reduction of engine starting vibration for the parallel hybrid system

中华人民共和国海事局2001年第2期海船船员适任证书全国统考试题（总第27期）科目：轮机英语试卷代号：805适用对象：无限、近洋航区3000KW及以上船舶二/三管轮（本试卷卷面总分100分，及格分为70分，考试时间100分钟）答题说明：请选择一个最合适的答案，并将该答案按答题卡要求，在其相应位置上用2B铅笔涂黑。

第1题至74题，每题1分，第75题至78题，每题1.5分，第79题至80题，每题10分。

一．单项选择题1．The term '___' refers to one complete sequence of operations required to produce power in an engine．A．diesel engine B．stroke C．cycle D．compression ratio2．Fuels of high quality with their earlier ignitions will cause higher ___ pressure in cylinders of a diesel engine．A．compression B．maximum C．rated D．oil3．It is necessary to remove _____ from the cooling water spaces to improve heat transfer．A．lime B．frost C．scar D．scale 4．The function of a lubricating oil is ___ to lubricate the running surface ___ to carry away a great deal of heat．A．not/but B．neither/nor C．either/or D．not only/but also5．Each crank is made up of two crank webs joined by a common ___ to which the bottom end bearing is fitted．A．throw B．crankshaft C．crankpin D．crosshead6．Increasing differential pressure of an oil filter indicates that ___．A．it is dirty B．it is leaky C．it has been renewed D．all the above 7．On opposite ends of a single shaft of a turboblower are a gas driven ___ and a air compressor, which are sealed each other．A．charge air receiver B．scavenging air beltC．turbine D．air cooler8．The diesel engine must be started before it can run by itself．For this purpose ___ has to be used．A． a starting system B．the starting airC． a starting operation D．A, B and C9．The compressed air is supplied by ___ to the air reservoirs．A．compressors B．forced fans C．ventilators D．generators10．A governor automatically controls engine speed by regulating ___ ．A．firing order B．fuel supply C．engine load D．oil level 11．An overspeed safety device is usually fitted to a generator engine for ___ in the event of overspeed．A．braking the crankshaft B．increasing the fuel pump settingC．cutting power off the engine D．stabilizing the ship speed12．A reduction in load on a diesel engine results in ___ of speed of the crankshaft．A．an increase B． a reduction C．an outing D．a downwards 13．Through a ___ pump, the liquid is transferred from the suction to the discharge by the mechanical variation of the volume of a chamber or chambers．A．positive displacement B．ejectorC．centrifugal D．air compressor14．Gear pumps are of positive displacement type pumps because they discharge a near constant amount of liquid ___ pressure．A．depending on B．regardless ofC．in relative to D．because of15．The pressure head of a pump is given in the unit of ___．A．kg B．Mpa C．meter fluid column D．None of the above is true．16．The discharge flow of a reciprocating pump is ___．A．steady B．in pulsation C．continuous D．large 17．The amount of fluid delivered by a screw pump can be regulated by ___．A．throttling the pressure line B．changing the speed of the rotorC．either A or B D．None of the above is true．18．A Screw pump belongs to ___ according to its working principle．A．reciprocating pumps B．positive displacement pumpsC．centrifugal pumps D．centripetal pumps19．The furnace of a oil fired boiler should be ___ before the operating burner is lit．A．filled with water B．purgedC．cleared of air D．None of the above is true．20．The donkey boiler may be given a bottom blow ___．A．to raise water level B．when fire are securedC．to remove scum D．only while making steam21．The water level in a steaming auxiliary boiler will always ___．A．rise when the steam pressure is increasedB．remain constant as long as the feed pump operatesC．vary as the steam demand changesD．fall when the steam pressure is decreased22．If in doubt as to the true water level when a boiler is being oilfired, you should ___．A．extinguish the fire as soon as possibleB．take no measuresC．feed water to the boilerD．open the blow down valve23．Y ou should frequently compare drum-mounted and remote-reading water level indicators．___ between these have contributed to failures because of overheating through shortage of water, when a boiler was being oil-fired．A．Descriptions B．DeflectionsC．Different D．Discrepancies24．In a ___ boiler the water flows through the inside of the tubes while the hot gases pass around the outside．A．water-tube B．fire-tube C．exhaust gas D．none of the above25．The bilge main is arranged to drain any watertight compartment ______ ballast, oil or water tanks and to discharge the contents overboard．A．rather than B．other than C．in addition that D．except for 26．Emulsification of oil will occur when mixed with ___．A．water B．black oil C．ice cream D．air27．When started, a complete oily water separating unit is first filled ___．The oily water mixture is then pumped through the inlet pipe into the coarse separating compartment．A．by oily water B．by mixed waterC．with clean water D．with dirty water28．A high rate of separation between oil and water is favored by ___．A．large size of oil globule B．low temperatureC．high viscosity D．high flow rate29．For many years marine centrifuges were designed for ___ operation, that is the machines were run for a period during which solids accumulated in the bowl．The machine was stopped when the accumulated solids began to impair its performance．A．purifying B．long period C．batch D．temporary30．For a purifier, changing to a gravity disc with larger hole diameter will move the interface towards the ___．A．lower surface B．upper surfaceC．bowl periphery D．bowl center31．Among the basic categories of equipment, which of the following are used to allow the hydraulic energy to be controlled?A．valves B．hydraulic pumpsC．hydraulic cylinders D．hydraulic motors32．External and internal leakage in hydraulic systems may be caused by ___．A．unusual vibration B．excessive worn partsC．abnormal pressure D．any of the above33．The crane is usually mounted on a pedestal to offer adequate ___ to the operator．A．time B．space C．length D．visibility 35．___ are play a very important part in hydraulic systems by preventing interaction between different parts of the hydraulic circuit．A．check valves B．motorsC．safety valves D．reducing valve36．___ are used to handle anchors and chains．A．cargo winches B．mooring winchesC．windlasses D．cargo hatches37．Because of the reduced ___ in the vacuum boiling evaporator, some of the sea water boils as it flows through the tubes．A．temperature B．water levelC．pressure D．rate of flow38．With a vacuum boiling evaporator, the remainder of sea water fed to the evaporator is pumped out by ___．A．distillate pump B．an air ejectorC． a feed pump D．a brine pump39．When a vacuum boiling evaporator works, the hot jacket water will pass over the tube stack and ___ the sea water passing through the tubes．A．dispose B．dissolve C．heat D．dissipates40．The primary task of the compressed air system is to deliver the starting air necessary for ___．A．starting the M．E．B．starting the emergency electric alternatorC．driving the main turbineD．driving the turbocharger41．When distilling salt water the cooling water discharging from the distiller is fed back to evaporator as feed water ___．A．to cut down the amount of cooling water neededB．to prevent an excess amount of cooling water from being discharged to the bilgesC．to supply hot water to the evaporator for more economical operationD．None of the above is true42．The evaporating pressure in R22 vapor compression refrigeration plant should be ___ atmospheric．A．below B．much larger than C．equal to D．above 43．A fluid coil will ___ large quantities of heat when it changes state from a liquid to a vapor．A．release B．regenerate C．develop D．absorb44．In the process of ___,liquid changes into gas．A．evaporation B．frosting C．condensing D．compressing45．In a refrigeration plant the ___ need defrosting．A．fan B．compressor C．condenser D．evaporator46．The latent heat of evaporation is dissipated in the ___ in a compression refrigeration system．A．evaporator B．condenser C．expansion valve D．compressor34．When in operation, it is unavoidable that a small amount of oil ___ through leakage, and in order to compensate for these leaks the system is connected to a feed pump．A．escapes B．overheats C．expands D．accelerates52．The viscosity regulator controls the fuel oil temperature _____ provide oil at the correct viscosity for combustion．A．in order that B．because of C．in order to D．owing to 53．The main generators are connected to ___ ．A．distribution boards B．section boardsC．emergency switch boards D．main switch boards54．The ___ is a crystal which, under pressure, produces an electric current which varies with the pressure．A．alternator B．glass thermometerC．piezoelectric pressure transducer D．burdon tube55．The operating medium for control systems may be ___．A．compressed air B．hydraulic oilC．electricity D．all of the above56．The crankcase can not be opened ___ the parts have been cooled down．A．if B．as C．when D．unless57．With UMS, when the engine room is unwatched ___ will control the main engine．A．the bridge officer on watch B．the chief engineerC．the duty engineer D．the duty motorman58．___ systems are provided with a stand-by device which will automatically be put in use in the even of the running device failing through a fault condition．A．Alarm B．MonitoringC．Auto start-up D．None of the above59．______control system is one in which the control action is independent of the output．A．Feed back B．Negative feed back C．Close loop D．Open loop 60．The piston rings if found worn out ___ and supplied by shipchandler．A．must replace B．must to be equippedC．has to be repaired D．have to be renewed61．Which of the following would cause a diesel to have black smoke?A．too heavy oil B．water in the gas C．leaky injector D．water in the oil 62．Before replacing a piston you should check the rings to see that all clearances and gaps are within the permissible ___．A．tolerance B．discrepancy C．error D．deflection63．Wear in a cylinder liner is usually due to ___．A．friction B．abrasion C．corrosion D．all of the above 64．The ___ of the gravity disc is too big．It cause oil to flow through the water outlet．We changed the disc and no oil is found in the water outlet．A．gravity B．diameter C．circumference D．cylinder65．Air that may enter a refrigeration plant tends to collect in the ___．A．upper part of the receiver B．upper part of the condenserC．down stream end of the cooling coil D．outlet end of the condenser66．After fitting back in place the gear wheels, don't forget to ___ them．A．fulfil B．eliminate C．grease D．bend67．If a bilge pump failed to build up discharge pressure, you should check for ___．A．excessive water in the bilges B． a clogged suction strainerC．oil in the bilges D．all of the above68．Prior to any overhaul work on electric equipment, it is important to ensure the circuits are ___ ．A．live B．excited C．dead D．on line69．The third engineer took the ___ and checked the tank table in the office and recorded all relevant data, as well as calculated the bunkering．A．water level B．sump levelC．ballast tank level D．ship’s trim70．Oil Record Book Part I shall be provided to ___．A．every oil tanker B．every ship of 400 tons gross tonnage and above C．A and B D．neither A nor B71．Moisture in a D．C．motor would cause ___．A．short circuit B．speed up C．slow down D．hunting72．___ should not undertake any task which will interfere with the supervision duties relating to the main machinery and associated equipment．A．the watch keeping personnel B．the chief engineerC．the person on a bunker barge D．the duty deck officer 73．When under maneouvring conditions with the machinery being manually operated the control unit or console should be ___．A．automatically controlled B．continuously mannedC．off power D．None of the above is true 74．According to the international regulations concerning the prevention of pollut ion of sea areas from ships, the disposal into the sea of all plastics is ___．A．welcome B．admitted in some special sea areasC．prohibited D．acceptable47．The staring current of an a．c．motor is ___ the rated current．A．the same as B．much larger than C．less than D．equals 48．The overcurrent relay ___ the motor contactor when the motor exceeds its rated current ．A．trips B．connects C．fouls D．destructs49．The operation of paralleling two alternators requires the voltages to be ___ and also in phase．A．zero B．eliminated C．different D．equal50．With a ___ load the voltage and current are in phase．A．capacitive B．purely resistance C．inductive D．none of the above 51．Oil mist detectors are usually used on board to detect oil mist density within ___ ．A．the engine crankcase B．the engine scavenge boxesC．drain tanks D．fuel tanks二．关联题（每组关联题题干下有4个小题，每小题4个选项）The usual coolant is fresh water, sea water is not used directly as a coolant because of its corrosive action．Lubricating oil is sometimes used for piston cooling since leaks into the crankcase would cause problems．In some type of engines, the pistons are also cooled with fresh water．But difficulties caused by the leakage of piston cooling water have resulted in the wide use of for piston cooling．75．The oil is used for piston cooling because____ ．A．it is difficult to avoid the leakage of piston cooling waterB．it is difficult to use fresh water for the piston coolingC．fresh water is used for piston cooling only in some type of engineD．difficulties have been caused by the leakage of piston cooling oil76．From this paragraph we can see that ____ ．A．the usual coolant for piston cooling is fresh water or lubricating oilB．the usual coolant for piston cooling is sea water or lubricating oilC．fresh water is wide used for piston coolingD．the usual coolant for piston cooling is fresh water or sea water77．Sea water is never used directly as a coolant because of ____ ．A．corrosive action of sea water．B．corrosive action of fresh water and sea water C．leakage of lubricating oil D．it is difficult to use sea water for the piston cooling 78．Which liquid is widely used as coolant of piston cooling？A．Sea water B．Fresh waterC．Lubricating oil D．Oil or sea water三．中译英（共2题，请将答案写在答题纸上）79．各系统的温度与压力已保持在正常范围内，所有辅机均处于备航状态。

