Lecture 10 词语的搭配、语法形式与翻译

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Lecture1 句子结构

表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它位于连系动词之后，与之构成系表结构，共同构成谓语。可作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。
作表语的成分
例句
名词
名词所有格代词数词形容词副词不定式动名词过去分词现在分词
7. 状语
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。状语有时在基本结构中是必须得，否则基本结构的意义就不会完整。状语位置非常灵活。 The girl is improving remarkably. The ancient castle is remarkably beautiful. My love is like a red, red rose, that is newly sprung in June. The students are improving remarkably fast. Unfortunately, I didn’t get the scores report.
例句作定语的成分 Beethoven is a natural musician. 形容词
名词代词 His mother gave a sports car to him. He is their friend.
序数词
基数词不定式
不定式复合结
I will give you a second chance.
5. 补语
补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分，即主语补语和宾语补语。
主语补语
通常位于主语之前或谓语之后： Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. He came home sick. Her brother died young. He was found dead. She gazed at him speechless for a moment.

Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理

Lecture 10
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汉译英中谓语的处理
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 8、这时寂静无声。 • silent / silence • 参考译文：It is very quiet at the moment. • 9、屋里有一位客人。 • 参考译文：There is a guest in the room.
• 2、这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。 • There will build more apartment buildings. • Many more apartment buildings will be constructed here. • 参考译文：More apartment buildings will be built here.
Lecture 10
汉译英中谓语的处理
• ―You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but others who have changed. People’s moods change everyday.‖
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 11、只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的错误。 • The more cautions you pay, the less mistakes you will make. • Only if we being very careful, can we get rid of some errors. • 参考译文：Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.

lecture 11 比较句式和定语从句的翻译

A is to B what C is to D A pen is to a writer what a gun to a soldier. 作家的笔就如同战士的枪一样。
May as well… as和Might as well… as One might as well expect the leopard to change its spots as expect him to change his hot temper.
我们的战士打起仗来既勇敢又善战。 To be uncourteous appears to him little less than a crime. 在他看来，不礼貌无异于犯罪。
As much as, As much, As many与 So many He was greatly respected as much as his brother was despised. 他非常受人尊敬，而他弟弟则受人鄙视。 I was not in the least surprised, for I had expected as much. 我一点都不吃惊，因为我早已了到如此。
他们都是那些抛妻弃子、身背大刀进入深山的好汉们的后代。
In the early days of the clipper ships, sailors who went on long voyages would often get a dangerous disease called scurvy. 在使用快速帆船的初期，远洋海员们往往会患一种叫做坏死病的危险疾病。
A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end. 我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生的，就象我们不可能设想有哪根棍子会只有一头一样。 Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his short-coming, and more serious faults. 有头脑的人谁也不会指望广告里说的都是真的，同样也不指望申请工作的人回说出自己的缺点和严重过失。

Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)

英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸，译文才能流畅、自然。将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。

On Studies 王佐良译《论读书》水天同《论学问》 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 水译：读书为学的用途是娱乐、装饰和增长才识。王译：读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. 水译：在娱乐上学问的主要的用处是幽居养静；在装饰上学问的用处是辞令；在长才上学问的用处是对于事务的判断和处理。王译：其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

Lecture范畴词的翻译课件

We should always be ready to admit what we know and do not know. （T）
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三、汉语范畴词英译方法
1. 省译使表达抽象化 1) 如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那就要使他们沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。
Not to educate the children is to condemn them to repetitious ignorance.
Local authorities should work hard to create jobs.
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2. 转译法使表达抽象化
1）交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有修改的地方。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.
2 We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。
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3 He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility. 据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。
4 What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.
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四、英语抽象名词的汉译
1. 范畴化
英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体化，根据具体的语境加上 “方法”、“现象”、“局势 ”、“状态”、“情况”、“政策”、“做法”、“习俗”、“精神”、态度”：“问题”等范畴词，使译文含义清晰，行文流畅。

