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第五讲：ABAQUS中的材料

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Abaqus中的材料属性和装配件

Abaqus中的材料属性和装配件
Abaqus/CAE中的材料属性和装配件
第四讲
概述
• 定义并分配材料属性 • 材料评估 • 材料库 • 什么是装配件? • 定位部件实例 • 阵列 • 布尔操作 • 装配件集和表面 • 显示组 • 练习
Introduction to Abaqus/CAE
L1.2
定义并分配材料属性
定义并分配材料属性
L1.19
Introduction to Abaqus/CAE
什么是装配件?
• 例子：婴儿四轮车的装配件
车身的一个实例 轴的两个实例 轴支座的四个实例 把手的一个实例 轮子的四个实例
L1.20
当部件定义变化时，轮子的实例 自动更新
Introduction to Abaqus/CAE
定位部件实例
定位部件实例
• 在这些情况下， Abaqus/CAE允许用户将前 面定义的相对约束转化为绝 对约束 。
Parallel face constraint 1
fixed
Parallel face constraint 2
Parallel face constraint 3
fixed
movable fixed
movable
Edit Section Assignment dialog box
Introduction to Abaqus/CAE
L1.9
定义并分配材料属性
• 梁的视觉上的反馈 • 梁的建模是基于线特征；其横截面尺寸认为是截面属性。
Introduction to Abaqus/CAE
定义并分配材料属性
• 可以通过观察梁的外形改变梁截面属性的定义 • 很容易检测建模误差
Introduction to Abaqus/CAE

abaqus铝合金材料参数

abaqus铝合金材料参数

Abaqus铝合金材料参数引言铝合金是一种常用的工程材料，具有优异的机械性能和良好的耐腐蚀性能。

在工程实践中，为了更准确地模拟铝合金材料的行为，需要确定合适的材料参数。

本文将介绍使用Abaqus软件进行铝合金材料参数建立的方法和步骤。

Abaqus软件简介Abaqus是一种常用的有限元分析软件，广泛应用于工程结构和材料的模拟和分析。

它提供了丰富的材料模型和参数设置选项，可以实现准确的材料行为模拟。

铝合金材料参数建立步骤步骤一：材料测试在建立铝合金材料参数之前，需要进行一系列的材料测试，以获取材料的力学性能数据。

常见的测试方法包括拉伸试验、压缩试验和剪切试验。

通过这些测试，可以得到材料的应力-应变曲线和其他重要的力学性能参数。

步骤二：材料模型选择根据铝合金材料的特性和测试结果，选择合适的材料模型。

Abaqus提供了多种材料模型，如线性弹性模型、弹塑性模型和本构模型等。

根据实际情况，选择最合适的模型进行建模。

步骤三：材料参数确定根据选定的材料模型，需要确定相应的材料参数。

这些参数可以通过拟合实验数据或者根据已有的材料参数手册进行确定。

对于铝合金材料，常见的参数包括弹性模量、屈服强度、屈服应变、硬化指数等。

步骤四：材料参数输入在Abaqus软件中，可以通过定义材料属性和输入材料参数来建立铝合金材料模型。

在模型建立过程中，需要输入材料的基本参数，如杨氏模量、泊松比等。

此外，还需要输入材料的本构参数，如弹性区参数、塑性区参数等。

铝合金材料参数建立实例以某种常见的铝合金材料为例，介绍具体的建模步骤和参数输入方法。

步骤一：材料测试对该铝合金材料进行拉伸试验，得到应力-应变曲线。

根据试验数据，计算出屈服强度和屈服应变等力学性能参数。

步骤二：材料模型选择根据铝合金材料的非线性特性，选择弹塑性模型进行建模。

步骤三：材料参数确定根据试验数据，拟合得到材料的本构参数。

假设材料的本构关系为线性弹性-塑性本构关系，通过拟合得到以下参数： - 弹性模量：70 GPa - 屈服强度：300 MPa - 屈服应变：0.2 - 硬化指数：0.1步骤四：材料参数输入在Abaqus软件中，定义材料属性并输入材料参数。

abaqus第五讲：ABAQUS中的材料

abaqus第五讲：ABAQUS中的材料

超弹性 （Hyperelasticity）
典型的橡胶材料的应力－应变行为是弹性的，但是高度的非线性，如图所示。这种 材料行为称为超弹性（hyperelasticity）。超弹性材料的变形在大应变值时（通常超 过100%）仍然保持为弹性，如橡胶。
橡胶的典型应力－应变曲线
ABAQUS当模拟超弹性材料时，作出如下假设： 材料行为是弹性。 材料行为是各向同性。 模拟将考虑几何非线性效应。 另外，ABAQUS/Standard默认地假设材料是不可压缩的。ABAQUS/Explicit假设材料 是接近不可压缩的（默认的泊松比是0.475）。 弹性泡沫是另一类高度非线性的弹性材料。它们与橡胶材料不同，当承受压力载荷时 它们具有非常大的可压缩性。在ABAQUS中，应用不同的材料模型来模拟它们 。 ABAQUS应用应变势能（U）（strain energy potential）来表达超弹性材料的应力 －应变关系，而不是用杨氏模量和泊松比。有几种不同的应变势能：多项式模型、 Ogden模型、Arruda-Boyce模型、Marlow模型和van der Waals模型。还有多项式 模型的比较简单的形式，包括Mooney-Rivlin模型、 neo-Hookean模型、简缩多项 式模型和Yeoh 模型。 多项式形式的应变势能是常用的形式之一，可以表达为：
材料硬化
屈服面会由于塑性变形而发生改变。屈服面的改变是由硬化法则来定义的。 ABAQUS中提供了以下几种硬化法则：
●理想塑性 ●各向同性硬化法则
适用于碰撞分析、成型分析和一般的失效分析； 单调加载情况；
●运动硬化法则
适用于循环加载情况；只能在/Standard 中应用；
●混合的各向同性/运动硬化法则
ABAQUS所用的材料曲线

ABAQUS专题讲座

ABAQUS专题讲座

INP文件
1 INP文件（扩展名为.inp）是一种文本文件，它包含了对整个模型的完整描述，在前处理 器（例如ABAQUS）和求解器（ABAQUS/Standard或ABAQUS/Explicit）之间建立了一个 传递数据的桥梁。 2 主要作用：求解器只能对INP文件进行处理，所以INP文件是模型的载体，CAE中的内容最 后都归结为一个INP文件。除此之外，我们可以对INP文件进行修改，完成CAE中不支持 的功能。 3 INP文件的格式遵循的基本规则： 1）如果一行以**开始，则为注释行，其内容在分析过程中不起作用。 2）整个INP文件中不应有空行，否则会在分析时出现异常错误。如果希望使用空行来隔开 部分内容，应在此行开头输入**，表示注释行。 3）关键词、参数、集合名称和面的名称都不区分小写（用户子程序用到的集合和面除外）。 4）INP文件每一行不能超过256个字符，有些关键字对此还有进一步规定。例如，前面介绍 的*ELEMENT要求在每个数据行中包含的节点数不超过15个，总共最多80个字符； *ELSET和*NSET要求在每个数据行中包含的数据不超过16个，如果超出16个，超出的部 分会被忽略。 5）如果一行没有结束需要换行时，需要在此行的结尾加上逗号，表明下一行将是这一行的 延续。 6）在关键词和各个参数之间，以及数据行中的各个数据之间都要用逗号分隔。如果一个数 据行中只包含一个数据项，也要在结尾处加上一个逗号。 7）对关键词、参数和数据行的书写位置没有向FORTRAN文件那样严格限制，在词与词之间 的空格或制表符（按TAB键）不影响其内容。
• 3 LOG文件中的错误信息：有些情况下，在Windows任务管理
• 4 ABAQUS/CAE中的错误信息：ABAQUS/CAE
总之ABAQUS的错误信息主要为这四类，用户根据具体的错误提示 来修改模型。四类错误信息的详细说明见：石亦平编写的 《ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解》第十一章内容。