轮机英语词汇(主机)rotational speed：转速capacity: 功率steam turbine: 蒸汽轮机gas turbine: 燃气轮机speed reduction ratio: 减速比displacement: 排量flexible coupling: 柔性联轴节maintenance interval：检修周期gasoline engine：汽油机draft：吃水线torsional vibration damper: 减振器torque：扭矩prime mover：原动机be aligned with: 与…对中alignment：对中thermal efficiency：热效率loop scavenge：回流扫气cross scavenge：横流扫气uniflow scavenge：直流扫气supercharge：增压tappet clearance：挺杆间隙spark plug：火花塞indicator diagram：示功图indicator cards：示功图mechanical efficiency：机械效率compressed air: 压缩空气coolant：冷却剂occur：发生spray of fuel: 雾状燃油，油雾timing: 定时foul: 使…脏污fouling：污垢，脏污stuffing box：填料函，填料箱atmospheric pressure：大气压camshaft：凸轮轴cam：凸轮internal combustion engine：内燃机MIP（mean indicated pressure）：平均指示压力combustion chamber：燃烧室compression ratio：压缩比cylinder bore: 缸径overlap：重叠cross-head pin：十字头销bearing shell：轴瓦drill：钻孔，钻井，演习angle：角度expose：暴露，打开cycle：工作循环uncover：打开descending piston：下行的活塞value：值，数值decrease：降低，下降increase：上升，增加governor：调速器governor weight：调速器的飞重fuel injection：燃油喷射，喷油reliability：可靠性stroke coefficient：冲程系数give off：释放，放出naturally aspirated：自然吸气的，自然换气的admit：准许进入intake valve：进气阀linear motion：直线运动rotary motion：回转运动atomization：雾化cylinder firing pressure：气缸的爆炸压力be subjected to: 受到，遭受，承受ignition lag：滞燃期ignition delay period：滞燃期degree：程度，学位back pressure：背压thermal energy：热能mechanical energy: 机械能clockwise：顺时针地turbocharger：涡轮增压器brake horsepower：制动马力friction：摩擦single acting：单作用式的blow down：排气mixing：混合的mixture: 混合物advantage：优势，优点disadvantage：劣势，缺点compare：对比rocker arm：摇臂foundation：基础support：支撑，支持maintenance access：维修通道doors：道门in-line engine：直列式柴油机Vee engine：V型柴油机connecting rod large end bearing：连杆大端轴承connecting rod small end bearing：连杆小端轴承cast iron：铸铁cast steel：铸钢scavenging air box：扫气箱inertia：惯性thermal expansion：热膨胀aluminum：铝，铝的bronze：铜的mount：安装bolt：螺栓，用螺栓固定cross girder：横梁longitudinal girder：纵梁heat energy：热能float：漂浮，浮动piston skirt：活塞裙gudgeon pin：活塞销spur gear：正齿轮camshaft gear train：凸轮轴齿轮系starting air valve：空气启动阀side-chock bolt：侧楔形螺栓end-chock bolt：端楔形螺栓distance piece：调隙片compression plate：压缩片compression ratio：压缩比bearing housing：轴承座bearing cap：轴承盖bearing bush:轴瓦trunk piston：筒状活塞axial：轴向的stud：双头螺栓nut: 螺母enclose：密闭，密封guide：引导，导板tie rod=tie bolt=through bolt：贯穿螺栓entablature：机架column：机架cylinder block：气缸体external：外部的，外面的internal：内部的，里面的running-in period：磨合期load：负载，负荷，装载bearing wear：轴承磨损replace：替换，代替replacement：替换，代替clearance：间隙gap：间距tolerance：公差carrier ring：承磨环machine：机器，机械，加工machinery：机械（总称）machined：加工的，车削的ridge：凸台，凸肩groove：凹槽invariably：总是，一直forge：锻造forged：锻造的worn out：磨损的shim：垫片crank web：曲柄臂crank throw: 曲柄臂，曲拐crankpin：曲柄销crankcase：曲柄箱spring：弹簧，春天heat-resistant steel：耐热钢wearing resistance：抗磨，耐磨journal 轴颈sealing ring：密封环scraper ring：刮油环fuel valve：油头lubricator:注油器chromium-plated：镀铬的cylinder wall：汽缸壁lift out：吊出（活塞）piston ring belt: 活塞环区域cooling jacket：冷却水套balance：使…平衡shim：垫片thick：厚的thin：薄的thickness：厚度deformation：变形double bottom：双层底location：位置，定位locate：位于length: 长度width:宽度height：高度circular space：环形空间assemble：组装disassemble：拆卸assembly：组件fore and aft：前后semi-built：半组合式的transmit：传递，传送bending stress：弯曲应力torsion stress：扭曲应力shear stress：剪切应力turning gear：盘车机fitted bolt：拂配螺栓white metal：白合金horizontally：水平地be fitted with：装有，带有be provided with：装有，带有be equipped with装有，带有circumference [s?'k?mf?r?ns]: 圆周，周长nip：过盈压隙crush：过盈joint face：连接面，结合面diameter：直径oil distributor ring：布油环scraper ring：刮油环oil control ring：刮油环protective layer：保护层lining：衬有，内衬copper-lead alloy：铜铅合金aluminum-tin alloy：铝锡合金thin-walled：薄壁的flame hardened：淬火处理的shipchandler：船舶供应商bore：孔，镗孔thermal stress：热应力compressive stress：压应力forced lubrication system：强制润滑系统output：功率，输出cooling chamber：冷却腔crosshead shoes：十字头滑块slipper：滑块guide shoes：滑块dowel pin：定位销machine-turned：车削的projection：凸台vertical flange：垂直法兰coil spring：圈簧surface：表面slopping surface：倾斜表面sliding bearing：滑动轴承sludge：油渣main propulsion diesel engine：主推进柴油机tension：张力under tension：承受张力heater：加热器electric heater：电加热器timing gear：定时齿轮chain drives：链条驱动机构coincide with：重叠，一致center of gravity：重心statically balanced：静平衡wrist pin：活塞销heat conductivity：导热性oil film：油膜excess：过多的excessive：过多的，过大的rigid：结实的，坚实的transverse girder：横梁jack bolt：撑杆螺栓tap-bolt：锥头螺栓solid forged：整体锻造的solid bearing：整体式轴承polish：抛光telescopic pipe：伸缩管sag：下垂sagging：下沉量component：部件corrosion resistant：耐腐蚀的flame screen：防火网罩watertight compartment：水密舱taper：锥形的，逐渐减小的insert：插入：插件stationary part：固定部件statically balanced：静平衡dynamically balanced：动平衡turbulence：涡流flywheel：飞轮kinetic energy：动能fluctuation：波动valve stem：阀杆valve head：阀头valve cage：阀壳heat dissipation：散热water seal：水封wet liner：湿式缸套dry liner：干式缸套test cock：示功考克gasket：垫片knurling：滚花sodium：钠cold clearance：冷态间隙thrust：推力side thrust：侧推力manifold：总管bundle：管束overload：过载plasma coated：等离子涂层的oil sump：油底壳treat：处理，对待treatment：处理advanced firing：早燃retarded firing：后燃，发火滞后air venting arrangement：放气装置prime：灌注，注油priming：灌注priming pump：引液泵fuel supply passage：供油管路viscosity regulator：粘度调节器lifting check：起阀压力试验fuel main：总管plunger：柱塞spindle：针阀available：可用的，可得到的manoeuvring condition：机动操纵状态specification：规格grade:规格specific gravity：比重specify：规定service tank：日用柜day tank：日用柜port：港口，开口pressurize：加压injector nozzle：喷油嘴clog：堵塞particle：颗粒，颗粒状index：刻度，指数reading：读数rack：齿条rack and pinion arrangement：齿条/齿轮装置transfer pump：驳运泵bunker tank：燃油舱banker list：加油单have much to do with：与…..有很大的关系have nothing to do with：与…..没有关系quality：质量quantity：数量earlier ignition：发火提早stick open：保持开启状态oil sump：油底壳settling tank：沉淀柜droplet：水珠，油滴strainer：粗滤器fine filter：细滤器at interval：定期地prevent from doing sth.:防止做某事set：设定setting：设定量，设定值preset：预先设定buffer tank：缓冲柜balance tank：平衡柜（集油柜）service tank：日用柜cleared of：排除，清除barrel：套筒sleeve：套筒pipe：管子duct：管道，导管hose：软管flash point：闪点overflow：溢出（满了溢出）spill：溢油full ahead：全速前进fuel consumption：燃油消耗save：挽救，救生，节省economical speed：经济转速purify：分离，清洁purifier：分水机clarifier：分杂机foreign matter：杂质follower：滚轮calorific value：发热值pour point：倾点diameter：直径original：原来的，开始的vibration：振动penetration of fuel：燃油穿透penetration：穿透力distribution of fuel：燃油分布minimize：使….