美国总统奥巴马在哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会上的讲话

发展低碳经济应对全球气候变暖鲍云樵“低碳经济”是指以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济发展模式。

全球气候变暖及其对人类生存造成的损害和威胁已为世人公认。

联合国敦促世界各国采取紧急行动应对全球气候变暖。

发展低碳经济已成为发达国家应对国际金融危机、遏制全球气候变暖的重大战略举措。

奥巴马政府高度重视发展清洁能源和低碳技术，要求在2030年之前将石油消费降低35％。

英国成为世界上第一个立法确定减排温室气体目标的国家，初步形成了以市场为基础，以政策为导向，全民互动的体系。

但发达国家在减排温室气体问题上将历史撇在一边，不愿对减排承担主要责任，相反采取种种手段制约发展中国家经济发展，企图将我国纳入到量化减排的协议中。

中国为应对气候变化做出了不懈努力和积极贡献，并主动承诺到2020年，单位GDP二氧化碳排放量比2005年减少40％一45％。

中国政府在哥本哈根会议上阐述了应对气候变化问题的原则立场．即必须保持成果的一致性、坚持规则的公平性、注重目标的合理性、确保机制的有效性。

中国发展低碳经济的当务之急，是转变经济发展模式，调整产业结构，实现从重化工业向高新技术型工业的转变，依靠科学发展观和先进的科学技术，走低碳高效发展的中国之路。

应重点研发碳纤维材料和煤层下天然气开发技术．研发和推广应用信息化新型能源系统，推广先进能源技术的应用。

同时加快发展低碳能源，确立核能在我国能源构成中的战略地位．加速开发剩余水电资源，有序、健康地发展可再生能源。

与此同时，应强化节能教育，完善和细化《节能法》，推广节能新技术，提高回采率，保护煤炭资源；尽快推广超超临界发电机组；通过政策法规和先进技术，使建筑行业走上资源节约型和环境友好型的发展之路；重视研发新型动力汽车和新能源汽车。

低碳经济减排温室气体产业结构低碳能源核能可再生能源新型动力汽车1 前言进入新世纪以来．全球气候变暖及其对人类生存造成的损害和威胁已为世人公认。

在国际金融危机的背景下，一些原本对气候变暖不予重视的国家也开始积极起来。

联合国气候峰会各国发言稿尊敬的联合国秘书长、各位尊敬的各国领导人、女士们、先生们，大家好！首先，我要感谢联合国气候峰会组织委员会的精心组织和各国代表的积极参与，让我们能够在这里共同讨论气候变化、环境保护和可持续发展的重要议题。

