Dead Stock Removal

2012年房地产销售已经启动，但是今年楼市普遍不景气，与2011年相比，市场启动变得更为缓慢。

此前多家地产公司发布公告，1月份的销售额不到15亿元，仅是全年销售任务的一个零头。

与此同时，2012年将是房地产行业的“还债年”，在万亿债务将到期的背景下，房地产商面临着更严酷的考验。

世联地产的一份研究报告指出，今年全行业到期的各类债务中，离岸私募债、信托、房地产基金以及民间借贷是最考验房企短期债务偿还能力的。

而其中，信托债务又是各家房企首先要归还的债务。

今年信托债务的到期高峰正在今年7月，有超过500亿元的信托债务将到期。

有专家总结：海外债、房地产信托、基金、私募、民间高利贷这四个维度的债务将一一引爆，无论开发商采取什么办法，楼市前景难料。

在房地产债务单中，不仅有中国的债务，还有外国的债务。

我们重点关注这部分海外债务，海外债务和人民币债务不一样，他会随汇率市场而波动，而且有些债务可能有金融杠杆效应，并有可能进一步引发房地产崩盘。

我们希望对这个海外债的风险进行解读。

1，中国房地产商的海外债务具体有哪些?当时什么情况下借的?叶楚华、余治国：海外债务根据公开的新闻报道，具体的形式有碧桂园、恒大地产、佳兆业集团、雅居乐地产等在海外发行的以美元计价的涉外票据，有宝龙地产在海外发行的以美元计价的优先债券与优先票据，等等。

当时的背景主要是中央政府房产调控政策的出台，导致高杠杆经营的房产业融资产生困难。

2010年4月14日开始，政府出台一系列楼市调控政策以收紧房企融资渠道。

2010年4月16日，银监会要求商业银行严格检查房地产开发商的信用和财务情况，对开发商贷款实行名单式管理，并禁止开发商用土地做抵押品;2010年4月17日，国务院发出通知要求，对存在土地闲置及炒地行为的房地产开发企业，商业银行不得发放新开发项目贷款，证监部门暂停批准其上市、再融资和重大资产重组判断;2010年4月23日，证监会表示，在审核房地产企业IPO与再融资的过程中，增加国土资源部出具意见的环节，严格审查两大主要问题---土地闲置和捂房惜售，以加强房企融资监管。

用英语介绍重阳节的起源和习俗Double Ninth Festival重阳节关于时间The 9th day of the 9th lunar month is the traditional Chongyang Festival, or Double Ninth Festival, is also called 'Cornel Festival' and 'Chrysanthemum Festival', which has a history of more than 1,700 years. It usually falls in October in the Gregorian calendar.农历的九月初九是重阳节，又名“茱萸节”，“菊花节”。

这是一个很古老的节日，距今已有1700多年的历史。

通常在公历（阳历）的十月份。

关于命名In an ancient and mysterious book Yi Jing (The Book of Changes), number '6' was thought to be of Yin character, meaning feminine or negative, while number '9' was thought to be Yang, meaning masculine or positive. So the number nine in both month and day creates 'the Double Ninth Festival', or 'Chongyang Festival'.因为古老的《易经》中把“六”定为阴数，把“九”定为阳数，在农历的九月初九那天，日月并阳，两九相重，故而叫“重阳”，也叫“重九”。

关于意义In 1989, the Chinese government decided the Double Ninth Festival as Seniors' Day. The traditional culture of Double Ninth and that of the modern were finely combined. It becomes a festival of respecting for the old people, and loving, helping the old.在1989年，我国把每年的农历的九月初九定为老人节。