abaqus_1005种材料参数

abaqus_1005种材料参数

Material Name and Condition. Density Yng's Poisslb/in^3 Modul Ratio Strs S msi ksi k acrylic lucite 0.0430 0.43 0.400 6.0 1 aluminum pure 99.996 annealed 0.0970 10.00 0.330 1.8 aluminum pure 99.45-o condition 0.0980 10.00 0.330 4.0 1 aluminum pure-h12 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 12.0 1 aluminum pure-h16 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 16.0 1 aluminum 1060-o sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 4.0 1 aluminum 1060-h12 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 11.0 1 aluminum 1060-h18 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 18.0 1 aluminum 1100-o sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 5.0 1 aluminum 1100-h14 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 17.0 1 aluminum 1100-h18 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 26.0 2 aluminum 2011-t3 bar 0.1020 10.20 0.330 43.0 5 aluminum 2011-t8 bar 0.1020 10.20 0.330 45.0 5 aluminum 2014-o bar 0.1010 10.60 0.330 14.0 2 aluminum 2014-t6 sheet 0.1010 10.60 0.330 68.0 7 aluminum 2014-t651 0.1010 10.60 0.330 63.5 6 aluminum 2017-o bar 0.1010 10.50 0.330 10.0 2 aluminum 2017-t4 bar 0.1010 10.50 0.330 40.0 6 aluminum 2021-o sheet 0.1030 10.70 0.330 10.0 2 aluminum 2021-t31 sheet 0.1030 10.70 0.330 40.0 6 aluminum 2021-t81 plate 0.1030 10.70 0.330 63.0 7 aluminum 2021-t8151 0.1030 10.70 0.330 66.6 7 aluminum 2024-o sheet 0.1000 10.60 0.330 11.0 2 aluminum 2024-t3 sheet 0.1000 10.60 0.330 51.0 6 aluminum 2024-t4 sheet 0.1000 10.60 0.330 47.0 6 aluminum 2024-t851 plate 0.1000 10.60 0.330 68.0 7 aluminum 2025-t6 plate 0.1010 10.40 0.330 37.0 5 aluminum 2219-o sheet 0.1020 10.60 0.330 11.0 2 aluminum 2219-t31 sheet 0.1020 10.60 0.330 45.0 5 aluminum 2219-t62 sheet 0.1020 10.60 0.330 39.0 5 aluminum 2219-t851 sheet 0.1020 10.60 0.330 51.0 6 aluminum 2219-t851 0.1020 10.60 0.330 53.8 6 aluminum 2618-t6 sheet 0.1000 10.50 0.330 56.0 6 aluminum 3003-o sheet 0.0990 10.00 0.330 6.0 1 aluminum 3003-h12 sheet 0.0990 10.00 0.330 18.0 1 aluminum 3003-h14 0.0990 10.00 0.330 21.1 2 aluminum 3003-h18 sheet 0.0990 10.00 0.330 27.0 2 aluminum 3004-o sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 10.0 2 aluminum 3004-h32 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 25.0 3 aluminum 3004-h34 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 29.0 3 aluminum 3004-h38 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 36.0 4 aluminum 4032-t6 0.0970 11.40 0.330 46.0 5 aluminum 5050-o sheet 0.0970 10.00 0.330 8.0 2 aluminum 5050-h32 sheet 0.0970 10.00 0.330 21.0 2aluminum 5050-h38 sheet 0.0970 10.00 0.330 29.0 3 aluminum 5052-o sheet 0.0970 10.20 0.330 13.0 2 aluminum 5052-o 0.0970 10.20 0.330 12.0 2 aluminum 5052-h34 sheet 0.0970 10.20 0.330 31.0 3 aluminum 5052-h38 sheet 0.0970 10.20 0.330 38.0 4 aluminum 5083-o sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 22.0 4 aluminum 5083-o 0.0960 10.30 0.330 20.4 4 aluminum 5083-h12 sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 44.0 5 aluminum 5083-h32 sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 38.0 5 aluminum 5083-h34 sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 45.0 5 aluminum 5083-h321 0.0960 10.30 0.330 34.1 4 aluminum 5086-o sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 19.0 4 aluminum 5086-o 0.0960 10.30 0.330 17.0 3 aluminum 5086-h32 plate 0.0960 10.30 0.330 30.0 4 aluminum 5086-h34 sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 38.0 5 aluminum 5086-h34 plate 0.0960 10.30 0.330 38.0 5 aluminum 5154-o sheet 0.0960 10.20 0.330 16.0 3 aluminum 5154-h32 sheet 0.0960 10.20 0.330 31.0 4 aluminum 5154-h34 sheet 0.0960 10.20 0.330 38.0 4 aluminum 5154-h38 sheet 0.0960 10.20 0.330 43.0 4 aluminum 5454-o sheet 0.0970 10.20 0.330 16.0 3 aluminum 5454-o 0.0970 10.20 0.330 16.7 3 aluminum 5454-h32 sheet 0.0970 10.20 0.330 32.0 4 aluminum 5454-h32 0.0970 10.20 0.330 28.9 4 aluminum 5454-h34 sheet 0.0970 10.20 0.330 40.0 4 aluminum 5454-h32 plate 0.0970 10.20 0.330 38.0 4 aluminum 5456-o sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 25.0 4 aluminum 5456-o 0.0960 10.30 0.330 23.2 4 aluminum 5456-h24 sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 41.0 5 aluminum 5456-h321 sheet 0.0960 10.30 0.330 37.0 5 aluminum 5456-h321 plate 0.0960 10.30 0.330 34.0 5 aluminum 6061-o sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 8.0 1 aluminum 6061-t6 sheet thick 0.0980 10.00 0.330 41.0 4 aluminum 6061-t6 sheet thin 0.0980 10.00 0.330 43.0 4 aluminum 6061-t6 0.0980 10.00 0.330 42.2 4 aluminum 6061-t651 plate 0.0980 10.00 0.330 39.0 4 aluminum 6063-o sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 7.0 1 aluminum 6063-t4 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 13.0 2 aluminum 6063-t6 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 31.0 3 aluminum 6063-t6 0.0980 10.00 0.330 31.0 3 aluminum 6063-t832 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 39.0 4 aluminum 6066-o sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 12.0 2 aluminum 6066-t4 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 30.0 5 aluminum 6066-t6 sheet 0.0980 10.00 0.330 51.0 5 aluminum x7005-o sheet 0.1010 10.30 0.330 12.0 2 aluminum x7005-t6 sheet 0.1010 10.30 0.330 46.0 5aluminum 7039-o sheet 0.1010 10.10 0.330 15.0 3 aluminum 7039-t6 sheet 0.1010 10.10 0.330 55.0 6 aluminum 7039-t61 plate 0.1010 10.10 0.330 48.0 5 aluminum 7049-t73 die forgings 0.1020 10.20 0.330 61.0 7 aluminum 7049-t73511 extrusions 0.1020 10.20 0.330 62.0 7 aluminum 7049-t75511 extrusions 0.1020 10.20 0.330 69.0 7 aluminum 7050-t73652 hand forging 0.1010 10.30 0.330 60.0 7 aluminum 7050-t736 die forgings 0.1010 10.30 0.330 60.0 7 aluminum 7075-o sheet 0.1010 10.30 0.330 15.0 3 aluminum 7075-t6 sheet 0.1010 10.30 0.330 76.0 8 aluminum 7075-t651 plate 0.1010 10.40 0.330 76.0 8 aluminum 7075-t73 sheet 0.1010 10.30 0.330 63.0 7 aluminum 7076-t61 0.1020 9.70 0.330 60.0 7 aluminum 7079-o sheet 0.0990 10.40 0.330 15.0 3 aluminum 7079-t6 sheet 0.0990 10.40 0.330 70.0 7 aluminum 7079-t651 plate 0.0990 10.40 0.330 77.0 8 aluminum 7178-o sheet 0.1020 10.40 0.330 15.0 3 aluminum 7178-t6 sheet 0.1020 10.40 0.330 75.0 8 aluminum 7178-t76 plate 0.1020 10.20 0.330 72.0 8 aluminum 7178-t651 plate 0.1020 10.40 0.330 84.0 9 aluminum wrought 1060 o 0.0980 10.00 0.330 4.0 1 aluminum wrought 1060 h14 0.0980 10.00 0.330 13.0 1 aluminum wrought 1060 h18 0.0980 10.00 0.330 18.0 1 aluminum wrought 1100 o 0.0980 10.00 0.330 5.0 1 aluminum wrought 1100 h14 0.0980 10.00 0.330 17.0 1 aluminum wrought 1100 h18 0.0980 10.00 0.330 22.0 2 aluminum wrought 1350 o 0.0980 10.00 0.330 4.0 1 aluminum wrought 1350 h19 0.0980 10.00 0.330 24.0 2 aluminum wrought 2011 t3 0.1090 10.20 0.330 43.0 5 aluminum wrought 2011 t8 0.1090 10.20 0.330 45.0 5 aluminum wrought 2014 o 0.1010 10.60 0.330 14.0 2 aluminum wrought 2014 t6 0.1010 10.60 0.330 68.0 7 aluminum wrought 2017 o 0.1010 10.50 0.330 10.0 2 aluminum wrought 2017 t4 0.1010 10.50 0.330 40.0 6 aluminum wrought 2024 o 0.1010 10.60 0.330 11.0 2 aluminum wrought 2024 t3 0.1010 10.60 0.330 50.0 7 aluminum wrought 2024 t4 or t351 0.1010 10.60 0.330 47.0 6 aluminum wrought 2024 t361 0.1010 10.60 0.330 57.0 7 aluminum wrought 2036 t4 0.1000 10.30 0.330 28.0 4 aluminum wrought 2219 o 0.1030 10.60 0.330 11.0 2 aluminum wrought 2219 t31 or t351 0.1030 10.60 0.330 36.0 5 aluminum wrought 2219 t81 or t851 0.1030 10.60 0.330 51.0 6 aluminum wrought 3003 o 0.0990 10.00 0.330 6.0 1 aluminum wrought 3003 h12 0.0990 10.00 0.330 18.0 1 aluminum wrought 3003 