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英美文学期末论文论文题目：The theory of the exquisite design of color in“The great Gatsby”年级专业：姓名：学号：任课老师：年月The theory of the exquisite design of color in“The great Gatsby”Abstract“The great Gatsby” is regarded as the masterpiece of the famous Fitzgerald,which is regarded as “one of the greatest novels in the 20th century”. When you are reading the “The great Gatsby”, do you have noticed a disti nction of it ,the utilization of various colors,and every color in the novel has its own profound meaning.In this paper,we will appreciate four colors of “The great Gatsby” together. Key words:The great Gatsby Fitzgerald Color Metaphor“The great Gatsby” is regarded as the masterpiece of the famous Fitzgerald,which is regarded as “one of the greatest novels in the 20th century”,and it is also the most favorite novel of Haruki Murakami ,the famous contemporary Japanese novelist. Its fancinnating plots, picturesque descriptions and profound expose, which all embody Fitzgerald’s transcendental talent, can not content the whole execellence of this great novel——the novel’s splendidness is much more than that.When you are reading the “The great Gatsby”, I do n’t know whether you have noticed a distinction of it ,the utilization of various colors, and the interleaving of colors reveals the leitmotiv of the novel, that the huge gap of the ideal and reality would break the vacuous American dream. In this paper, w e will analyze “The great Gatsby” from the point of view of colors and choose 4 commonly used colors of the it, which include green, white, yellow and blue, to understand the role of colors in this novel.GreenGreen is the color of the vegetation in the natural, which can remind people of the growth of the grass and trees, and it has the meaning of health, energy, hope and ter , the growth of the vegetation is used to describe the growth of people themselves, and green started to be describe the specially youthful spirit of the youngest, however at the same time ,green also has the metaphor meaning of immatureness, naivete, and inexperience. In the novel, the main incarnate of green is the green light ,which is as a symple of the pursuit of Gatsby, and green is dominant tone of Gatsby’s whole life, which implies the immature procession of the protagonist of setting the goal,pursiting the dream and his dream’s disillusionment .The first apparence of green is in Gatsby’s seventeen years old, and at tha t timeGatsby is working in the fields wearing a green sweatshirt,who is energetic , vibrant as well as with a better vision for the future and convinced the motto that "pay a return".Therefore during this period green foreshadows Gatsby’s confidence for t he future life.The other important incarnate of green is the green light in Daisy’s villa, which appeared 3 times in novel.The first is at the end of the chapter 1, when Nick arrives in West Egg merely, unfamiliar with the surroundings.One night, Nick goes out of his room, sees his neighbor gazing into the distance at the seaside,”......he streched out his arms towards the dark water in a curious ,and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involutarily I glanced seaward ——and distingguished nothing expect a single green light ,minite and far away ,that might have been the end of a dock......”, the green light is the right light in the Daisy’s villa.Here green refers to Gatsby’s pursuit and dream,to retrieve Daisy’s love, to live a luxury living. Meanwhile, green hints the dream of Gatsby is naive and unreal, and he even haven’t thought of whether Daisy treasure his love as himself, indeed in Daisy’s heart nothing is important than her splendor, which reflects the tragedy of Gatsby.The second of appearance the green light is in the chapter 5, Gatsby met Daisy in his villa finally with the help of Nick, and after showing his wealth and achievement, Gatsby says to Daisy “If there is no fog, we can see the green light in your villa.” Here the green light disappears, which hints the failure of Gatsby in the end that al his efforts were in vain.And the third appearance of the green light is at the end of novel, where Daisy killed Tom's mistress,and Gatsby became Daisy’s scapegoat and is murder red by Wilson.After Gatsby’s death, Nick once said “Gatsby believed in the green light ,the orgastic future that year by year reedes before us ,It eludes us then ,but that no matter—tomorow we will run faster ,stretch our arms farther...... ”.The believer of green light Gatsby dead, and the dream of Gatsby disillusioned. Nevertheless, the beginning of his dream is wrong, and here the green light is an irony of the values that “the gospel of mammon”.WhiteAs green is the color of Gatsby , white is the color of Daisy. In Western culture,white has the meaning of holiness, naive, fragrant and elegant.And in the novel, Fitzgerald used white to describe Daisy many times.At the beginning of novel , the authors writes the villa of Tom and Daisy was white,what’s more ,the curtains of theirs is white as well “......A breeze blew through the room ,blew curtains in at one end and out at the other like pale flags......”