Lecture 3 翻译的标准

Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。

外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。

翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。

The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。

翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。

即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。

课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。

Lecture10词语搭配、语法形式与翻译

第二个方面是全体社会成员——从政府官员到普通公民——都要使用科学家在他们的工作中所使用的那些特殊的思考和行动的方法。
注：关键搭配——application of …
2) Challenges being addressed by modern environmental biotechnology range from the search for microbes that will reduce acid rain by removing sulfur from power coal to the biological production of biodegradable plastics.
长期咳嗽或嗓音嘶哑可能是肺癌或喉癌的征兆。
3) There are a number of websites that can help you calculate your carbon footprint, or the quantity of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) that is produced by your choices of food, heating, travel, and other activities.
Hale Waihona Puke 1) A significant portion of the human population nowadays suffers from arthritis or inflammation of the joints.
目前相当一局部人群患有关节炎。
2) A persistent cough or hoarseness may indicate either lung cancer or cancer of the throat, known as laryngeal cancer.

Lecture_2_主谓一致(1)

Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded. • crossroads: 十字路口 This glass works was set up in 2008. These glass works are near the railway station.
• 2. 意义一致原则（Notional Concord） 1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。 • The crowd were running for their lives. • 单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。
stairs:楼梯 morals:道德 remains:遗体 minutes:记录
•
• •
His whereabouts were / was known only to his personal staff. thanks:谢意 wages: 工资 The dramatics of the performance were / was marvelous.
2.2 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致
• 9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同 • What’s the odds?有什么要紧？ =what does it matter? （差别） • The odds are against us. 我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会） • The martyr’s remains(遗体) were buried at the foot of the hill. • Here is the remains(遗迹) of the temple.
2.1 指导原则 • 1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord) -主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 • Both boys have their own merits. • Much effort is wasted.

Lecture 10 分译与扩展

长句的分译
逆序法（换序法）逆序法（换序法）
例1 It was certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO. 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。例2 The earth’s revolution around the sun is known to all of us. 我们都知道，地球绕太阳运行。（或者：地球绕着太阳转，。（或者我们都知道，地球绕太阳运行。（或者：地球绕着太阳转，这是众所周知的。）这是众所周知的。）例3 The heaviest load on his mind, //after s conversation with the slave trader, //lay in the foreseen necessity //of breaking to his wife the arrangement contemplated.
特殊表达方式，需拆离，特殊表达方式，需拆离，增词完善结构
例1 His addition complete the list. 把他的名字添上，名单就完备了。的名字添上把他的名字添上，名单就完备了。例2 She inspected the table for dust with her finger. 她伸出一个手指抹了一下桌子，看看有没有灰尘。她伸出一个手指抹了一下桌子，看看有没有灰尘。
类型：类型：
词义分译词或短语脱句单译从句与主句分离，从句与主句分离，单独成句
词语搭配的分译
“一拖二” 一拖二” 一拖二两个词，两个词，分别搭配
例1 But this naval competition strained the Liberal Government’s principles as well as their budgets. 但是，这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说原则无法自圆其说，但是，这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘预算捉襟见肘。也使其预算捉襟见肘。例2 Do not apply body lotions or perfumes while wearing silk garment; chemicals are harmful to silk. 穿丝绸服装不宜抹润肤露洒香水之类抹润肤露、之类，穿丝绸服装不宜抹润肤露、洒香水之类，化学产品对丝绸有害。绸有害。

lecture 翻译

lecture 翻译基本解释●lecture：讲座，演讲，训诫●/ˈlektʃər/●n. 演讲，讲课，训诫●v. 演讲，讲课，训诫变化形式●n. 复数形式：lectures●v. 第三人称单数：lectures●过去式：lectured●过去分词：lectured●现在分词：lecturing具体用法●●n.:o演讲，讲课o同义词：speech, talk, address, presentation, discourse o反义词：silence, quiet, hush, muteness, stillnesso例句：●The professor gave a lecture on the history of art that lastedfor two hours, and it was both informative and engaging.●教授进行了一个关于艺术史的讲座，持续了两个小时，既有信息量又引人入胜。