气候变化不仅仅是个别国家的问题，而是全球范围内的挑战。

只有通过共同合作和努力，才能有效地应对这一挑战，保护地球的生态环境，确保人类的可持续发展。

作为地球上不同国家的代表，我们应该共同承担起应对气候变化的责任。

我们不能再抱着各自为政的态度，而应该在共同的框架下制定全球性的气候变化应对方案。

作为发达国家，我们应该更多地为发展中国家提供支持和帮助，帮助他们提高气候变化应对能力，推动全球减排目标的实现。

作为发展中国家，我们也应该积极采取措施，减少温室气体排放，促进可持续发展。

当前，全球气候变化对生态环境和人类生活产生了严重的影响。

极端天气事件频频发生，海平面上升，冰川融化，林火、水灾等自然灾害频发。

这些现象提醒我们，必须采取行动，保护我们的地球家园。

我们不仅要在峰会上做出承诺，更要在日常生活中积极参与环保活动，减少碳排放，保护生态环境。

在此，我代表我国重申我们的气候变化应对承诺。

我们将继续采取积极的行动，减排温室气体，发展可再生能源，控制工业排放，推动低碳经济发展。

我们也将加大对发展中国家的支持，帮助他们提高气候变化应对能力，推动全球气候变化治理进程。

同时，我们也呼吁其他国家加大气候变化应对的力度，让我们共同努力，为全球环境保护和可持续发展作出贡献。

在这里，我也想重申我们的责任。

气候变化是全球性的问题，没有哪个国家可以独善其身。

我们必须共同行动，共同应对，通过合作推动全球气候治理进程。

我们将不遗余力地履行我们的国际义务，加大对发展中国家的支持，推动全球气候变化治理进程，为人类的未来和地球的未来做出贡献。

最后，我希望在此峰会上能够取得实质性的成果，达成共识，共同制定出更为具体的应对气候变化的方案和目标。

2009年在丹麦首都歌本哈根召开了联合国气候变化大会谈谈看法2009年12月7日，世界气候大会在丹麦首都哥本哈根召开。

经过艰难的马拉松式的谈判，这场被称为是“气候政治”的博弈终于在2009年12月18日结束。

关注这次大会上各国的表现，不难看出，在世界气候问题的解决上，我们还很不团结。

下面就这次大会谈谈自己的一点感想。

一、守护共同的家园，不能再等了！众所周知，世界气候大会旨在减少二氧化碳的排放量，以应对全球变暖。

尽，管学术界还有少数人不承认全球气候变暖，气候变暖几乎已经成为大家的共识。

人类没有任何理由肆意地向大自然索取，也不应该愚蠢地认为“我们的地球还很好”。

电影《阿凡达》《2012》就表达了两位大导演关于自然与环境的忧虑。

《阿凡达》用很美丽的画面和故事，揭示了人类的贪梦与高傲，也指望能唤起更多人，对大自然的爱。

而电影《2012》用更加直接的画面预言了人类的某种未来，如果人类还是这样任性的话！图瓦卢、马尔代夫这些美丽的国家已经遭遇和正在遭遇的一切，难道还不足以让世界清醒！二、气候大会成了谈判大会为什么美国、日本面对气候问题总是掩耳盗铃，抱消极态度呢？归根结底两个字：利益。

这次大会各国争论的焦点就在于“谁该为环境问题买单”。

日本担心减排目标会影响其国际竞争力。

日本民主党政府在温室气体减排问题上态度较为积极，鸠山由纪夫出任首相后不久便提出了“减排25%”的目标。

但此举在日本国内引发争论，经济界对“减排25%”抵触情绪严重，这一目标能否细化落实仍有待观察。

而美国作为人均温室气体排放量最大的国家不仅推卸责任，还要对转让先进能源技术设置障碍。

不仅如此，还想利用环保这张牌，利用其在技术上的优势，对不符合发达国家节能和减排方面标准的国家的出境商品，征收所谓的“边境碳关税”。

很明显这是以另外一种方式搞贸易保护主义，对于目前在技术、资金上都有限的发展中国家是很不公平的。

美国真的是很不厚道。

而像俄罗斯、德国等国家就很识时务，早就知道环保节能是大势所趋，在大会上表现到相当积极。

于欣佳奥巴马的困境———美国在世界气候变化问题面前的选择 [内容提要]　在哥本哈根举行的联合国气候变化大会在一片争议声中闭幕了。

美国新任总统奥巴马在会上高调提出建设一个新的机制取代美国长期不愿加入的《京都议定书》等建议。

本文以“女王困境”类比,借助博弈工具分析奥巴马在世界气候变化问题上的战略选择,指出此战略的实质是“强化规则,弱化行动”的模糊战略。

在加入有约束性的国际气候变化机制的问题上,美国将长期以“未加入”的身份处于“加入”的状态中,实现在不影响国内利益的前提下收获国际声望的最优战略结果。

而且鉴于分析前提的相对稳定性,这种战略选择很有可能成为美国的长期战略,而非这一届美国政府的个别态度。

[关键词]　气候变化　国际机制　博弈　战略选择中图分类号:D815・9　文献标识码:A　文章编号:1007-1369(2010)2-0101-10 英格兰女王伊丽莎白一世在统治初期曾经面临这样的困境:一方面,如果她结婚,那么她的丈夫将取代她成为国王。

由于亲眼目睹自己的父亲亨利八世如何将前后几位王后打入大牢或干脆处斩,女王不愿冒险失去权力;另一方面,如果她公开宣布不打算结婚,贵族会以她没有继承人为由煽动叛乱,同样威胁女王的统治。

面对这种两难困境,1558年继位的伊丽莎白女王,大约在1565年前后就打定主意终身不婚,但是直到1577年,她都一直在高调地进行婚姻谈判。

这种战略为女王近半个世纪的统治成功解除了后顾之忧。

喧嚣的四百年过去了,人类创造了科技革命的历史,同时也给地球制造了 收稿日期:201012110 作者简介:于欣佳,吉林大学行政学院国际政治专业博士研究生,130012。