h14 0.0990 10.00 0.330 21.0 2 aluminum wrought 3003 h18 0.0990 10.00 0.330 27.0 2aluminum wrought 3004 h32 0.0980 10.00 0.330 25.0 3 aluminum wrought 3004 h34 0.0980 10.00 0.330 29.0 3 aluminum wrought 3004 h38 0.0980 10.00 0.330 36.0 4 aluminum wrought 3105 o 0.0980 10.00 0.330 8.0 1 aluminum wrought 3105 h14 0.0980 10.00 0.330 22.0 2 aluminum wrought 3105 h18 0.0980 10.00 0.330 28.0 3 aluminum wrought 3105 h25 0.0980 10.00 0.330 23.0 2 aluminum wrought 4032 t6 0.0970 11.40 0.330 46.0 5 aluminum wrought 5005 o 0.0980 10.00 0.330 6.0 1 aluminum wrought 5005 h14 0.0980 10.00 0.330 22.0 2 aluminum wrought 5005 h18 0.0980 10.00 0.330 28.0 2 aluminum wrought 5005 h38 0.0980 10.00 0.330 27.0 2 aluminum wrought 5050 o 0.0970 10.00 0.330 8.0 2 aluminum wrought 5050 h34 0.0970 10.00 0.330 24.0 2 aluminum wrought 5050 h38 0.0970 10.00 0.330 29.0 3 aluminum wrought 5052 o 0.0970 10.20 0.330 13.0 2 aluminum wrought 5052 h34 0.0970 10.20 0.330 31.0 3 aluminum wrought 5052 h38 0.0970 10.20 0.330 37.0 4 aluminum wrought 5083 o 0.0960 10.30 0.330 21.0 4 aluminum wrought 5083 h321 or h116 0.0960 10.30 0.330 33.0 4 aluminum wrought 5086 0 0.0960 10.30 0.330 17.0 3 aluminum wrought 5086 h32 or h116 0.0960 10.30 0.330 30.0 4 aluminum wrought 5154 o 0.0960 10.20 0.330 17.0 3 aluminum wrought 5154 h34 0.0960 10.20 0.330 33.0 4 aluminum wrought 5154 h38 0.0960 10.20 0.330 39.0 4 aluminum wrought 5252 h25 0.0960 10.00 0.330 25.0 3 aluminum wrought 5454 o 0.0970 10.20 0.330 17.0 3 aluminum wrought 5454 h32 0.0970 10.20 0.330 30.0 4 aluminum wrought 5454 h34 0.0970 10.20 0.330 35.0 4 aluminum wrought 5456 o 0.0960 10.30 0.330 23.0 4 aluminum wrought 5456 h24 0.0960 10.30 0.330 41.0 5 aluminum wrought 5456 h34 0.0960 10.30 0.330 37.0 5 aluminum wrought 5657 h25 0.0970 10.00 0.330 20.0 2 aluminum wrought 5657 h38 or h28 0.0970 10.00 0.330 24.0 2 aluminum wrought 6061 o 0.0980 10.00 0.330 8.0 1 aluminum wrought 6061 t451 0.0980 10.00 0.330 21.0 3 aluminum wrought 6061 t651 0.0980 10.00 0.330 40.0 4 aluminum wrought 6063 o 0.0970 10.00 0.330 7.0 1 aluminum wrought 6063 t4 0.0970 10.00 0.330 13.0 2 aluminum wrought 6063 t6 0.0970 10.00 0.330 31.0 3 aluminum wrought 6066 o 0.0980 10.00 0.330 12.0 2 aluminum wrought 6066 t4 0.0980 10.00 0.330 30.0 5 aluminum wrought 6066 t6 0.0980 10.00 0.330 52.0 5 aluminum wrought 6101 t6 0.0970 10.00 0.330 28.0 3 aluminum wrought 7001 o 0.1030 10.30 0.330 22.0 3 aluminum wrought 7001 t6 0.1030 10.30 0.330 91.0 9aluminum wrought 7075 t6 or t651 0.1010 10.30 0.330 73.0 8 aluminum wrought 7075 t73 0.1010 10.30 0.330 63.0 7 aluminum wrought 7178 o 0.1020 10.40 0.330 15.0 3 aluminum wrought 7178 t6 or t651 0.1020 10.40 0.330 78.0 8 aluminum wrought 7178 t76 or t7651 0.1020 10.40 0.330 73.0 8 beryllium s-65 0.0670 42.00 0.029 30.0 4 beryllium s-200f 0.0670 42.00 0.029 35.0 4 beryllium 1319 0.0670 42.00 0.029 35.0 5 beryllium 1162 0.0670 42.00 0.029 25.0 3 beryllium qmv 0.0670 42.00 0.029 30.0 5 beryllium-copper 10 dead soft 0.3190 20.00 0.310 20.0 3 beryllium-copper 10 planished 0.3190 20.00 0.310 25.0 3 beryllium-copper 10 h temper 0.3190 20.00 0.310 55.0 7 beryllium-copper 10 at temper 0.3190 20.00 0.310 80.0 10 beryllium-copper 10 ht temper 0.3190 20.00 0.310 100.0 11 beryllium-copper 10 htr temper 0.3190 20.00 0.310 110.0 12 beryllium-copper 10 htc temper 0.3190 20.00 0.310 50.0 7 beryllium-copper 25 dead soft 0.3020 19.00 0.310 28.0 6 beryllium-copper 25 planished 0.3020 19.00 0.310 30.0 6 beryllium-copper 25 1/4 h temper 0.3020 19.00 0.310 60.0 7 beryllium-copper 25 1/2 h temper 0.3020 19.00 0.310 75.0 8 beryllium-copper 25 h temper 0.3020 19.00 0.310 90.0 10 beryllium-copper 25 at temper 0.3020 19.00 0.310 140.0 16 beryllium-copper 25 1/4 ht temper 0.3020 19.00 0.310 150.0 17 beryllium-copper 25 1/2 ht temper 0.3020 19.00 0.310 160.0 18 beryllium-copper 25 ht temper 0.3020 19.00 0.310 165.0 19 brass cartridge cu.7 zn.3 1/2 hard 0.3080 16.00 0.330 52.0 6 brass cartridge cu.7 zn.3 1/4 hard 0.3080 16.00 0.330 40.0 5 brass cartridge cu.7 zn.3 annealed 0.3080 16.00 0.330 19.0 5 bronze commercial cu.9 zn.1 1/2 hard 0.3180 17.00 0.330 45.0 5 bronze commercial cu.9 zn.1 annealed 0.3180 17.00 0.330 12.0 3 copper cold rolled 0.3220 17.00 0.330 45.0 5 copper hot rolled 0.3230 17.00 0.330 10.0 3 copper oxygen free (99.92) annealed 0.3210 17.00 0.330 10.0 3 gold pure (99.9) annealed 0.6980 12.00 0.420 1.0 1 gold pure (99.9) cold rolled 0.6980 12.00 0.420 30.0 3 inconel x annealed 0.3000 31.00 0.330 50.0 11 inconel x hot rolled 0.3000 31.00 0.330 120.0 18 iron gray cast 0.2600 13.00 0.300 32.0 3 iron ingot (99.9+) annealed 0.2840 30.10 0.290 19.0 3 iron ingot (99.9+) hot rolled 0.2840 30.10 0.290 19.0 3 iron wrought hat rolled 0.2780 29.00 0.290 30.0 4 lead pure 0.4100 2.00 0.420 1.9 magnesium az31b-h24 0.0640 6.50 0.350 22.0 3 magnesium hk31b-h24 0.0650 6.40 0.350 29.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h24 sheet 0.016/0.249 0.0643 6.50 0.330 32.0 4magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h24 sheet 0.250/0.374 0.0643 6.50 0.330 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h24 sheet 0.375/0.500 0.0643 6.50 0.330 27.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h24 sheet 0.501/1.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 24.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h24 sheet 1.001/2.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 23.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h24 sheet 2.001/3.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 21.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h26 sheet 0.250/0.374 0.0643 6.50 0.330 30.0 4 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h26 sheet 0.375/0.438 0.0643 6.50 0.330 28.0 4 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h26 sheet 0.439/0.500 0.0643 6.50 0.330 28.0 4 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h26 sheet 0.501/0.750 0.0643 6.50 0.330 28.0 4 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h26 sheet 0.751/1.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 26.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h26 sheet 1.001/1.500 0.0643 6.50 0.330 25.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn h26 sheet 1.501/2.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 24.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn o sheet 0.016/0.060 0.0643 6.50 0.330 22.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn o sheet 0.061/0.249 0.0643 6.50 0.330 23.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn o sheet 0.250/0.500 0.0643 6.50 0.330 22.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn o sheet 0.501/2.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 22.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3-al 1-zn o sheet 2.001/3.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 21.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr h24 sheet 0.016/0.125 0.0647 6.50 0.330 30.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr h24 sheet 0.126/0.250 0.0647 6.50 0.330 30.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr h24 sheet 0.251/1.000 0.0647 6.50 0.330 31.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr h24 sheet 1.001/3.000 0.0647 6.50 0.330 29.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr o sheet 0.016/0.250 0.0647 6.50 0.330 20.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr o sheet 0.251/0.500 0.0647 6.50 0.330 19.