2015年职称英语考试综合类概括大意与完成句子

第十一篇Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing1.In today's knowledge economy, nations survive on the things they do best. Japanese design electronics while Germens export engineering techniques. The French serve the best food and Americans make computers.2.Britain specializes in the gift of talking. The nation doesn't manufacture much of anything. But it has lawyers, stylists and business consultants who earn their living from talk, talk and more talk. The World Foundation think tank1 says the UK's four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers, teachers and nurses. Instead, they're hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers. But can all this talking keep the British economy going? The British government thinks it can.3.Although the country's trade deficit was more than ￡60 billion in 2006, UK's largest in the postwar period, officials say the country has nothing to worry about. In fact, Britain does have a world-class pharmaceutical industry, and it still makes a small sum from selling arms abroad. It also trades services — accountancy, insurance, banking and advertising. The government believes Britain is on the cutting edge2 of the knowledge economy. After all, the country of Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a literary tradition of which to be proud. Rock “n” roll3 is an English language medium, and there are billions to be made by their cutting-edge bands. In other words, the creative economy has plenty of strength to carry the British economy.4.However, creative industries account for only about 4 percent of UK's exports of goods and services. The industries are finding it hard to make a profit, according to a report of the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts4. The report shows only 38 percent of British companies were engaged in "innovation activities", 3 percentage points below the EU average and well below Germany (61 percent) and Sweden (47 percent).5. In fact, it might be better to call Britain a "servant" economy —there are at least 4 million people "in service". The majority of the population are employed by the rich to cook, clean, and take care of their children. Many graduates are even doing menial jobs for which they do not need a degree. Most employment growth has been, and will continue to be, at the low-skill end of the service sector — in shops, bars, hotels, domestic service and in nursing and care homes.词汇：ionic 偶像的menial 仆人的pharmaceutical 制药的注释：1.think tank：思想库；智囊团2.cutting edge：尖端的3.rock' n' roll：摇滚乐4.National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts：国家科学、技术和艺术捐赠委员会练习：1.Paragraph 2_________2.Paragraph 3_________3.Paragraph 4_________4.Paragraph 5_________A Growth of EconomyB “Servant”EconomyC Strength of the Creative EconomyD Weakness of the Creative EconomyE Gift of TalkingF Export of Talking Machines5.Every country has its own way_________.6.The British government doesn’t seem_________.7.The creative industries find it difficult_________.8.Many graduates are employed_________.A to find jobsB to do low-skill jobsC to feed its peopleD to handle disputesE to make a profitF to worry about the British economy答案与题解：1.E 第二段的主题句是第一个句子，是这么说的：Britain specializes in the gift of talking．英国的特长是有说话的天赋。

Washoe Learned American Sign Language1. An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community andaround the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.2. Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.3. However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeatsign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.4. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.5. Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence. Paragraph 1_____A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research NowadaysB．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about WashoeD．The Gardeners’Contributions RecognizedE．Debate on Chimps’IntelligenceF．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．24、Paragraph 2_____A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research NowadaysB．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about WashoeD．The Gardeners’Contributions RecognizedE．Debate on Chimps’IntelligenceF．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．25、Paragraph 3_____A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research NowadaysB．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about WashoeD．The Gardeners’Contributions RecognizedE．Debate on Chimps’IntelligenceF．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．26、Paragraph 4______A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This／Research NowadaysB．Report about Washoe’S Progress in Learning Sign Language C．GeneraI l nformation about WashoeD．The Gardeners’Contributions RecognizedE．Debate on Chimps’IntelligenceF．Washoe’S Love for Three Young Chimps．27、Washoe could make signs to communicate______A．if the Gardeners’argument was soundB．because she was cleverer than other chimpsC．when she wanted to eatD．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language28、Some scientists doubted_____A．if the Gardeners’argument was soundB．because she was cleverer than other chimpsC．when she wanted to eatD．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language29、Washoe taught younger chimps sign language_____A．if the Gardeners’argument was soundB．because she was cleverer than other chimpsC．when she wanted to eatD．while she was at a research center in EllensburgE．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language30、The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent______ A．if the Gardeners’argument was soundB．because she was cleverer than other chimpsC．when she wanted to eatD．while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E．because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F．while Washoe was learning sign language。