世界经济与政治论坛・2010年第2期几乎难以承受的负担。

面对人类活动造成的全球气候变化问题,国际社会开展了一系列协调合作试图力挽狂澜。

在这些协调过程中,作为世界最大经济实体的美国被推上了风口浪尖,聚焦了全世界目光的时任美国总统奥巴马似乎遇到了当年伊丽莎白女王的困境。

3李海东,外交学院国际关系研究所副教授(北京100037)。

奥巴马政府的气候变化政策与哥本哈根世界气候大会李海东摘　要　从复兴经济、保证安全、维护世界领导地位出发,奥巴马政府对气候变化议题给予了高度关注,并为哥本哈根会议的召开做了相当长时间的准备和协调工作。

由于在制订气候变化协议立场及减排指标方面,美国与欧盟及新兴经济体之间的差距较大,哥本哈根会议的成果十分有限。

鉴于气候变化在全球政治中的地位迅速攀升,在未来数年中,美国及世界各国就气候变化议题的谈判仍将继续。

关键词　气候变化政策奥巴马政府经济复苏国家安全哥本哈根会议2009年12月7日至19日,在哥本哈根举行了有190多个国家代表及119位国家元首或政府首脑参会的《联合国气候变化框架公约》第15次缔约方会议(Confer 2ence of the Parties t o the U.N.Fra me work Conventi on on Cli m ate Change ),极大促进了全球对气候变化问题的普遍关注。

一向惯于在世界事务中充当领导角色的美国,在哥本哈根会议上的表现格外值得研究。

美国现政府对哥本哈根会议重视有加,奥巴马政府此前做了大约一年的准备工作,奥巴马与六位内阁成员也积极与会。

为什么奥巴马政府对哥本哈根会议如此积极主动,奥巴马政府的气候变化政策和哥本哈根会议的关联何在?本文认为,出于美国自身利益的考虑,奥巴马政府一直重视气候变化问题。

由于气候变化问题需要国际合作,奥巴马政府展开了有关气候变化的积极外交活动。

但由于种种限制性因素的存在,哥本哈根会议没有按照美国政府的预期展开。

奥巴马政府应对气候变化的外交政策走向仍需密切观察。

一、奥巴马政府关注气候变化议题的主要原因奥巴马上台以来,改变了布什政府在气候变化问题上长期消极被动、无所作为的做法,为发展清洁能源和应对气候变化,其所做的具体工作已超过美国以往历任总统。