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr o sheet 0.501/1.000 0.0647 6.50 0.330 18.0 3 magnesium wrought hk31a 3.2-th 0.7-zr o sheet 1.001/3.000 0.0647 6.50 0.330 17.0 3 magnesium wrought hm21a 2.0-th 0.8-mn t8 sheet 0.016/0.250 0.0643 6.50 0.330 28.0 3 magnesium wrought hm21a 2.0-th 0.8-mn t8 sheet 0.251/0.500 0.0643 6.50 0.330 30.0 3 magnesium wrought hm21a 2.0-th 0.8-mn t8 sheet 0.501/1.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 28.0 3 magnesium wrought hm21a 2.0-th 0.8-mn t8 sheet 1.001/2.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 25.0 3 magnesium wrought hm21a 2.0-th 0.8-mn t8 sheet 2.001/3.000 0.0643 6.50 0.330 26.0 3 magnesium wrought hm21a 2.0-th 0.8-mn t81 sheet 0.125/0.312 0.0643 6.50 0.330 30.0 3 magnesium wrought az31b 3.0-al 1.0-zn temper-f extrusion 0.0643 6.50 0.330 28.0 3 magnesium wrought az61a 6.5-al 1.0-zn temper-f extrusion 0.0650 6.50 0.330 33.0 4 magnesium wrought az80a 8.5-al 0.5-zn temper-f extrusion 0.0650 6.50 0.330 36.0 4 magnesium wrought az80a 8.5-al 0.5-zn temper-t5 extrusion 0.0650 6.50 0.330 40.0 5 magnesium wrought hm31a 3.25-th 1.2-mn temper-t5 extrusion 0.0653 6.50 0.330 39.0 4 magnesium wrought zk60a 5.5znh 0.45-zr temper-f extrusion 0.0661 6.50 0.330 40.0 4 magnesium wrought zk60a 5.5znh 0.45-zr temper-t5 extrusion 0.0661 6.50 0.330 44.0 5 magnesium wrought az31b 3.0-al 1.0-zn temper-f tubing 0.0643 6.50 0.330 24.0 3 magnesium wrought az61a 6.5-al 1.0-zn temper-f tubing 0.0650 6.50 0.330 24.0 4 magnesium wrought zk60a 5.5znh 0.45-zr temper-f tubing 0.0661 6.50 0.330 34.0 4 magnesium wrought zk60a 5.5znh 0.45-zr temper-t5 tubing 0.0661 6.50 0.330 40.0 5 magnesium wrought az31b 3.0-al 1.0-zn temper-f forging 0.0643 6.50 0.330 28.0 3 magnesium wrought az61a 6.5-al 1.0-zn temper-f forging 0.0650 6.50 0.330 26.0 4 magnesium wrought az80a 8.5-al 0.5-zn temper-f forging 0.0650 6.50 0.330 31.0 4 magnesium wrought az80a 8.5-al 0.5-zn temper-t5 forging 0.0650 6.50 0.330 34.0 5 magnesium wrought az80a 8.5-al 0.5-zn temper-t6 forging 0.0650 6.50 0.330 36.0 5magnesium wrought hm21a 2.0-th 0.8-mn temper-t5 forging 0.0643 6.50 0.330 magnesium wrought zk60a 5.5znh 0.45-zr temper-t5 forging 0.0661 6.50 0.330 30.0 4 magnesium wrought zk60a 5.5znh 0.45-zr temper-t6 forging 0.0661 6.50 0.330 39.0 4 magnesium cast am100a 10.0-al 0.3-zn temper-f 0.0654 6.50 0.330 12.0 2 magnesium cast am100a 10.0-al 0.3-zn temper-t4 0.0654 6.50 0.330 13.0 4 magnesium cast am100a 10.0-al 0.3-zn temper-t6 0.0654 6.50 0.330 16.0 4 magnesium cast am100a 10.0-al 0.3-zn temper-t61 0.0654 6.50 0.330 22.0 4 magnesium cast az63a 60.0-al 3.0-zn temper-f 0.0663 6.50 0.330 14.0 2 magnesium cast az63a 60.0-al 3.0-zn temper-t4 0.0663 6.50 0.330 14.0 4 magnesium cast az63a 60.0-al 3.0-zn temper-t5 0.0663 6.50 0.330 15.0 2 magnesium cast az63a 60.0-al 3.0-zn temper-t6 0.0663 6.50 0.330 19.0 4 magnesium cast az81a 7.5-al 0.7-zn temper-t4 0.0650 6.50 0.330 12.0 4 magnesium cast az91a 8.7-al 0.7-zn temper-f 0.0654 6.50 0.330 14.0 2 magnesium cast az91a 8.7-al 0.7-zn temper-t4 0.0654 6.50 0.330 13.0 4 magnesium cast az91a 8.7-al 0.7-zn temper-t6 0.0654 6.50 0.330 19.0 4 magnesium cast az92a 9.0-al 2.0-zn temper-f 0.0657 6.50 0.330 14.0 2 magnesium cast az92a 9.0-al 2.0-zn temper-t4 0.0657 6.50 0.330 14.0 4 magnesium cast az92a 9.0-al 2.0-zn temper-t5 0.0657 6.50 0.330 17.0 2 magnesium cast az92a 9.0-al 2.0-zn temper-t6 0.0657 6.50 0.330 22.0 4 magnesium cast ez33a 2.5-re 3.2-zn temper-t5 0.0660 6.50 0.330 16.0 2 magnesium cast hk31a 3.2-th 0.3-zn temper-t6 0.0646 6.50 0.330 15.0 3 magnesium cast hz32a 3.2-th 2.1-zn temper-t5 0.0660 6.50 0.330 15.0 2 magnesium cast k1a 0.7-zr temper-f 0.0629 6.50 0.330 8.0 2 magnesium cast qe22a 2.5-ag 2.2-re 0.7-zr temper-t6 0.0654 6.50 0.330 28.0 3 magnesium cast qh21a 2.5-ag 1-re 1.1-th 0.7-zr temper-t6 0.0657 6.50 0.330 30.0 4 magnesium cast ze41a 4.2-zn 1.25-re 0.7-zr temper-t5 0.0657 6.50 0.330 20.0 3 magnesium cast ze63a 5.75-zn 2.6-re 0.7-zr temper-t6 0.0672 6.50 0.330 28.0 4 magnesium cast ze62a 5.7-zn 1.8-th 0.75-zr temper-t5 0.0669 6.50 0.330 25.0 4 magnesium cast zk51a 4.6-zn 0.75-zr temper-t5 0.0654 6.50 0.330 24.0 4 magnesium cast zk61a 60.0-zn 0.8-zr temper-t6 0.0660 6.50 0.330 28.0 4 molybdenium drawn 14 min. 0.3680 42.00 0.320 60.0 21 monel sand cast ni.63 cu.32 si.012 0.3120 19.00 0.330 35.0 8 monel wrought ni.67 cu.30 annealed 0.3190 26.00 0.360 35.0 7 monel wrought ni.67 cu.30 cold drawn 0.3190 26.00 0.360 80.0 10 monel wrought ni.67 cu.30 cold rolled hard 0.3190 26.00 0.360 100.0 11 monel wrought ni.67 cu.30 hot rolled 0.3190 26.00 0.360 50.0 9 nickel silver cu.65 zn.2 ni.15 1/2 hard 0.3140 18.00 0.310 62.0 7 nickel silver cu.65 zn.2 ni.15 annealed 0.3140 18.00 0.310 19.0 5 nickel silver cu.65 zn.2 ni.15 full hard 0.3140 18.00 0.310 75.0 8 nickel wrought (99.0) annealed 0.3210 30.00 0.310 20.0 7 nickel wrought (99.0) cold drawn 0.3210 30.00 0.310 70.0 9 nickel wrought (99.0) cold rolled hard 0.3210 30.00 0.310 95.0 10 nickel wrought (99.0) hot rolled 0.3210 30.00 0.310 25.0 7 palladium commercial (99.5) annealed 0.4320 17.00 0.390 5.0 3 palladium commercial (99.5) cold rolled 0.4310 17.00 0.390 32.0 4 platinum pure (99.99) annealed 0.7220 21.00 0.390 10.0 2 platinum pure (99.99) cold rolled 0.7720 21.00 0.390 27.0 3plutonium alpha 0.6970 14.00 0.190 plutonium delta 0.5710 6.00 0.290 16.0 2 polycarbonate 0.0430 0.34 0.380 8.0 1 polyethylene type iii 0.0440 0.15 0.450 1.8 silver pure (99.9) annealed 0.3790 11.00 0.370 12.0 2 silver pure (99.9) cold rolled 0.3790 11.00 0.370 38.0 4 steel wrought stainless 201 sheet annealed 0.2800 28.60 0.290 55.0 11 steel wrought stainless 201 sheet 10% cr 0.2800 28.60 0.290 90.0 13 steel wrought stainless 201 sheet 40% cr 0.2800 28.60 0.290 165.0 19 steel wrought stainless 202 sheet annealed 0.2800 28.60 0.290 50.0 10 steel wrought stainless 202 sheet 10% cr 0.2800 28.60 0.290 98.0 12 steel wrought stainless 202 sheet 40% cr 0.2800 28.60 0.290 155.0 18 steel wrought stainless 203 ez 1 in. bar annealed 0.2840 28.60 0.290 45.0 8 steel wrought stainless 203 ez 1 in. bar cd 0.2840 28.60 0.290 80.0 11 steel wrought stainless 203 ez 1 in. bar full hard 0.2840 28.60 0.290 140.0 17 steel wrought stainless 301 sheet annealed 0.2860 29.00 0.290 40.0 12 steel wrought stainless 301 sheet 10% cr 0.2860 28.00 0.290 88.0 15 steel wrought stainless 301 sheet 40% cr 0.2860 28.00 0.290 170.0 19 steel wrought stainless 301 sheet 60% cr 0.2860 27.00 0.290 230.0 23 steel wrought stainless 302 sheet annealed 0.2870 27.90 0.290 40.0 9 steel wrought stainless 302 sheet 10% cr 0.2870 27.90 0.290 92.0 10 steel wrought stainless 302 sheet 40% cr 0.2870 27.90 0.290 132.0 15 steel wrought stainless 302b plate anealed 0.2870 27.90 0.290 40.0 9 steel wrought stainless 303 1 in. bar annealed 0.2900 28.00 0.290 37.0 9 steel wrought stainless 303 1 in. bar 10% cr 0.2900 28.00 0.290 45.0 10 steel wrought stainless 303 1 in. bar 40% cr 0.2900 28.00 0.290 80.0 17 steel wrought stainless 303 se 1 in. bar annealed 0.2860 28.00 0.290 35.0 9 steel wrought stainless 303 se 1 in. bar half hard 0.2860 28.00 0.290 105.0 13 steel wrought stainless 303 se 1 in. bar full hard 0.2860 28.00 0.290 137.0 17 steel wrought stainless 304 bar annealed 0.2900 28.10 0.290 34.0 8 steel wrought stainless 304 bar 10% cr 0.2900 28.10 0.290 70.0 9 steel wrought stainless 304 bar 40% cr 0.2900 28.10 0.290 135.0 14 steel wrought stainless 304l bar annealed 0.2860 28.00 0.290 32.0 8 steel wrought stainless 304l bar 10% cr 0.2860 28.00 0.290 73.0 10 steel wrought stainless 304l bar 40% cr 0.2860 28.00 0.290 137.0 15 steel wrought stainless 305 sheet annealed 0.2860 28.00 0.290 33.0 8 steel wrought stainless 305 sheet 10% cr 0.2860 