复合材料的结构与强度复合材料（Composite Materials）是指由两种或两种以上不同性质的材料组合而成的新型材料。
它可以充分发挥各种材料的优点，兼顾不同材料的性能要求，从而具备了独特的结构和强度特点。
本文将从复合材料的构成和制备方法、结构、以及其强度方面进行论述。
一、复合材料的构成和制备复合材料通常由纤维增强体和基体两部分组成。
纤维增强体可以是玻璃纤维、碳纤维、有机纤维等，负责承担载荷；基体则起到支撑和保护纤维的作用，可以是塑料、金属等。
通过将纤维和基体有机地结合在一起，复合材料能够充分利用各个组分的特性，实现性能优异的结构。
制备复合材料的方法主要有层叠法、注塑法和浸渍法等。
层叠法是将纤维和基体逐层叠加，然后进行热压或过热固化，使其形成坚固的结构；注塑法是将纤维与基体混合，然后通过注射或挤出塑料使其形成所需的形状；浸渍法则是将纤维浸泡在基体中，使其充分渗透，然后进行固化。
二、复合材料的结构复合材料的结构可以分为纤维增强体的排列方式和纤维方向两个方面。
纤维增强体的排列方式包括单向排列、交叉排列和随机排列。
单向排列是指纤维沿一个方向进行排列，能够承受沿该方向的载荷最大；交叉排列是指纤维交错穿插在基体中，能够均匀承受载荷；随机排列是指纤维随机分布在基体中，能够增加材料的韧性。
纤维方向是指纤维在基体中的方向分布。
单向纤维材料具有明显的各向异性，只能在纤维方向上承受较大的载荷；而交叉纤维材料因为纤维方向的交叉，可以在多个方向上均匀分布载荷，具有较好的综合性能。
三、复合材料的强度复合材料相对于传统材料具有较高的强度和刚度。
这主要得益于纤维的增强作用和基体的支撑作用。
纤维增强体能够增强材料的强度，使其能够承受较大的拉伸或压缩力。
不同类型的纤维具有不同的优点，如玻璃纤维具有较高的强度和刚度，碳纤维具有轻质且高强度等，通过选择不同的纤维可以得到适用于不同工程领域的复合材料。
基体的作用是支撑纤维，为纤维提供保护。
Composite materialsA composite material is made by combining two or more materials – often ones that have very different properties. The two materials work together to give the composite unique properties. However, within the composite you can easily tell the different materials apart as they do not dissolve or blend into each other.Natural compositesNatural composites exist in both animals and plants. Wood is a composite – it is made from long cellulose fibres (a polymer) held together by a much weaker substance called lignin. Cellulose is also found in cotton, but without the lignin to bind it together it is much weaker. The two weak substances – lignin and cellulose – together form a much stronger one.The bone in your body is also a composite. It is made from a hard but brittle material called hydroxyapatite (which is mainly calcium phosphate) and a soft and flexible material called collagen (which is a protein). Collagen is also found in hair and finger nails. On its own it would not be much use in the skeleton but it can combine with hydroxyapatite to give bone the properties that are needed to support the body.Early compositesPeople have been making composites for many thousands of years. One early example is mud bricks. Mud can be dried out into a brick shape to give a building material. It is strong if you try to squash it (it has good compressive strength) but it breaks quite easily if you try to bend it (it has poor tensile strength). Straw seems very strong if you try to stretch it, but you can crumple it up easily. By mixing mud and straw together it is possible to make bricks that are resistant to both squeezing and tearing and make excellent building blocks.Another ancient composite is concrete. Concrete is a mix of aggregate (small stones or gravel), cement and sand. It has good compressive strength (it resists squashing). In more recent times it has been found that adding metal rods or wires to the concrete can increase its tensile (bending) strength. Concrete containing such rods or wires is called reinforced concrete.Making compositesMost composites are made of just two materials. One is the matrix or binder. It surrounds and binds together fibres or fragments of the other material, which is called the reinforcement.Modern examplesThe first modern composite material was fibreglass. It is still widely used today for boat hulls, sports equipment, building panels and many car bodies. The matrix is a plastic and the reinforcement is glass that has been made into fine threads and often woven into a sort of cloth. On its own the glass is very strong but brittle and it will break if bent sharply. The plastic matrix holds the glass fibres together and also protects them from damage by sharing out the forces acting on them.Some advanced composites are now made using carbon fibres instead of glass. These materials are lighter and stronger than fibreglass but more expensive to produce. They are used in aircraft structures and expensive sports equipment such as golf clubs.Carbon nanotubes have also been used successfully to make new composites. These are even lighter and stronger than composites made with ordinary carbon fibres but they are still extremelyexpensive. They