.When Nick first meet Daisy , she wears a white dress talking with Jordan, and when Daisy goes to meet Gatsby at the first time, she ride the white car, wears a white dress.In addition, in the chapter 6 Nick has sighed “Daisy is a princess living in a white palace, unattainable”. On the surface, white endues holiness, naive, fragrant and elegant with Daisy,as a matter of fact, Fitzgerald intimates that Daisy is greedy, ruthless and selfish, and her emptiness, wanderer and mercilessness in the spirit level.The white Daisy stimulates Gatsby to fighting for her , even if it will take a lifetime, at the same time ,the white Daisy brings Gatsby to death. Throughout the process of intercourse between Gatsby and Daisy, Daisy always represents the upper class in America, and Gatsby regards Daisy as the exemplification of his dream due to his love for her. When Gatsby have a lot of procession, the attitude of Daisy to Gatsby changed from contempt to attachments.However,when her husband reveals the wretched identity and status of Gatsby in a rude way, when she knows how Gatsby get his procession, and even when Gastby commits her crime of killing Mrs. Wilson and is murderred by Wilson because of her, she never expresses any understanding or sympathy for Gatsby, and she remains silent all the time ,hasn’t said any one word for Gatsby. So far the deam of Gatsby is never beautiful any more, and it becomes pallid, pitiless and powerless,in the white shadow of Daisy, Gatsby's dream is destined to be destroyed.Here white is used to irony the inconstancy among the people in that age. YellowYellow is the color of autumn,which has the meaning of dreariness, miserableness, decay and death, whether in the western or the eastern country.And yellow is also the color of gold, which reflected the uproariousness and vanity of that age.If white reflects the vacuous superficies of the age, then yellow or golden represents the money-oriented essence of it, as the same time , yellow interweave with white which describes the wishy-washy and vacant spirit in that age, which is found on the value of money worship.Just like Daisy, although she wears the dresses,drives the white car, lives in a white palace, her immanency still cannot get rid of money worship.Daisy is likened to “the golden princess” in the white palace, and Fitzgerald also writes in the novel “......the white palace shining golden lights in the sunsets...... ”. Coincidentally ,the apartment where Tom and Motel met and appointed also has a golden window.Here yellow or golden satirizes their fallen soul , addicted to material comforts, without any sense of shame.In that era of vanity, the so-called love is actually a phantom created by money worship, and Gatsby’s Daisy is only a mammonist with a seemingly beautiful and pure semblance. But Gatsby is Dazzled by love and lost with the affection of Daisy.Gatsby is so naive that he think if he is enough rich and has enough money ,he will retrieve Daisy’s love for him, so he show Daisy his money and achievements once and once again to draw Daisy’s appreciation to approach her, meanwhile he is also trying to approach the high class of soi ety. At the party in Gatsby’s villa, the band plays the music of Golden Cocktail, the suckling pig was roasted into golden, the ladies with golden hair, the car is yellow, and Gatsby ties a golden tie, even the flowers in the Gatsby’s garden exude golden f ragrance.The author describe a golden picture of that age, and actually he wants to reflect the desolateness of the world under the control of money worship.Yellow is a warm color ,but in the money-oriented world any warm color can make a warm world, because the relationship among people only depends on the coldmoney.Without dream and pursuit ,the age and the people of it are bound to decadence,and all the phantom created by money worship will be disillusioned.In the novel yellow really leads people to death, that the yellow car of Gatsby killed Motel and finally leads Gatsby to death. At the end of the story there is still a dimly yellow light hanging on the ceiling and