Table of Contents 目录1Introduction 简介9 2General Concepts 一般概念9 2.1Size Exclusion 尺寸排除10 2.2Other Retention Mechanisms 其他滞留方法11 2.3Virus Retention Probability of Reduction Factor (RF) 病毒滞留可能性的减少因素（RF）11 2.4Virus Size/Retention Rating病毒大小/滞留量112.5Protein Size/Sieving/Passage Rating 蛋白质大小/过滤/通过量113 Virus Filter Selection and Characterization 病毒选择和特性12 3.1Filter Construction 过滤器结构12 3.2Filter System Configurations 过滤系统配置12 3.3Particulates and Extractables 微粒和萃取物13 3.4Filter Compatibility 过滤兼容性14 3.5Protein Recovery (Adsorption/Retention/Biocompatibility)蛋白质恢复（吸附/滞留/生物兼容性）15 3.6Thermal Stress Resistance 热应力阻止16 3.7Hydraulic Stress Resistance 水应力阻力16 3.8Toxicity Testing 毒性试验16 3.9Viral/Phage Challenge Testing 病毒/噬菌体挑战试验163.10Cleaning/Sanitization/Sterilization 清理/消毒/灭菌174 Physical and Mechanical Characteristics 物理力学特性17 4.1Filtration Rate and Clogging (Throughput) 过滤速度及堵塞（通过量）17 4.2Fluid/Piping 液体/管道17 4.3Fluid/Filter 液体/过滤器17 4.4Physical and Structural Limitations 物理结构限制174.5Miscellaneous 多样性175 Virus Filter Validation/Evaluation Studies 病毒过滤器/评估研究17 5.1Filter Properties 过滤器属性18 5.2Test Virus 测试病毒18 5.2.1Virus Selection 病毒选择18 5.2.2Virus Stock Preparation and Maintenance 病毒库制备和维护19 5.2.3Virus Spike 病毒峰值20 5.3Scaled-down Models 缩小模型21 5.4Operating Conditions for Validation, Revalidation, and Number of Runs 验证，再验证的运行条件和运行次数21 5.5Raw Materials and Equipment 原材料和设备22 5.5.1Virus Filtration Devices and Configurations 病毒过滤设备和配置22 5.5.2Integrity Testing during Development 研发期间的完整性测试22 5.5.3Membrane Lot Selection 膜批选择22 5.5.4Feedstream 原料流23 5.5.5Filtration Conditions 过滤条件235.6Virus Assays and Assay Validation 病毒分析试验和分析验证5.6.1 Assay Method Validation 试验方法验证23 5.7Establishing Representative Worst-case Process Conditions 确定代表性的最坏工艺条件24 6 Integrity Testing 完整性测试25 6.1Manufacturer's Checklist 生产商检验单26 6.2Virus Retention Integrity Tests 病毒滞留完整性测试27 6.2.1Dextran Retention 葡聚糖滞留27 6.2.2Gold Particle Retention 金颗粒滞留27 6.2.3Gas-Liquid Porosimetry 气-液测量仪29 6.2.4Manual Bubble Point or Leak Testing 人工起泡点或检漏测试29 6.2.5Manual Forward/Diffusive Flow 人工顺流/扩散流29 6.2.6Manual Pressure Hold/Decay 人工压力保持/下降30 6.2.7Automated Integrity Test Instruments for Gas Porosimetry-based Test Methods 基于气体测量仪测试法的自动完整性测试仪器30 6.2.8Liquid and Liquid-liquid Porosimetry 液体和液-液测量仪31 6.3Relationship between Integrity Tests and Virus/Phage Retention 完整性测试和病毒/噬菌体截留之间的关系316.4Failure Analysis/Troubleshooting 故障分析/处理317 Sterilization 灭菌32 7.1Steam Sterilization 蒸汽灭菌32 7.2Autoclave Sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌32 7.3Sterilize-in-Place (SIP) 在线灭菌32 7.4Irradiation Sterilization 辐射灭菌33 7.5Gas Sterilization 气体灭菌33 APPENDIX A: Virus Retention and Protein Passage Nomenclature Classification 附录A：病毒截留和蛋白质通过的术语分类34 APPENDIX B: Large Virus Filter Experimental Protocol 附录B ：大分子病毒过滤器的试验方案35 B.1 Large Virus Filter Experimental Design 大分子病毒过滤器试验设计35 B.1.1 Strategy 策略35 B.1.2 Model Virus 模型病毒35 B.1.3 Model Proteins 模型蛋白质35 B.1.4 Buffer System 缓冲系统35 B.1.5 Scaled-down Model Filters 按比例缩小的模型过滤器35 B.1.6 Operating Parameters 运行参数36 B.1.7 Set Point Values for Relevant Operating Parameters 相关运行参数的设定值36 B.1.8 Nomenclature Acceptance Criteria 命名验收标准36 B.2 Preparation of Bacteriophage Stocks 噬菌群制备37 B.2.1 Introduction 简介37 B.2.2 Equipment 设备37 B.2.3 Procedure 程序38B.2.3.1 Plate Method 培养板的方法38 B.2.3.2 Broth Method 肉汤方法38 B.2.4 Crude Preparation 原料制备38 B.2.5 Pure Concentrate (Coetzee, et al. (25)) 纯浓缩液38 B.3 Procedure For The Estimation of Bacteriophage Numbers 噬菌体数估算程序39 B.3.1 Introduction 简介39 B.3.2 Equipment 设备39 B.3.3 Procedure 程序39 B.3.3.1 Preparation of Bacteriophage Host 噬菌体寄主的制备39 B.3.3.2 Preparation of Dilution Tubes and Soft Agar for Use in Phage Assays 噬菌体分析用的稀释管和软琼脂制备39 B.3.3.3 Phage Assays 噬菌体分析40 APPENDIX C: FILTER VALIDATION RECOMMENDATIONS 附录C：过滤器验证建议411 Introduction 简介Scope: This PDA Technical Report addresses virus removal filters that retain viruses by a size exclusion mechanism. It explains how they work, their selection, char-acterization, testing, and validation.This document should be considered as a guide; it is not intended to establish any mandatory or implied standard. 范围：此PDA技术报告陈述了病毒去除过滤器，该过滤器通过尺寸排除装置拦截病毒。