28.00 0.290 70.0 9 steel wrought stainless 305 sheet 40% cr 0.2860 28.00 0.290 130.0 14 steel wrought stainless 308 sheet annealed 0.2900 28.00 0.290 33.0 8 steel wrought stainless 308 sheet 10% cr 0.2900 28.00 0.290 64.0 9 steel wrought stainless 308 sheet 40% cr 0.2900 28.00 0.290 128.0 15 steel wrought stainless 309 sheet annealed 0.2900 29.00 0.290 37.0 8 steel wrought stainless 309 sheet 10% cr 0.2900 29.00 0.290 57.0 8 steel wrought stainless 309 sheet 40% cr 0.2900 29.00 0.290 124.0 13 steel wrought stainless 310 sheet annealed 0.2870 28.20 0.290 45.0 8 steel wrought stainless 310 sheet 10% cr 0.2870 28.20 0.290 67.0 10 steel wrought stainless 310 sheet 40% cr 0.2870 28.20 0.290 138.0 15steel wrought stainless 316 sheet annealed 0.2870 28.10 0.290 38.0 8 steel wrought stainless 316 sheet 10% cr 0.2870 28.10 0.290 70.0 9 steel wrought stainless 316 sheet 40% cr 0.2870 28.10 0.290 128.0 14 steel wrought stainless 316l sheet annealed 0.2840 28.00 0.290 37.0 7 steel wrought stainless 316l sheet half hard 0.2840 28.00 0.290 90.0 12 steel wrought stainless 316l sheet full hard 0.2840 28.00 0.290 127.0 16 steel wrought stainless 317 1 in. bar annealed 0.2900 28.00 0.290 38.0 8 steel wrought stainless 317 1 in. bar 10% cr 0.2900 28.00 0.290 57.0 10 steel wrought stainless 317 1 in. bar 40% cr 0.2900 28.00 0.290 134.0 14 steel wrought stainless 321 sheet annealed 0.2850 28.00 0.290 32.0 9 steel wrought stainless 321 sheet 10% cr 0.2850 28.00 0.290 70.0 10 steel wrought stainless 321 sheet 40% cr 0.2850 28.00 0.290 133.0 15 steel wrought stainless 347 sheet annealed 0.2860 28.20 0.290 40.0 9 steel wrought stainless 347 sheet 10% cr 0.2860 28.20 0.290 77.0 10 steel wrought stainless 347 sheet 40% cr 0.2860 28.20 0.290 138.0 15 steel wrought stainless 348 bar 0.2900 28.20 0.290 37.0 9 steel wrought stainless 19-9dl sheet annealed 0.2870 29.50 0.290 67.0 11 steel wrought stainless 19-9dl sheet hr+sr at 1200f 0.2870 29.50 0.290 103.0 12 steel wrought stainless 21-6-9 sheet annealed 0.2830 29.40 0.290 68.0 11 steel wrought stainless 21-6-9 sheet cr 0.2830 29.40 0.290 130.0 14 steel wrought stainless 21-6-9 sheet 60 %cr 0.2830 29.40 0.290 182.0 20 steel wrought stainless 22-13-5 sheet annealed 0.2850 28.00 0.290 86.0 12 steel wrought stainless 22-13-5 sheet 60% cr 0.2850 28.00 0.290 199.0 21 steel wrought stainless 18-2mn 0.25 in bar annealed 0.2850 28.00 0.290 65.0 12 steel wrought stainless 18-2mn 0.25 in bar 20% cr 0.2850 28.00 0.290 135.0 17 steel wrought stainless 18-2mn 0.25 in bar 60% cr 0.2850 28.00 0.290 224.0 26 steel wrought stainless 400 sheet anealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 32.0 6 steel wrought stainless 405 sheet annealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 47.0 6 steel wrought stainless 405 sheet ??% cr 0.2800 29.00 0.290 65.0 9 steel wrought stainless 405 sheet ??% cr 0.2800 29.00 0.290 125.0 13 steel wrought stainless 430 sheet annealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 52.0 7 steel wrought stainless 430 sheet ??% cr 0.2800 29.00 0.290 65.0 9 steel wrought stainless 430 sheet ??% cr 0.2800 29.00 0.290 125.0 13 steel wrought stainless 442 sheet annealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 52.0 8 steel wrought stainless 442 sheet ??% cr 0.2800 29.00 0.290 70.0 9 steel wrought stainless 442 sheet ??% cr 0.2800 29.00 0.290 100.0 11 steel wrought stainless 446 sheet annealed 0.2700 29.00 0.290 52.0 8 steel wrought stainless 446 sheet ??% cr 0.2700 29.00 0.290 70.0 9 steel wrought stainless 446 sheet ??% cr 0.2700 29.00 0.290 109.5 11 steel wrought stainless 18 sr sheet annealed 0.2700 29.00 0.290 65.0 8 steel wrought stainless 261 e-brite strip annealed 0.2770 29.00 0.290 46.0 6 steel wrought stainless 261 e-brite strip 20% cr 0.2770 29.00 0.290 88.0 9 steel wrought stainless 261 e-brite strip 60% cr 0.2770 29.00 0.290 116.0 12 steel wrought stainless 403 bar annealed 0.2780 29.70 0.290 45.0 7 steel wrought stainless 403 bar temper 1200f 0.2780 29.70 0.290 85.0 11 steel wrought stainless 403 bar temper 600f 0.2780 29.70 0.290 140.0 18steel wrought stainless 410 1 in. bar temper 1000f 0.2790 29.00 0.290 104.0 11 steel wrought stainless 410 1 in. bar temper 600f 0.2790 29.00 0.290 143.0 18 steel wrought stainless 410 1 in. bar temper 300f 0.2790 29.00 0.290 148.0 18 steel wrought stainless 414 bar anealed 0.2800 28.50 0.290 90.0 11 steel wrought stainless 414 bar temper 1200f 0.2800 28.50 0.290 105.0 12 steel wrought stainless 414 bar temper 800f 0.2800 28.50 0.290 150.0 20 steel wrought stainless 416 bar anealed 0.2780 29.00 0.290 35.0 6 steel wrought stainless 416 bar temper 1200f 0.2780 29.00 0.290 90.0 11 steel wrought stainless 416 bar temper 600f 0.2780 29.00 0.290 140.0 18 steel wrought stainless 420 1 in. bar anealed 0.2770 29.00 0.290 50.0 9 steel wrought stainless 420 1 in. bar temper 1400f 0.2770 29.00 0.290 70.0 11 steel wrought stainless 420 1 in. bar temper 400f 0.2770 29.00 0.290 215.0 25 steel wrought stainless 422 bar anealed 0.2810 29.80 0.290 74.0 9 steel wrought stainless 422 bar temper 1400f 0.2810 29.80 0.290 90.0 12 steel wrought stainless 422 bar temper 1200f 0.2810 29.80 0.290 125.0 14 steel wrought stainless 422 bar temper 800f 0.2810 29.80 0.290 168.0 23 steel wrought stainless 431 1 in. bar anealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 95.0 12 steel wrought stainless 431 1 in. bar temper 1100f 0.2800 29.00 0.290 115.0 14 steel wrought stainless 431 1 in. bar temper 500f 0.2800 29.00 0.290 149.0 19 steel wrought stainless 440a bar anealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 60.0 10 steel wrought stainless 440a bar temper 600f 0.2800 29.00 0.290 240.0 26 steel wrought stainless 440b bar anealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 62.0 10 steel wrought stainless 440b bar temper 600f 0.2800 29.00 0.290 270.0 28 steel wrought stainless 440c bar anealed 0.2800 29.00 0.290 65.0 11 steel wrought stainless 440c bar temper 600f 0.2800 29.00 0.290 275.0 28 steel wrought stainless 440f bar temper 600f 0.2800 29.00 0.290 275.0 28 steel wrought stainless 12 mov sheet annealed 0.2790 29.00 0.290 65.0 10 steel wrought stainless 12 mov temper 900f 0.2790 29.00 0.290 195.0 24 steel wrought stainless 12 mov temper 700f 0.2790 29.00 0.290 188.0 23 steel wrought stainless greek ascolony bar tmpr 1000f 0.2840 29.00 0.290 137.0 16 steel wrought stainless greek ascolony bar tmpr 500f 0.2840 29.00 0.290 175.0 20 steel wrought stainless 17-14 cu-mo bar 1350f wq 0.2870 29.00 0.290 41.0 8 steel wrought stainless hmn bar annealed 0.2790 29.00 0.290 56.0 11 steel wrought stainless hmn bar age 1400f 0.2790 29.00 0.290 110.0 17 steel wrought stainless hmn bar age 1300f 0.2790 29.00 0.290 135.0 18 steel wrought stainless 17-7ph sheet annealed 0.2820 29.00 0.290 40.0 13 steel wrought stainless 17-7ph sheet th 1050 0.2760 29.00 0.290 185.0 20 steel wrought stainless 17-7ph sheet rh 950 0.2760 29.00 0.290 220.0 23 steel wrought stainless 17-7ph sheet ch 900 0.2770 29.50 0.290 260.0 26 steel wrought stainless ph 15-7 mo sheet annealed 0.2820 29.00 0.290 55.0 13 steel wrought stainless ph 15-7 mo sheet th 1050 0.2770 29.00 0.290 200.0 21 steel wrought stainless ph 15-7 mo sheet rh 950 0.2770 29.00 0.290 225.0 24 steel wrought stainless ph 15-7 mo sheet ch 900 0.2770 29.00 0.290 260.0 26 steel wrought stainless ph 14-8 mo sheet annealed 0.2830 28.30 0.290 55.0 12 steel wrought stainless ph 14-8 mo sheet srh 1050 0.2830 28.30 0.290 205.0 21 steel wrought stainless ph 14-8 mo sheet srh 950 0.2780 28.30 0.290 220.0 23。