第一篇The Making of a Success Story1．IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and the man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs. Born in Sweden in 1926, Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child, he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches, seeds, and pencils in his community. When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades. Naturally he used it to start up a business一IKEA.2．IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.) and the place where he grew up ('E' and 'A'). Today IKEA is known for its modern, minimalist furniture1, but it was not a furniture company in the beginning. Rather, IKEA sold all kinds of miscellaneous goods. Kamprad's wares included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices2, including watches, pens and stockings.3．IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The fUrniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging, so Kamprad expanded the product line. Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.4．In 1953 IKEA opened its first showroom in Almhult, Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture iti attractive settings, but in the early 1950s, people ordered from catalogues. Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelmiig: people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it. This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive. By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture.5．In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport. Kamprad was inspired. The man had given him a great idea: flat packaging3. Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers. IKEA tried it and sales soared. The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves, but over time, even this grew into an advantage for IKEA. Nowadays, IKEA is often seen as having connotations ofself-sufficiency. This image has done wonders for the company, leading to better sales and continued expansion.6．Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries. Amazingly, Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-held company. In 2004 he was named theworld's richest man. He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from theday-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself, though, just keeps on growing.第二篇：The Paper Chase1．"Running a house1 is a lot like running a business", says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in2 Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on3 organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:2．Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work, whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room4.3．When in doubt, throw it out. The first step toeliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.4．Set aside two days a month to pay bills. If a monthly due date doesn’t fit into your cycle, call up the creditor suggest a more convenient date. Keep two Manila folders5 at the front ofyour system for current bills一one to correspond with each bill-paying day一and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case6 the invoice never arrives or gets misplaced.5．Think of your filing system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filing system is both mentally and physically flexible. Everyone’s needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filing system, ask yourself: “Where would I look for this?” Create main headings for your filing system, such as Investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.第三篇：English and English Community1．There is no denying that1 English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with theexception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity2 to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.2．A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the conimunity share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in aneighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.3．We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience3, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.4．English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language.4 English has been adoptedas the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.5．Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture;5 a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.第四篇：Alaska1．In 1959 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state1, symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1 ,500 ,000square kilomete rs "of icebergs and polar bears”一beyond Canada's western borders, far from the settled areas2 of the United States.2．In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth3, which is pennanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.3．Alaska is America's largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. According to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated.4．Arctic AJsi, icsi has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait4, named for Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741.The Eskimos are the state's earliest known inhabitants5. Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed.5．In 1896 gold was discovered near the Kiondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the US mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.6．The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the state's chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska's single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1.The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.2.The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly, including the United States, last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.3.For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.4.The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.5.The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far, 109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.第六篇How We Form First lmpression1．We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.2．The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" .3. If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ，gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I don't like this person". Or else，"I'm intrigued" . Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says: "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong44．When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.5．However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.第七篇How to Argue with Your BossBefore you argue with your boss，check with the boss s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast，it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss's secretary，they are keys to timing：don't approach the boss when he s on deadline; don't go in right before lunch，when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don't go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.If you're mad，that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don't let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then，maybe he will dismiss you.Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will goaway when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it.Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can't put forward an immediate solution，at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can't get past the secretary.To deal effectively with a boss，it s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss，then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals.第八篇Screen Test1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey （调查）published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial（有争议的）, partly because the radiation（辐射）brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue（组织）is denser.3.Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calcula te the number of extra cancers this would cause.4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of canc ers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiationcould be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening.7. “There is a trade-off（平衡）between the diagnostic（诊断的，判断的）benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current （目前的）data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.”第九篇Transport and Trade1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce，transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer，the better for trade. When there were no railways，no good roads，no canals，and only small sailing ships，trade was on a small scale.2 The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand，for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business，drawing supplies from，and selling goods to，all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.4 By moving fuel，raw materials，and even power，as，for example，through electric cables，transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries canconcentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes，the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication，like telephones，cables and radio，send information about prices，supplies，and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way，advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language1.An animal that nituenced sicntine thought has died .A enimpaues named Washoe and born in Africa died of nature causes late month at the age of 42 a research center in the American state of Washington .Washoe had become know in the scientific communtiy’ and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language .She was said to be first non-human to learn a human language .Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.2. Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966,the Gammers described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example ,Washoe spread ,many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research .The whole direction of primate research changed.3.However,crities argued Washoe only learnd to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachets.They said she had never developed true language skills .Even now,there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign sign language only by memory ,and perform the signs only for prizer .Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree ,Roger fouts is former student of the Gardner. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg ,Washington.There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workimgs of chimpanzees Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.5.Debate contimeus about chimps’ understanding of humancommunication .Yet,one thing is sure --Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.。