中国银河证劵贵州银河一:中国证券业协会会员投资者教育工作指引1.投资者教育工作的目的是为了帮组社会公众了解证券行业，自觉维护市场次序，___? 1. A 增强财产安全意识2. B 促进资本市场规范发展3. C 促进投资者财产收入4. D 深入理解证券投资法则正确2.会员单位应当指定或设立相应部门具体负责本单位的投资者教育工作，履行下列职责: 1. A 拟订投资者教育工作的中长期规划、年度计划和相应工作方案2. B 调查和研究投资者教育工作中的问题3. C 策划、开发、组织实施投资者教育活动项目4. D 检查、考核和评价投资者教育工作的效果5. E 以上都包含正确3.证券投资咨询机构应结合自身特点开展投资者教育工作，向投资者介绍证券投资知识、___和风险特征等内容。

1. A 证券的相关法律知识2. B 不同证券产品的收益3. C 何如学习证券知识4. D 如何获取更多的效益正确4.协会可以按照中国证监会的要求和证券公司的申请，依据客观、公正原则对证券公司专业管理能力、信息系统安全与稳定、客户服务水平、_____等方面进行专业评价。

1. A 投资者反馈2. B 产品、业务成效(SnCl2 2H2O), Add hydrochloric acid to dissolve and dilute to 100mLto join the metal Tin particles. 10.10 HCL (1+1): volume 50mL, diluted with water to 100mL hydrochloride. 10.11 lead acetate solution (100g/L).10.12 lead acetate cotton: with lead acetate solution (100g/L) after the soaked cotton wool, in addition to the extra solution and loose, at 100 ? dry, store in glass bottles. 10.13 the sodium hydroxide solution(200g/L). 10.14 sulfuric acid (6+94): volume take 6.0mL sulfuric acid added Yu 80mL water in the, cold Hou again added water diluted to 100mL 10.15 two b base II sulfur generation amino carboxylic acid silver-three ethanol amine-three chlorine methane solution: said take 0.25G two b base II sulfur generation amino carboxylic acid silver [(C2H5) 2NCS2Ag] placed mortar in the, added few three chlorine methane grinding, moved people 100mL graduated cylinder in the, joined 1.8mL, three ethanol amine, again with three chlorine methane points times washing mortar,Wash together into the graduated cylinder, and methylene chloride in dilute Release to 100mL, and put up for the night. Filter man Brownbottle for storage. 10.16 the arsenic standard stock solution: weigh accurately in sulfuric acid 0.1320g dryer for drying or drying at 100 ? 2H arsenic trioxide, and 5ml. Sodium hydroxide solution (200g/L), dissolved plus 25mL acid (6+94), move people 1000mL in the bottle, add new boiled cooled water diluted to scale, and store in a brown glass bottle. Arsenic per ml of this solution corresponds to 0.10mg. 10.17 arsenic standard solution: lessons 1.0mL arsenic standard stock solution, at 100mL. Volumetric flask, add 1mL sulfate (6+94).3. C 投资者教育4. D 宣传效益正确5.会员单位应当采取以下方式开展投资者教育活动:1. A 参加协会、各地方证券业协会(以下简称地方协会)组织的各类投资者教育活动 2. B 在营业场所张贴标语、宣传画、风险揭示书等宣传资料，向投资者发放各类宣传材料 3. C 在营业场所举办投资者教育讲座、培训4. D 在本单位网站设立投资者教育专栏;在交易委托系统中设置风险提示的有关内容;通过电子信箱等方式解答投资者的问题;为投资者开通短信服务5. E 以上都正确正确6.为了提高透明度，各证券经营机构会员单位应严格按照要求做好公司基本情况、经营性分支机构、_____、高管人员等信息的公示工作。