最小化maximize：使…..最大化shut down：关闭，切断cut off：终止，关闭check valve：止回阀jerk pump：喷射泵meter：计量，测量，米proper metering：精确计量parameter：参数size：尺寸carbon accumulation：结炭flow rate：流速break up：分裂，破裂，分手manufacture：制造商precaution：预防措施contamination：污染，脏污cetane rating：十六烷值cetane number：十六烷值secure the fuel supply：切断燃油供应take place：发生，开始commence：发生，开始slope：斜面spill port：回流孔，溢流孔build up：建立，积聚helix：螺旋槽MCR：最大持续功率base circle：基圆sulfur：硫water vapor：水蒸汽acid：酸，酸的malfunction：故障ash：灰duplex pressure gage：双联压力表thermostatic：恒温的needle valve：针阀differential needle valve：差压式针阀constant volume：定容constant pressure：定压unit injector：单体式喷油器misfiring：不发火vanadium：钒sodium：钠indicate：显示，表示contribute to：有利于，导致block：堵塞compressibility:压缩性remove：清除，去除sounding tube：深管sounding rod：量油杆oil impingement：注油cavitation （erosion）:气穴，汽蚀booster pump：增压泵salt water：海水raw water：海水air cooler：空冷器make up：补充，补给distilled water：蒸馏水in contact with：与….接触facilitate：有利于，促进prior to：在….之前acid solution strength：酸性强度lime：石灰，氧化钙get rid of：去除，排除，摆脱release：释放mechanical property：机械性能expansion tank：膨胀水箱head tank：高置（膨胀）水箱coolant：冷却剂inoperative：不运转的，不运行的frost：结霜individual：单独的，独立的deposit：沉积物，沉淀物scale：水垢rust：生锈，铁锈dividing wall：分隔板overheat：过热explosion：爆炸chemical addition：投药，添加化学品additive：添加剂steam coil：蒸汽盘管anti-corrosion oil：防锈油inorganic inhibitor：无机缓蚀剂corrosion inhibitor：抗腐蚀剂regulate：调节modulate：调节head：压头volume：体积，容积closed cooling system：闭式冷却系统a portion of：一部分heat exchanger：换热器slightly：轻微的，轻度的nozzle holder：喷嘴座crack：裂纹suspect：怀疑baffle plate：挡板sacrificial zinc：保护性锌块soluble oil：可溶性油thermometer：温度计obstruct：堵塞，阻塞impeller：叶轮fin：翅片alarm：报警，警报器activate：激发，动作housing：壳体concentric：同心的bi-directional operation：双向运行compensating tank：补偿水箱（膨胀水箱）salinity：盐分，盐度alternative：选择，替代deaerating tank：除气柜three-way valve：三通阀flush：吹洗，冲洗oil barge：油驳interlocking device：连锁装置reversing：换向pilot air：控制空气，先导空气air distributor：空气分配器fusible plug：易熔塞guard against：防止air reservoir=air bottle=air receiver：空气瓶pneumatic control system：气动控制系统pneumatic tool：气动工具drain cock：放残考克blade：叶片turbine：透平remote valve：遥控阀air start lever：空气启动手柄instrument：仪表humidity：水分starting air distributor：启动空气分配器sufficient：充足的，足够的consecutive start：连续启动knocking sound：敲缸condensate：凝水condensation：冷凝run roughly：运转不平稳delay：推迟，延迟clearance volume：余隙容积two stage compressor：两级空气压缩机intercooler：中间冷却器，中冷器aftercooler：后冷器airborne：空气中携带的valve plate:阀片valve strip：阀片valve face：阀面valve seat：阀座volumetric efficiency：容积效率LP cylinder：低压缸HP cylinder：高压缸trip：跳闸overload relay：过载继电器dew point：露点splash lubrication：飞溅润滑water hammer：水击air delivery line：排出管路non-return valve：止回阀，单向阀carbonization：碳化throttling：节流solenoid：电磁的idle speed：怠速storage tank：储存柜neutralize：中和neutralization number：中和值alkalinity：碱detergency：清洁剂fundamental：基本的guard against：防止stern-tube bearing：尾轴承lignum vitae：铁梨木emulsion oil：乳化油，乳化防锈油sodium nitrite：硝酸钠additive：添加剂approved：认可的galvanize：镀锌investigation：调查gas seal 气封pot-shaped piston：筒状活塞analyze：分析total loss system：全消耗系统recirculation system：循环系统renew：更新，换新renewal：更新，换新static head：静压头in duplicate：一式两份，一式两台carry away：带走magnetic filter：磁性滤器blow out：吹洗in that：在于，因为former：前者latter：后者forced lubrication system：强制润滑系统employ：采用，使用，利用，雇佣hydrostatic lubrication：液体静力润滑impurity：杂质to a great extent：在很大程度上deterioration：恶化heat transfer：传热wear detritus：磨屑trouble-free life：无故障寿命dilute：冲淡，稀释，降低mist detector：油雾检测器monitor：检测，监控duplex filter：双联式滤器audible/visual alarm：声光报警shaker：振荡scuffing：划伤remain：保持remaining：剩余的retain：保留clogged：堵塞的hard varnish：硬的清漆pitting：点蚀oxidize：氧化carbon deposit：积碳detergent oil：净化油orifice：油孔diffuser：扩压器constant-pressure：定压增压pulse pressure：脉冲增压angle：角度，成….角度smoky exhaust：排气冒黑烟opposite：相反的，相对的supercharging：增压make use of：利用blower：鼓风机turboblower：涡轮增压器adjacent：相邻的in comparison to：与…相比compared to：与…相比fabricated：锻造的swirl：旋转rated speed：额定速度rated load：额定负载oxygen：氧气oxidize：使…氧化average：平均的velocity：速度directly proportional to：成正比characteristic：特点in conjunction with：和….一起performance：性能utilize：利用，使用furnish：提供muffle：消音，降低gas exchange：换气lose power：损失功率loss of pressure：失压take out=disengage:脱开put in=engage：合上FWE=finished with engine：完车give a trial：试车ahead and astern: 正倒车packing box：填料箱overhaul：大修stall：停止，停车enlarge：扩大，变大abnormal：不正常on no account：绝不，不可以seizure：卡住，咬缸gradually：逐渐地，逐步地remedy：补救，补修metalock：金属扣合法warm up:加温，暖机unless：除非surge：喘振spark：火星paint：油漆blistering：起泡peeling：剥落withdraw：取出routine 日常的，周期性的whilst=while：当…时候eliminate：消除，清除ambient temperature：环境温度regarding：关于with regard to：关于，对于….来说ventilation：通风vacuum：真空risk：风险，危险hazard：危险head wind：顶风heavy sea：风浪大combustion knock：燃烧过程粗暴wheelhouse：驾驶台contaminant：杂质，污染物cease：停止defect：损坏，缺陷sensor：传感器dead slow ahead：微速前进distribution：分配，布置，配电idle：闲置的guarantee：保证，确保pressure-volume diagram：压容图jerk pump：脉动泵，急拉式泵by-product：副产品erosion：剥蚀spark arrestor：火花消除器navigation：航行score：划痕scratch：刮痕abrasive particle：磨蚀颗粒pyrometer：高温计（测量排烟温度）manometer：压力计pressure gauge：压力表dial indicator：千分表，量缸表micrometer：千分表feeler：塞尺straight edge：直尺bridge gauge：桥规（轴颈下沉量，较小的主轴承磨损）blow-by：漏气break-in period：磨合期hone：搪磨detuner：减震器verify：检查，证实underway：航行时at partial load：部分负载localized：局部的local：当地的，机旁的file：锉blank off：堵死rotor：转子metal scraper：金属刮刀wrench：扳手moisture：水分muffler=silencer：消音器switch on：接通absolute pressure：绝对压力（=表压力+大气压力）air blast pump：抽气泵quay：码头direction handle：换向手柄coke deposit：积碳asphalt：沥青boss：桨毂hub：桨毂，轮毂variable pitch propeller：调距桨controllable pitch propeller：调距桨constant pitch propeller：定距桨fixed pitch propeller：定距桨tail shaft：尾轴intermediate shaft、；中间轴mass：重量in turn：依次，循序thrust block：推力块thrust pad：推力块reversing gear：换向装置axial movement：轴向运动solid propeller：整体式螺旋桨stem：船尾astern：船尾bow：艏，船头apparent slip：滑失比helix：螺旋线helicoidal：螺旋面，螺旋状的uniform pitch：定螺距non-uniform pitch：不定螺距pitch ratio：螺距比rubber：橡胶sterntube bearing：尾轴管轴承common rail system：共轨燃油系统VIT= variable injection timing: 可喷油定时。