职称英语考试题目中综合类概括大意与完成句子（1）职称英语考试题目中综合类概括大意与完成句子（1） munity 社区，团体，社会 1. paragraph 22. paragraph 33. paragraph 44. paragraph 5 a. the wide use of englishb. historical aount of english and its munityc. the advantages of learning a second languaged. the position of the english munitye. the threat that english poses to other languagesf. the definition of a speech munity 1 there is no denying that english is a useful language. the people who speak english today make up the largest speech munity in the world with the exception of speakers of chinese. originally they were small tribes of people from northern europe who settled in england. their languages became more and more similar to each other. finally, the language had enough uniformity to be used by all speakers in england. the people were united into a speech munity through their shared language.2 a speech（言语） munity is similar to other kinds of munities. the people who make up the munity share a mon language. often they live side by side, as they do in a neighborhood, a village, or a city. more often they form a whole country. national boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech munity. a speechmunity is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.be similar to… 与…相似 define v.定义definition n.1. paragraph 2f f. the definition of a speech munity3 we may say that any one who speaks english belongs to the english speech munity. for convenience, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use english as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn english as a second language for the purpose of education, merce, and so on.convenience=simplicity ↓convenient=simple 方便的 classify 分类one, the other 一个…，另一个… a. the wide use of english b. historical aount of english and its munity c. the advantages of learning a second languaged. the position of the english munity position n. 组成pose v. 组成 be posed of 由…组成2. paragraph 3d d. the position of the english munity4 english serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language. english has been adopted as the language of air traffic, merce, as well as international diplomacy. moreover, english is the language of the majority of publishedmaterials in the world so that education has e to rely（依靠）heavily on an understanding of english.a. the wide use of english c. the advantages of learning a second languagealternative 可选择的 public activity 公共领域be adopted 被引用，被使用merce →n. 商业mercial adj. 商业的diplomacy →外交3. paragraph 4a a. the wide use of english5 learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. the history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture; a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. learning english as a second language provides another means of munication through which the window of the entire english speech munity bees a part of our heritage.extend v. 拓展 vision n. 视野expand v. 扩大，拓宽 mind n.思维advantage n. 优势 4. paragraph 5cc. the advantages of learning a second language 5. only through the shared language ba. that of a speech munityb. can a speech munity be formedc. in order to learn english betterd. for the sake of simplicitye. has played an important role in the field of educationf. is widely used in several areas of public activityonly+状语/介词短语，要倒装↓倒装：谓语+主语↓助动词 shared5.b. can a speech munity be formed6. the idea of the national boundaries is often different fromanational boundary 国家限制 be different from +名词，代词6.a. that of a speech munity the idea of the national boundaries is often different from the idea of a speech munity.↓ thatthe population in china is larger than that of america.7. speakers are classified into two groupsd for the sake of simplicity↓↓ 为了convenienced. for the sake of simplicity c. in order to learn english better8. an understanding of englishe e. has played an important role in the field of educationf. is widely used in several areas of public activity play a…role 扮演…角色field 领域 so that education has e to rely（依靠） heavily on an understanding of english.。

第三部分概括大意与完成句子第一篇More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing1Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up1 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night‟s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.23These findings, which Dr Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people wh o want to get a good night‟s rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a night He added that “it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep — for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.5For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.6Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed“It stands to reason6 that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they‟ll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said.译文：每晚只需8小时，睡眠过多非益事睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会使人们产生不良后果。

【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】11 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing是否有办法使英国经济继续保持增长In today's knowledge economy, nations survive on the things they do best. Japanese design electronics while Germens export engineering techniques. The French serve the best food and Americans make computers.现今的知识经济体系下，各国都发挥其特长以求生存。

