley,2002)Article or chapter in an edited book (p. 204, #25) Rasmusson, A. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2002). Gender issues inthe neurobiology of PTSD. In R. Kimerling, P. Ouimette, &J. Wolfe (Eds.), Gender and PTSD (pp. 43-75). New York,NY: The Guilford Press.(Rasmusson & Friedman,2002)Electronic version of a print book, retrieved from database, no DOI(p. 203, #19) Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. (2005). Handbook on responsibleleadership and governance in global business [NetLibraryversion]. Retrieved from (Doh & Stumpf, 2005)Electronic version of a print book, retrieved from database, with DOI(p. 203, #19)Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. (2005). Handbook on responsibleleadership and governance in global business [NetLibraryversion]. doi:10.123456789(Doh & Stumpf, 2005)Encyclopedia article Online(p. 205, #29) Shors, T. J., & Horvath, B. (2001). Stress, neural basis of. InInternational encyclopedia of the social and behavioralsciences. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03534-8(Shors & Horvath, 2001)Dictionary definition Online; no date (p. 205, #30) Materialism (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved from(Materialism, n.d.)Data table Online From E-Stat Statistics Canada (2006a). Average hours per week oftelevision viewing, by selected age groups, annual. (Table502-0002). Retrieved from http://estat.statcan.gc.ca(Statistics Canada, 2006a)Lecture Notes PowerPoint, from online course system (p. 213, #66; p. 212, #61 Rempel, K. (2007). Chapter ten: Motivating and rewardingemployees. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved fromhttp://mycourses.okanagan.bc.ca(Rempel, 2007)Article or Chapter in a Course Pack Reprinted from another source(p. 204, #26) Gordon, B. (2005). Kate Bush’s subversive shoes. In A.Mackie (Ed.), OC course pack: WMST 215: Women andpopular culture (pp. 85-98). Kelowna, BC: OkanaganCollege Bookstore. (Reprinted from Women and Music: AJournal of Gender and Culture, 9, 37-50).(Gordon, 2005)LegislationRevised Statutes ofBritish Columbia(p.220; #10)Family Relations Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c.128. (Family Relations Act, 1996)Case lawCanada Supreme CourtReports(p. 217, #1)R. v. Latimer (2000), [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3. (R. v. Latimer, 2000)Technical or Research Report Retrieved from databaseNo DOI(p. 205, section 7.03) Datamonitor. (2009). Research in Motion Limited: Companyprofile. Retrieved from /(Datamonitor, 2009)Report retrieved online, author same as publisher(p. 205, section 7.03, #31) Statistics Canada. (2010). Labour Force Information(Catalogue no. 71-001-X). Retrieved fromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/71-001-x/71-001-x2010006-eng.pdf(Statistics Canada, 2010)Report retrieved online, author different than publisher(p. 205, section 7.03; pg 206 #33) Marqui, S., Butler, M., Jospeh, R. & Ney K. (2000). Diabetes inBritish Columbia synthesis report. Retrieved fromBritish Columbia Ministry of Healthy Living and Sportwebsite: .bc.ca/publications/year/2000/diabetes_synthesis.pdfFirst citation:(Marqui, Butler, Jospeh &Ney, 2000)Subsequent citations:(Marqui et al., 2000)Print report, author same as publisher (p. 205, section 7.03) Statistics Canada. (1992). Ageing and independence(Catalogue no. 89-548-XPE). Ottawa, ON: Author.(Statistics Canada, 1992)DVD or Video (p. 210, #49) DiCaprio, L. (Producer), & Petersen, L. C. (Writer/Director).(2008). The 11th hour [DVD]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.Entertainment.(DiCaprio, 2008)Online video YouTube (p. 215, #77) Patel, A. (2008, January 22). Music and the mind [Video file].Retrieved from /watch?v=ZgKFeuzGEns(Patel, 2008)Blog post (p. 215, #76) tara. (2007, November 27). Pullman books pulled. [Web logpost]. Retrieved from /2007/11/27 /pullman-books-pulled/(tara, 2007)Web page No author No date (p. 212, #61) The intelligence of dogs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www/dogint/(The intelligence of dogs,n.d.)CITATIONS IN TEXT1.One work by one author∙Author’s name given in the body of your paper:Manouselis (2008) reported…∙Author’s name not given in the body of your paper:In a study on the use of online recommendation services (Manouselis, 2008)…2.One work by two authors∙… as described in Rasmusson and Friedman’s study on gender issues in PTSD (2002)∙ A study on gender issues in PTSD (Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) shows…3.One work by three, four, or five authors∙First time cited in your paper:∙Davis, Lee, & Yi (2009) found th at…∙ A study of the factors affecting new technology adoption (Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)…∙Subsequent citations:∙Davis et al. (2009) found that…∙ A study of technology acceptance (Davis et al., 2009)…4.One work by six or more authors∙Wolchik et al. (2000) studied children…∙In a study of children of divorced parents (Wolchik et al., 2000)…5.Two or more works by the same author named in the same reference∙Past research (Statistics Canada, 2006a, 2006b) has shown…6.Two or more works by different authors named in the same reference∙Past research (Heschl, 2001; Noonan & Johnson, 2002; Wolchik et al., 2000) has shown…7.Citing a secondary source∙In Smith’s 1998 study (as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002)…∙Experimental research (Smith, 1998, as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) has shown …Do not include Smith (1998) in the reference list. Do include Rasmusson & Friedman (2002).8.Direct quotationsWhen you cite direct quotations, include the page number of the quote.∙Stereotypes have been defined as “generalize d and usually value-laden impressions that one social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (Lindgren, 2001, p. 1617).9.Direct quotations in electronic sources without page numbersUse the paragraph number, preceded by the abbreviation para. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading of the section being quoted and the paragraph number following it.∙(Hutson, 2009, para. 5)∙(Shors & Horvath, 2001, Conclusions and Future Directions, para. 3)10.Personal communications (letters, phone calls, interviews, e-mail messages, etc.)∙L. Coates (personal communication, December 16, 2008) stated that…∙According to the department chair (L. Coates, personal communication, December 16, 2008)…Do not include personal communications in the reference list. Cite them in text only.SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST。