陆用发电机组柴油机补充说明书S u pplement to Operation and Maintenance Manual for Land Generating Set Engines（135系列、G128系列、D114系列、H系列）（135 series, G128 series ,D114 series and H series）文件编号No. ：S0*******+03上海柴油机股份有限公司2012年7月Shanghai Diesel Engine Company, Ltd.July 2012前言欢迎和感谢您选用上柴动力！上海柴油机股份有限公司是拥有六十多年历史的国家特大型专业柴油机设计制造企业。

柴油机产品采用国际先进技术，引领行业创新潮流，产品已成熟形成135、G128、D114、C121、H、E、W180等系列，广泛用于汽车、工程机械、船舶舰艇、发电设备等动力配套。

企业信誉卓著，“东风”品牌为中国驰名商标，被评为“中国名牌产品”。

产品优质可靠，先后通过ISO9001、QS9000质量体系认证。

服务完善周到，全国有600多个销售服务网点，能快速有效地解决您的一切后顾之忧。

上柴各系列发电用柴油机是根据柴油发电机组的使用特点和性能在各系列基本型的基础上进行开发和研制的，能够满足用户对高品质发电动力机的各种需求；柴油机功率覆盖范围广，可作为常用、备用、急用等柴油发电机组的配套动力。

柴油机可以与斯坦福、马拉松、西门子、利莱森玛等各种品牌发电机配套。

可广泛应用于工矿、通信、国防、建筑、农林等领域。

本说明书叙述了135系列、G128系列、D114系列、H系列电站用柴油机的主要技术参数、结构及安装、使用方法等，是《135系列柴油机使用保养说明书》、《G128系列柴油机使用保养说明书》、《发动机操作与保养手册（D114）》、《SC9DF系列柴油机使用保养说明书》、《H系列柴油机使用保养说明书》有关电站机型的补充说明书，关于各系列柴油机具体操作、使用、保养、维修等内容还需参考原各系列柴油机的使用保养说明书。

联轴器英语词汇和句子（中英对照）一、联轴器术语coupling 联轴器rigid coupling 刚性联轴器solid coupling 刚性联轴器muff coupling 套筒联轴器fast coupling 刚性联轴器nonrigid coupling 非刚性联轴器fixed rigid coupling 固定式刚性联轴器butt-muff coupling刚性联轴器，套筒联轴器spring coupling 弹性联轴器flexible coupling 挠性联轴器elastic coupling 弹性联轴器gear type flexible coupling 齿式挠性联轴器semi-flexible coupling 半挠性联轴器flexible link coupling 挠性杆联轴器fine-tooth flexible coupling 细牙挠性联轴器pin type flexible coupling 销钉式挠性联轴器double-claw flexible coupling 双爪式挠性联轴器flange coupling 凸缘联轴器flanged coupling 凸缘联轴器double slider coupling 十字滑块联轴器Oldham coupling十字滑块联轴器universal coupling万向联轴器slipper type universal coupling 滑块式万向联轴器crosshead coupling 滑块联轴器chain coupling 链式联轴器roller chain coupling 滚子链联轴器membrane coupling 膜片联轴器laminated membrane coupling 金属膜片联轴器sleeve coupling 套筒联轴器clamping coupling 夹壳联轴器二、联轴器术语1. The coupling shall be rated using a service factor of 1.75.联轴器应采用1.75的“运行系数”来定额定值。