日本靠生产电子产品，而德国出口工程技术。

法国有着名的美食，美国则制造计算机。

Britain specializes in the gift of talking. The nation doesn't manufacture much of anything. But it has lawyers, stylists and business consultants who earn their living from talk, talk and more talk. The World Foundation think tank1?says the UK's four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers, teachers and nurses. Instead, they're hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers. But can all this talking keep the British economy going? The British government thinks it can.英国人以口才见长。

2015年职称英语（综合类）A级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词汇选项 2. 阅读判断 3. 概括大意与完成句子 4. 阅读理解 5. 补全短文6. 完形填空词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。

1．I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A．controlB．observeC．regulateD．accept正确答案：D解析：句意：我绝不容许在我的课上出现这种行为。

tolerate意为“忍受,忍耐”，与accept(接受,容许)意思比较相近。

control控制；observe观察,遵守；regulate 调节,规定。

2．She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A．senseB．talentC．flavourD．taste正确答案：B解析：句意：她表现出了做这项工作的天赋。

aptitude意为“天资,才艺”，与talenl,(天赋,天分)意思比较相近。

sense感觉,感官；flavor风味,滋味；taste味道,品味。

3．Most people find rejection hard to accept.A．excuseB．clientC．refusalD．destiny正确答案：C解析：句意：大多数人发现很难接受被拒绝。

rejection意为“拒绝”，与refusal(拒绝,推却)意思比较相近。

excuse借口,理由；client客户,顾客；destiny命数,定数。

4．The organization was bold enough to face the press.B．powerfulC．braveD．sensible正确答案：C解析：句意：该团体有足够的勇气面对压力。

Study Shows Faces Are Processed Like Words1Although they are dramatically different，words and faces are both recognized by parts，according to a study published in February in the Journal of Vision，an online，free access publication of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology（ARVO）。