美国论文APA格式全面解析很多美国院校的论文格式需要有专门的写作格式，APA就是很多英文论文的专用格式，那么什么是APA论文格式呢?跟着小编来看看相关资讯吧!欢迎阅读。

何为APA?APA是一种写外国文章的格式，一种既定的写作规则。

常见的书写论文的格式无外乎APA，MLA，Chicago等，要求使用APA的老师只是其中一部分，还有外教要求学生使用MLA，这里介绍APA。

APA全称是：American Psychological Association，就是美国心理学会，此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。

APA 格式起源于1929年，是一种为广泛接受的研究型论文撰写格式，主要用于心理学、教育学、社会科学领域的论文写作。

APA写作格式1. Directory to APA in-text citation models (文中的资源引用格式)。

在文中至少要在引用资源的同时写出资源的作者及时间。

对于直接引用或者概括性的资源，标明页码也是需要的。

称作in-text APA。

2. Directory to APA references (文后的索引格式)。

在整个文章之后，需要按字母顺序将所引用的资源列出称为：reference list。

APA两大难点难点一：查找资源时要随手记下资源要件APA规范格式主要包括文内文献引用(Reference Citations in Text)和文后参考文献列举(Reference List)两大部分。

我们需要做的一大重点就是在找与所写论文相关的各种资料时，不忘细心地将资源的相关要件(包括时间，作者，日期，出版社，书名，文章名，网址，甚至网页更新时间等)记下来，然后按照规则格式标注在论文的文中及文后。

难点二：如何筛选记录下的资源要件，根据资源类型在in-text及reference里正确陈列资源要件。

因为有的资源我们只能找到一个作者，但是当同时有多个作者时，in-text及reference的apa格式就不同。

美国心理学协会论文格式（APA Style）学术论文写作教材35-38页，也可参考《外语研究》格式1. 注释Parenthetical ReferencesAPA格式要求注释用插入正文的圆括号内标注形式。

无论是直接饮用还是间接引用，都必须在正文中提供引语的出处。

标注必须完成、清楚，但要避免重复。

如果正文呢中以及提及作者，那么圆括号只需标注出版年份，紧接着作者的姓氏。

如果同一个段落中再次提及该作者的同一部著作中的观点，那么无需重复标注：Gould (1989) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.如果正文中未提及作者，那么圆括号内应当标注作者的姓氏和出版年份，中间用逗号隔开：As metaphors for the working of nature, Darwin used the tangled bank, the tree of life, and the face of nature (Gould, 1989).如果正文中已经提及作者和出版年份，那么无需圆括号标注：In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin’s most effective metaphors.如果你的句子中含有直接引用和作者，那么圆括号内应标注出版年份和页码；标注出版年份的圆括号紧接作者的姓氏，而标注页码的圆括号置于引文之后：Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness—genealogical rather than ecological—and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life”(p. 14).如果句子中含有直接引用而没有指名作者，那么在圆括号内应标注作者的姓氏、出版年份和页码，圆括号置于句号之前：Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness—genealogical rather than ecological—and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life”(Gould, 1989, p. 14).如果参考的著作是两位作者合著的，那么每次标注都要写明两位作者。