Gatsby goes to the swimming pool through a yellow grove fading in a slight yellow.Here yellow reveal the tragedy of the characters,and their desolate ending is also the ending of the American dream and the money worship.However,it is worth pointing out that yellow has another figurative meaning that returning to the basics.Yellow is the color of the earth and the color of the train linking to hometown, and apart from describing the superficiality, the neon glamour and the cheap prettiness of life, it also provide another chioce to people, to be addicted to emptiness and vanity or to return to their own original nature.Here yellow is not a sharp irony but a rebirth opportunity.BlueThe last important color of “The great Gatsby” is blue,which is the color of dream.If yellow braids a huge golden cage hanging over the world, then blue gives the world ideal and belief.Blue is the color of ocean and shy, so it has the meaning of peaceful and broad,which is in stark contrast to yellow.Actually, in the novel there is really a lot of comparisions between yellow and blue.Wilson has the blue and deje cted eyes” ...When he saw us a damp gleam of hope sprang into his light blue eyes...” but he is trapped in ” a small block of yellow brick sitting on the edge of the waste land” ; “...the eye of Doctor T.J Eckleburg are blue and gigantic...” ; when they arrives at the magnificent apartment of Tom and Motel’s , Nick says that “...the late afternoon sky bloomed in the window for a moment like the blue honey of the Mediterranean—then the shrill voice of Mrs. McKee called me back into the room...”; and “...In h is blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars...”.In the novel, where there is full of gold and hullabaloo and where there is must be a little bit of blue. Fitzgerald may be attempted to use the blue to bring us some tranquility and comfort,to give us the peaceful belief.However there are too many golden cages to achieve our blue hope, and the blue brings the novel a gloomy atmosphere.At the end of the novel, Gatsby is murderred in his swimming with his broken dream, Wilson shoots himself, and Daisy and Tom escaped into their money world, which lets Nick down and he decides to return his hometown in the west. Even when Gatsby is murderred, “the shadow of a tree fell abruptly across the d ew and ghostly birds began to sing among the blue.” On the one hand, the blue is the hope of Gatsby. On the other hand , the blue symbolises the tragedy of Gatsby that he couldn’t received a phone call from Daisy.What’s more,in the western culture, blue is also the symbal of “blue blood”.All the shirts of Gatsby in his wardrobe are embroidered with blue letters of “Gatsby”,which excatly expresses his dream of squeezing into the upper class.And inthe chapter 7 of the novel, Gatsby drives the blue car to the town,but still drives his yellow car back to the West Egg.In that time, money is superior than anything,and the society is rigidly stratified so as that Gatsby won’t be regarded as the high class.There is no place for Gatsby in that society and he is disorientated by the confused values.The so-called high class are a group of numb, cold and selfish people.Daisy and Tom finally destroys Gatsby without any guilty and they escapes into their money world continuing their numb life. The blue eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are compared to the eyes of god, which ridicule the indifferene of world.So when the blue smoke of brittle leaves is in the air and the wind blew the wet laundry stiff on the line Nick decids to come back home.The blue somke is the broken dream of Gatsby as well as the new belief of the world, and only remove the cages of the decay can the new belief get freedom, which tries to warn people giving up the wrong values and pursuit the right dream, or everything will destroy.ConclusionFitzgerald painted a colorful picture with green, white,yellow and blue.Through the color we can understand the attitude and the emotion of the author in the novel, and discern the sophisticated conception and the original design of the author, and the colors help u s know about the protagonists more deeply. Fitzgerald is worthy of “the greatest writers of the 21st century”, even every plot, every discription and every color in his novel are all well-designed and chosen cautiously.As the most mignificent masterprise of Fitzgerald, The great gatsby will shining in our memory forever.。
为你推荐以下两本国外有关色彩的书籍：
- 《颜色的故事》：从颜色（物质、材料）的角度串讲艺术史的专著。
该书以240件艺术作品为例，讲述了10种单独的颜色或颜色组合的艺术故事。
它探索了每种颜色在艺术中的历史和意义，并对特定颜色背后的科学和色彩理论进行了通俗易懂的解释。
- 《论颜色》：著名哲学家路德维希·维特根斯坦在人生最后15个月里做的关于颜色的笔记。