abaqus的材料参数

abaqus的材料参数

Department of Engineering University of Cambridge > Engineering Department > computing helpABAQUS Materials Input1. 5. ABAQUS - Materials2. Q5.1 : How do I find what material properties are needed for a particular analysis ?Read the relevant section in Chapter 6 : Analysis Procedures (User's manual Vol. I). This gives an overview about the analysis and has more information about the material properties.Read also the following sections in Chapter 17 : Materials Introduction of the ABAQUS User's manual.▪Section 17.1.1 - Material Library : Overview▪Section 17.1.2 - Material Data Definition▪Section 17.1.3 - Combining Material PropertiesSection 17.1.3 lists the material model combination tables. Several models are available to define the mechanical behaviour (elastic, plastic).Some material options require the presence of other material options. Some exclude the use of the other material options. For example *DEFORMATION PLASTICITY completely defines the material's mechanical behaviour and should not be used with *ELASTIC.Once you have all the relevant keywords to define the material properties consult the keyword Manual for each of the keywords. This will explain what data is required for each of the keyword.3. Q5.2 : What material properties need to be specified in a thermal-electrical analysis ?Referring to Section 17.1.3 of the ABAQUS User's manual you will require the heat transfer properties as well as the electrical properties. These are listed below :▪Heat Transfer properties▪*CONDUCTIVITY▪*LATENT HEAT▪*SPECIFIC HEAT▪*HEAT GENERATION▪Electrical properties▪*DIELECTRIC▪*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY▪*JOULE HEAT FRACTION▪*PIEZOELECTRICThis forms the complete set of properties. If Piezoelectric elements are not used then*PIEZOELECTRIC and *DIELECTRIC properties will not be required.If only the steady state heat transfer response is of interest then *SPECIFIC HEAT properties are not required. Similarly if there are no phase changes involved then *LATENT HEAT is not required.*JOULE HEAT FRACTION is used to specify the fraction of electrical energy that will be released as heat.Example problem 5.2.1 - thermal-electrical modelling of an automotive fuse illustrates the thermal-electrical analysis.ABAQUS allows for redundant material properties to be specified. It will simply ignore the material properties not required for the current analysis.Typical example of material properties :*MATERIAL, NAME=ZINC*CONDUCTIVITY0.1121, 20.00.1103, 100.0*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY16.75E3, 20.012.92E3, 100.0*JOULE HEAT FRACTION1.0*DENSITY7.14E-6*SPECIFIC HEAT389.04. Q5.3 : What material properties need to be specified in an analysis using temperature- displacement elements ?Referring to Section 17.1.3 of the ABAQUS User's manual you will require the heat transfer properties as well as the mechanical properties. These are listed below :▪Mechanical properties▪*ELASTIC▪Additional properties which may be required : example plastic ▪Heat Transfer properties▪*CONDUCTIVITY▪*LATENT HEAT▪*SPECIFIC HEAT▪*HEAT GENERATION5. Q5.4 : What material properties need to be specified in an analysis using piezoelectric elements?Referring to Section 9.1.3 of the ABAQUS User's manual you will require the electrical properties. These are listed below :▪Electrical properties▪*DIELECTRIC▪*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY▪*JOULE HEAT FRACTION▪*PIEZOELECTRIC6. Q5.5 : What material properties need to be specified in modeling concrete with reinforcements?Use the concrete model available with rebar to model the reinforcements.Section 1.1.5 of the ABAQUS Example's manual gives an example of the collapse analysis of a concrete slab subjected to a central point load.The data file for that example is collapse example.The complete set of ABAQUS input files can be obtained by using the following command :abaqus fetch j=collapseconcslab**CONCRETE3000., 0. abs. value of compressive stress, abs. value of plastic strain. 5500., 0.0015 " "*FAILURE RATIOS1.16, 0.0836This is used to define the shape of the failure surface (see section 11.5.1 of the ABAQUSUSER's manual Vol. II).The first parameter is the ratio of the ultimate biaxial compression stress, to the uniaxial compressive stress. Default is 1.16.The second parameter is the absolute value of the ratio of uniaxial tensile stress at failure to the uniaxial compressive stress at failure. Default is 0.09.7. Tension Stiffening*TENSION STIFFENING1., 0.0., 2.E-3First parameter is the fraction of remaining stress to stress at cracking. The second parameter is the absolute value of the direct strain minus the direct strain at cracking.This defines the retained tensile stress normal to the crack as a function of the deformation in the direction of the normal to the crack.8. Shear Retention*SHEAR RETENTIONNot used for this example.9. Reinforcement modelling*REBAR is used to model the reinforcement.*REBAR,ELEMENT=SHELL,MATERIAL=SLABMT,GEOMETRY=ISOPARAMETRIC,NAME=YYSLAB, 0.014875, 1., -0.435, 4*REBAR,ELEMENT=SHELL,MATERIAL=SLABMT,GEOMETRY=ISOPARAMETRIC,NAME=XXSLAB, 0.014875, 1., -0.435, 1Here SLAB is the element name or name of the element set that contains these rebars. The geometry is ISOPARAMETRIC. Other choice is SKEW. ELEMENT can be BEAM, SHELL, AXISHELL or CONTINUUM type. The following are the other parameters specified :▪cross-sectional area of the rebar.▪spacing of the rebars in the plane of the shell▪position of the rebar. Distance from the reference surface. Here the mid-surface is the reference surface and the minus sign indicates that the distance is measured in theopposite direction to the direction of positive normal. The positive normal is defined by the right hand rule as the nodes are considered in an anti-clockwise sequence.▪edge number to which rebars are similar.10. Alternate Method o modelling REBAR ReinforcementsAlternatively REBAR can be modelled as follows :*NODE........**-------------------END NODES FOR REBAR BEAM ELEMENTS501, 0.0, 0.15, -0.02541, 1.5, 0.15, -0.02601, 0.0, 0.15, -0.07641, 1.5, 0.15, -0.07701, 0.0, 0.60, -0.02741, 1.5, 0.60, -0.02801, 0.0, 0.60, -0.07841, 1.5, 0.60, -0.07........**---------------------GENERATE INTERMEDIATE NODES*NGEN, NSET=BAR10TF701, 741, 2*NGEN, NSET=BAR10TB801, 841, 2......**--------------------GENERATE THE BEAM ELEMENTS*ELEMENT, TYPE=B31701, 701, 703801, 801, 803*ELGEN, ELSET=BAR10TF701, 20, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1*ELGEN, ELSET=BAR10TB801, 20, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1......**---------------------DEFINE THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES*MATERIAL, NAME=BAR8**** 8 mm dia bar***ELASTIC, TYPE=ISO197.E6, 0.3*PLASTIC354.E3, 0.364.E3, 0.0018****---------------------DEFINE THE SECTION PROPERTIES......*BEAM SECTION, SECTION=CIRC, MATERIAL=BAR10, ELSET=BAR10TF0.005*BEAM SECTION, SECTION=CIRC, MATERIAL=BAR10, ELSET=BAR10TB0.005...**--------------------DEFINE AN ELEMENT SET WHICH CONTAINS**--------------------THE ELEMENTS THROUGH WHICH THE REBAR**--------------------ELEMENTS PASSES.....*ELSET, ELSET=TOP, GENERATE5, 80, 5****--------------------*EMBEDDED ELEMENT,HOST ELSET=TOPBAR10TF,BAR10TB**11. Q5.6 : What material properties need to be specified in using the deformation plasticity model ?See section 11.2.11 of the users' manual (Vol. II). See also section 23.4.7 of the users' manual (Vol. III), keyword section.For example :*DEFORMATION PLASTICITY1.E3, 0.3,2., 3, 0.396Here the data line contains the Young's modulus, Poissons ratio, Yield stress, Exponent, Yield offset respectively. If it is necessary to define the dependence of these parameters on temperature then the 6th parameter will be the temperature. Then repeat the dataline for different temperatures as required.| Computing Help |[Finite Elements] | [Engineering Packages]© Cambridge University Engineering DeptInformation provided by Arul M Britto (amb2)Last updated: 28 September 2010。