这尤其体现在美国国会在奥巴马政府的推动下,正通过立法的方式控制温室气体排放。

US President Barack Obama was one of 147 world leaders to address delegates in Paris on 30 November at the opening of the United Nation Conference on Climate Change (COP21). The United States is the world's second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China. Negotiations on the next global agreement on tackling climate change officially started on Monday, with talks presumed to go on until at least 11 December.Read the full text of Obama's speech below:President Hollande, Mr. Secretary General, fellow leaders. We have come to Paris to show our resolve.We offer our condolences to the people of France for the barbaric attacks on this beautiful city. We stand united in solidarity not only to deliver justice to the terrorist network responsible for those attacks but to protect our people and uphold the enduring values that keep us strong and keep us free. And we salute the people of Paris for insisting this crucial conference go on -- an act of defiance that proves nothing will deter us from building the future we want for our children. What greater rejection of those who would tear down our world than marshaling our best efforts to save it?Nearly 200 nations have assembled here this week -- a declaration that for all the challenges we face, the growing threat of climate change could define the contours of this century more dramatically than any other. What should give us hope that this is a turning point, that this is the moment we finally determined we would save our planet, is the fact that our nations share a sense of urgency about this challenge and a growing realization that it is within our power to do something about it.Our understanding of the ways human beings disrupt the climate advances by the day. Fourteen of the fifteen warmest years on record have occurred since the year 2000 -- and 2015 is on pace to be the warmest year of all. No nation -- large or small, wealthy or poor -- is immune to what this means.This summer, I saw the effects of climate change firsthand in our northernmost state, Alaska, where the sea is already swallowing villages and eroding shorelines; where permafrost thaws and the tundra burns; where glaciers are melting at a pace unprecedented in modern times. And it was a preview of one possible future -- a glimpse of our children's fate if the climate keeps changing faster than our efforts to address it. Submerged countries. Abandoned cities. Fields that no longer grow. Political disruptions that trigger new conflict, and even more floods of desperate peoples seeking the sanctuary of nations not their own.That future is not one of strong economies, nor is it one where fragile states can find their footing. That future is one that we have the power to change. Right here. Right now. But only if we rise to this moment. As one of America's governors has said, "We are the first generation to feel the impact of climate change, and the last generation that can do something about it."I've come here personally, as the leader of the world's largest economy and the second-largest emitter, to say that the United States of America not only recognizes our role in creating this problem, we embrace our responsibility to do something about it.Over the last seven years, we've made ambitious investments in clean energy, and ambitious reductions in our carbon emissions. We've multiplied wind power threefold, and solar power more than twentyfold, helping create parts of America where these clean power sources arefinally cheaper than dirtier, conventional power. We've invested in energy efficiency in every way imaginable. We've said no to infrastructure that would pull high-carbon fossil fuels from the ground, and we've said yes to the first-ever set of national standards limiting the amount of carbon pollution our power plants can release into the sky.The advances we've made have helped drive our economic output to all-time highs, and drive our carbon pollution to its lowest levels in nearly two decades.But the good news is this is not an American trend alone. Last year, the global economy grew while global carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels stayed flat. And what this means can't be overstated. We have broken the old arguments for inaction. We have proved that strong economic growth and a safer environment no longer have to conflict with one another; they can work in concert with one another.And that should give us hope. One of the enemies that we'll be fighting at this conference is cynicism, the notion we can't do anything about climate change. Our progress should give us hope during these two weeks -- hope that is rooted in collective action.Earlier this month in Dubai, after years of delay, the world agreed to work together to cut the super-pollutants known as HFCs. That's progress. Already, prior to Paris, more than 180 countries representing nearly 95 percent of global emissions have put forward their own climate targets. That is progress. For our part, America is on track to reach the emissions targets that I set six years ago in Copenhagen -- we will reduce our carbon emissions in the range of 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. And that's why, last year, I set a new target: America will reduce our emissions 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels within 10 years from now.So our task here in Paris is to turn these achievements into an enduring framework for human progress -- not a stopgap solution, but a long-term strategy that gives the world confidence in a low-carbon future.Here, in Paris, let's secure an agreement that builds in ambition, where progress paves the way for regularly updated targets -- targets that are not set for each of us but by each of us, taking into account the differences that each nation is facing.Here in Paris, let's agree to a strong system of transparency that gives each of us the confidence that all of us are meeting our commitments. And let's make sure that the countries who don't yet have the full capacity to report on their targets receive the support that they need.Here in Paris, let's reaffirm our commitment that resources will be there for countries willing to do their part to skip the dirty phase of development. And I recognize this will not be easy. It will take a commitment to innovation and the capital to continue driving down the cost of clean energy. And that's why, this afternoon, I'll join many of you to announce an historic joint effort to accelerate public and private clean energy innovation on a global scale.Here in Paris, let's also make sure that these resources flow to the countries that need help preparing for the impacts of climate change that we can no longer avoid. We know the truth that many nations have contributed little to climate change but will be the first to feel its most destructive effects. For some, particularly island nations -- whose leaders I'll meet with tomorrow -- climate change is a threat to their very existence. And that's why today, in concert with other nations, America confirms our strong and ongoing commitment to the Least Developed Countries Fund. And tomorrow, we'll pledge new contributions to risk insurance initiatives that helpvulnerable populations rebuild stronger after climate-related disasters.And finally, here in Paris, let's show businesses and investors that the global economy is on a firm path towards a low-carbon future. If we put the right rules and incentives in place, we'll unleash the creative power of our best scientists and engineers and entrepreneurs to deploy clean energy technologies and the new jobs and new opportunities that they create all around the world. There are hundreds of billions of dollars ready to deploy to countries around the world if they get the signal that we mean business this time. Let's send that signal.That's what we seek in these next two weeks. Not simply an agreement to roll back the pollution we put into our skies, but an agreement that helps us lift people from poverty without condemning the next generation to a planet that's beyond its capacity to repair. Here, in Paris, we can show the world what is possible when we come together, united in common effort and by a common purpose.And let there be no doubt, the next generation is watching what we do. Just over a week ago, I was in Malaysia, where I held a town hall with young people, and the first question I received was from a young Indonesian woman. And it wasn't about terrorism, it wasn't about the economy, it wasn't about human rights. It was about climate change. And she asked whether I was optimistic about what we can achieve here in Paris, and what young people like her could do to help.I want our actions to show her that we're listening. I want our actions to be big enough to draw on the talents of all our people -- men and women, rich and poor -- I want to show her passionate, idealistic young generation that we care about their future.For I believe, in the words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., that there is such a thing as being too late. And when it comes to climate change, that hour is almost upon us. But if we act here, if we act now, if we place our own short-term interests behind the air that our young people will breathe, and the food that they will eat, and the water that they will drink, and the hopes and dreams that sustain their lives, then we won't be too late for them.And, my fellow leaders, accepting this challenge will not reward us with moments of victory that are clear or quick. Our progress will be measured differently -- in the suffering that is averted, and a planet that's preserved. And that's what's always made this so hard. Our generation may not even live to see the full realization of what we do here. But the knowledge that the next generation will be better off for what we do here -- can we imagine a more worthy reward than that? Passing that on to our children and our grandchildren, so that when they look back and they see what we did here in Paris, they can take pride in our achievement.Let that be the common purpose here in Paris. A world that is worthy of our children. A world that is marked not by conflict, but by cooperation; and not by human suffering, but by human progress. A world that's safer, and more prosperous, and more secure, and more free than the one that we inherited.Let's get to work. Thank you very much.。

