HOW TO CREATE EVOLVING INFORMATION MODELS BY A LAYERED INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE Abstract Ke
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喜欢魔法MOD的一定知道神秘时代(Thuamcraft),这个魔法气息浓厚的mod将我们带入了另一个世界,各种新奇的神秘研究,威力无穷的法杖核心。
这是一个可玩性和平衡性比较强的一个MOD,没玩过的也可以看一下这MOD。
欧阳家百(2021.03.07)1.7.10修复了各种小bug添加了宏伟之树和银树的合成表?修复了先进炼丹炉的渲染错误后面的看不懂了,硬翻译,各种不通增加了一个小的机会为某些小怪产卵的“冠军”相比他们的正常同行稍微更先进的能力。
冠军有产卵危险生物群落或位置的可能性要高得多这可以部分禁用的配置并且存在可用于其他小怪添加到白名单中一个IMC消息创意方尖碑的创造者,现在做一坛石的基地。
警告只是一个字即使完成了你可能不会得到一个迷宫的另一面,如果它是靠近现有的方尖碑。
香草村民去除硬币相关行业,并增加了一个新的“金融家”村民来改变你的硬币到有用的对象固定相的成本为丝绸触控对焦升级,因此不会要求不可能的事增加了一个新的3级升级为挖掘重点重点火余烬将无法穿过固体物体了卸下硬编码各种工具丰收水平添加配方手艺自己怪异的眼神,一旦适当的研究已经解锁固定流量洗涤管连接教程目录一、环境篇:1.矿物的介绍2.植物介绍3.生物介绍一、环境篇1.矿物的介绍矿物和上个版本一样,从左到右:朱砂,风之蕴魔石,火之蕴魔石,水之蕴魔石,地之蕴魔石,秩序蕴魔石,混沌蕴魔石,琥珀矿,上面为矿物原型,中间为采掘工具,下面是掉落物2.植物介绍左:宏伟之木,右:银树宏伟之木:树干粗壮(2X2)分布在草原,森林,雪原,魔法森林,腐化之地,木质颜色偏深,原木是制作许多物品的原料。
p.s:有蜘蛛网的宏伟之木的下面有刷怪笼和宝箱‘银树:同样作为神秘时代特有的树木,高品质设置下树叶会有闪光的粒子特效,主要分布在魔法森林和腐化之地,生成时一般伴有水银花,木质偏白,原木用作高级法杖的制作原料。
银树树木有一定概率生成带有树洞的树干,用揭示之护目镜或魔法透镜就能看到里面的节点元素,此种节点多为纯净节点。
E a s y S t a r t C O N T E N T SGetting Started:R3 Connections 2 Operation:Loading the Factory Data; Playing the Demo Songs; Customizing the R3 in Global Mode 2 Selecting and Editing a timbre 3 Assigning parameters to the 4 knobs 3 Jump/catch3 Multi-Mode Filter, Virtual Patching, MOD Sequencing 4 Arpeggiator, Vocoder 5 Formant Motion Recording, Creating your own programs, R3 Editor/Librarian 6 Shift Functions (7)R3 EasyStartGetting Started - Connections1.First, connect the AC power cable: a two-part cable.2.Make sure that the MASTER VOLUME dial is all the way down and then connect audio cables from theOUTPUT L/R jacks on the back of the R3 to your stereo powered monitor system (or connect headphones to the mini phone jack on the front).3.Press the ON button on the rear panel.Loading the Factory Data!Make sure to back up any of your own Programs and Formants via USB to your computer using the included Editor/Librarian before proceeding. See the R3 Owner’s Manual for more information.1.Press and hold the SHIFT key and press Program key #8, PROTECT.2.Rotate the PAGE dial counter-clockwise to “Off” and press the Program #8 key to confirm.3.Press and hold the SHIFT key and press Program key #7, PRELOAD.4.Rotate the PAGE dial clockwise to “All Data” and press the Program #7 key to confirm.5.Set Memory Protect back to “On” following Step 1.6.Rotate the PAGE dial clockwise to “On” and press the Program #8 key to confirm.Playing the Demo Songs1.Press and hold the SHIFT key and press the ARPEGGIATOR ON/OFF key - the R3 will automatically startplayback of eight Demo Songs in succession.2.Press any of the eight PROGRAM SELECT keys to jump to a particular demo.3.Press the EXIT key at any time to return to Program play mode.Selecting and Playing Programs1.Programs are organized from the factory in banks of eight by sound type > Select a category with the BANKdial.2.Press one of the PROGRAM SELECT 1-8 keys to play the sound indicated in the display.!Keep in mind that all 128 Program locations are User locations: any sound can be written / moved to any location!Check out these great R3 Programs:BANK/PROG NAME TRY WORKING WITH THESE REAL TIME CONTROLS: M-3 700s Lead [Analog] Knob 3: Portamento TimeC-3 Wired Lead [Unison] ModWhl: Osc 2’s Tune / Knob 3: LFO 1’s Freq.L-8 VPM Bass [VPM] ModWhl: Overtones/ Knob 2: Harmonic intensityG-5 CrossMod [CrossMod] Arp: On/Off / Knob 1: Mod DepthH-7 Glacial [Noise] Knob3:WS DepthH-6 Wave Seq [DWGS/Mod Sequence] Knob 1: Waveform SelectMotion] ModWhl: PW Mod / Knob 3: WS Depth O-2 Aliens [FormantP-3 Airy Voc [Vocoder] Use MIC / Knob 3: Noise Level / Knob 4: DelayR3 EasyStartSelecting and Editing a TimbreEach R3 Program can make use of up to two Timbres. A Timbre is a complete two-oscillator structure. The Timbre whose key is flashing is active for immediate sound editing. The page select dial gives you immediate access to 45 pages of parameters that can be edited using the 4 knobs.1.Choose Program A-1 Hypnotic.2.Press the TIMBRE 2 key and play with Knobs 1 and 2 (Cutoff and Resonance).3. A Timbre may be soloed for in-depth editing by pressing and holding the SHIFT key and pressing the desiredTIMBRE 1 or TIMBRE 2 key (The MAIN DISPLAY will momentarily show, “Timbre [#] Solo On”)4.Press and hold SHIFT and the same Timbre1 or 2 key to turn its solo function off (The MAIN DISPLAY willmomentarily show, “Timbre [#] Solo Off”)5.Rotate the PAGE SELECT knob to the desired page following the PAGE MENU printed on the front of the R3.6.Let’s choose “P30 Ins FX2”ing Knob #1, choose something drastic like “S. RingMd” (Ring