2It has been suggested that faces and words are recognized differently，that faces are identified by wholes，whereas words and other objects are identified by parts.3However，Marialuisa Martelli，Najib Majaj，and Denis Pelli，three neuroscientists from New York University，conducted a study that finds individuals use letters to recognize words and facial features to recognize faces.4To reach this finding，experiments were performed in which observers were asked to focus on a black dot，to the right of which was a letter.To the left of the dot was a three-letter word in which the letter to the right was in the middle of that word.The visual experiments also involved manipulated faces and facial features.In this case，observers would focus on a black dot.To the dot's right were lips that were fat or thin，or smiling or frowning.To the left of the dot was an entire face.5When the words to the left were spaced normally and the face was of normal proportions，subjects had a great deal of difficulty identifying out of their peripheral vision the letter and the characteristics of the lips.Pelli concludes that context hinders identification and crowds what is to be identified.6In a second experiment，the observers were presented with a context that proved to make recognition easier.Where letter identification was involved，the letters comprising the word to the left of the dot were spread out.When faces were involved，the facial features similarly were spread apart.In this experiment，subjects found naming the letter and recognizing the type of lips to the dot's right far easier.In this case，Pelli notes，to recognize a word or face，each letter or facial feature must be isolated from the rest.7“These measures appear to be identifying what kind of computation is performed by the brain in doing this，”says Pelli.The brain，he says，is recognizing these objects by parts，not as wholes.Our visual system recognizes“bite-sized pieces”of our world，and our brain assembles them into the perceptual objects that constitute our environment.23.Paragraph4_____.24.Paragraph5_____.25.Paragraph6_____.26.Paragraph7_____.A.Brain recognizes objects by partsB.Context prevent identification and crowds being identified.C.How does the brain perform computationD.When recognize a word or face，each letter or facial feature must be isolated from the rest.E.faces and words are recognized differentlyF.observers were asked to focus on a black dot27.In the past people believe_____.28.naming the letter and recognizing the type of lips to the dot's right become more easier because_____.29.our brain_____.30.Our visual system_____.A.letters and the facial features spread apartB.all things are identified by wholesC.faces are identified by wholesD.recognizes our world by piecesE.recognizing objects by parts and assembles them into the perceptual objectsF.context hinders identification and crowds what is to be identified.参考答案：23.F24.B25.D26.C27.C28.A29.E30.D Teach Your Child Science1It is important to make your child interested in science from an early age.Most young children ask a lot of questions and you should give careful scientific answers.Don't only give facts，but try to give explanations as well.2Science is not just knowledge；it is a way of thinking，a method of finding out about the world.We see something.We try to explain it，and we test our idea by setting up an experiment.One day you come home and find the plant on the table has fallen over.You think it might be the wind from the open window or the cat，so you close the window，but leave the cat in and see what happens（you can also try leaving the window open and shutting the cat out）.Of course，you remember there may be a third explanation.3Ask your child to get a piece of string，some salt，a glass of water and an ice cube（冰块）.Tell her to put the ice in the water，and then put one end of the string on the ice，leaving the other end over the side of the glass.Put a little salt on the ice.Wait a minute，and then pull the string；it shouldbe attached to the ice.Ask the child：“What has happened？”4Probably she won't know.Ask her whether fresh water or salt water freezes into ice first.If you live near the sea and have a cold winter，she should know fresh water freezes first as she will have seen that happen Show her how to test the idea by half-filling two paper cups with water，adding salt to one. Then put them in the icebox and check every three minutes.Write the results in a table.The conclusion will be that salt changes the behaviour of water.Thinking about the string，we see the salt turned some of the ice into water.Then the salt went away into the water and the ice froze again leaving the string attached.5Then you can ask，“Will water with salt boil at the same temperature as water without salt？”She can think，tell you her idea and（taking care because of the heat）you can test it in the kitchen.1.Paragraph1_____.2.Paragraph2_____.3.Paragraph3_____.4.Paragraph4_____.A.What exactly is science？B.How do you find an explanation？C.What topics do you need？D.How do you answer your child's questions？E.Where does your child study science？F.How do you set up the experiment on salt and water？5.When your child，asks you questions，you should give her_____.6.We Set up experiments to test our ideas about_____.7.In the experiment，one end of the string was attached to_____.8.The experiment shows that salt changes the behaviour of_____.A.the iceboxB.the iceC.scientific answersD.the experimentE.the worldF.water参考答案：1.D2.A3.F4.B5.C6.E7.B8.FOld Man Myths and Realities1When does a middle-aged man become an old man？Officially，of course，it's when we reach retirement age.But，as we all know，this is a fairly blunt（生硬的）method of decision making.As life expectancy（预期寿命）increases，retirement planning needs to be changed.This is because being an old man today is very different from what it was a generation or so ago.2Sixty-five is the new middle-aged man.These days people are talking about the young-old，that is ages70-75，and those over75as the old-old.The young-old frequently continue in good health and maintain strong links with friends and family. The old-old have a much higher chance of poor health and social isolation.3Although men are living longer，there are still more old women than old men.This fact alone should arouse interest as to why.Relatively little is actually known about why this is the case or about the experiences of the old man.Sure，we are aware that the old man experiences anxiety，financial problems，loneliness，etc.but that's really about all we know.4It is usually believed that the old man often complains about their health.In fact，most rate their health as good even though most are diagnosed with at least one chronic