森林forest2006年6月13日16:45出处：FanE『翻译中国』词汇由：tradoser提供森林forest原始林virgin forest次生林sec on dary forest天然林n atural forest人工林forest pla ntati on, man-made forest速生丰产林fast-growing and high-yield plantation 乔林high forest 中林composite forest矮林coppice forest针叶林coni ferous forest阔叶林broad leaved forest落叶阔叶林deciduous broadleaved forest常绿阔叶林evergree n broadleaved forest热带雨林tropical rain forest红树林man grove forest林种forest category用材林timber forest防护林protecti on forest经济林non-timber product forest培育木材以外的其它林产品为主的森林。

薪炭林firewood forest, fuelwood forest能源林energy forest特种用途林forest for special use风景林amenity forest纯林pure forest混交林mixed forest同龄林evenaged forest异龄林uneven aged forest单层林分uniform stand复层林分multi-storied stand林学forest science, forestry树木学dendrology树木生理学tree physiology森林气象学forest meteorology森林土壤学forest soil science森林生物学forest biology森林生态学forest ecology林业经济学forest economics森林遗传学forest genetics林木育种学forest tree improvement, forest tree breeding森林培育学silviculture 又称“造林学”。

呆鹅交易法呆鹅交易法是交易的一种方式，也叫利弗莫尔交易法。

它有个专门名称，叫做“呆鹅”。

为什么把它叫作“呆鹅”呢？因为当时经济形势十分混乱，证券行业几乎处于崩溃状态，他就用这只呆鹅来比喻那些长期套牢而无法变现的人。

例如，某种证券已跌至面值10元，其价格却停留在15元不动；另外一家证券公司发行该种证券每份9.5元，该公司定下的销售目标是每份50万份，可是有许多投资者争着购买，结果造成了大量积压。

这样看来，原本就没有打算要卖出去的人，好像被迫呆在一边，无事可干似的。

因此，后来人们便将这类长期持有、无法脱手的情况称之为“呆鹅”。

呆鹅交易法：呆鹅交易法简介在股票市场中，我们常听到这句话——“宁愿错过100次机会，也绝对不能放弃1次交易！”但实际操作起来并非容易，尤其是在牛皮市道中更难获得较高收益率。