船舶常用英语词汇R U船舶常用英语词汇(R-U)000radar n. 雷达radio beacon station 导航台radio communication equipment无线电通讯设备radio directional finder 无线电测向仪radio message 无线电报radio receive 无线电接收机radio room 报房radio station 电台radio transmitter 无线电发信机radio wave 无线电波range n. 航程range v. 测距range display 航程显示器range unit 航程装置rated power 额定功率rated value 额定值reaction n. 反作用力reading n. 读数receiver n. 接收器reciprocating movement 往复运动rectification n. 矫正，整顿rectify v. 整流，滤波reduction gear 减速齿轮reduction gearbox 减速齿轮箱reduction unit 减速装置reduction with an astern clutch 带到车离合器的减速reefer n. （俗）冷藏船，冰箱reflect v. 反射refrigerating plant 制冷装置register n. (机)验船师register vt. 登记，注册regulation n. 登记regulator n. 调整器relative humidity 相对湿度relative motion 相对运动relay contactor 继电器remains n. 残余remote control 遥控remote control station 遥控站rescue v. n. 救援rescue frequency 救援频率rescue transmitter 救援发信机resemble v. 相似reserve buoyancy 储备浮力reservoir n. 容器resistance n. 阻力resistance heat 电热阻rest v. 靠左retaining washer 保护垫片retake v. 回收，取回reversal n. 换向reverse v. 反向逆转reverse power 逆功率reversing system 换向机构revolution n. 旋转rigid a. 刚性的ring seam 环缝rock arm 摇臂roll n. 横摇roller machine 滚床room n. 余地rope n. 缆索rotary movement 旋转运动rotate v. 旋转rotating direction 旋转方向rotation n. 旋转度rotor n. 转子rough sea 波涛汹涌roughness n. 粗糙度routine n. 例行公事rpm 转速rudder n. 舵rudder angle indicator 舵角指示器rudder carrier 舵承，舵托rudder stock 舵轴，舵杆rudder stopper 舵角限制器rules n. 规范，规则running n. 经营管理rust preventative 防锈剂rust prevention 防锈rust removal 除锈rust-proof a.防锈的safeguard v. 捍卫safety valve 安全阀salt content 含盐量sanitary water 卫生水saturated steam 饱和蒸汽scavenge v. n. 扫气scavenge box 扫气箱scavenge flow 扫气气流scavenge pattern 扫气型式screen n. 荧光屏screw shaft 螺旋桨轴sea damage 海损sea trial 试航sea water (SW)海水sea-chart room 海图室seakeeping performances 航海性能，试航性seal n. v. 密封sealing agent 密封剂sealing gasket 密封垫片sealing ring 密封圈search light 探照灯seasick a.晕船seat n. 座seating n. 基座section n. 总段self excitation 自励self-designed a.自行设计的self-regulated device 自我调节机构semi-conductor n. 半导体SEMT of France 法国热机协会senior engineer 高级工程师sensibility n. 灵敏度separation n. 分离separator n. 分离器serialize vt.使……成系列service n. 公共基础设施service engineer 服务工程师service life 使用寿命service tank 日用柜servo motor 伺服电动机settle v. 沉淀settling tank 沉淀柜shaft bracket 艉轴架，人字架shaft system 轴系shape processing 成形加工shear machine 剪切机shed v. 放射，散发sheer n. 脊弧sheet plate 薄板shell n. 壳板shell plating 外壳列板shell structure 外板结构ship equipment 船舶结构ship general 总体ship outfitting 船舾ship system 船舶系统shipbuilding n. 造船shipbuilding industry 造船工业shipbuilding technology research institute 造船工艺研究所shipping n. 航运shipyard(yard)n. 船厂shop trial 车间实验shore electricity box 岸电箱short circuit 短路short wave 短波short-range a.短途的shot-blast v. 喷丸shot-blasting 喷丸处理side n. 船侧side girderside light 舷灯side plate 弦侧板side structure 船侧结构signal n. 信号signal light 信号灯signal processor 信号处理器silicon n. 硅silicon control rectifier(SCR)可控硅single bottom 单底single-action a.单作用single-rudder n. 单舵single-stage n. 单级single-screw n. 单桨site architect 现场造船师site supervisor 现场监控师sketch n. 草图slide-block n. 滑板，导块sliding distance 滑行距离slipway n. (倾斜)船台slipway taper 船台斜面small metacentric angle 小倾角socialist market economy社会主义市场经济software n. 软件soil n. 土壤SOLAS 国际海上人命安全公约SOS 遇难信号sound energy 声能sound insulation 隔音sound power telephone 声力电话sound speed 声速sound wave 声波sounder n. 测深仪sources of power supply 能源space n. 舱室space n. 空间spare gears 备品spare parts(spares)备件special power supply 特种电源speed indicator 航速指示器speed reduction 减速speed servo system 速度随动系统spring n. 弹簧squeeze n. v. 挤压stability n. 稳性stabilizer n. 减摇鳍stabilizing unit 减摇装置staff member 职员stage n. 级stainless steel 不锈钢stand v. 经受standard n. 标准standard displacement 标准排水量stand-by n. 备用stand-by generating set 备用发电机starboard n. 右舷start v. 动身，出发starting system 起动系统starting valve 启动阀state v. 说明state-specified a.部颁的station v. 驻扎steadiness n. 稳定性steam &aux. boiler system蒸汽与副锅炉系统steel plate pretreatment 钢板预处理steel structure 钢结构steel wire 钢丝steering gear 操舵装置steering gear 舵机steering gear room 舵机房steering mechanism 操舵机构steering wheel 舵轮stem n. 艏柱stern n. 船艉，艉柱stern tube 艉轴管stiffener n. 扶强，加强筋storage tank 贮存柜store-room n. 储藏室straight line 直线straight seam 直焊缝strength test 强度试验stringer n. 纵通材structural material 结构材料structure n. 结构，构件stud n. 螺柱stuffing box 填料函subway shield 地铁盾构suck v. 吸入suction (induction) stroke 汲气冲程suction port 吸入口sufficient a.足够的，充足的sum n. (数)二树之和supercomputer n. 巨型（计算）机superstructure n. 上层建筑supervision n. 监督,监造supply vessel 补给，工作船support n. 支撑物surface treatment 表面处理surveyor n. (船)验船师survive v. 幸存，死里逃生sustain v. 支撑，支持swirl chamber 涡流式燃烧室swirl resistance 涡流式阻力switch n. 开关symbol n. 符号symmetrical a.对称的synchro (selsyn)n. 自整角机synchro signal transmitter 自整角机讯号发送器synchronous device 同步装置synchronous follower 同步随动件talent n. 人才，有才能的technical staff 全体技术人员technical force 技术力量technical service 技术服务technical specification (spec)技术规格书technical term 技术术语telegraph n. 传令钟teleprinter n. 电传打字机teleperature relay 温度继电器temporarily adv. 临时地temporary emergency power supply临时应急电源terminal n. 终端testing n. 调试testing facilities 测试设备testing instrument 测试仪器test & trials 试验与试航TEU reefer container ship 冷风集装箱船the ambient air 大气the application software 应用软件the block coefficient 方型系数the brake horse power (BHP)轴马力，制动马力the breath moulded 型宽the central processing unit (CPU)中央处理单元the centralized control room (the control room)集控室the controllable pitch propeller (CPP)可调螺距桨the critical path method (CPM) 各种计划节点配合the data base management system (DBMS)数据库管理系统the depth moulded 型深the design water plane 设计水线面the design water plane coefficient设计水面线系数the displacement coefficient 排水量系数the earth magnetic field 地球磁场the effective horsepower 有效马力the fire main 消防总管the fixed pitch propeller 固定螺距桨the future type 未来型the graphic processing software图像处理软件the intertia navigation system惯性导航系统the integral stud anchor chain 整体锚链the language system 语言系统the length B.P.两柱间长the length overall 全长the length W.L.水线长the living quarters 生活区the longitudinal prismatic coefficient 纵向菱形系数the metacentre of transversal inclination 横倾稳心the middle longitudinal cross section舯横剖面the midship transversal cross section coefficient 舯横截面系数the net registered tonnage 净登记吨位the North Pole 北极the office automation (OA)办公自动化the operating system (OS)操作系统the painting outfitting 涂装the parties concerned 有关方面the propulsion plant 推进装置the rated frequency 额定功率the rated horsepower 额定马力the roll period 横摇周期the satellite navigation system卫星导航系统the system software 系统软件the total longitudinal bend 总纵弯曲the total longitudinal strength 总纵强度the total tonnage 总吨位thermal mechanism 热力机械thermal stress 热应力thermometer n. 温度计thread v. 攻螺纹thrust bearing 推力轴承thrust end 推力端thrust ring 推力环thrust shaft 推力轴thyristor n. 硅可控整流器，可控硅tier n. （船）层TIG钨极惰性气体焊tightness test 密性试验time vt. 确定……的时间timing gear 准时机构title n. 职称，头衔tonnage n. 吨位top people 上层人物top side plate 弦侧顶板torsional vibration 扭振torsional moment 扭距TQC全面质量管理transceiver n. 收发报机transfer pump 输送泵transistor amplifier 晶体管放大器transistor controller 晶体控制器transistor loop 晶体管回路transmitter n. 发射机,发送器transportation n. 输送transversal a. 横向的transversal bulkhead 横隔舱壁transversal scavenge 横流扫气transversal stability 横稳性treatment plant 处理装置trend n. 趋势trial-and-error a.反复的通过试验找出错误的trim n. 纵倾trunk-piston n. 筒形活塞T-type joint T型接头tuition n. 学费turbine oil 透平油turbocharger n. 涡轮废气增压器turning ability 回转性turning circle 回转半径turning gear 盘车机构turning motion 回转twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) 20英尺国际标准集装箱twin-engine incoporation 双机并车twinkle v. 闪烁twin-rudder n. 双舵twin-screw n. 双桨two-way a. 双向的ultra short wave 超短波UMS 无人机舱under voltage 欠电压uneven a. 不均匀uniform a. 均匀的unload v. 卸载upper deck 上甲板upset v. (船只)倾覆。

第 50 卷第 2 期2024 年 4 月Vol. 50 No. 2Apr. 2024航空发动机Aeroengine航空发动机振动环境谱统计归纳方法及振动试验台复现房剑锋（中国飞行试验研究院，西安 710089）摘要：为满足航空发动机及机载产品研制过程贴近使用环境的振动考核试验需求，需根据发动机实测振动数据给出振动考核试验所需的输入谱图。

依据GJB/Z 126-99中给出的环境测量数据归纳方法，建立了发动机实测振动环境谱统计归纳方法并通过程序实现。

利用发动机多架次实测试飞振动数据统计归纳得到发动机测点位置的振动实测谱。

基于能量等效及信号频域特征分布一致原则，将归纳得到的实测谱转化为可用于振动台输入的振动环境谱，并在振动台上进行了振动信号的复现试验。

结果表明：振动台输出信号与发动机实测振动信号频域分布特征一致，在统计频率带宽范围内振动总量最大相差5.7%，证明了转化方法是合理的，为航空发动机机载设备贴近使用环境的振动考核试验方法提供了真实的输入谱图。

关键词：振动数据；统计归纳；环境谱；振动试验台；复现；航空发动机中图分类号：V216.2+1；V231.92文献标识码：A doi：10.13477/ki.aeroengine.2024.02.022 Aeroengine Vibration Environment Spectrum Statistical Induction and Reproductionon Vibration Testing TableFANG Jian-feng（Chinese Flight Test Establishment，Xi’an 710089，China）Abstract：To meet the requirements of conducting vibration assessment tests under conditions close to the operating environment for the development of aeroengine and airborne products, it is necessary to provide the input spectrum required for the vibration assessment test based on the measured engine vibration data. Based on the induction method of environment measurement data provided in GJB/Z 126-99, a statistical induction method for vibration environment spectra measured engine vibration data was established and implemented through a program. The measured vibration spectra at engine measuring positions were obtained by statistical induction according to vibra⁃tion data from multiple actual test flights. Based on the principle of energy equivalence and consistent distribution of signal frequency domain characteristics, the spectra obtained using the induction method were converted into vibration environment spectra which can be used as the input for the vibration testing tables, and experiments for vibration signal reproduction were conducted on vibration testing tables. The results show that the frequency domain distribution characteristics of the output signal of the vibration testing table are consistent with that of the measured engine vibration signal. The maximum difference in the overall vibration within the statistical frequency bandwidth is 5.7%, which proves the rationality of the conversion method and the capability of providing real input spectra for vibration assessment tests of aeroengine airborne equipment under conditions close to the service environment.Key words：vibration data; statistical induction; environment spectrum; vibration testing table; reproduction; aeroengine0　引言在航空发动机试飞过程中振动信号的测量具有重要意义，一方面可用于发动机整机振动特性的确定，定位发动机整机振动故障[1]，70%以上的故障都以振动的形式表现出来；另一方面可通过试飞测试数据获取发动机的整机振动环境，为机载设备振动考核试验提供真实的试飞数据谱图。