他尝试了颜色探讨的第三条道路，即“现象学-语言哲学的颜色论”。
这种颜色探讨是开放的和自由的，它力图超越科学还原论，也想与文艺的和神秘的色彩言说保持距离，而首先是要唤醒一种敏感的颜色感觉力。
19世纪美国作家域外游记研究考察《域外游记》是19世纪美国作家马克·吐温的一部重要作品，于1869年出版。
该书是一部短篇小说集，共收录了六个独立的故事，主题各异但又相互联系，通过对各种社会问题和人性的探讨，展现了吐温深刻的思想和洞察力。
《域外游记》第一个故事叫做《颜色盲纪寻风气考察记》，主要描述了一位美国官员因为“不会辨认颜色”而在外交场合遭遇尴尬的故事。
这个故事通过对颜色归类的幽默描述和对社会对颜色歧视认识的批判，揭示了社会上的偏见和刻板印象，让人们反思种族歧视的问题。
接下来的故事《里尔法律官记寻伟大事件》讲述了一个青年律师在波多黎各发生的一起谋杀案中的经历。
通过对法庭诉讼的描写和对法律与道德的关系的思考，吐温对美国法律制度进行了犀利的批判，揭示了权力和正义之间的冲突。
第三个故事《星际比尔当众披彩虹，情绪控制法令详记寻星座线索》讲述了一位自称“情绪控制者”的人，在杰克逊战争中给美军提供情报的故事。
通过对情绪控制者的描述和杰克逊战争的夸张描写，吐温探讨了战争、政治和媒体之间的关系，让人们对权力的运作有着新的认识。
接下来的故事《忧郁岛基督会堂招标报价计划书爆料记》讲述了一个男子在一座荒岛上发现了一个神秘的基督会堂，并揭示了其中的秘密。
通过对宗教与人性的探讨，吐温对信仰的虚伪和虚假进行了犀利的讽刺。
第五个故事《沼泽炸弹手记侦寻被绰号洪水炸弹手的罪犯记》讲述了一位男子在沼泽地发现了一个被称为“洪水炸弹手”的罪犯，并试图将其绳之以法的故事。
通过对正义与复仇的思考，吐温对人性的阴暗面进行了深入的探讨。
最后一个故事《雷瓦诉葛洛利亚煤矿夸大求援诀别演讲事件》讲述了一场矿难中幸存者的求援演讲，揭示了社会上的虚伪和自私。
通过对人性的探究和对社会问题的揭露，吐温呼吁人们关注和改变社会现象。
《域外游记》是一部充满幽默、讽刺和剖析精神的作品，通过对多个社会问题的揭示，描绘了19世纪美国社会的种种弊端和局限。
这些故事不仅在当时引起了巨大的反响，而且对后世的文学创作和社会思考产生了深远的影响。
不同“颜色”的书
李欣
【期刊名称】《中学生英语：初中版》
【年(卷),期】2003(000)022
【摘要】White Book:白皮书(指某些国家政府公开发表的有关政治、外交、财政等重大的问题的文件,封面为白色。
)
【总页数】2页(P)
【作者】李欣
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G63
【相关文献】
1.相同的颜色，不同的内涵——英汉常用颜色词内涵意义对比 [J], 肖凡
2.漂白后牙本质颜色改变对牙齿体部与颈部颜色变化不同的影响研究 [J], 齐晓宇;杨德圣;王晓暄;吴理晖;张辉;安英杰
3.风檐展书读,古道照颜色──中国古代神话传说与关于它的一本书 [J], 周舟
4.浅谈不同颜色模型在烟叶颜色数字化中的运用 [J], 李波;张仲文;章程;钟永健;葛川;龚涛;王鹏
5.不同眼中的不同颜色——汉英颜色词联想意义的对比分析 [J], 张笑难
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哈佛大学的“颜色图书馆”作者：夏馨悦来源：《人生与伴侣·综合版》2021年第04期我们生活的世界色彩缤纷，颜色早已融入人们的生活。
人们为了获得颜色想尽各种稀奇古怪的方法，有时，还需要跋山涉水，历经艰险。
然而，随着物种的灭绝，一些天然获取的颜色可能永远消失了。
在哈佛大学的福格艺术博物馆里，有一座特别的“颜色图书馆”，里面珍藏着2500多种珍稀颜料。
这些颜料最早是由博物馆第二任馆长爱德华·福布斯搜集的。
其实，福布斯着手做这样一个“颜色图书馆”时，目的很单纯，就是研究和收集颜料来保护画作与文物，使失传的颜料得以继承和保存。
有些艺术作品特别容易被时间侵蚀而导致色彩全无，他开始疯狂地四处收集颜料的样本，然后将它们分门别类地装进博物馆里的瓶瓶罐罐。
福布斯喜欢购买艺术品，他发现，了解艺术家创作艺术品的颜料及制作颜料的原始材料，可以成为分辨艺术品真伪的一种方式。
于是，他开始搜集各种颜料，作为鉴别艺术品真伪的标准，他也因此被认为是“美国艺术资源保护之父”。
博物馆中收藏的颜色，每一种的来源、制作和使用方法都有着自己的故事。
在17世纪到19世纪，人们会去埃及买来木乃伊，然后将木乃伊碾碎研磨成木乃伊棕，画家发现这个颜色非常适合用来画肤色，很快，木乃伊就变得稀缺了。
到了1964年，由于木乃伊的数量急剧减少，货真价实的木乃伊棕逐渐从市面上消失。
不得不说，这个颜色真的挺诡异。
在希腊神话中，赫拉克勒斯的狗吃了海滩上的软体动物，回来时鼻子变成了亮紫色，这是因为食肉海螺的乳脂状液体产生了泰尔紫。
1.2万只食肉海螺才能制造出1.4克的颜料，这使得紫色成为一种非常昂贵的材料。
拜占庭皇帝禁止宫廷之外的任何人使用这种染料。
然而，一位化学家用包括煤和焦油在内的更便宜的材料制造出了紫红色颜料时，一切都改变了。
高贵的泰尔紫就这样被一种不那么高贵的颜料所取代。
印度黄的色泽澄清而偏红，深受许多画家的喜爱。
因为这种颜色透明度高，非常适合绘制呈现在阳光下的美好事物。
颜色词翻译的国内外研究
国内外有许多研究关于颜色词的翻译，以下是一些相关研究的概述：
1. 语义等价性研究：这些研究主要探讨不同语言中的颜色词是否具有相似的语义含义。
通过比较不同语言中的颜色分类系统和词汇使用，研究人员可以确定不同语言中颜色词之间的相似性和差异性。
2. 基于心理学的研究：这些研究主要探讨人们对颜色的感知和认知差异。
研究表明，不同语言中的颜色词可以影响人们对颜色的感知和认知方式，从而导致不同的翻译结果。
3. 文化因素的研究：这些研究主要探讨颜色在不同文化中的象征意义和使用。
研究人员发现，颜色词的翻译可能会受到文化因素的影响，因为不同文化对于颜色的理解和使用方式有所不同。
4. 翻译策略的研究：这些研究主要探讨不同翻译策略在颜色词翻译中的应用。
例如，一些研究比较直译和意译在不同语言中的应用效果，以确定最佳的翻译策略。
5. 计算机翻译的研究：这些研究主要探讨基于计算机的自动翻译系统在颜色词翻译中的应用。
研究人员致力于开发基于机器学习和自然语言处理技术的翻译系统，以提高颜色词翻译的准确性和效率。
总之，颜色词翻译的研究涉及各个领域，从语言学到心理学，从文化研究到计算机科学，旨在提高颜色词翻译的质量和准确性。
颜色词的发展演变规律文献综述颜色词的发展演变文献综述2011级对外汉语学号：201105121068王海湾摘要：颜色词是人类的色彩感知用自然语言表达和固定下来的结果，一直以来，人们对颜色词的研究充满浓厚的兴趣。
古今中外，人类学家语言学家等对人的色彩感知和颜色词进行了多方位多角度的研究。
目前，关于颜色研究方向很多，涉及很多方面。
现将近日查阅的各类研究性论文和学术期刊稍作梳理，给大家提供参考。
关键词：汉语颜色词文化国内外都不乏对于颜色词的探讨,最具影响力的当数美国民族学家Berlin 和Kay, 他们曾在1969年发表《基本色彩词语: 普遍性与进化论研究》, 在这部巨著中就近百种语言中的基本颜色词进行了深入有趣的研究。
国内也有不少语言学家对颜色词进行了越来越深入的研究, 如伍铁平先生“论颜色词及其模糊性质”(伍铁平, 1986)对颜色词的模糊语义展开了研究; 张旺熹“色彩词联想初论”(张旺熹, 1988)就颜色词的联想义进行了研究, 较为全面地揭示出颜色词意义复杂性的深层原因。
骆峰《汉语色彩词的文化审视》（上海辞书出版社，2004年1月第一版），周一农《词汇的文汇内涵》等书都对部分颜色词进行了研究。
章银泉《色彩描写词典》(银川人民出版社，1988)就收有古今汉语颜色词1200个。
尹泳龙《中国颜色名称》(地质出版社，1997)共搜集古今流传的颜色名称2500个，同色异名归并后为1867个。
颜色词在语言中应用相当广泛，它内涵丰富，色彩鲜明，使众多的研究者对其产生了浓厚的兴趣。
随着人类社会经验的不断丰富, 对于颜色词认知和使用也随着发生着变化, 对英汉颜色词的更加深入的研究无疑是发展的需要, 也有利于增进彼此合作与交流。
按照研究对象的大的范围，可以将研究方向大致分为两个方面，分别是汉语颜色词的研究和英汉颜色词的对比研究。
一方面是对汉语颜色词进行研究。
主要从颜色词的发展、语义和文化内涵角度分析，相关论文如：《说文糸部颜色词同源发展认知分析》《释白》《颜色字白及其文化阐释》《语素白的结合能力分析》《说文解字颜色词探究》《色彩文化地理透视》《颜色的文化内涵》《色彩词的文化内涵》《现代汉语基本颜色词的超常组合》《汉语色彩词衍生法之探究》《论黑色词》《绿的文化内涵及构词》《色彩词及其分类》等等。
颜色词翻译的国内外研究(一)颜色词翻译的国内外研究引言•颜色词的翻译是跨文化交流中非常重要的一部分。
不同语言对于颜色的描述和词汇可能存在差异，因此研究颜色词的翻译是理解和解决语言交流障碍的关键。
国内研究进展•国内学者对于颜色词翻译进行了广泛的研究，主要包括以下方面：–颜色词的文化意义：研究不同文化对颜色的感知和词汇表达的差异。
–颜色词的翻译策略：探索针对不同语言的颜色词翻译的有效策略和方法。
–颜色词的语义分析：通过语义分析和语料库研究，深入理解颜色词在不同语言中的含义和用法。
国外研究进展•国外学者也对颜色词翻译进行了深入研究，取得了一些重要的成果，主要包括以下方面：–跨文化翻译研究：探索不同文化背景下颜色词的翻译问题。
–颜色词的心理学研究：研究颜色对于人类心理和情感的影响，从而深入理解颜色词的翻译问题。
–计算机翻译的应用：利用机器学习和自然语言处理技术，开展颜色词翻译的自动化研究。
研究方法和技术•在研究颜色词翻译时，学者们采用了多种方法和技术，包括：–实证研究：通过调查问卷、实验等方法，收集大量的数据进行研究分析。
–语料库研究：利用大规模语料库进行数据分析和对比研究。
–计算机辅助翻译：利用计算机技术和机器学习算法，提高颜色词翻译的准确性和效率。
研究成果和启示•国内外学者在颜色词翻译的研究中取得了一些重要的成果，这些成果为跨文化交流和翻译提供了一定的指导和启示，具体包括：–发现了不同语言中颜色词的翻译差异和特点，从而帮助我们理解和解决语言交流中的障碍。
–提出了一些翻译策略和方法，为颜色词翻译的准确性和效率提供了一定的理论和实践支持。
–颜色词翻译的研究为计算机辅助翻译和机器翻译技术的发展提供了一定的基础和应用场景。
结论•颜色词翻译的国内外研究已经取得了一定的进展和成果，但仍然存在一些问题和挑战。
未来的研究可以进一步探索颜色词翻译的语言学和文化学特点，加强计算机辅助翻译技术在颜色词翻译中的应用，为跨文化交流和翻译提供更好的支持和指导。