在这里笔者向你推荐一种新型的交易策略---呆鹅交易法。

这种交易策略最早由美国著名投资家利弗莫尔提出，主要思想是通过小额亏损反复进行交易，直到累计盈利达到预先设置的止赢点位，然后平仓离场。

呆鹅交易法适合于牛皮市道和熊市初期使用，具体操作步骤如下：第一阶段：建立头寸(即开始交易)，同时确认止损指令。

根据自己的风险承受力决定开仓数量，一般为2-3手。

假设开仓价格为20元/股，则总共需要资金200元左右;第二阶段：加码。

当账户净值增长到一定程度后，逐渐加大仓位，但仍控制在一定范围内。

例如，开仓后账户净值从200元涨到300元，再涨到400元……依此类推，但每次加码都必须保证前一单的盈利落袋为安。

第三阶段：减磅。

当账户净值又回落到200元附近时，及时清空剩余头寸，离场休息。

呆鹅交易法特别强调，每次入场后，应尽快判断市场走势，并严格执行止损指令，否则很容易遭遇连续止损。

呆鹅交易法虽然不能帮助投资者赚取暴利，但可以让您避免巨额亏损。

在牛皮市道或熊市初期运用呆鹅交易法，往往可以获得稳健的收益。

呆鹅交易法与其说是一种技术分析工具，倒不如说是一种心理战术。

中国地质大学江城学院文献翻译姓名：张诗卉专业：英语班级：41300701学号：4130070109指导教师：蔡喆讲师Arthur Miller is one of the most influential playwrights in America. Death of a Salesman, one of his representative plays, got an immediate success after its first performance. Meanwhile it has aroused heated debates in the criticism circle both home and abroad. According to my survey on the domestic journals, in the span from the year 1984 to 2005, the reviews on Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman amount to 50. Among 50 articles studying on Death of a Salesman, most of them are about the disillusionment of the American Dream and Arthur Miller’s views on tragedy in Death of a Salesman. Among a few essays which are about the expressionistic techniques used in the play, they mainly focus on some of the expressionistic techniques such as stream of consciousness, dream, and some auxiliary stage devices, but there is no systematical analysis of the expressionistic techniques adopted in the play. Moreover, none of the articles under the survey comprehensively analyze how Arthur Miller combines the subjectivity of expressionism with the illusion of objectivity afforded by realism in Death of a Salesman.So the emphasis of this thesis is through analyzing the realistic and expressionistic features in structure, character, stage design and language to argue that Death of a Salesman is a play in which realism and expressionism are perfectly combined together.Firstly, this thesis focuses on how Miller combines realism and expressionism in structure in Death of a Salesman. On the one hand, the structure has realistic features: there is a well-knit plot; the play contains standard dramatic elements such as exposition, rising action, climax, and ending. Besides, "reversal" and "recognition", traditionally realistic devises as referred to by Aristotle, can be found in the play. On the other hand, the characteristics of Willy’s thought decide that besides the external plot, there exists the internal plot which mainly deals with the memories of the past.The salesman is a typical die of modern tragedy. It is revealed that the United States of some social ills, smashing success ", "everyone can the myth. Willy lothrop is the tragic character. The tragedy of his dead wrong values around, cannot face reality. His life is in the wrong in the dream, and dreams of a mistake to die. Willy represents his class, so he's tragedy is a group of holding the tragedy of dream ofsuccess. As the name suggests, he Lowman, he belongs to lower the society. Willy: nothing at all, the salesman wages, only bring commissions. They sell is something, he believes, if has the charm, pleasing the gate is open towards him. He put his life in such dreams above the building. He to David singh mann admiring, because David sell very successful. He needn't leave the hotel, a telephone can clinch a deal, 84 when he died, there are so many buyers with his funeral behavior. Because he always living in their own imagination, in a world of fantasy as the reality, so often boast. He ignored his marketing unwelcome facts, boast about themselves in New England, said his how important how high he sales that sank into their lies. At an early age, his brother this advised him to go to Alaska is rich, but his wife, Linda said, "do you not at warner work well? Hope to become shareholders." He missed the opportunity, even first ask the boss to persuade him Linda in his city, he also can refuse to hire, because "he is very important in New England," but the reality is, the boss gave him the chop. Treat eldest biff he desperately instill "likable, attractive can succeed" thought, to make biff long-term cannot correctly understand oneself, he still palliative biff theft, caused the tragedy of another generation. Willy blindness made him jealous of success, neighbor Charley refused to offer him Charlie's career. He forced biff believes his charm will make old boss gave him borrow money. Finally, when biff ShengLeiJuXia to help his face reality, he finally biff for accepting his point of view, he decided to commit suicide, need to have some money to him. However, Willie's tragedy is not entirely due to its character, the weakness of American society is part of itself. Willy finally found himself as he installment buying things, you pay the money, then used or bad things. He paid the last house, while he had to go to the tomb. In American society, people are old elephant was ate meat, orange, skin is thrown away. However, his two sons of sacrifice, is not worthy of his doing it. The second important biff is character, he is the victim of philosophy, Willie because willy long thin and thick always young