do, however, offer possibilities for making lighter cars and aircraft (which will use less fuel than the heavier vehicles we have now).The new Airbus A380, the world’s largest passenger airliner, makes use of modern composites in its design. More than 20 % of the A380 is made of composite materials, mainly plastic reinforced with carbon fibres. The design is the first large-scale use of glass-fibre-reinforced aluminium, a new composite that is 25 % stronger than conventional airframe aluminium but 20 % lighter.Why use composites?The biggest advantage of modern composite materials is that they are light as well as strong. By choosing an appropriate combination of matrix and reinforcement material, a new material can be made that exactly meets the requirements of a particular application. Composites also provide design flexibility because many of them can be moulded into complex shapes. The downside is often the cost. Although the resulting product is more efficient, the raw materials are often expensive.Questions1.What is a composite?......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2.On its own, collagen would not be much use in the skeleton. Explain why not.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3.Why are composites important in nature?......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4.What is the matrix and what is the reinforcement in:a.mud bricks?...................................................................................................................................................b.concrete?...................................................................................................................................................5.List four modern composites and give a use for each. Try to include some which are notmentioned in the information above.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6.Why are composites so important in the design of the Airbus A380?...................................................................................................................................................7.How can composite materials help to protect the environment and reduce carbon dioxideemissions in the future?......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................。
【复合材料概论】复习重点应试宝典第⼀章总论1、名词：复合材料基体增强体结构复合材料功能复合材料复合材料(Composite materials)，是由两种或两种以上不同性质的材料，通过物理或化学的⽅法，在宏观上组成具有新性能的材料。
包围增强相并且相对较软和韧的贯连材料，称为基体相。
细丝(连续的或短切的)、薄⽚或颗粒状，具有较⾼的强度、模量、硬度和脆性，在复合材料承受外加载荷时是主要承载相，称为增强相或增强体。
它们在复合材料中呈分散形式，被基体相隔离包围，因此也称作分散相。
结构复合材料：⽤于制造受⼒构件的复合材料。
功能复合材料：具有各种特殊性能（如阻尼，导电，导磁，换能，摩擦，屏蔽等）的复合材料。
2、在材料发展过程中，作为⼀名材料⼯作者的主要任务是什么？（1）发现新的物质，测试其结构和性能；（2）由已知的物质，通过新的制备⼯艺，改变其显微结构，改善材料的性能；（3）由已知的物质进⾏复合，制备出具有优良性能的复合材料。
3、简述现代复合材料发展的四个阶段。
第⼀代：1940-1960 玻璃纤维增强塑料第⼆代：1960-1980 先进复合材料的发展时期第三代：1980-2000 纤维增强⾦属基复合材料第四代：2000年⾄今多功能复合材料（功能梯度复合材料、智能复合材料）4、简述复合材料的命名和分类⽅法。
增强材料+（/）基体+复合材料按增强材料形态分：连续纤维复合材料，短纤维复合材料，粒状填料复合材料，编织复合材料；按增强纤维种类分类：玻璃纤维复合材料，碳纤维复合材料，有机纤维复合材料，⾦属纤维复合材料，陶瓷纤维复合材料，混杂复合材料（复合材料的“复合材料”）；按基体材料分类：聚合物基复合材料，⾦属基复合材料，⽆机⾮⾦属基复合材料；按材料作⽤分类：结构复合材料，功能复合材料。
5、简述复合材料的共同性能特点。
(1)、综合发挥各组成材料的优点，⼀种材料具有多种性能；(2)、复合材料性能的可设计性；(3)、制成任意形状产品，避免多次加⼯⼯序。
第一章 绪论复合材料的定义： 复合材料(Composite materials)，是由界面分明、物理化学性质不同的组分材料，通过物理或化学的方法构成的性能优越的多相材料。
各种材料在性能上互相取长补短，产生协同效应，使复合材料的综合性能优于原组成材料而满足各种不同的要求。
复合材料应具有以下三个特点：(1)复合材料是由两种或两种以上不同性能的材料组元通过宏观或微观复合形成的一种新型材料，组元之间存在着明显的界面。
(2)复合材料中各组元不但保持各自的固有特性而且可最大限度发挥各种材料组元的特性，并赋予单一材料组元所不具备的优良持殊性能。
(3)复合材料具有可设计性。
复合材料的发展现状（1）玻璃钢和树脂基复合材料 非常成熟 广泛的应用（2）金属基复合材料 开发阶段 某些结构件的关键部位（3）陶瓷基复合材料及功能复合材料等 尚处于研究阶段 有不少科学技术问题有待解决 复合材料的组成结构特点和分类*细观复合：一种或几种制成细微形状的材料均匀分散于另一种连续材料中宏观复合：两层以上不同材料的叠合,层合复合材料可以是几种单成分材料,也可以细观复合材料细观复合材料的组成结构特点：1基体相（连续相）：Co 包围增强相并相对较软和韧的贯连材料，作用是粘结保护分散相材料和传递应力2界面：位于增强相和基体相之间并使两相彼此相连的、化学成分和力学性质与相邻两相有明显区别、能够在相邻两相间起传递载荷作用的区域3增强相（分散相）：被基体相包裹分隔，具有比基体相高的模量和强度，起到抵抗变形和破坏的作用 细观复合材料的分类细观复合材料的分类 （按分散相分类)1纤维增强复合材料 (包括连续纤维增强：“纤维的两端达到制成的复合材料构件的边界” 和 短纤维增强："将长纤维或纤维束切断分散于基体中"）2 颗粒增强复合材料 3晶须增强复合材料按连续相分类 非金属基复合材料 金属基复合材料 聚合物基复合材料碳基复合材料 陶瓷基复合材料 热固性树脂 热塑性树脂第二章复合材料增强体(1.纤维2.颗粒3.晶须)一纤维增强纤维的分类:有机纤维：芳纶纤维聚乙烯纤维尼龙纤维无机纤维：玻璃纤维碳纤维硼纤维氧化铝纤维碳化硅纤维氮化硼纤维纤维增强体的形态复合材料中的纤维连续是合成纤维，是上万跟纤维组成的基本无捻的长丝束/纱，称为粗纱。