Local Colorism地方色彩文学General Introduction(1) DefinitionThe detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region(2) OriginsA. Social Background: different culture in different places (no overwhelming mainstream culture)B. frontier humors since early 19th centuryC. good pay from magazines（3）RepresentativesMark Twain (mainly wrote about areas along the Mississippi)(4) InfluenceLiterature about American South –William Faulkner as a representative“Wessex Novels” written by Thomas HardyMark Twain (1835-1910)Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910.an American author,a humorist, narrator, and social observer.Twain is unsurpassed in American literatureA. He lived in a town named Hannibal along the Mississippi when he was a child. His life experience in the town was used in his famous novels.B. His father died when he was 12 and then he left school.C. He lived on all kinds of odd jobs and then went to the West. He worked as a reporter there and wrote lots of frontier humors.D. After marriage he moved to New England and then gradually became a famous writer.E. His late life was a tragedy. (failure of investment, death of his wife and two daughters)Mark Twain and The Mississippi RiverHalf twain! Quarter twain! M-a-r-k twain!”“two fathom’s depth of navigable water”.For most people, the name "Mark Twain" is virtually synonymous with the life along the Mississippi River immortalized in the author's writing. Clemens first signed his writing with the name in February 1863, as a newspaper reporter in Nevada.masterpiecesThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huck Finn …There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since."The novel is filled with rich descriptions of the river and the colorful people who lived along it. He also employed humor to involve his readers in issues of justice and morality.The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnSetting: around 1850s, before the Civil War; a small town near the MississippiInspired by many of the author's own experiences as a riverboat pilot, the book tells of two runaways—a white boy and a black man—and their journey down the mighty Mississippi River. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is regarded by many as the greatest literary achievement America has yet produced. When the book first appeared, it scandalized reviewers and parentswho thought it would corrupt young children with its depiction of a hero who lies, steals, and uses coarse languageIn the last half of the twentieth century, the condemnation of the book has continued on the grounds that its portrayal of Jim and use of the word "nigger" is racist. The novel continues to appear on lists of books banned in schools across the country.Social CriticMark Twain is an idealist who believed freedom, justice and brotherhood of man. He wrote lots of passages criticizing the racial discrimination towards Chinese in America and he also wrote a passage condemning the unfair invasion of China in 1900.Mark Twain's contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style which we shall discuss in detail in connection with The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. "I took the sack of corn meal and took it to where the canoe was hid, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon; then the whisky-jug. I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I took the bucket and gourd; took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old saw and two blankets, and the skillet and the coffee-pot. I took fish lines and matches and other things everything that was worth a cent.I cleaned out the place. I wanted an ax, but there wasn't any, only the one out at the woodpile, and I knowed why I was going to leave that. I fetched out the gun, and now I was done."Features of the language used in the novel: mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin, short, concrete and direct in effect; sentence structure is mostly simple or compound; repetition of words; ungrammatical elementsWhy Mark Twain chose to use the colloquial style? (A: To show the actual speech habit of an uneducated boy from the American South of the mid-nineteenth century)Mark Twain made the colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of America.Great influence of Twain’s colloquial style: Ernest Hemingway’s style; J. D. Salinger’s style in Catcher in the Ryepseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemenswriter and humorist-- born in Florida-- apprenticed to a printer-- a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi-- went to the silver fields of Nevada-- joined the staff of Territorial Enterprise-- began