compared with Cardiff love the father, and biff as idols. Willy: biff for coach like that, even to steal something is no problem, then to display gallantry brother, urged biff brothers to steal wood. Biff so to behave in accordance with his father's values, until flunked math, to find his father for help, found in Boston,the father's privacy completely changed to his father. Because his father told him how important he constantly, so that he can't listens to the people, and have steal habit for many years, I not only, still have nothing in prison. He tried to help her father losing face and fantasy, both is mediocrity, can start, but will not succeed. But when the play, he finally came. If, mueller on dramatis personae still hope, then hope is in biff. His father is a son of neglect. In the home, biff always pinned him down. Hubby grew up a drifter, also very selfish, but the insane father threw in restaurants, and prostitutes. But the first victims of philosophy is Willie, sadly, until he still believes his play will be successful. Linda is a wife, but she did not image help willy back to reality, on the contrary make Willie in their imagination and blindness in deeper. The death of her willy is responsible, but he seems to be mueller spokesperson, shouted out of many people, must pay attention ", "the old man is not to like orange peel is like. Ben and Charlie is to prove willy philosophy and the fallacy of the characters. This represents full of adventure and cruel competition. 17 years old, he entered the jungles of Africa 21 walked out became millionaires. He succeeded. His philosophy is "and" not fight strangers. Charley a realist, he does not believe in a personal charm. He's saying: "J P Morgan clothes off like a butcher, but he bring his pouch, he very likable." Because of his practical spirit, he also received in American society has limited success. He and his father and son Bernard Willie completely opposite. This also USES the symbolism, such as the symbol of human society; the jungle The wife of filar dark demonstration of guilt, Forest fires symbol willy feel life pressure to bear, Pay the mortgage house symbol in American society of values, Willy suicide in the sun before midnight on insufficient backyard vegetables says he will give family despair to leave a little; And the curtain and curtain when the flute, the symbolic willy that cannot achieve the dream. Symbolic tactics consciousness in novels like the application. In the design of the house, the scenery wall is transparent, realistic character and late characters, past plots and practical circumstances appear alternately, also like stream-of-consciousness, just past performance and late plot, characters, and wear wall, and ignore the indoor environment of reality from the door. Past performance, the lights dimmed, the character of the age difference, dress show behavior shows era.Arthur Miller initially had the concept for "Death of a Salesman" when Miller was 17 years old and working at his father's company. The original story was about an aging salesman who has no luck with his sales and is ridiculed by his potential customers. In the postscript for the manuscript, Miller noted that the person on which the story was based ended up killing himself by throwing himself in front of a subway train. However, it should also be noted that the inspiration for the play came from many sources, including an encounter with Miller's uncle in 1947 on whom Willy Loman is also based. Through his uncle, Miller met many other salesmen and they also had an influence on the caricatures of salesman apparent in the play. Miller described some of them as having a lot of personal dignity, being ultra-competitive, able to withstand inevitable putdowns, and "forever imagining triumphs in a world that either ignores them or denies their presence altogether."Miller did not write "Death of a Salesman" immediately after his encounter with his uncle, since he was very involved with the production of his "All My Sons," which had just premiered in theaters. He waited about a year later, in April 1948, until the play began to formally come together, a combination of a portrayal of his own uncle and his original short story concept.Willy Loman is an unsuccessful salesman, who deludes himself and his family by saying that he is in fact very lucrative. Willy always tells his sons that all that matters is being well-liked and having an attractive personality, and by doing so, he encourages Biff not to study and rely heavily on his athletics. It is as though Willy wants to live vicariously through his sons since he knows that he is not well-liked himself. When Biff discovers that Willy has been having an affair, he no longer respects Willy and their relationship sours from that point on. Biff goes from job to job, travelling all over the country, unable to find anything stable from which to make a living. Biff's turn for the worse strongly affects Willy, who now has no hope for success so he continues to delude himself further. Biff accuses Willy of having all the wrong dreams, and Willy cannot admit to the fact that he is not a good salesman. When Willy tries to get a