abaqus的材料参数（已处理）

Department of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge? ? Engineering Department? ? computing helpABAQUS Materials Input5. ABAQUS - MaterialsQ5.1 : How do I find what material properties are needed for a particular analysis ?Read the relevant section in Chapter 6 : Analysis Procedures User's manual Vol. I . This gives an overview about the analysis and has more information about the material properties.Read also the following sections in Chapter 17 : Materials Introduction of the ABAQUS User's manual.Section - Material Library : OverviewSection - Material Data DefinitionSection - Combining Material PropertiesSection lists the material model combination tables. Several models are available to define the mechanical behaviour elastic, plastic .Some material options require the presence of other material options. Some exclude the use of the other material options. For example *DEFORMATION PLASTICITY completely defines the material's mechanicalbehaviour and should not be used with *ELASTIC.Once you have all the relevant keywords to define the material properties consult the keyword Manual for each of the keywords. This will explain what data is required for each of the keyword.Q5.2 : What material properties need to be specified in a thermal-electrical analysis ?Referring to Section of the ABAQUS User's manual you will require the heat transfer properties as well as the electrical properties. These are listed below :Heat Transfer properties*CONDUCTIVITY*LATENT HEAT*SPECIFIC HEAT*HEAT GENERATIONElectrical properties*DIELECTRIC*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY*JOULE HEAT FRACTION*PIEZOELECTRICThis forms the complete set of properties. If Piezoelectric elements are not used then *PIEZOELECTRIC and *DIELECTRIC properties will not be required.If only the steady state heat transfer response is of interest then *SPECIFIC HEAT properties are not required. Similarly if there are no phase changes involved then *LATENT HEAT is not required.*JOULE HEAT FRACTION is used to specify the fraction of electrical energy that will be released as heat.Example problem - thermal-electrical modelling of an automotive fuse illustrates the thermal-electrical analysis.ABAQUS allows for redundant material properties to be specified. It will simply ignore the material properties not required for the current analysis.Typical example of material properties :*MATERIAL, NAME ZINC*CONDUCTIVITY0.1121, 20.00.1103, 100.0*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY16.75E3, 20.012.92E3, 100.0*JOULE HEAT FRACTION1.0*DENSITY7.14E-6*SPECIFIC HEAT389.0Q5.3 : What material properties need to be specified in an analysis using temperature- displacement elements ?Referring to Section of the ABAQUS User's manual you will require the heat transfer properties as well as the mechanical properties. These are listed below :Mechanical properties*ELASTICAdditional properties which may be required : example plasticHeat Transfer properties*CONDUCTIVITY*LATENT HEAT*SPECIFIC HEAT*HEAT GENERATIONQ5.4 : What material properties need to be specified in an analysis using piezoelectric elements?Referring to Section of the ABAQUS User's manual you will require the electrical properties. These are listed below :Electrical properties*DIELECTRIC*ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY*JOULE HEAT FRACTION*PIEZOELECTRICQ5.5 : What material properties need to be specified in modeling concrete with reinforcements?Use the concrete model available with rebar to model the reinforcements.Section of the ABAQUS Example's manual gives an example of the collapse analysis of a concrete slab subjected to a central point load.The data file for that example is collapse example.The complete set of ABAQUS input files can be obtained by using the following command :abaqus fetch j collapseconcslab**CONCRETE3000., 0. abs. value of compressive stress, abs. value of plastic strain.5500., 0.0015 " "*FAILURE RATIOS1.16, 0.0836This is used to define the shape of the failure surface see section of the ABAQUS USER's manual Vol. II .The first parameter is the ratio of the ultimate biaxial compression stress, to the uniaxial compressive stress. Default is 1.16.The second parameter is the absolute value of the ratio of uniaxial tensile stress at failure to the uniaxial compressive stress at failure. Default is 0.09.Tension Stiffening*TENSION STIFFENING1., 0.0., 2.E-3First parameter is the fraction of remaining stress to stress at cracking. The second parameter is the absolute value of the direct strain minus the direct strain at cracking.This defines the retained tensile stress normal to the crack as a function of the deformation in the direction of the normal to the crack.Shear Retention*SHEAR RETENTIONNot used for this example.Reinforcement modelling*REBAR is used to model the reinforcement.*REBAR,ELEMENT SHELL,MATERIAL SLABMT,GEOMETRY ISOPARAMETRIC,NAME YY SLAB, 0.014875, 1., -0.435, 4*REBAR,ELEMENT SHELL,MATERIAL SLABMT,GEOMETRY ISOPARAMETRIC,NAME XX SLAB, 0.014875, 1., -0.435, 1Here SLAB is the element name or name of the element set that containsthese rebars. The geometry is ISOPARAMETRIC. Other choice is SKEW. ELEMENT can be BEAM, SHELL, AXISHELL or CONTINUUM type. The following are the other parameters specified :cross-sectional area of the rebar.spacing of the rebars in the plane of the shellposition of the rebar. Distance from the reference surface. Here the mid-surface is the reference surface and the minus sign indicates that the distance is measured in the opposite direction to the direction of positive normal. The positive normal is defined by the right hand rule as the nodes are considered in an anti-clockwise sequence.edge number to which rebars are similar.Alternate Method o modelling REBAR ReinforcementsAlternatively REBAR can be modelled as follows :*NODE........**501, 0.0, 0.15, -0.02541, 1.5, 0.15, -0.02601, 0.0, 0.15, -0.07641, 1.5, 0.15, -0.07701, 0.0, 0.60, -0.02741, 1.5, 0.60, -0.02 801, 0.0, 0.60, -0.07 841, 1.5, 0.60, -0.07 ........***NGEN, NSET BAR10TF701, 741, 2*NGEN, NSET BAR10TB801, 841, 2......***ELEMENT, TYPE B31701, 701, 703801, 801, 803*ELGEN, ELSET BAR10TF701, 20, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1*ELGEN, ELSET BAR10TB801, 20, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1......*MATERIAL, NAME BAR8**** 8 mm dia bar***ELASTIC, TYPE ISO197.E6, 0.3*PLASTIC354.E3, 0.364.E3, 0.0018****......*BEAM SECTION, SECTION CIRC, MATERIAL BAR10, ELSET BAR10TF 0.005*BEAM SECTION, SECTION CIRC, MATERIAL BAR10, ELSET BAR10TB 0.005...*******ELSET, ELSET TOP, GENERATE5, 80, 5*****EMBEDDED ELEMENT,HOST ELSET TOPBAR10TF,BAR10TB**Q5.6 : What material properties need to be specified in using the deformation plasticity model ?See section of the users' manual Vol. II . See also section of the users' manual Vol. III , keyword section.For example :*DEFORMATION PLASTICITY1.E3, 0.3,2., 3, 0.396Here the data line contains the Young's modulus, Poissons ratio, Yield stress, Exponent, Yield offset respectively. If it is necessary to define the dependence of these parameters on temperature then the 6th parameter will be the temperature. Then repeat the dataline for different temperatures as required.| Computing Help |[Finite Elements] | [Engineering Packages]Cambridge University Engineering DeptInformation provided by Arul M Britto amb2 Last updated: 28 September 2010。

abaqus学习笔记

ABAQUS学习笔记一．AQUS－.inp编码介绍（一）．ABAQUS头信息文件段（1－4）1.*PREPRINT 输出求解过程所要求的信息（在dat文件中）ie:*PREPRINT, ECHO=YES, HISTORY=YES, MODEL=YES2.*HEADING 标题输出文件（出现在POST/VIEW窗口中，且出现在结果输出文件中）ie:*HEADINGSTRESS ANALYSIS FOR A PLATE WITH A HOLE3.*RESTART 要求abaqus/standard输出其POST/view模块所需要的.res文件。

其中的FREQ＝？控制结果在每次迭代（或载荷步）输出的次数。

ie:*RESTART, WRITE, FREQ=14.*FILE FORMAT 要求abaqus/standard输出到.fil中的某些信息。

它也用于post。

对于在后处理中得到x-y形式的诸如应力－时间、应力－应变图有用！ie: *FILE FORMAT, ZERO INCREMENT（二）．ABAQUS网格生成段定义结点、单元，常用的命令有：结点定义（*NODE，*NGEN），单元定义（*ELEMENT，*ELGEN等）。

1.*NODE 定义结点，其格式为：*NODE结点号，x轴坐标，y轴坐标，（z轴坐标）2.*NGEN 在已有结点的基础上进行多个结点的生成，一般是在两结点间以某种方式（直线、圆）产生一定分布规律的结点。

如：*NGEN, LINE=C, NSET=HOLE，119, 1919, 100, 101 在两结点（结点号为119，1919）间以圆弧形式生成多个结点，100为任意相邻结点的单元号增量，101为圆弧形成时圆心位置的结点（对于直线形式生成没有此结点）。

所有这些生成的结点（包括119，1919）被命名成HOLE的集合（这样做的目的是以后的命令中使用到它，比如说对这些结点施加同等条件的边界条件或载荷等，HOLE就是这些结点的代称）。

abaqus碳纤维复合材料结构

Abaqus碳纤维复合材料结构1. 概述碳纤维复合材料是一种具有优异性能的先进材料，它在航空航天、汽车工业、体育器材等领域得到了广泛应用。

在工程设计中，对碳纤维复合材料结构的性能和可靠性进行准确的评估至关重要。

Abaqus是一种常用的有限元分析软件，能够对复材结构进行准确的模拟和分析，因此对于碳纤维复合材料结构的研究至关重要。

2. 碳纤维复合材料的特点碳纤维复合材料由高强度的碳纤维和塑料基体组成，具有重量轻、强度高、刚性大、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳等优点。

然而，碳纤维复合材料的非均匀性和复杂的结构使得其性能表现和预测变得更加复杂。

需要借助有限元分析等方法进行深入研究。

3. Abaqus对碳纤维复合材料结构的模拟Abaqus作为有限元分析软件，具有强大的建模和分析能力，能够对碳纤维复合材料的结构进行准确的模拟。

通过Abaqus可以建立复材层合板、复材蜂窝结构、复材夹芯板等常见的复材结构模型，并进行受力性能、疲劳寿命、断裂行为等方面的分析和预测。

4. Abaqus在碳纤维复合材料结构中的应用Abaqus在碳纤维复合材料结构领域有着广泛的应用，例如在航空航天领域，可以利用Abaqus对飞机机翼、机身等结构的复材部件进行受力和疲劳寿命分析；在汽车工业领域，可以利用Abaqus对碳纤维复合材料车身、悬挂系统等部件进行强度和刚度分析；在体育器材制造领域，可以利用Abaqus对碳纤维复合材料网球拍、高尔夫球杆等产品的性能进行模拟和预测。