his career as a frontier humoristThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子出国记》Roughing It (1872) 《艰难岁月》The Gilded Age (with Charles Dudley waenner, 1873) 《镀金时代》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)《汤姆·索耶历险记》The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 《王子与贫民》Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上的生活》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》The Tragedy of Pudd’n head Wilson (1894) 《傻瓜威尔逊A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) 《亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国佬》The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》What Is Man? (1906) 《人是什么》The Mysterious Stranger (1916) 《神秘的陌生人》Following the Equator (1897) 《赤道旅行记》Three Stages of His Thought and WorksThe first one is active, lively.The second one is full of acid and satirical sense.The third one is pessimistic and cynic.Characterist ics of Mark Twain’s works:His works sum up the tradition of Western humor and frontier realism.He writes about his people and his own life.His greatest achievement on literature is his use of the dialect and his portrayal of the locale.He often described persons who were innocent, simple, naive, and ignorant as his heroes or heroines.He used the artistic style of hyperbole on the basis of the western traditional humor and made his writing full of allegories that lay behind the humor.Literature is an art of language. Mark Twain’s language is artistic and like a sharp weapon without doubt. Mark Twain is famous for his humor and satire.Mark Twain’s humor is based on the humor of the Western in America.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Countya comic frontier/western tale, together with many tall tales, which Mark Twain heard inthe western mining camps in 1861.theme: competition between the pioneers, selfishness and mercilessness of capitalism colloquial style: in the general standard speech of the uneducatedThis tale highlighted various aspects of late nineteenth-century American society and culture through the retelling of a tall tale.It quickly became a principal vehicle for spreading Twain's growing West Coast reputation to the eastern states.Wild humorist of the Pacific SlopeTwain began to gain fame when this story, appeared in the New York Saturday Press California red-legged frogThe frog of the title, named Daniel Webster, is believed to be a California red-legged frog.The letter-writing structure initially used in this tale was popular at that time and also contributed to the story’s success.This tale already was an established piece of American folklore that Twain modified and enhanced .Early versions of the tale focused on a jumping grasshopperTwain added to the popularity of his Jumping Frog by reciting it at lectures and performances he gave across the United StatesPlot summaryA cultured Easterner relates his recent visit to a talkative old man at a western mining camp. Rather than providing information that the Easterner is looking for, the old man keeps him waiting while he spins a tale about a betting man and his pet frogJim Smiley was addicted to gambling. He bet on anything from the death of Parson Walker's wife to fights between his bulldog pup, Andrew Jackson, and other dogsOne day a stranger to the town agreed to bet on a frog jumping higher than Jim's frog, Daniel Webster. When Jim wasn't looking the stranger poured a quail shot into Daniel Webster's mouth making it impossible for him to jump at all. The stranger won the $40 bet and escaped before Jim realized the con.The catalog of Jim Smiley's gambling adventures included:the proposed bet with Parson Walker about his wife's health;the glorious career of the extraordinarily trained "fifteen-minute nag," ;the story of the resourceful but eventually tragic bull-pup Andrew Jackson;the jumping frog incident itself;the story of the "yaller one-eyed cow," which manages to be funny without even being told.BackgroundGold RushCalifornia was a world of men, isolated, homesick, and eager for entertainment.Gambling was one of the easiest and most popular ways to amuse themselves. The East and its inhabitants had a reputation for being civilized, cultured, and advanced. The West, on the other hand, was still being settled and was considered to be populated by a less-educated and less-refined group of people. By extension, Westerners were thought by Easterners to be naive and easily duped.The role of languageHisself=himselfFoller=followJest=justYaller=yellowAry=anyBannanner=bananaSorter kinder=sort of kind ofH’m=himSo’s=so long asKep=keptPeared=appearedOne-two-three-git=one-two-three-getInformal language vs. formal language:To highlight the un- or educational background of the charactersTo portray the characters and establish their identitiesTo help create a realistic picture of how the characters speakTo make the narration more vividTo reflect the difference and cultural clash between the east and the westThe narrative patternA actually tightly structured story seems entirely artlessDifferent layers of structure1.2.3.4. Smiley’s story Wheeler’s story My storyReversal突转“剧情在其发展过程中，依循可然律或必然律的逻辑而产生的，由顺境到逆境或由逆境到顺境的突然变化或重大转折。