中华人民共和国海事局2007年第6期海船船员适任统考试题（总第44期）科目：轮机英语试卷代号：803适用对象：无限/近洋航区3000KW及以上船舶大管轮（本试卷卷面总分100分，及格分为70分，考试时间100分钟）答题说明：请选择一个最合适的答案，并将该答案按答题卡要求，在其相应位置上用2B铅笔涂黑。

第1题至68题，每题1分，第69题至76题，每题1.5分，第77题至78题，每题10分.一、单项选择题1. The trend nowadays is to build the frame box as a separate fabricated construction and then, after stress relieving and machining the mating surfaces, to mount it on the . This has theadvantage of saving weight.A. seatingB. bed-plateC. entablatureD. cylinder block2. A two stroke diesel engine exhaust temperature will be lower than a four stroke diesel engine of the same displacement because the .① MEP is lower and the scavenging air is cooling the exhaust gases② valve overlap in a four strokeA. ①B. ②C. ① and ②D. Neither ① nor ② is correct3. Theoretical perfect combustion in a diesel engine yields by-products of .A. aldehydes and carbon dioxideB. water vapor and carbon monoxideC. nitrogen and carbon monoxideD. water vapor and carbon dioxide4. The common method of applying oil to the cylinder walls is by means of small pump assembled in units, known asA. mechanical lubricatorB. lubrication functionC. forced feed systemD. bearing lubrication5. In a main propulsion turbocharged diesel engine, the speed of the turbocharger varies according to the .A. governor droopB. speeder spring tensionC. fuel rack lagD. load on the engine6. Diesel engines are started by supplying into the cylinders in the appropriate sequence for the required direction.A. cooling waterB. compressing airC. compressed airD. cylinder oil7. Which of the following devices is a common basic element with nearly all mechanical governors?A. Power pistonB. Control rackC. Weights acted on by centrifugal forceD. Isochronous（同步的）droop spring8. Injectors for use with heavy fuel oil must be cooled by either water or light oil to .A. prevent heat corrosion to internal componentsB. increase fuel delivery rate and economyC. prevent pre-ignitionD. avoid carbonization of the nozzle tips9. Loss of lubricating oil pressure to the main propulsion diesel engine will actuate a/an .A. over-speed tripB. audible/visual alarmC. the ships/boats general alarmD. reserve oil storage tank 10. If clearance between a piston and the cylinder wall is excessive, piston slap will occur. The slap itself is caused by .A. alternation of side thrustB a breakdown of the lube oil film on the cylinderC. worn piston boss piston pin bearingsD. fluctuating gas pressure in tile combustion space11. The major cause of fuel pump and injection system problems is .A. improper adjustmentsB. contaminated fuelC. kinked fuel linesD. excessive engine vibration12. At least ___ cylinders in four--stroke engine will be configured to ensure that the engine can started with the crankshaft at whatever position.A. 6B. 2C. 12D. 813. The main propulsion diesel engine jacket water temperature rises above normal, with the raw sea suction and the expansion tank water level being normal. Which of the following problems is most likely the cause?A. Faulty thermostatic bypass valve.B. Eroded zinc pencils in the heat exchangerC. Steam formation in the expansion tank.D. Excessive leakage from jacket water pump seals.14. Crankcase explosions in propulsion diesel engines result from .A. the splashing of lubrication oil by the crankshaftB. the dilution of crankcase oil with particles of combustionC. broken fuel lines spraying oil on the crankcaseD. the ignition of unburned fuel and air in the crankcase15. Lubrication for the main reduction gears used with diesel engines is usually supplied by .A. oil from the main engine sumpB. an independent lube oil systemC. the stern bearing head tankD. the stem bearing sump tank16. Propeller pitch speed minus ship speed divided by the propeller pitch speed is termed .A. apparent slipB. true slipC. pitchD. propulsive efficiency17. One of the most common causes of reduction gear failure is gear wear caused by scoring as a result of .A. surface fatigue of the gearsB. an inadequate lube oil filmC. plastic flow of the gearsD. fretting corrosion from water18. The heat identified by only a change in temperature is known as .A. sensible heatB. latent heatC. total heatD. residual heat19. The expansion valve used in a refrigeration system regulates the .A. superheat of the gas leaving the compressorB. back pressure in the evaporatorC. temperature in the refrigerated spaceD. degree of superheat of the gas leaving the evaporator20. A thermostatic expansion valve is properly controlling evaporator superheat. Adjusting this valve to lower the superheat will result in a/an .A. evaporator pressure decreaseB. evaporator coil over-feedC. evaporator capacity increaseD. expansion valve diaphragm rupture21. In the refrigeration system, a shortage of refrigerant is indicated by .A. the compressor short cycling on high pressure cut out switchB. high suction pressureC. high head pressureD. bubbles in the sight glass22. If a refrigeration system were short of refrigerant, the condition would result in .A. continuous running of the compressorB. high suction pressureC. high discharge pressureD. short cycling of the compressor on the water failure switch23. If the suction pressure at the refrigeration compressor is below normal, the cause can be .A. refrigerant overchargeB. overfeeding by the expansion valveC. a restricted suction strainerD. due to short cycling of the compress24. A centrifuge arranged to separate two liquids is known as .A. an oily water separatorB. a purifierC. a centrifugal compressorD. a clarifier25. If the bowl of a disk type centrifugal purifier when operated as a separator is not primed, the .A. oil has a tendency to emulsify in the bowlB. purifier will act as a clarifier at the discharge ringC. oil will be lost through the water discharge portsD. oil solids will be deposited only at the intermediate top disk26. Among the basic categories of equipment, which of the following are used to allow the hydraulic energy to be controlled?A. hydraulic pumpsB. valvesC. hydraulic cylindersD. hydraulic motors27. The usual number of single-acting pistons used in a variable stroke axial-piston pump is .A. 3 or 5B. 5 or 7C. 7 or 9D. 9 or 1128. The follow-up gear on an electro-hydraulic steering gear .A. relieves excessive fluid pressureB. takes the pump off stroke when the desired rudder angle is attainedC. allows for rudder movement faster than the movement of the ship'sD. returns the rudder to amidships when the wheel is released.29. While inspecting the steering system at sea, you should check for .A. air bubbles in the sight glassB. any leaks in the systemC. over-travel in the rudder angle indicatorD. lost motion in the rams30. After installing a new hydraulic pump in a system, what special attention should be given to the hydraulic system?A. The relief valves in the system should be readjusted.B. The filters and strainers should be checked frequentlyC. All system pressure should be readjusted.D. The system should be drained and renewed with a fluid of different operating characteristics.31. Before performing any maintenance on a hydraulic system storing energy in an accumulator, you should .A. pressurize the system to test for leaksB. bleed off all pressure within the systemC. operate the machine until it reaches normal temperatureD. disconnect the pump pressure control switch32. The output voltage of a 440 volt, 60 hertz, AC generator is controlled by the .A. prime mover speedB. exciter output voltageC. load on the alternatorD. number of poles33. The field coils and the armature . This is in fact the arrangement adopted for large, heavy duty alternators.A. are stationary / rotatesB. are stationary /is stationaryC. rotate / is stationaryD. rotate / rotates34. You are attempting to parallel two AC generators and the synchroscope pointer is revolving in the slow direction. This indicates that the frequency of the incoming machine is .A. higher than the bus frequencyB. lower than the bus frequencyC. file same as file bus frequency but out of phase with itD. the same as the bus frequency, and the circuit breaker may be closed at nay pointer position35. The frequency of an AC generator is controlled by the ___.A. rheostatB. governorC. exciterD. capacitor36. Electrical supply is always needed even if only for lighting so after a ship goes into service it is extremely rare for the main bus-bars to be dead, it therefore follows that the bus-bars are continuously alive the life of the ship.A. alongB. withC. throughoutD. for37. After a ship enters service it is for the main bus-bar to be made dead.A. usuallyB. commonlyC. exceptionalD. unavoidably38. The difference between measured and desired values is called .A. make-upB. desired valueC. deviationD. set value39. The unit of electrical resistance is the .A. ampereB. voltC. wattD. ohm40. You must take good care of the drainage cock of the air control system. Because lead scale formed which might malfunctions the pilot control valve and other instruments.A. the temperatureB. the rustC. the pressureD. the humidity41. The mode of control employed by an alarm circuit is a .A. two position controlB. single speed floating controlC. proportional speed floating controlD. reset control42. With UMS, when the engine room is unwatched will control the main engine.A. the bridge officer on watchB. the chief engineerC. the duty engineerD. the duty motorman43. Before "stand by" is rung on the engine telegraph, it is usual to give the main diesel engine a brief trial ahead and astern.A. with powerB. on powerC. with airD. on air44. When under maneuvering conditions with the machinery being manually operated the control unit or console should beA. automatically controlledB. continuously mannedC. off powerD. continuously unmanned45. Which of the listed conditions can be considered as the single greatest cause of accident?A. SpeedB. Excessive knowledge or skillC. Human errorD. Excitement46. A fire in a pile of dunnage would be classified as a .A. Class 'A'B. Class 'B'C. Class 'C'D. Class 'D'47. Which of the listed fire extinguishers cannot be easily recharged aboard ship?A. Soda acidB. Carbon dioxideC. Dry