这些实际应用表明Abaqus在碳纤维复合材料结构研究中的重要性和价值。

5. Abaqus在碳纤维复合材料结构研究中的挑战和展望尽管Abaqus在碳纤维复合材料结构研究中取得了显著的成果，但仍然面临一些挑战，如对复材材料本身非线性、破坏行为、界面效应等方面的准确建模和模拟；另外，随着复材结构的复杂化和应用领域的拓展，需要Abaqus不断更新和完善其建模和分析能力，以满足不断增长的复材结构仿真需求。

abaqus第五讲：ABAQUS中的材料解析


北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
ABAQUS所用的材料曲线
Innovating through simulation
屈服面
ABAQUS中提供了Mises（针对各向同性材料）和Hill（针对各向异性材料）两种屈 服准则。
Mises屈服准则适用于金属在发生屈服时初始表现为各向同性的情况。 －－－可以应用于承受单调载荷的金属材料（例如，进行碰撞分析和成型模拟）。 Hill屈服准则适用于金属在发生屈服时初始表现为各向异性的情况。 －－－Hill屈服准则假设各向异性并不会导致金属的塑性变形； －－－只有在确保金属的塑性变形比较小（5％）的时候才能应用该屈服准则；
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
材料硬化
屈服面会由于塑性变形而发生改变。屈服面的改变是由硬化法则来定义的。 ABAQUS中提供了以下几种硬化法则：
●理想塑性 ●各向同性硬化法则
适用于碰撞分析、成型分析和一般Fra bibliotek失效分析； 单调加载情况；
●运动硬化法则
Innovating through simulation
材料失效（只能在ABAQUS/Explicit中定义和应用）
*BRITTLE CRACKING: 该材料模型用于拉伸开裂的脆性材料，比如混凝土。 *BRITTLE FAILURE: 该选项允许单元脆性开裂并失效，然后从模型中删除。 *EOS: 材料的状态方程可以用于模拟流体动力学 (爆炸)材料，或几乎不可压流体。 *SHEAR FAILURE: 该选项用于模拟金属材料的韧性失效 。 *TENSILE FAILURE: 该选项用于模拟材料的拉伸失效。
第五讲 ABAQUS中的材料
王慎平 北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
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适用于循环加载情况；只能在/Standard 中应用；
●混合的各向同性/运动硬化法则
● Johnson-Cook 塑性
非常适合于模拟具有高应变率变形的金属材料； 只能在/Explicit中应用；
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
在ABAQUS/CAE中定义材料塑性：Mises 塑性
ABAQUS所用的材料曲线
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
屈服面
ABAQUS中提供了Mises（针对各向同性材料）和Hill（针对各向异性材料）两种屈 服准则。 Mises屈服准则适用于金属在发生屈服时初始表现为各向同性的情况。
－－－可以应用于承受单调载荷的金属材料（例如，进行碰撞分析和成型模拟）。 Hill屈服准则适用于金属在发生屈服时初始表现为各向异性的情况。 －－－Hill屈服准则假设各向异性并不会导致金属的塑性变形； －－－只有在确保金属的塑性变形比较小（5％）的时候才能应用该屈服准则；
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
材料硬化
屈服面会由于塑性变形而发生改变。屈服面的改变是由硬化法则来定义的。 ABAQUS中提供了以下几种硬化法则：
●理想塑性 ●各向同性硬化法则
适用于碰撞分析、成型分析和一般的失效分析； 单调加载情况；
●运动硬化法则
2.对于不可压缩材料，某些试验将产生等效的变形模式。下面是不可压缩材料的 等效试验： 单轴拉伸-----等双轴压缩 单轴压缩-----等双轴拉伸 平面拉伸-----平面压缩 如果你已经从模拟一种特殊变形模式的其它的试验中得到了数据，则无需包括来 自一个特殊试验中的数据。 3.从可能发生在你的模拟中的变形模式获得试验数据。例如，如果你的部件是受 到压缩载荷，确认你的试验数据包含了压缩载荷而不是拉伸载荷。
N 、 C ij 和 Di 是材料参数，它们可能是温度的函数。参数 C ij 描述了材料的剪切特性，和参数
Di 引入了可压缩性。如果材料是完全的不可压缩（在ABAQUS/Explicit中不允许这种条件），
所有的 Di 值设置为0，并且可以忽略上述公式中的第二部分。如果项数N为1，则初始剪切模量
0 和体积模量 K 0 给出为：
*SHEAR FAILURE:
该选项用于模拟金属材料的韧性失效 。
*TENSILE FAILURE: 该选项用于模拟材料的拉伸失效。
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
弹-塑性问题的单元选取
■ 当模拟材料不可压缩特性时，在ABAQUS/Standard中的完全积分二次实体单元对体积 自锁非常敏感，因此，不能应用于弹－塑性问题的模拟。在ABAQUS/Standard中的完全 积 分一次实体单元不受体积自锁的影响，因为在这些单元中ABAQUS实际上采用了常数体积应 变。因此，它们可安全地应用于塑性问题。 ■减缩积分的实体单元在很少的积分点上需要满足不可压缩约束，因此，不会发生过约束， 并且可用于大多数弹－塑性问题的模拟。如果应变超过了20%-40%，在使用 ABAQUS/Standard中的减缩积分二次单元时需要注意，因为在此量级上它们可能会承受体积 自锁。这种影响可以通过加密网格来降低。 ■如果不得不使用ABAQUS/Standard的完全积分二次单元，则选用杂交单元（hybrid）；但 是，在这些单元中的附加自由度将使得分析计算更加昂贵。
linear elasticity
true stress and log strain
plastic strain at initial yield 0.0
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
Hill塑性
Hill’s plasticity
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
1 U C ij ( I 1 3) ( I 2 3) ( J el 1) 2i i j 1 i 1 Di
i j
N
N
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
其中，U是应变势能；J el
是弹性体积比； I 1 和 I 2 是在材料中的扭曲度量；
弹塑性材料在拉伸实验中的名义应力－应变行为
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
在ABAQUS中定义塑性
当在ABAQUS中定义塑性数据时，必须采用真实应力和真实应变。ABAQUS需要这些值以便 正确地换算数据。 材料实验的数据常常是以名义应力和名义应变的值的形式给出。在这种情况下，必须应用下 面给出的公式将塑性材料的数据从名义应力/应变的值转换为真实应力/应变的值。 为了建立真实应变和名义应变之间的关系，首先将名义应变表示为：
线弹性材料的应力－应变行为，如在小应变下的钢材
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Innovating through simulation
线弹性材料模型：
只有在小的弹性应变时是有效的（一般不超过5％）； 可以是各向同性、正交各向异性或者完全各向异性； 可以具有依赖与温度或者其他场变量的属性； 如果是正交各向异性或者完全各向异性，则需要采用局部坐标来定义材料 方向；
Innovating through simulation
材料失效（只能在ABAQUS/Explicit中定义和应用）
*BRITTLE CRACKING: 该材料模型用于拉伸开裂的脆性材料，比如混凝土。 *BRITTLE FAILURE: 该选项允许单元脆性开裂并失效，然后从模型中删除。
*EOS: 材料的状态方程可以用于模拟流体动力学 (爆炸)材料，或几乎不可压流体。
4.拉伸和压缩数据均允许使用，其中压缩应力和应变作为负值键入。如果可能， 应根据实际需要使用压缩或拉伸数据，因为同时满足拉伸和压缩数据的单一材料 模型的拟合通常比满足每一种单独试验的精度要低。
当前面积与初始面积的关系为：
l0 A A0 l
F F l l nom ( ) A A0 l0 l0
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
得到真实应力和名义应力和名义应变之间的关系：
nom (1 nom )
应用ABAQUS定义金属材料的性能时候，需要采用真实应力和真实应变，而 一般我们通过实验获得的材料数据大多是名义应力和名义应变，所以需要进 行数据的转换。ABAQUS会在提供的数据点之间进行线性插值（或者，在 ABAQUS/Explicit中采用规则化数据）得到材料响应，并假设在输入数据定义 范围之外的响应为常数。
定义超弹性材料的一种方便的方法是向ABAQUS提供试验的数据。然后， ABAQUS应用最小二乘法计算常数。ABAQUS能够拟合下面的试验数据： ■单轴拉伸和压缩 ■等双轴拉伸和压缩 ■平面拉伸和压缩（纯剪） ■体积拉伸和压缩
对于超弹性材料的试验数据必须作为名义应力和名义应变的值提供给ABAQUS。
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
关于定义超弹性材料行为 的各种试验的变形模式
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation

应用超弹性材料进行模拟，其结果的质量强烈地依赖于所提供给ABAQUS的材料试 验数据。
如何获得更好的ABAQUS材料数据？ 1.如果可能，尽量从多于一种的变形状态获得更多的试验数据，这样允许 ABAQUS生成一个更精确和稳定的材料模型。
橡胶的典型应力－应变曲线
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
ABAQUS当模拟超弹性材料时，作出如下假设： 材料行为是弹性。 材料行为是各向同性。 模拟将考虑几何非线性效应。 另外，ABAQUS/Standard默认地假设材料是不可压缩的。ABAQUS/Explicit假设材料 是接近不可压缩的（默认的泊松比是0.475）。 弹性泡沫是另一类高度非线性的弹性材料。它们与橡胶材料不同，当承受压力载荷时 它们具有非常大的可压缩性。在ABAQUS中，应用不同的材料模型来模拟它们 。 ABAQUS应用应变势能（U）（strain energy potential）来表达超弹性材料的应力 －应变关系，而不是用杨氏模量和泊松比。有几种不同的应变势能：多项式模型、 Ogden模型、Arruda-Boyce模型、Marlow模型和van der Waals模型。还有多项式 模型的比较简单的形式，包括Mooney-Rivlin模型、 neo-Hookean模型、简缩多项 式模型和Yeoh 模型。 多项式形式的应变势能是常用的形式之一，可以表达为：
北京怡格明思工程技术有限公司
Innovating through simulation
在ABAQUS/CAE中 定义线弹性：
Temperaturedependence
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Innovating through simulation
在高应力（和应变）情况下，金属开始具有非线性、非弹性的行为，称其为塑性。
为了应用超弹性材料，你必须向ABAQUS提供相关的材料参数。对于多项式形式，它超弹性材料时，你可能已经提供了这些参数；然而，更多的情况是为 你提供了必须模拟的材料的试验数据。幸运的是，ABAQUS可以直接地接受试验 数据，并为你计算出材料的参数（应用最小二乘拟合）。
nom
l l0 l l l 0 1 l0 l0 l0 l0
在表达式两边同时加上1，并取自然对数可以得到真实应变和名义应变之间的关系为：