2021年苏州市第一高级中学高三语文期中试卷及参考答案一、现代文阅读（36分）(一)现代文阅读I(9分)阅读下面的文字，完成各题。
锻造英雄于心亮①村前有座山名金山。
我问爹，山为什么叫金山?爹说:传说山里有金子。
我看着满山光秃秃的石头，问金子在哪儿?爹微笑着说:世上有许多东西,不能看外表,要看内里……我将一块石头扔向远方,心想,山里要是真有金子就好了,我们就不会受穷了。
②随着几声炮响,把沉寂的大山给惊动了。
爹高兴地跑回家说:太好了,山里真的有金子啊!我也很高兴,跳着高儿喊:爹,赶紧去挖吧,咱们要发财了!我爹兴奋的脸上都要开花儿了，他说:嗯，我要去挖金子,等有钱了,我要带你满世界去转转!③我爹当上了矿工,去挖金子,一起去的,有红星的爹、满囤的爹、国柱的爹……他们坐上矿车，“轰隆隆”开进大山里去了。
我们想象着爹能挖到金子，浑身都金灿灿的。
④从爹进入大山里，我们就觉得这一天好漫长，等啊等啊,一直等到太阳快落山了,终于见到爹从矿山里出来了。
我们飞跑向爹,大声喊着:爹、爹,挖到金子了吗?⑤爹开心地抱着我，说:挖到啦,挖到啦!我说在哪儿,我瞧瞧!爹笑着说:挖到要送给国家啊，哪能自己留着呢?我沮丧极了:那还挖什么劲呢?爹就拍一下我的脑袋:傻小子!⑥就这样,爹每天都去挖金子。
可金子到底什么样儿，我从来也没见过。
⑦我问红星,问满囤，问国柱……他们也都没见过什么是金子。
⑧但我们每天都看着爹从家里出门,然后迎着太阳坐上矿车，“轰隆隆”地开进矿山里去。
然后到太阳快要落山的时候,爹再“轰隆隆”地从矿山里出来……我们喊:爹,你回来啦!⑨可是有一天，我爹是被红星的爹、满囤的爹、国柱的爹从矿山里抬出来的。
我飞跑过去喊:爹、爹,你挖到金子了吗?爹浑身是血,他紧抱着我说:儿啊,你就是爹的金子!⑩爹的腿断了,是被矿井掉落的石头砸断的。
爹把红星的爹、满囤的爹、国柱的爹使劲推开,他的腿就断了。
断了腿的爹成了英雄,成了英雄的爹就再不用下矿井了……（11）爹成了看管员,矿料一车又一车运来,他都在本子上记着。
从文化视角透视藏英颜色词“白黑”的内涵【摘要】藏英语言中的色彩词是一种独特的文化现象，在这“白黑”这两个色彩词更是具有特殊的内涵。
白色在文化中往往象征着纯洁、神圣和清洁，而黑色则通常代表着神秘、负面和肮脏。
在藏英文化中，白色被赋予了特殊的象征意义，常用于善良、神圣和干净之类的正面描述；而黑色则常常暗示着负面或隐秘的含义，如死亡、黑暗和不洁净。
在藏英文化中，白黑合一也可以表示着完美的平衡和和谐的统一。
通过对这些色彩词的文化视角解读，可以更深入地了解到藏英文化中对颜色象征意义的重视和特殊内涵，从而启示我们在跨文化交流中更加注重文化差异的理解和尊重。
【关键词】藏英颜色词，白黑，文化视角，内涵，象征意义，特殊含义，结论，启示1. 引言1.1 研究背景藏英文化是一个丰富多彩、充满神秘色彩的文化体系，而色彩作为文化的重要元素之一，对于藏英文化的理解和传承起着至关重要的作用。
在藏英语言中，色彩词汇丰富多样，其中“白”和“黑”作为两种极端色彩，在文化中承载着丰富的象征意义和特殊含义。
研究从文化视角透视藏英颜色词“白黑”的内涵，不仅可以深入探讨藏英文化背后的深层文化内涵，还可以揭示不同文化对于色彩的认知和理解的差异。
本文旨在通过对藏英文化中“白”和“黑”这两种颜色词的深入研究，探讨其在文化中的象征意义和特殊含义，从而揭示藏英文化中的色彩文化之美，为跨文化交流提供新的视角和启示。
2. 正文2.1 藏英语言中的色彩词藏英语中的色彩词在文化中扮演着重要的角色，反映了藏族人民对世界的认知和情感体验。
在藏英语中，色彩词的表达方式丰富多样，包括单一颜色词和组合的色彩词。
单一颜色词主要有“དདད”（绿色）、“དདད”（红色）、“དདད”（黄色）等。
而组合的色彩词则更富有诗意，如“དདདད”（蓝天）、“དད”（红火）、“དདད”（红颜）等。
色彩词在藏英语中不仅仅是对色彩的描述，更多的是寓意和象征。
比如“དདད”（绿色）代表生命力和希望，“དདད”（红色）象征热情和勇气，“དདད”（黄色）则代表智慧和神圣。
英汉基本颜色词文化内涵的对比研究——“Black”与“黑”
的个案研究
田媛;迟光明
【期刊名称】《内蒙古农业大学学报：社会科学版》
【年(卷),期】2008(10)4
【摘要】语言,作为文化的一个载体,在受到文化影响的同时又注定会反映和传达出特定的文化内涵。
基本颜色词在这一点上体现得淋漓尽致。
作为文化负载词家族中的重要一员,基本颜色词反映着社会习俗、宗教、价值体系等众多文化因素的不同。
本文尝试以英语中的"Black"和汉语中的"黑"这一组基本颜色词为例,对英汉基本颜
色词的文化内涵进行简要的对比研究。
【总页数】2页(P251-252)
【关键词】基本颜色词;文化内涵;跨文化交际;差异
【作者】田媛;迟光明
【作者单位】内蒙古大学外国语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H085.3
【相关文献】
1.英汉颜色词文化内涵对比之初探r——以红、白、黑为例 [J], 田春霞
2.英汉基本颜色词“黑”“白”的文化内涵及其翻译策略 [J], 付建文
3.英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究 [J], 郭宇昕
4.英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究 [J], 倪佳静
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莫使学术惹尘埃作者：来源：《作文通讯·高中版》2020年第09期诚如斯言：“白袍点墨，终不可湔。
”做学问者，本该“穿着”淡泊名利的学术“白袍”，潜心于学术研究。
但总有人为名利所动，失去心中的坚守，让身上的白袍沾染上无法洗掉的墨点。
等他们想要离开时，却发现难以自拔，失去了本该有的“学术精神”。
做学问者，应秉持着“莫使学术惹尘埃”的信念，远离名利场的诱惑，不让学术的“白袍”沾染上名利的“墨水”，丢失了淡泊名利的学术精神。
但反观当下，又有多少人能做到呢？君不见“文化超女”于丹，大肆出书宣扬自己对《庄子》《论语》的解读，然金玉其外，败絮其中，其中的内容不过是低劣的“心灵鸡汤”。
于丹的学术“白袍”上早已沾满名利的“墨水”，她本人也最终被北大学生轰下了讲台。
做学问者若是垂涎名利，自甘让学术的“白袍”沾染上名利之墨，他们或许会得意一时，但终究会被“打回原形”。
因为总会有明眼人，看穿他们的为人，揭开他们汲汲于名利的真面目。
只有那些真正坚守着“莫使学术惹尘埃”的信念之人，坚守着淡泊名利的精神耕耘于学术之人，才会被世人景仰、称赞。
学贯中西的钱锺书先生，他们一家三口一生淡泊名利，避开了外界的车马喧嚣，在内心修篱种菊，因此他们一家的名声响彻学术界。
人们惊叹于一家三口皆为学术大家的传奇时，也把他们淡泊名利的“白袍精神”印在了心底。
做学问者要保持淡泊名利的“学术白袍”一尘不染，内心必须足够沉稳强大，即使外界天翻地覆，物欲横流，仍能如唐僧取经般初心不改，不断前行。
莫言先生荣获诺贝尔文学奖以来，国人为之欢呼雀跃，各种采访纷至沓来，但莫言先生从不在意这些喧嚣，他在发表了一则简短声明之后就继续潜心创作，丝毫不为名利所动。
尼采有言：“人的欲望如同高山滚石一般，一旦开始，就再也停不下来了。
”做学问者，必须披上淡泊名利的“学术白袍”，不被名利的“墨水”沾染，初心不改，才能走得更远，成就大学问。
名师点评本文亮點有二：一是据题竖旗，作者从文题出发，提炼出了“淡泊名利，一心向学”的学术精神，这就有效地增强了立论的贴合性和精准度；二是析例定策，“强大内心，抵御诱惑”的对策并不是作者头脑风暴迸发出来的，而是在对文学巨匠钱锺书丰碑永树与“文化超女”于丹被轰下台的对比分析中生发出来的，这就有效地增强了对策的可行性和可信度。
俄藏黑水城文献与二十世纪以来的俄罗斯西夏学研究作者：矫慧来源：《卷宗》2015年第06期摘要：1908年，科兹洛夫科考队发现死城哈喇浩特遗址，使被风沙掩埋了几个世纪的西夏王国重见天日。
此后，他先后三次来到黑城遗址，盗掘大量文献文物并运抵圣彼得堡。
大量珍贵文献为俄国西夏学的研究提供了坚实的史料基础，推动了俄国西夏学的产生与迅速发展。
关键词：黑水文献；俄罗斯汉学；西夏学自18世纪俄罗斯汉学形成以来，历经两个世纪的发展，至二十世纪初，俄国汉学已进入成熟稳定发展期。
自1908年科兹洛夫发现黑城遗址至今，俄国西夏学已历经沙俄、苏维埃俄国、苏联、当代俄罗斯四个历史阶段。
见证了十月革命、卫国战争、“冷战”、苏联解体及等一系列重大事件。
西夏学研究作为俄罗斯传统汉学的重要分支，自确立以来，与俄罗斯汉学一道经历着高潮与低谷。
本文梳理了二十世纪以来大时代背景下俄罗斯西夏学发展的兴衰阶段，探究当今俄罗斯汉学，尤其是以西夏学为代表的传统汉学分支发展过程中遇到的问题及前景。
1 黑水城西夏文献与俄藏黑水城文献黑水，古称弱水。
黑水城因弱水而兴，坐落于今天内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟额济纳旗巴丹吉林沙漠沙漠边缘。
19世纪末20世纪初，正值清末政治腐败，国力衰退，列强入侵之际，西方国家纷纷以探险队的名义进入中国，疯狂盗掘文物。
1908年，俄国人科兹洛夫使这座尘封已久的城市苏醒，然而迎来的却是疯狂的掠夺。
经历数次盗掘，珍贵的西夏文献几乎全部遗失海外。
黑水文献与殷墟，敦煌文献是二十世纪中国三大文献发现。
黑水文献绝大部分为极为珍贵的西夏文文献。
由于西夏主体民族党项族在今天并不存在，研究西夏历史传统缺乏专著，研究者只能利用宋史，金史进行研究。