job with his firm that does not involve traveling, he is ultimately fired and he frantically grabs for his sons through which to have his lasthopes. Biff refuses to play into the lies anymore, and Willy is distraught. He finally decides to kill himself, to give Biff some seed money, but there is nothing that comes out of his decision. Willy is an example of the tragic man who has many unrealized dreams which he cannot realize even as he dies.Linda Loman is Willy's ever-faithful wife. She is his biggest defender against his sons, whom she accuses of being careless about Willy's feelings. She manages their finances and always reminds Willy how much money he needs to pull in in order to make that week's payments. Every time Willy comes home disillusioned, Linda always puffs him back up saying that he is a great salesman. She believes anything Willy tells her, except when he talks about his faults. Even when she finds out that Willy has thoughts of killing himself, she refuses to confront Willy about them since she knows it will embarrass him. When the boys come home after deserting Willy in the restaurant, she tells them never to come there again. They cannot just come and see her, since she loves Willy too much to let them disrespect him. At the end, she stands over his grave, saying that she cannot cry but as she tells Willy that she has just made the last payment on the house, she becomes overwhelmed. All through their life together, she had refused to let Willy believe that his dreams were false, but now, it is too late.Willy Loman is an aging salesman who returns home one night from a sales trip, unable to concentrate on the road. He needs to keep making sales since there are so many payments to make, and they need the money. His wife, Linda, is worried about him, but she is completely devoted to him and encourages him to find a job where he does not have to travel anymore. His two adult sons, Happy and Biff, are back in the house for the first time in years, talking about their future job prospects. Both Biff and Willy are determined to ask for better jobs: Biff from Bill Oliver, a successful man whom he knew long ago, and Willy from Howard Wagner, the son of the man who first hired Willy to the firm. Both are unsuccessful.As the play unfolds, the observer learns about various incidents in the Loman family past which account for their present condition. Biff, having always relied on athletics, fails math and does not graduate high school. Willy, having alwaysencouraged Biff not to concentrate on academics since he had such great athletic potential, does not want to be blamed for Biff's failures. Moreover, one day, Biff catches Willy cheating on Linda with another woman in Boston, and his esteem for Willy completely vanishes. Willy thinks Biff is intentionally spiteful to him and only wants to hurt Willy, but soon Willy realizes that Biff just wants Willy to accept him for who he is. Biff says that he is not the business type and just wants to work on a farm in the open air, and he breaks down crying since Willy keeps forcing him to pursue a job with Bill Oliver. Biff says he does not want to lie anymore.When Willy sees Biff crying, he finally realizes that Biff loves him and has not been trying to hurt him all these years. He wants to make up for it by giving Biff $20,000 with which to start a new business with, and Willy will get the money by killing himself and collecting the insurance policy. Willy kills himself by crashing the car before Biff can make amends with him. Biff realizes that they have all been living a false dream, but Happy is determined to carry out Willy's dreams. Linda is distraught, especially since she has just paid the last payment on the mortgage but now there is no one to live in the house.As a dramatist, Miller has more in common with Ibsen, Shaw, Chekov, and Brecht than with his fellow American playwrights, Eugene O'Neil or Thornton Wilder. With Ibsen, Shaw, and Chekov, Miller shares in common the philosophy that the fate of a person is social and that the stage should be considered as a medium more important for ideas than for mere entertainment.As a dramatist, Miller is a moralist, and his plays have a serious intellectual purpose.The theater of twentieth century America took a long time to come of age. No American dramatist in the early 1900's dared to experiment with subjects, ideas, or production techniques because theatre was regarded as business. Slowly, in response to the plays of European realistic dramatists, American theater began to change. The years between the end of World War I and the beginning of the Depression saw more frequent reflections of economic problems on the American stage. In 1922, Eugene O'Neill's Hairy Ape represented the psychological defeat of an uncouth proletarian struggling to adjust himself to a complex economic order which he could notunderstand. Maxwe Anderson's play What Price Glory(1924) dealt with the bitter realities of war and its aftermath.After World War II, the theatre of social protest fell into disrepute. Senator McCarthy succeeded in suppressing critical dissent and created a climate hostile to the free expression of the