chemicalD. cartridge-operated Foam48. CO2 extinguishes a fire by .A. a blanket of bubbles formed on theB. smotheringC. coolingD. isolating the heat from the fuel49. As a duty engineer, as soon as your hear the fire emergency signal, you should ensure that the .A. ring buoys are thrown overboardB. engines are stoppedC. fire pumps are startedD. life preservers have been issued to everyone50. To safeguard the operator and other personnel working on or near a hoisting operation, which of the following precautions should be observed?A. Keep a load on the hoist until all personnel are finished working.B. Set the load on a movable dolly when transportation may be needed.C. Have one man keep a hand on the load to steady it.D. Insure that the lifting gear capacity is not exceeded.51. If a used lube oil analysis indicates excessive chromate content, this means .A. air filtration is inadequateB. engine coolant is leaking into the lube oilC. fuel oil is leaking into the lube oilD. the piston rings are excessive worn52. Emulsion oils and sodium nitrite are both approved additives, but the latter cannot be used if any pipes are or if ally soldered joints exit.A. chromedB. weldedC. galvanizedD. bolted53. The tool is used in precision work to smooth or enlarge a slightly undersized hole.A. round outB. round fileC. reamerD. hole driller54. When the tail-shaft is drawn from a vessel in dry-dock, which of the following inspections is required to be carried out?A. The propeller hub taper and shaft keyway should be inspected for cracks or corrosion.B. The stern bearing alignment with the stern frame should be checked.C. The interior of the stern tube should be inspected for leaks.D. The shaft liner should be removed and inspected for cracks.55. The depth of the ship below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull is called .A. trimB. leanC. draftD. tonnage56. The additional mark in the Classification Certificate for Machinery represents the propulsion apparatus is remotely controlled on the navigating bridge control station, and engine room is watched by duty personnel.A. BRCB. MCCC. AUT-0D. AUT-l57. Oil Pollution Regulations require any transfer or discharge of oil or oily mixtures to be recorded in the .A. bridge logB. Master's logC. engine room logD. oil record58. The International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate is valid for a period of .A. one year from the date of issueB. five years from the date of issueC. three years from the date of issueD. four years from the date of issue59. During PSC inspection related to the ISM Code, of the Safety Management System (SMS) should be carried out if clear grounds are established.A. a less favorable inspectionB. a more favorable inspectionC. a less detailed inspectionD. a more detailed inspection 60. The Port State Control officer may witness a fire drill carried out by the crew assigned to these duties on the .A. Navigation Log BookB. Engine Room Log BookC. Oil Record BookD. Muster List61. STCW78/95 Convention states that the officer in charge of the engineering watch is the representative.A. ship-owner'sB. master'sC. chief engineer'sD. manager's62. All engineer officers and engine room ratings shall be aware of the serious effects of operational or accidental pollution of the marine environment and shall take all possible ____ to prevent such pollution, particularly within the framework of relevant international and port regulations.A. steps B, procedures C. precautions D. programs63. The officer in charge of the engineering watch shall ensure that all machinery involved with the maneuvering of the ship can immediately be placed in the __ of operation when notified that the ship is in congested waters.A. manual modeB. automatic modeC. remote modeD. follow-up mode64. In the event of a small bunker oil spill on deck occurring while bunkering, you should .A. wash down the area immediately with a fire hoseB. wash down the area with keroseneC. cover the area with absorbent materialD. cover the area with foam65. A segregated ballast system is a system where .A. all ballast is processed through the oily water separatorB. ballast is taken on and discharged through a separate main deckC. ballast and cargo tanks are separated by cofferdamsD. all ballast lines, tanks, and pumps are independent of those used for oil66. The SOLAS Convention in its successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the of merchant ships.A. pollutionB. economizationC. safetyD. efficiency67. The objectives of the ISM Code are to ensure ①safety at sea②prevention of human injury or loss of life③avoidance of damage to the marine environment and to propertyA. ①B.②C.②③D.①②③68. means the level for which appropriate additional protective security measures shall be maintained for a period of time as a result of heightened risk of a security incident.A. Security level 1B. Security level 2C. Security level 3D. Security level 4二、关联题（关联题题干下有4个小题，每小题4个选项）第一组An automatic system usually consists of a control system and an information system. A control system is a system which measures the condition of some entity and, with the information, governs the state of a variable; i.e., speed, temperature, pressure, position, etc. The open-loop system is the simplest form a control system may assume. It is distinguished from the closed-loop system by the lack of an input which measures the state of the controlled variable; such an input is called a feedback. In modern ships the open-loop system has practically disappeared and the closed-loop system which operates with a feed-back is extensively used. An information system serves the parallel function of monitoring system or plant performance. The monitoring function may serve a number of purposes; specifically it may indicate values of controlled variables to guide remote control operations, w arn ofoff-limit conditions and provide record of performance. In many cases a visual and audible alarm may be provided to warn of off-limit conditions on board ship and, associated with this, the important variables will be recorded on demand. The automatic control system can be more sophisticated by incorporating digital-processing equipment, that is, a computer. This computer is usually fed with signals from all sensors. It scans the values of the sensors and generates alarm signals for off-limit conditions, acting as a super-supervisor. Sometimes, it can even make necessary and take the necessary action to optimize performance without human intervention.69. The closed-loop system differs from the open-loop system byA. the lack of a feedbackB. the presence of a feed backC. the lack of a computerD. the presence of a computer70. A feedback is an input ____A. which governs the state of a variableB. which provides a visual and audible alarmC. which indicates values of controlled variablesD. which measures the state of the controlled variable71. The monitoring function may serve all of the following purposes exceptA. instigating corrective actionB. indicating values of controlled variablesC. warning of off-limit conditionsD. providing record of performance72. The word "off-limit" in the passage may mean .A. off-setB. off-stateC. within limitsD. beyond the limit第二组The only attention that heat exchanger should require is to ensure that the heat transfer surfaces remain substantially clean and the flow passages generally clear of obstruction. Indication that undue fouling is occurring is given by a progressive increase in the temperature difference between the two fluids, over a period of time, usually accompanied by a noticeable rise in pressure loss at a given flow.Fouling on the sea-water side is the most usual cause of deterioration in performance. The method of cleaning the sea water-side surfaces depends on the type of heat exchanger. With shell-and-tube heat exchangers, the removal of the header covers or, m the case of the smaller heat exchangers, the headers themselves, will provide access to the tubes. Obstructions, dirt, scale etc., can then be removed, using the tools provided by the heat exchanger manufacturer. Flushing through with fresh water is recommended before a heat exchanger is returned to service. In some applications, such as piston oil cooling, progressive fouling may take place on the outside of the tubes. Most manufactures recommend a chemical flushing pr6cess to remove this in situ~ without dismantling the heat exchanger.Plate heat exchangers may be cleaned by unclamping the stack of plates and mechanically cleaning the surface of each plate as recommended by the manufacturers. The plate seals may require replacement from time to time and here the manufacturers' instructions should be closely followed 73. By which of the following indication, can we conclude that the lube oil-sea water heat exchanger is unduly fouled?A. the heat exchanger lube oil inlet temperature loweringB. the heat exchanger sea-water outlet pressure riseC. the heat exchanger temperature difference between lube oil and sea water increasingD. the heat exchanger pressure difference between sea water inlet and outlet decreasing74. What is the most usual reason for the fresh water-sea water heat exchanger fouling in the sea side?A. lube oil sludge accumulating in itB. dirt and scale etc., formed on the surfacesC. deformation of the tubes and the shell or the platesD. lube oil leakage into sea-water side75. According to the passage, it is recommended that the heat exchanger side be cleaned by .A. flushing with chemical solvent without being dismantledB. brushing mechanically after being disassembledC. flushing with flesh water onlyD. flushing with clean oil only76. According to the passage, which of the following statement is not true?A. the heat exchanging surfaces should be kept substantially cleanB. the heat exchanger flow passages should be clear of obstructionC. seals for the plate heat exchanger needs to be renewed oftenD. the cleaning process of the plate heat exchanger should be done following our experiences only三、中译英（共2题，请将答案写在答题纸上）77. 在船舶以主机“正常全速”运行时，尽管速度设定及压力正常，转速逐渐下降，驾驶台控制立即转换至机旁控制。