黑水城文献的出土从根本上改变了西夏文献匮乏的状况，具有极大的文化与历史价值。
散落异邦的黑水文献，除了20世纪50年代，苏联以捐赠名义送还21件西夏文献以来，再无归还记录。
1993年上海古籍出版社同俄罗斯有关方面，陆续对俄藏文献进行分类，拍照，整理，在国内出版。
颜色学术：黑城学研究跋涉记——孙继民研究员访谈录□孙继民朱文通编者的话：孙继民研究员多年从事敦煌学研究，成果颇丰，在这一领域已是知名学者。
近年来又开辟新的学术研究领域，将主要精力放在了黑水城文献研究方面。
近期，孙继民研究员就敦煌学、黑水城研究诸问题接受了朱文通研究员的采访。
朱文通（河北省社会科学院历史研究所所长，研究员，以下简称“朱”）：近年有人戏称学术界存在“颜色学术”现象，将《红楼梦》研究的“红学”、敦煌文书研究的“敦煌学”、徽州文书研究的“徽学”和黑水城文献研究的“黑城学”分别称为“红学”“黄（煌）学”“灰（徽）学”和“黑学”。
您多年从事敦煌学研究，并有所成就。
为何近年将主要精力放在了黑水城文献研究方面，由“黄（煌）学”转向了“黑学”？孙继民（河北省社会科学院副院长，研究员，以下简称“孙”）：说来话长。
我在2000年以前的确主要从事敦煌学研究，近十年来才逐渐转到黑水城文献研究方面。
不过说准确一些，这里所说的敦煌学研究，应该是和隋唐史结合起来的敦煌吐鲁番文献研究。
我从事隋唐史和敦煌吐鲁番文书的研究工作是从研究生时代开始的。
当时报考研究生，专业研究方向的表述是“吐鲁番文书整理与研究”，后来导师唐长孺先生觉得这一名称表述不够准确，就改为“隋唐史（吐鲁番文书研究）”。
此后直到毕业，包括学位论文，在涉及到填写专业研究方向一栏时，我们都做如是表述。
这一表述揭示了隋唐史和吐鲁番文书学的关系，既表明学习训练的重点是吐鲁番文书，又表明学习掌握吐鲁番文书学的目的是为了推动、深入隋唐史的研究，二者密切相连。
唐先生为我们讲授的课程和进行的指导就是围绕着这一理念进行的，我们因此受到了隋唐史研究和吐鲁番文书整理研究的双重训练，也在双重训练中逐步体会加深了敦煌吐鲁番文书对隋唐史学术研究的重要意义。
当时我的兴奋点是军事制度，与之相关联，吐鲁番所出军事内容的文书和隋庸的军事制度就成为我关注的重点。
我的硕士学位论文最初设想围绕地方兵做文章，后来因考虑到文书材料太少而作罢。
这时我读了几篇日本学者菊池荧夫先生关于行军制度的文章，受到启发，同时又觉得这一课题还有继续深入的余地，加之文书也有些相关的材料，所以在征得唐先生的同意之后，就以唐代行军制度作为学位论文题目，最后定名为《从吐鲁番所见的唐代前期行军制度》。
由于文书资料、论文题目和学力的限制，我在撰写过程中感到行军制度的许多问题无法涉及，涉及的问题又难以展开，当时设想待将来条件成熟争取写成一部有关行军制度的专著。
从1985年到1990年，我开始侧重于以利用史籍文献为主，围绕行军制度撰写论文，先后完成了《行军制度探源》《关于行军制度的几个问题》《唐代的行军统帅》《关于唐代前期中押官一职的探讨》等文。
利用出土文书探讨行军制度的文章有《跋〈唐重拱四年队佐张玄泰牒为通当队队陪事〉》《从一鲁番文书谈唐代行军制度的两个问题》。
此外，从研究生时期开始，根据课题研究的需要，还重点阅读了几本载有唐代军事制度的兵书，并因此而撰写了《〈武经总要〉的编纂及其版本》《李筌〈太白阴经〉琐见》《〈李卫公问对〉辨析》等文，这可以视为行军制度研究的副产品。
上述论文的撰写意在为将来的专著打基础，但由于其间环境的改变，研究重点一度游移，设想中的专著一直未能成为现实。
1991年，我以《唐代行军制度及其对当时政治、社会的影响》为题，向“国家青年社会科学基金”提出了资助申请，有幸获得了通过。
这一项目促成了我的最后决心，对行军制度的系统研究这才真正展开。
1994年项目完成，定名为《唐代行军制庭究》。
1995年，台湾文津出版社将该书出版，列为《文史哲大系》的一种。
至此，我对行军制度的研究暂告一段落，多年的心愿终于了却。
《唐代行军制度研究》出版后，我在敦煌吐鲁番文书与隋唐史结合上的研究工作还有《敦煌吐鲁番所出唐代军事文书初探》和《唐代瀚海军文书研究》两书。
前者的动因是1995年向国家社科基金申请、1996获得批准的一般项目《敦煌吐鲁番所出唐代军事文书研究》的课题，后者的动因则是2002年获得的一般项目《敦煌吐鲁番文书与唐代西北边军研究》的课题。
现在回头看来，2000年以前从事的敦煌学研究，在范围和论题上基本上属于在硕士学位论文基础上的扩展和深入，其局限性不言而喻，当时也意识到了这点，也曾思索过如何开辟新的研究领域和发展空间问题，却不知如何下手。
一个偶然的机会，促使我迈出了将研究重点转向黑水城文献的研究第一步。
2001年冬天，我在北京的国家图书馆敦煌吐鲁番学资料中心查阅资料时，随手翻阅看到《俄藏黑水城文献》第6册彩色插页上的宋代军事文书图版，简直不敢相信自己的眼睛，难道黑水城文献也有如此多的汉文文书甚至我一向感兴趣的军事文书？因为在我的模糊意识中，总是将黑水城文献与西夏文和西夏文书相联系。
从这一刻起，那些宋代军事文书彩色图版的影像就永远定格在我的脑海中，这大概就是我后来研究重点转向黑水城汉文文献研究的最初冲动。
既有了兴趣，自然也就多了几分关注。
当我了解到自1996年《俄藏黑水城文献》第一册出版起到2000年底第6册面世，俄藏黑水城文献汉文部分尽管已经出版直至完毕，但在学术界引起的反响却与新闻界的竞相报导出版消息形成巨大的反差，居然难得觅到几篇学术论文，自己忽然意识到，在敦煌吐鲁番学人一般因学科关系不越界宋辽金元史领域和宋史学者一般因史籍资源丰富而对出土文献不过分投入的中间地带，俄藏黑水城汉文文献或许就是自己苦苦寻觅的下一个学术发展空间，套用时下一句流行语，就是寻找到了“新的学术增长点”。
主意一定，我便选择以《宋西北边境军政文书》为切入点，利用既往研究敦煌吐鲁番学唐代军事文书的经验，尝试对俄藏黑水城汉文文献进行学术式的解读，并终于在2002年草就了一篇《关于黑水城所出一件宋代军事文书的考释》，发表于《漆侠先生纪念文集》（河北大学出版社2002年10月出版）。
上文作为自己寻觅学术新域的处女作，其中有些内容现在看起来不免稚嫩，甚或错误，但艰辛的劳动毕竟结出了硕果，就整体而言仍然达到了预期的目的，因此，这更坚定了自己开拓学术新领域的信心。
这就是我的学术兴趣和重点从敦煌学转向黑水城汉文文献研究的主要背景和过程。
朱：您近年的研究不限于黑水城文献，您在黑水城文献研究方面主要做了哪些工作？孙：我将研究重点转到黑水城汉文文献方面以来，主要做了以下方面的工作，一是申报了两项国家社会科学基金课题，形成了一批研究成果。
两项课题分别是2006年申报的一般项目《俄藏黑水城宋代军政文书研究》和2009年申报的重点项目《俄藏黑水城汉文非佛经文献整理与研究》。
前一项课题已经完成，并由中华书局出版，书名是《俄藏黑水城所出〈宋西北边境军政文书〉整理与研究》。
后一项正在紧张进行，预计可以在年内结项。
二是指导一批研究生选择黑水城汉文文献作为学位论文的研究方向，培养了一批黑水城汉文文献方面的研究人才。
这项工作是从2003年开始的。
实事求是地说，当时让学生选择黑水城汉文文献作为学位论文具有一定的挑战性和冒险性，自己心里都不踏实，因为这时我本人对俄藏黑水城汉文文献的了解都尚未充分，对与黑水城文献密切相关的宋史领域更是一个门外汉，让学生选择这样的论文题目是否明智？能否完成？类似的疑问曾经在我脑海萦绕多时。
幸亏他们的天赋与勤奋，陈瑞青的硕士论文《俄藏黑水城宋代文献所见文书制度初探》和张春兰的硕士论文《俄藏黑水城宋代“御前会合军马入援所”相关文书研究》均得以顺利完成，并获得宋史领域论文评阅专家和答辩专家的高度肯定。
只是到了此时，自己几年的悬疑才真正放下心来。
从此之后，每次招收研究生我都要确定至少有一名学生选择黑水城文献作为学位论文的选题。
说到这里，我非常感谢河北师范大学历史文化学院对我的理解和支持。
我是作为兼职教授招收、指导研究生的，历史文化学院的领导和老师给予了极大支持，提供了许多便利。
朱：您在黑水城文献研究方面的主要成果有哪些？可否介绍一下？孙：近年黑水城文献方面的研究成果除了上面提到的《俄藏黑水城所出〈宋西北边境军政文书〉整理与研究》一书外，还有近二十篇论文。
这些论文大体围绕四个方面进行，第一个方面是围绕黑水城文献作为一个专门学问所进行的一些思考，属于对黑水城文献的整体性的综合研究，共发表了三篇论文，分别是《黑城学：一个更为贴切的学科定名》）、《黑水城文献发现的始年及在近代新材料发现史上的地位》和《敦煌学视野下的黑水城文献研究》。
第二个方面是围绕宋代文书所进行的研究，属于对其中俄藏Инв.No.211 213号文书即《宋西北边境军政文书》的系列研究，形成了一批论文，大部分已收入《俄藏黑水城所出〈宋西北边境军政文书〉整理与研究》一书。
第三个方面是对几件西夏汉文文书进行的专门研究，有《俄藏黑水城西夏汉文文献数量构成及经济类文献价值》《西夏汉文乾祐十四年（1183年）安排官文书考释及意义》《〈西夏天盛十五年（1163年）王受贷钱契等〉考释》（与许会玲合作，见《宋史研究论丛》第九辑）和《西夏汉文“南边榷场使文书”再研究》（与许会玲合作）。
第四个方面是对几件金代的文书进行了专门研究，有《俄藏黑水城所出金毛克文书初探》和《俄藏黑水城所出一件金代军事文书再探——对杨浣先生《黑城〈西北诸地马步军编册〉考释》一文的正补》两文。
另外，对伪齐一件文书的研究《火器发展史上的重要文献——新刊伪齐阜昌三年（1132）文书解读》也可以归入此类。
朱：您对黑水城文献的整体性综合研究主要涉及哪些方面？孙：这些方面主要涉及黑水城汉文文献发现的始年问题、黑水城汉文文献的朝代构成问题、黑水城文献的发现在中国近代新材料发现史上的地位和特点问题、黑水城文献研究的学科定名问题、黑城学与西夏学的关系问题，黑城学与敦煌学的关系问题等，都是关系到黑水城文献作为一种专门学问或曰学科需要解决的基本问题。
朱：关于黑水城汉文文献发现的始年问题，您为什么提出了不同的见解？孙：关于黑水城文献发现的时间，通行的习惯是把1909年作为黑水城文献发现的时间。
例如俄罗斯学者列夫·尼古拉耶维奇·缅希科夫（汉名孟列夫）在《黑水城出土汉文遗书叙录》一书的《序言》中就说：“1909年，当柯兹洛夫在死城哈拉浩特‘著名的塔’中发现了大批——迄今世界上数量最多的——西夏文图书时，谁会想到，这收集品成了几代学人悉心研究的对象。
”[1]他的另一文《黑城遗书（汉文)诠注目录·导言（一）》也说：“柯兹洛夫1909年在哈拉浩特（黑城——译注）‘著名的塔’中发现的包括古代书面文献在内的收集品，早已举世闻名。
”[2]俄罗斯另一学者捷连吉耶夫-卡坦斯基在《西夏书籍业》一书称科兹洛夫在1908年发现了黑水城，是次年“第二次来到黑城发现写本”的[3]。
同为俄罗斯学者的克平在为《西夏书籍业》汉文版所写的序言中称圣彼得堡东方学研究所是“科兹洛夫于1909年在哈拉浩特（即黑水城）发现的著名西夏文献的书库”。