NAIT APA Style Guidelines & ExamplesTable of ContentsSUMMARY OF RECENT APA CHANGES (1)IN-TEXT CITATIONS (2)REFERENCES (2)PRINT SOURCES (3)Book......................................... ......... (3)Article, Book Chapter or Case Study in Edited Book or Anthology (5)Journal Article (6)Newspaper Article (8)Harvard Business School Case Study (9)Ivey Business School Case Study (10)Textbook Case Study (11)ELECTRONIC SOURCES (12)Online Journal Article from Library Database (with DOI) (12)Online Journal Article from Library Database (without DOI) (13)Online Magazine Article from Library Database (14)Online Newspaper Article from Library Database (15)Online Case Study from Library Database (without DOI) (16)Electronic Book (eBook) from Library Database (17)Entire Website (17)Webpage or Document from a Website (18)Blog Entry (19)Podcast (20)NAIT APA Style Guidelines & ExamplesYou must give credit to every source that you use in your research paper. This guide will help you use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style.These guidelines are based on the 6th edition (2010, second printing) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the FAQs on the APA website(/faqs.html#3).Important: Always ask your instructor what citation style is required for your assignment. SUMMARY OF RECENT APA CHANGESThe 6th edition of the APA Publication Manual includes two major changes that affect citing your sources:1. When citing books published in the U.S., include the U.S. Postal Service abbreviationsfor the state of publication. If the publishing city is outside the U.S., include the city andcountry. Do not abbreviate the country.E.g. Upper Saddle River, NJLos Angeles, CAToronto, Canada2. When citing articles or e-books from library databases, include the digital object identifier(DOI) in the citation (e.g. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500141) and do not include theURL, date of retrieval or the name of the database. If the DOI is not available, include the persistent URL of the article or e-book (e.g.http://libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/login?url=/login.aspx?direct=true& db=a9h&AN=22299882&site=ehost-live&scope=site).IN-TEXT CITATIONSIn-text citations are also called“parenthetical” citations because they are in parentheses “( )”. Some tips:Include brief citations in the text of your paper to indicate every source that you use inyour research paper.APA in-text citations are usually made up of the author, date and page number(s) of thesource cited.Each in-text citation must guide the reader to a full citation in the References List at theend of your paper.See in-text citation examples throughout this guide.REFERENCESThe entries in the References List located at the end of your paper must provide the full citation for each source. The elements of each citation depend on the type of information resource you are citing (for example a book citation includes the author, title, edition, place, publisher and date).You must have at least one in-text citation for each entry in the References list. Some tips: Locate the References list on a separate page at the end of your written document.However, tables and/or appendices, if used, come after the references page.List the bibliographic information for EVERY source that you cited in your paper.Center the heading, References, at the top of the page.Double-space the citation entries.Double-space between each citation entry.Use the hanging indent format: each entry begins flush left, and any additional lines areindented one-half inch (or five spaces).Capitalize and italicize each significant word in journal, newspaper and magazine titles(for example, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences).Do not italicize titles of articles from journals.Capitalize only the first word of book titles and book subtitles (for example, Introduction to accounting: The basics).Capitalize all proper names.Do not number the citation entries in the References list.Alphabetize entries by the authors' last names.If a work has no author, alphabetize it within the list of authored entries by its title.Use only the name of the publishing company (do not include "Company" or "Inc." etc.).Do not insert a hyphen when dividing a web address (URL) at the end of a line.URLs/web addresses are not underlined or in color - they are not hyperlinks.PRINT SOURCESBookCitation elements required and general format:Author(s) or editor(s). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (Edition). City, Stateabbreviation or country of publication: Publisher.Reference list citation examples - BookIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns.One Author:Label, W. A. (2010). Accounting for non-accountants: The fast and easyway to learn the basics (2nd ed.). Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks.One Editor:Smither, J. W. (Ed.). (1998). Performance appraisal: State of the art inpractice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Multiple Authors:Murray, R. B., Zentner, J. P., & Yakimo, R. (2009). Health promotionstrategies through the life span. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson/Prentice Hall.Multiple Editors:Baker, A., Dutton, S., & Kelly, D. (Eds.). (2004). Composite materials foraircraft structures (2nd ed.). Reston, VA: American Institute ofAeronautics and Astronautics.No Author or Editor:New concise world atlas. (2007). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.In-text citation examples - BookAPA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. If a source has no author or editor, use a few words of the title, the year of publication, and the page number, all in parentheses; italicize the title of the book’s title.One Author named in your paper:Smyth (2008, p. 40) reported that …OR:Smyth (2008) indicated t hat “insert quote here” (p. 40).One Author not named in the text of your paper:… as one researcher reported(Smyth, 2008, p. 40).OR:This case indicated that “insert quote here” (Smyth, 2008, p. 40).Two Authors named in the text of your paper(use the word “and” between the authors’ names in the text of your paper; use the ampersand “&” in the in-text citation brackets)Research by Smyth and Hanson (2007) indicated “quote here” (p. 59).OR:Smyth and Hanson concluded the same (2007, p. 59).Two Authors not named in the text of your paper:The researchers concluded the same facts (Smyth & Hanson, 2007, p. 59).OR:The researchers (Smyth & Hanson, 2007) concluded “insert quote here” (p. 59). Three to five Authors:Research by Blaine, Hobbs, Adamson, Berry and Kal (1993, p. 45) is positive.OR:… as concluded by the researchers (Blaine, Hobbs, Adamson, Berry & Kal,1993, p. 45). In subsequent citations, use only the first author’s name followed by“et al.” (Blaine et al., 1993, p. 45).No Author:… according to the British map (New concise world atlas, 2004, p. 15).Article, Book Chapter or Case Study in Edited Book or AnthologyYou cite an article, book chapter, or case study found in a source in both the references list and in an in-text citation.Citation elements required and general format:Author(s) or editor(s) of the chapter or entry or case study. (Year of book). Titleof chapter or entry or case study. In First initial. Last name, & First initial.Last name (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx).City, State abbreviation orcountry of publication: Publisher.Reference list citation examples – Chapter in a Book, etc.In APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns.Entry in an Anthology (where H. LaFollette is the editor of the book):Warren, M. A. (2007). On the moral or legal status of abortion. In H.LaFollette (Ed.), Ethics in practice (pp.126-136). Malden, MA:Blackwell Publishing.Case Study in a Textbook (where J. Ness is the author of the book):Pederson, S. (2008). The XYZ Group. In J. Ness, Cases in digital processing(pp.11-20). Saskatoon, Canada: CDMA Publishing.In-text citation examples – Chapter in a Book, etc.APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. When citing a secondary source (for example if you’re quoting Pederson’s case study that was published in Ness’ book), include “as cited in” in the in-text citation.One Author in a Secondary Source:Warren argued that … (as cited in LaFollette, 2007, p. 130).OR:Pederson’s statement that“insert quote here” (as cited in Ness, 2008,p. 65) still holds true today.Journal ArticleCitation elements required and general format for journal paginated by volume (pagenumbers continue throughout year):Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal,Volume number, page number(s).Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue (eachissue begins with page 1):Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal,Volume number(issue number), page number(s).Reference list citation examples – Journal ArticleIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.Two or more Authors, issue number not included:Kim, Y., & Wells, A. (2005). The impact of forest density on propertyvalues.Journal of Forestry, 103, 146-151.Two or more Authors, issue number included:Shang-Ping, X., Deser, C., Vecchi, G., Jian, M., Haiyan, T., & Wittenberg, A. (2010).Global warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall.Journal of Climate, 23(4), 966-986. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3329.1.No Author:Order in the oil sands. (2008). Petroleum Journal, 174(6),15-21.In-text citation examples – Journal ArticleAPA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. If a source has no author or editor, use a few words of the title, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), all in parentheses; italicize the title of the article’s title.One Author named in your text:Smyth (2008, p. 40) found that…OR:Smyth (2008) indicated t hat “insert quote here” (p. 40).One Author not named in your text:… as one researcher reported(Smyth, 2008, p. 40).OR:This case indicated that “insert quote here” (Smyth, 2008, p. 40).Two Authors named in your text:Smyth and Hanson (2007) reported “insert quote here” (p. 59).OR:Smyth and Hanson (2007, p. 59) demonstrated that …Two Authors not named in your text:The researchers concluded the same facts (Smyth & Hanson, 2007, p. 59).OR:The researchers (Smyth & Hanson, 2007) concluded “insert quote here” (p. 59). No author:… as was reported in the final study (“Order in the oil sands”, 2008,p. 17).Newspaper ArticleCitation elements required and general format. Unlike a journal article, p. or pp.precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p.(for example: p. B2) and multiple pages take pp. (for example: pp. A4-A3).Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of journal article. Title of Newspaper, pagenumber(s).Reference list citation examples – Newspaper articleIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.One Author:Kleiss, K. (2010, October 12). Housing plan overturns decades of practice.Edmonton Journal, pp. A1-A3.No Author:Mandel received council support (2010, October 2). Edmonton Journal, p. B4.In-text citation examples – Newspaper articleAPA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.One Author:… as reported in the Edmonton Journal (Kleiss, 2010, p. A1).OR:Kleiss discounted the statistics (2010, p. A3).No Author:If a source has no author or editor, use a few words of the article’s title, the year ofpublication, and the page number, all in parentheses; use quotation marks around thearticle title.