Today world leaders, including Wen Jiabao, the Chinese premier, will gather in Copenhagen. Deal or no deal, they know that there must be a global effort to tackle climate change. China is upbeat about the prospect.今天，包括中国总理温家宝在内的世界各国领导人齐聚哥本哈根。

不论能否达成协议，他们认识到全球应携手共同应对气候变化。

中方对会议前景表示乐观。

In the United Nations Development Programme's Billion Trees campaign, the Chinese people planted 2.6 billion trees, two per person and more than any other country in the world. It has become fashionable for young couples to plant trees to celebrate their weddings.在联合国环境署倡议的“全球10亿棵树”活动中，中国人种了26亿棵树，也就是人均2棵，居全球首位。

新婚夫妇种树留念成为时尚。

What is more, in the stimulus package of more than ￡400 billion to tackle the financial crisis, about 15 per cent is, or will, be invested in projects related to addressing climate change and improving the environment.为应对国际金融危机，中国在新增4000多亿英镑的经济刺激方案中，应对气候变化、改善环境的投资达15%。

2009年9月3日，在第64届联合国大会开始一般性辩论之际，美国总统奥巴马出席会议并发表讲话。

以下是讲话全文：Remarks by the U.S. President to the United Nations General AssemblyUnited Nations Headquarters September 23, 2009美国总统奥巴马在联合国大会上的讲话联合国总部2009年9月23日Good morning. Mr. President, Mr. Secretary General, fellow delegates, ladies and gentlemen, it is my honor to address you for the first time as the 44th President of the United States. (Applause.) I come before you humbled by the responsibility that the American people have placed upon me, mindful of the enormous challenges of our moment in history, and determined to act boldly and collectively on behalf of justice and prosperity at home and abroad.早上好。

主席先生、秘书长先生、各位代表，女士们、先生们：我荣幸地作为美国第44任总统首次在这里发表讲话。

（掌声）站在各位面前，美国人民赋予我的重任令我不胜荣幸；我深知我们这个历史时期所面临的巨大挑战；并决意为了国内外的正义和繁荣而采取大胆的集体行动。

I have been in office for just nine months -- though some days it seems a lot longer. I am well aware of the expectations that accompany my presidency around the world. These expectations are not about me. Rather, they are rooted, I believe, in a discontent with a status quo that has allowed us to be increasingly defined by our differences, and outpaced by our problems. But they are also rooted in hope -- the hope that real change is possible, and the hope that America will be a leader in bringing about such change.我就任总统只有9个月——但在有些日子里这段时间却显得漫长。