附 录录1Clutch of new developments in technologyAbstract: in recent years car design and manufacturing technology progress for all to see. In order to further improve product performance, prolong service life, common mechanical clutch technology is also produced a remarkable change. No matter from structural characteristics, product process performance, or control technology, mechanical clutch of technological progress in some extent reflects the development of design concepts, and possible technology trends in the future.Keywords: clutch; Technology development1, introductionIn car technology rapid development today, especially with the electronic technology in cars, the extensive application of vehicle drivetrain is had great progress, as an important part of the transmission of the clutch assembly force transmission, the burden of reducing vibration and prevent system overload very important role. To make sure that the power transmission and reliable, separate thoroughly, combined with soft, damping good, small volume, light weight, easy, long service life, making the clutch product either cash from the performance, structure, or manufacturing mode and control, in the occurrence of a lot of change. They greatly optimized clutch all aspects of performance, to some extent look, these changes are also reflected the development direction of the clutch.2, engine flywheel new structureAs one of the flywheel storage components engine, is also part of the clutch initiative. As the car transmission belong to multi-freedom torsional vibration system, whether the incentive and transmission system, or the associated force vibration type and the coupling vibration with other statements are very complex. In order to adapt to car driving conditions of vibration and noise reduction of reducing the need, making cars, ride comfort the role of torsional shock absorber is extremely important. It should be able to adjust the system inherent frequency, the system mainly low-order resonance critical speed remove common, also need to use speed range, still need to decrease amplitude damping of transmission system can reduce idle noise, ease the impact of the special case load. Previous clutch platen set on by a twist of shock absorber, decorate a space place is restricted, shock absorber work reverse Angle small, torsion stiffness big, capacity small, springs, and therefore not guarantee the intensity of vibration reduction is limited.In recent years, the emergence of a reverse damping characteristics and performance to price are ideal double quality flywheel structure. The flywheel by primary flywheel, reverse shock absorber and subprime flywheel composition, among them, the primary flywheel on one hand we should provide for the shock absorber and clutch installation space, on theother hand also with appropriate rotational inertia insure a car, and reduce passed back starting the amplitude. Generally, double quality flywheel adopts with circular arc shape along the spiral spring primary flywheel outer periphery decorate way, in limited circumstances decorate a space, the arrangement to obtain larger primary flywheel rotational inertia. The inertia and the clutch after brief increase engine speed fluctuation of related parts, shorten their service life. To avoid the above phenomenon, often need additional Settings special damping, such, can increase the difficulty and cost of product development. Because the engine of the car front front drive type of transmission installation space is limited, so this kind of structure in FF type cars to the promotion. Meanwhile, this kind of decorate spring along the circumference, due to high speed double quality flywheel centrifugal role, spring wear when, or even produces broken.Using radial layout springs can improve the double quality flywheel of the above mentioned products defect. It consists of primary flywheel, 3 ~ 4 springs box, damping dish and subprime flywheel composition. Because the suspension spring box of radial layout, the primary flywheel rely on four posts the muscles of rib takes form enough flywheel stiffness and produced similar with traditional flywheel inertia.This kind is decorated in a small space to with smaller quality to gain the maximum rotation inertia, help reduce the assembly structure, the axial dimensions for subprime flywheel and clutch decorate a space make more. Its damping device by a wear-resisting plastic gasket, a belt of steel plate and a slot disc spring washers constitute, they set in damping plate, rely on damping disc hole flanging positioning and compaction, the damping disk with primary flywheel riveted by the subprime, plastic gasket flywheel slot drive. Practice proves that the double quality than ever, this structure can be the flywheel in a limited space get quite good vibration reduction.Engine for the job, usually by the flywheel, inertia and the clutch clutch disc provides together. The ideal flywheel structure should be to offer the same, and ensure enough inertia structure stiffness premise to minimize the flywheel quality, stamping steel way to replace traditional casting can obtain the flywheel ways to produce the effect. Change the pressure by casting lron yuntechtc ring, start toothed ring and steel blunt system drivers disk of three parts. In the ring gear driving plate welding, pressure rings and drivers disk riveting, pressure ring of moment of inertia of the subject constitutes a flywheel, and provide for the clutch friction surface and heat conduction. Drivers disk improve enough flywheel stiffness, and using laser welding and clutch cover, this is connected to this structure forms of changescan be compared to traditional iron flywheel reduce quality 5% ~ 10%. USES the steel plate stamping type flywheel, and clutch cover and flywheel connections between after replacing bolt connection with welding, reducing the number and machinery manufactured parts, which reduces the production cost. The foregoing radial layout springs double quality can use this stamping yuntechtc for structure form, reducing axial dimensions []17. 3, clutch discClutch platen design of the main contradiction is facing, on one hand, hope to have as played platen diameter, in order to obtain the good preach torsional characteristic, reducing friction slices wear quantity and improve the service life, on the other hand, hope the decrease of the platen as possible, so as to shorten the rotational inertia of the variable transmission shift, ensure the synchronization time of smooth, transmission clutch platen ontology conscious drops, and therefore made wavy often difficult to coordinate the contradiction. When using triangle groove platen ontology structure, while keeping the original way wavy platen ontology has the axial elastic properties at the same time, because of its large on the plane can be formed, enough to make its and friction slices adhesive is used to connect the replacement of traditional riveting, so that in friction chip will not need the thickness of the steel back to reserve rivet, so clutch friction slices thickness, which can reduce the platen axial dimensions, and can be reduced by 10% of inertia can reduce nearly 25%. In other words, keep the premise of inertia unchanged, possible will platen diameter increases, so can the arrangement for torsional shock absorber, let a space when damper spring job increase, the rigidity of the shock absorber in diameter can be reduced greatly, increasing the space for setting also provides an ideal damping components fundamental conditions. On the other hand, because platen diameter increases, the optimization of diaphragm spring separation means it can obviously reduce leverage than the load bearing separation.Using triangle groove platen ontology and friction piece of adhesive technology, still can make clutch friction slices surface pressure distribution, and more uniform can improve the service life of friction slices.4, clutch diaphragm springUsing the diaphragm spring of a nonlinear elastic properties, can increase the ability of clutch abrasion resistance. Usually, can pass the clutch when installation, adjustment diaphragm spring axial position, to keep the spring of compaction force, but due to the manufacturing process of previous position error is quite large, so often wasted spring this portion of elastic energy, enables the abrasion resistance ability get full play. When the clutch cover and flywheel connection with the above welding way to finish, the clutch assembly may allow such position when the adjustment, thus, the corresponding clutchscratch-resistant ability can improve the 4% ~ 30%.To improve the ability to change its antiwear properties, but also can the diaphragm spring is reinforced by controlling method of separation means and the rib disc supporting ring approach to getting.[]175, clutch control systemAutomatic transmission in cars growing popularity of today, due to its lack of transmission efficiency of cars, and motorists feel lost control, makes mechanical clutch still has wide market. Along with the computer technology and the rapid development of modern control technology has to clutch may reality automatic control, automatic clutch management system (CMC) is the product of this idea. The driver speaking, clutch automatic control system is that it is the most obvious advantage of cancelled the clutch pedal, thus improve the driving comfort, whether in the city the frequent change of traffic environment, or in the ramp, its advantages are started is quite clear. Meanwhile, in order to reduce the transmission low noise and vibration, CMC is likely to clutch real-time control of sliding, all these can improve automobile driving safety. Although the automatic transmission can also play the same role in price, but the CMC, fuel efficiency, engine braking and rapid response, etc but again the obvious advantage. In addition, it has no peristalsis phenomenon, and can make control shift timing. Drivers On the other hand, for car itself, because the CMC reduced because the actual driving quite frequent false operation produces drivetrain stress, therefore, can reduce the transmission and its transmission parts design dimensions, in general driving conditions, electronic control ensures the accuracy and speed than artificially operation circumstance clutch of wear small, long service life.CMC consists of three parts: namely is used to identify the driver intention and the clutch, the transmission working state of sensors,Clutch actuators and electronic control unit, drivers shift HuanDangGan movements and intention through the release of the accelerator pedal to identify, this requires signal judge strategy and control must be very quick, to avoid the feeling of driver produce shift block, when pilots inadvertently tinkering with the transmission system when rod may not false action. In addition, the CMC through the engine speed, the transmission input shaft speed and throttle position signal to clutch slip for mind control, which can eliminate the car driving common vibration and noise. Such as a limit control to prevent slip in 1 and 2, block small throttle low-speed driving, the car slightly tilted forward, generating about 1Hz very uncomfortable zitterbewegung, through in the clutch of transient torsional direction change quickly, to eliminate the separation clutch in clutch under the condition of incomplete combinations, when pilots alternate relaxation and trample accelerator pedal, because thetransmission torque change to the sharp produced recoiling sickening crash; or depressing Through the precise relative slip between 50 ~ 100rpm control, can eliminate in high-grade, high and low speed conditions when the engine driving torque values in the passenger cabin can smell the low-frequency resonance produced, and when the transmission in 2 ~ 3 block,engine speed 12 ~ 2500rpm and high load, the transmission possible beats noise; Through the separation clutch, convenient when the elimination of the idle will clutch and neutral transmission combine, engine torque peak in the transmission of idle speed noise produced. The key is to prevent vibration noise sensitivity and accuracy, this system requirements system has high control ability, rely on modern computer and hydraulic control technology has been possible this some.[]186, closingBy adopting a new design concept, can make clutch axial dimensions is much shorter, platen diameter increases, power transmission more reliable, clutch capacity increases, separation bearing load is reduced, torsion vibration reduction improve, processing manufacturing easier, lower cost, service life can be extended 50% and than before can be expected, along with the automatic control technology mature gradually perfect, clutch control mode will also continue to rapid development.附 录录 2汽车离合器技术的新发展摘要：近年来汽车设计和制造技术的进步有目共睹。