… As reported in the Edmonton Journal (“Mandel”, 2010, p. B4).OR:… as reported in 2010 (“Mandel”, p. B4).Harvard Business School Case StudyCitation elements required and general format:Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. HBS No. number of case study. City,State abbreviation or country of publication: Publisher.Reference list citation examples – Harvard Business School Case StudyIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.One Author:Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. Boston, MA: HarvardBusiness School Publishing.Two Authors:Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2006). Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105.Boston, MA: Harvard Business School PublishingIn-text citation examples – Harvard Business School Case StudyAPA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.One Author:…as the case study concluded (Smith, 2003, p. 6).OR:Smith reported (2003, p. 6) that the data was flawed.Two Authors:Eisenmann and Herman did agree on the research findings (2006, p. 11).OR:… as both researchers agreed (Eisenmann & Herman, 2006, p. 11).Ivey Business School Case StudyCitation elements required and general format:Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. Ivey ID: number of case study. City,State abbreviation or country of publication: Publisher.Reference list citation example – Ivey Business School Case StudyIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.Two Authors:Heisz, M., & Leech, L. (2005). Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Understandingthe requirements and the Canadian response. Ivey ID: 9B05B009.London, Canada: Ivey Publishing.In-text citation examples – Ivey Business School Case StudyAPA in-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.One Author:… as Byron concluded in the case study (2010, p. 105).OR:The case study concluded the same results (Byron, 2010, p. 105).Two Authors:Heisz and Leech concluded similar findings (2005, p. 491).OR:… and the American researchers agreed (Heisz & Leech, 2005, p. 491).Textbook Case StudyCitation elements required and general format:Author(s) or editor(s) of the chapter or entry or case study. (Year ofbook). Title of chapter or entry or case study. In First initial. Lastname, & First initial. Last name (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx).City, State abbreviation or country of publication: Publisher.Reference list citation example – Textbook Case StudyIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name com es first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.One Author:Pederson, S. (2008). The XYZ Group. In J. Ness, Cases in digital processing(pp.11-20). Saskatoon, Canada: CDMA Publishing.In-text citation examples – Textbook Case StudyIn-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(for quotes), either as part of text of your paper or in parentheses.When citing part of a specific source (for example if you’re quoting Pederson’s case study that was published in Ness’ book), include “as cited in” in the in-text citation.One Author:Warren argued that … (as cited in LaFollette, 2007, p. 130).OR:Pederson’s statement that “insert quote here” (as cited in Ness, 2008,p. 65) still holds true today.ELECTRONIC SOURCESOnline Journal Article from Library Databasea) With DOI (Digital Object Identifier)Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by volume (pagenumbers continue throughout year):Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal,Volume, pagenumber(s). doi:DOI of articleCitation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue (eachissue begins with page 1):Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal,Volume(Issue), pagenumber(s). doi:DOI of articleReference list citation example – Journal Article with DOI from a DatabaseIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.Multiple authors, issue number not included (article found in Nursing and AlliedHealth database):Street, M. E., Volta, C., Ziveri, M. A., Viani, I., & Bernansconi, S. (2009).Markers of insulin sensitivity in placentas and cord serum ofintrauterine growth-restricted newborns. Clinical Endocrinology,71, 394-399. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03533.xIn-text citation examples - Journal Article with DOI from a DatabaseIn-te xt citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.Multiple Authors:New research published by Street, Volta, Ziveri, Viani, and Bernansconiconcluded “insert q u ote here” (2009, p. 200).OR:… as the researchers concluded (Street et al., 2009, p. 200).b) Without DOI (Digital Object Identifier)Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by volume (pagenumbers continue throughout year):Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal,Volume, pagenumber(s). Retrieved from URL of the articleCitation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue(each issue begins with page 1):Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal,Volume(Issue), pagenumber(s). Retrieved from URL of the articleReference list citation examples - Journal Article without DOI from a DatabaseIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); useonly the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.One Author (article found in Applied Science and Technology database):Teska, K. (2010). Cases of misplaced technology. Mechanical Engineering,132(6), 47. Retrieved from.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790e7b59f5f343f85b357b4a903c54d9b574e973e4122049f53ed3647cbb6cf09926&fmt=CIn-text citation examples - Journal Article without DOI from a DatabaseIn-text citations inc lude the author’s last name, the ye ar of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.One Author:… and the research was supported by Drummond (2009, p. 18).OR:… the researcher concluded that “insert quote here” (Drummond, 2009, p. 18).Author(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title ofMagazine, Volume(Issue), page number(s). Retrieved from URL of article Reference list citation examples – Magazine Article from a DatabaseIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.One Author (article found in Academic Search Complete database):Weinman, J. J. (2008, May 5). Where should we put the violins? A debateover how to place orchestras’ string section heats up in theclassical world. Maclean’s, 121(17), 54. Retrieved fromhttp://libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31900477&site=ehost-live&scope=siteNote:- DOIs are not available for popular or trade magazine articles.