●During the lecture, the students took notes diligently, tryingto capture every important detail the lecturer mentioned.●在讲座期间，学生们认真地做笔记，试图记录下讲师提到的每一个重要细节。

●The guest speaker delivered a lecture on climate change,emphasizing the urgent need for global cooperation.●客座演讲者就气候变化进行了演讲，强调了全球合作的紧迫性。

●After the lecture, there was a lively Q&A session wherestudents asked insightful questions.●讲座结束后，有一个活跃的问答环节，学生们提出了有见地的问题。

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1)
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Packed tightly into nearly every one of the several trillion body cells is a complete copy of the human “genome,” all the genes that make up the master blueprint for building a man or woman 在数万亿个人体细胞当中，几乎每一个细胞都包含了一整套完整而紧凑的人类“基因组”，所有这些基因形成了构建人体的总体蓝图。
2. 词语的并列关系
英语中不少复杂的并列机构中也会嵌入其
他非直接相关的成分，可能会模糊并列成分之间的关系，并最终导致理解和翻译的错误。
1)
Ionizing radiation can change the electronic configuration of an atom or molecule, and thus the way it interacts with its surroundings. 译文1：电离辐射可改变原子或分子的电子构型，因此，原子或分子可以以这样的方式与周围环境相互作用。译文2：电离辐射可改变原子或分子的电子构型，并因此改变原子或分子与周围环境相互作用的方式。注：the way 和前面的the electronic configuration of …是并列关系。
第十章
词语搭配、语法形式与科技翻译
本章着重剖析科技文体中英语词语的搭配
与衔接规律，探讨解释性结构的理解和翻译，同时关注关系从句、虚拟语气的翻译。
一、词语的搭配与衔接
词语的搭配关系在英语中，出于修辞和文体的考虑，某些固定结构或搭配中的往往会嵌入其他成分，使得这些固定结构或搭配本身的内在联系不易察觉，给理解和翻译造成困难。
2)
Challenges being addressed by modern environmental biotechnology range from the search for microbes that will reduce acid rain by removing sulfur from power coal to the biological production of biodegradable plastics. 现代环境生物科技面临诸多挑战，包括寻找能够去除电煤中硫磺的微生物，从而减少酸雨，以及用生物方法生产出可进行生物降解的塑料。注：关键搭配——range from … to …
Known as 或连词or引导的解释语这类解释语有时不必翻译，因为解释语和被解释词语都指向同一个汉语译名，或者被解释词语的汉语译名本身已有很好的释义，将解释语译出反而令译文显得累赘。另外，必须把引导解释语的连词or与表示选择意义的连词or区别开来。
3)
Not only can antibodies be used therapeutically to protect against disease; they can also help to diagnose a wide variety of illness, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the blood. 抗体不仅用于治疗、抵抗疾病，也可用于诊断多种疾病，检测血液中是否存在药物、病毒、细菌以及其他异常物质。
*英语中多个成分并列时，最后一个并列项
目前面一般需使用连词 and 或 or，因此，在分析句子的结构时，这两个连词是判断并列成分的一个重要依据。试看下例：
2)
Immediately afterward and even today, there is widespread speculation that the buildings were structurally deficient, that the steel columns melted, or that the fire suppression equipment failed to operate. 此后不久，甚至直至今日，仍广泛流传着这样的猜测：大厦有结构缺陷，钢柱熔化了，或是灭火设备失效了。
1.
1)
The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是全体社会成员——从政府官员到普通公民——都要使用科学家在他们的工作中所使用的那些特殊的思考和行动的方法。注：关键搭配——application of …
二、解释性结构
起同位语作用的名词结构作为同位语的名词短语用于解释、说明另一个名词或代词。要理解翻译这类结构，关键在于准确地把握同位语与被修饰词之间的内在关系 of the 20th century was 1998, when a strong EL Nino, a warm water event in the eastern Pacific Ocean, added warmth to the global temperature. 二十世纪最热的年份是1998年，因为这一年出现了强厄尔尼诺现象（即东太平洋海水变暖现象），导致全球气温的上升。