illness. The physical health of the old man is strongly affected by theirhealth behavior when they were younger.1.Paragraph1______.2.Paragraph2______.3.Paragraph3______.4.Paragraph4______.A.New definitions of the old manB.Changing concept of the old manC.Health of the old manD.Happy old man and sad old manE.Limited knowledge of the old man's experiencesF.Contempt for the old man5.Nowadays men generally live longer than______.6.A man in his mid-60s is now regarded as______.7.More research should be done on the experiences of______.8.Most old men consider themselves to be______.A.in good healthB.in the pastC.in the wrongD.the old manE.a middle-aged manF.a young man答案：23.B24.A25.E26.C27.B28.E29.D30.AArchitectureArchitecture is to building as literature is to the printed word.The best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use.They then survive not only as beautiful objects，but as documents of the history of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.The renaissance brought about an entirely new age，not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture，the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted.They remain dominant until the20th century.Many kinds of stone are used as building materials.Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and can be expected to endure.Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture.The use of stone has declined，however，because a number of other materials are more adaptable to industrial use.The complexity of modern life calls for a variety ofbuilding.More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings;they spend their income in large shopping centers，send their children to many different kinds of schools，and when they are sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics.All theses different types of buildings accumulated experiences needed by their designers.By the middle of the20th century，modern architecture，which was influenced by new technology and mass production，was dealing with increasingly complex social needs.Important characteristics of modern architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete.Advances in elevator technology，air conditioning，and electric lighting have all had important effects.EXERCISE：1.Paragraph2_____________.2.Paragraph3_____________.3.Paragraph4_____________.4.Paragraph5_____________.A.Building materialsB.Need of greater building varieties in modern lifeC.Restoration of ancient civilizationsD.Evolution in styleE.factors affecting modern architectureF.A social art5.Some buildings are so well constructed that they are not only useful______.6.Ancient Greek and Roman architectural styles，which were restored during renaissance，were still influential_____.7.As modern life becomes more complex，people have to put up many different kinds of buildings_____.8.The use of new building materials and the introduction of such new technology as the elevator and the air-conditioner have played an important role______.A.to meet their needsB.but also beautiful to look atC.in the development of modern architectureD.to design more buildingsE.even in the20th centuryaF.to outlast their original use参考答案：C A B E B E A CHurricanes1.Did you know that before1950，hurricanes had no names？They were simply given numbers.The first names were simply Alpha，Bravo，Charlie，etc.But in1953，female names were givenbecause of the unpredictability（不可预知的）factor of the storms.In1979，realizing the sexist（性别歧视的）nature of such names，the lists were expanded to include both men and women.2.Hurricanes and typhoons（台风）are the same things.If they form in the Atlantic，we call these strong storms hurricanes，from the West Indian word hurricane，meaning“big wind.”And if they are Pacific storms，they are called typhoons from the Chinese taifun，meaning“great wind.”To be classified as a hurricane，the storm must have maximum winds of at least75mph.These storms are big，many hundreds of miles in diameter.3.Hurricanes get their power from water vapor as it gives out its stored-up energy.All water vapor gives out heat as it condenses（凝结）from a gaseous state to a liquid state over fixed points on the equator（赤道）.To make a hurricane，you must have extremely wet，warm air，the kind of air that can only be found in tropical regions.4.Scientists have determined that the heat given out in the process of water condensation can be as high as95billion kilowatts per hour.In just one day alone，the storm can produce more energy than many industrialized nations need in an entireyear！The problem is that we don't know how to make such great energy work for us.5.Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters.It moves at a typical speed of15mph.But not always.Some storms may race along at twice this speed，then suddenly stop and remain in the same location in the ocean for several days.It can be maddening（发疯的）if you live in a coastal area that may be hit.6.The biggest advance in early detection is continuous watch from weather satellites.With these，we can see the storms form and track them fully，from birth to death.While they can still kill people and destroy property，hurricanes will never surprise any nation again.23.Paragraph124.Paragraph225.Paragraph326.Paragraph4A.A Short History of Naming HurricanesB.Harnessing the Hurricane EnergyC.Difficulty in Forecasting the Course of a HurricaneD.Huge Energy Stored in a HurricaneE.Forecasting a Hurricane Through Satellite WatchingF.Different Names for the Same Things27.Both male and female names are used for hurricanes in consideration of________.ing weather satellites can ensure________of hurricanes.29.Energy specialists may be interested in________of hurricanes.30.Scientists cannot accurately predict the course of a hurricane due to________.A.the timely（及时的）discoveryB.convenienceC.sex equalityD.its connection with humans，E.the huge powerF.its uncertainly答案：23.A24.F25.D26.C27.C28.A29.E30.F。

2015年职称英语概况大意与完成句子英汉对照与练习第二篇The Paper Chase（文件整理）打理房子生意专业的1. "Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional组织者专门从事居民住宅商业organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial文书记录控制、掌握组织文件账单paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and材料建议提示如下Other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。

他说，“打理房子更像做生意”。

如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：创造空间文书工作或许2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most要素体系把...专用整个的工作至少important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least投资移动的文件推车有作用的两个抽屉文件柜invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family记录任何地方方便舒适的records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to无论厨房do your work.whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。