- Do not abbreviate the month when citing online magazines.In-text citation examples - Magazine Article from a DatabaseIn-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.One Author:… as Weinman successfully debated the topic (2008, p. 54).OR:A recent article debated the topic once again (Weinman, 2008, p. 54).Author(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title ofNewspaper[Edition if applicable], page number(s) or section letter(s).Retrieved from URL of articleReference list citation examples – Online Newspaper Article from a DatabaseIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.One Author (article found in Canadian Newsstand database):Jack, I. (1998, October 24). Cleaner gasoline will cost jobs industry.Financial Post [Weekly Edition], p.3. Retrieved from.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/pqdweb?did=35339143&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=58918&RQT=309&VName=PQDNote:- DOIs are not available for newspaper articles.- Do not abbreviate the month.- Include p. or pp. for page number(s).In-text citation examples – Online Newspaper Article from a DatabaseIn-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.One Author:Jack (1998, p. 2) found that cleaner gasoline was more expensive.OR:… as the author concluded (Jack, 1998, p. 2).Online Case Study from Library Database (without DOI, Digital Object Identifier) Citation elements required and general format:Author(s). (Year). Title of case study: Subtitle of case study. Title of Journal,Volume(issue), page number(s). Retrieved from URL of the article (casestudy)Reference list citation examples – Online Case Study without DOI from a DatabaseIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.Two Authors (case study is from Business Source Complete database):Schiehll, E., & Andre, P. (2003). Corporate governance and theinformation gap: The use of financial and non-financialinformation in executive compensation. Ivey Business Journal,67(6), 1-6. Retrieved from.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=10508033&site=ehost-liveIn-text citation examples – Online Case Study without DOI from a DatabaseIn-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.Two Authors:Schiehll and Andre (2003, p. 15) demonstrated that …OR:… as the researchers concluded last year (Schiehll & Andre, 2003, p. 15).Electronic Book (eBook) from Library DatabaseSome examples of eBooks from library databases include CRCnetBASE,AccessEngineering, Knovel, Safari, Gale Virtual Reference Library, ebrary, OxfordReference Online, and Referex.Citation elements required and general format:Author(s) (if editor, include (Ed.) after name). (Year). Title of eBook: Subtitle ofeBook (Edition). [type of version such as DX Reader or Adobe or ebraryReader]. Retrieved from URL of bookReference list citation examples – eBook from a DatabaseIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the title.Two or more Editors, no DOI (eBook found in ENGnetBASE database):Kreith, F. & Goswami, D. Y. (Eds.). (2005). The CRC handbook ofmechanical engineering (2nd ed.). [Adobe version].Retrieved from.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/isbn/9780849308666In-text citation examples – eBook from a DatabaseIn-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses.Two Editors:Kreithl and Goswami (2005, p. 5) illustrated that …OR:… as the researchers demonstrated last year (Kreith & Goswami, 2005,p. 5).Entire WebsiteIf you are citing an entire website, you do not have to include a citation for the website in the list of references. You must, however, identify the source by providing the address of the website in your paper.In-text citation examplesKidspsych is a wonderful interactive web site for children().Webpage or Document from a WebsiteIf you are not able to find all of the information identified in the general format, include all that is available from the source.Citation elements required and general format:Author(s). (Year). Title of webpage or document: Subtitle. Retrieved Month Date,Year, from URL that goes directly to the documentReference list citation examplesIn APA style, every author or editor’s name is inverted (the last name comes first); use only the initials for the first and middle names. Only capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns. If the author is unknown, begin with the article title.One Author:McGrath, J. (2008). How do dogs perceive time? Retrieved July 3, 2009,from /pets/dogs-perceive-time.htmNo Author:New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001,from .au/health/story_13178.asp No date (use n.d.):Heuristic. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.).Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http://www.m-/dictionary/heuristicIn-text citation examplesIn-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. If no author is available, cite the first few words of the title (in quotation marks) and the year.One author:… as McGrath stated (2008).OR:… as stated by the researcher (McGrath, 2008).No Author, no Page Number:… was fully explained (“New Child Vaccine,” 2010).OR:The “New Child Vaccine” site (2010) indicated that …No Author, Page Number is Available:… the study indicated that “insert quote here” (“How Do Dogs,” 2008,p. 5).OR:“How Do Dogs” (2008) argued that “insert quote here” (p. 5).。