artist. During this period, the American theater concentrated on light comedy and lush musicals. Arthur Miller, born in 1915, was a young adult at the time of the suppression of free thinking. He decided to fight McCarthyism and to work for the expression of free ideas in the theatre. He also decided to write plays of social protest. In Death of a Salesman(1949), Miller criticizes the falsity of the American Dream and the emphasis placed on financial success in the United States. he term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931. He states: "The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." (p.214-215)In the United States’ Declaration of Independ ence, our founding fathers: "…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Might this sentiment be considered the foundation of the American Dream?Were homesteaders who left the big cities of the east to find happiness and their piece of land in the unknown wilderness pursuing these inalienable Rights? Were the immigrants who came to the United States looking for their bit of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, their Dream? And what did the desire of the veteran of World War II - to settle down, to have a home, a car and a family - tell us about this evolvingDream? Is the American Dream attainable by all Americans? Would Martin Luther King feel his Dream was attained? Did Malcolm X realize his Dream?Some say, that the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity - that people work more hours to get bigger cars, fancier homes, the fruits of prosperity for their families - but have less time to enjoy their prosperity. Others say that the American Dream is beyond the grasp of the working poor who must work two jobs to insure their family’s survival. Yet others lo ok toward a new American Dream with less focus on financial gain and more emphasis on living a simple, fulfilling life.Thomas Wolfe said, "…to every man, regardless of his birth, his shining, golden opportunity ….the right to live, to work, to be hi mself, and to become whatever thing his manhood and his vision can combine to make him."Arthur miller has emerged as one of the most successful and enduring play wrights of postwar era in Amercia,no doubt because his focusing on middle-class anxieties brought on by a society that emphasizes the hollow values of material success has struck such a responsive chord.The recurring theme of anxiety and insecurity reflects much of Arthur Miller’s own past.Born the son of a well-to-do Jewish manufacturer in New York City in 1915,Miller had to experience the social disintegration of his family when his father’s business failed during the Great Depression of the 1930s.By taking on such odd jobs as waiter,truck driver,and factory worker,Miller was able to complete his studies at the University of Michigan in 1938.These formative years gave Miller the chance to come in close contact with those who suffered the most from the Depression and instilled in him a strong sense of personal achievement necessary to rise above the situation.He began writing performed in 1949 that Miller established himself as a major American dramatist.Winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1949,Death of a Salesman has to this day remained a classic.The play’s intellectual appeal lies in Miller’s refusal to portray his characters as two-dimensional-his refusal to involve himself in a one-sided polemic attack on capitalism.Even critics cannot agree as to whether Death of a Salesman is to be categorized as social criticism,a tragedy,or simply a paychologicalstudy.Of necessity,each person will have to draw his or her own individual conclusions.The fact that performances of Death of a Salesman have met with acclaim throughout the world testifies to its universality:the play’s conflicts and themes appear not to be uniquely American.阿瑟米勒是美国最具影响力的剧作家之一。

微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释1.需求价格弹性(price elasticity of demand)：2.蛛网模型（）：对于生产周期较长的商品供给的时滞性，需求的不是动态模型分类，画图3.边际效用递减（diminishing marginal utility）——基数效用论不违反边际效用递减规律。

因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加(或减少)一个单位所增加(或减少)的总效用的量。

这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位，这种完整的商品单位，是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提。

比如，这个定律适用于一双的鞋子，但不适用于单只的鞋子。

对于四轮车而言，必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位。

三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车，因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品，增加一个轮子，才能使车子有用。

因此，不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子4.无差异曲线(indifference curve)：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线。

（2）特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交5.边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution.MRS)：——序数效用论6.预算线（Budget line/ budget constraint）7.吉芬物品(Giffen good)：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品。

8.柯布道格拉斯生产函数稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。

平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。

机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。

边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。

激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。