Name of instructional theory/strategy:Design strategies for developing science instructional materialsCitation (APA format):Reiser, B.J., Krajcik, J., Moje, E. & Marx, R. (2003). Design strategies for developingscience instructional materials. Paper presented at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the National Association of Research in Science Teaching, Philadelphia, PA.Conditions for use:When developing instructional/ curricular materials for a middle school science class in urban, rural and suburban schoolsMethods:The assessment-driven design method or the backwards design method was used to design the instructional material. In an assessment-driven design, the learning objectives are first identified, and all phases of curriculum and activity design are based on the learning objectives.Given below is a step-by-step description of how the instructional materials were developed:1.Identifying and clarifying learning outcomes linked to national standardsIn the first stage, learning goals that align with national science education standards are identified. This stage also involves identifying prerequisite understandings, common student misconceptions, and understandings beyond the learning goals.2.Specifying learning performances to meet standardsIn the next stage, a set of task performances that represent understanding in the respective content areas are identified. These task performances are observable measures of theinstructional objectives and are called learning performances.3.Creating assessments and rubrics linked to the learning performancesIn this stage, key learning tasks that would serve to assess students’ understanding of the concepts are identified. A base rubric is created that could be used across the instructional unit.4.Contextualizing the unit through a driving question and anchoring eventsIn this stage, the students’ attention is drawn to the relevance of the content in the real world.This is assumed to encourage students to expend effort on learning the material. This can be done through presenting students with a driving question. A driving question is one, which is meaningful to the students, includes important content, and is anchored in a real-worldproblem.5.Pilot testing materialsIn pilot testing, the focus is on student learning and teacher practice perspectives. Withrespect to student learning, the main focus is on the students’ level of engagement in the driving question, and the effectiveness of the problem scenario as a context for learning science. The teachers’ perspectives that are considered are their perceptions of the challenges and benefits for students, and the teaching challenges they face.Outcomes:The expected outcome is a body of science knowledge that is coherent, and well-connected with real-world applications.Values:∙The investigators value aligning instruction with national science education standards ∙Value learning goals. They have specified that their goal is to help students develop in-depth knowledge.∙They value inquiry in instruction. This is reflected in their emphasis on a driving question which is an open-ended question involving authentic interests and curiositiesstudents have about the world.∙They value hands-on activities. One of their design principles is that instruction should be anchored in multiple and varied phenomena and representations. Astatement from their article that struck a chord is, “Without experiencing thephenomena either through first-hand experience when feasible or vicariously whennot feasible, students just learn empty words”.。