Modulator) to hear just how far you can takea sound.8.Turn Solo off as in Step 4 above.9.Press the EXIT key to get to the outermost view of a Program with its name in the display.Assigning parameters to the 4 knobsAny R3 parameter can be assigned to any of the 4 knobs…1.Press and hold SHIFT and press FORMANT MOTION ON/OFF/KNOB ASSIGN > Notice that all four Knobdisplays flash, waiting to be chosen…2.Rotate Knob 3 and choose “NoiseLv” in the current example.3.Press FORMANT MOTION ON/OFF/KNOB ASSIGN to confirm the selection.4.Now rotate Knob 3 as you play our edited example, to bring a noise generator into the mix.Customize the R3 in Global Mode: Jump/CatchGlobal Mode allows you to make overall decisions for the instrument, like Master Tuning, Transpose, and Velocity Curve. Check out the Jump/Catch function in Global Mode:1.Rotate the PAGE SELECT knob to “P. 41, Global-B”.2.Rotate Knob #2, “Knob Mode” > Notice that there are two choices:Jump comes in handy for sound editing, when you need to hear immediate results as you move a knob:the selected parameter “jumps” to the value marked by the current physical location of the knob.Catch is useful for performance situations in which you may not wish to hear an abrupt value change:the selected parameter is not affected until you’ve turned the knob through its preset value.3.If you’ve made a change and want to keep it, turn off Memory Protect (Step 1 in the Loading the Factory Datasection), press the WRITE key and rotate the PAGE SELECT knob to select “Write Global”> Press theWRITE key twice.R3 EasyStartUsing the Multi Mode FilterFilter 1 of the R3’s two filters offers unique control over the filter type: it can actually generate a percentage blend of two filter types at once!1.Select Program B-2 RingBass.2.Rotate Knob 3, “FiltBal1” fully counter-clockwise, and slowly rotate it clockwise as you play:The filter smoothly morphs from pure -24dB/Oct Low Pass to a blend with -12dBP/Oct Low Pass; which then blends with High Pass; which then blends with Band Pass; which then blends with “Thru”, unfiltered signal. This smooth transition between filter types offers an unparalleled level of sonic possibilities. Virtual PatchingThe R3 provides six Virtual Patch routes that let you create more sophisticated sounds. Each patch lets you select a modulation source (Source) and modulation destination (Dest), and specify the intensity of modulation.1.Rotate the PAGE dial to P20: Patch 1: Virtual.2.Rotate Knob 1 to select “ModWheel” as Source 1.3.Rotate Knob 2 to select “Noise Lvl” as “Dest 1” (Destination 1).4.Rotate Knob 3, “P.Int 1” (Patch Intensity) fully clockwise to +63.5.Play the keyboard and push the Mod Wheel back, adding the noise generator in a fluid fashion to our sound.Modulation SequencingModulation sequencers allow you to change your sound over time and create dynamic and evolving patches. One modulation sequencer is provided for each timbre in the R3.1.We can animate the R3’s DWGS (Digital Waveform Generation System) wave selection choice, as well as anyother real-time modulation, and record it as a Mod Sequence.Mod Sequences can be recorded either in Program or Edit Mode.Here’s how to record one in Edit Mode…2.Rotate the PAGE SELECT knob to the number that has the parameter you wish to record.3.Select P05: OSC 1 for this example.4.Press the MOD SEQUENCE ON/OFF key to turn it on.5.Press the REC key: it flashes, and the LEDS around the BANK/PROGRAM SELECT dial light in succession.6.Hold a note on the keyboard down and rotate Knob 4, “Wave Sel” >The REC light automatically turns offafter the maximum 16 steps have been recorded.7.Now play a key and listen to the result: by recording a Mod Sequence of the DWGS Wave selection, we’ve justcreated a mini “Wave Sequence”!R3 EasyStart This Modulation Sequence is also editable:8.Rotate the PAGE dial to P27:ModSeq-B.9.Knob3 selects a Step number,and Knob 4 allows you to change the value for the chosen step.Working with the ArpeggiatorThe arpeggiator can be used to create sequences of notes based on the chords you play.The R3’s Arpeggiator can generate six types of Arp activity through up to four octaves of range, and is independently available to Timbre 1, Timbre 2 or both Timbres at once.1.Press the ARPEGGIATOR ON/OFF key to turn on the Arpeggiator.2.Rotate the PAGE dial to either P32 or P33, “Arpeg-A” or “Arpeg-B”.3.Try pressing some of the Program 1-8 keys, to turn Arp steps on and off in real time.4.Press the EXIT key when satisfied with just how much mangling and motion you can provide to any Program!Using the VocoderThe Vocoder Mode of the R3 is every bit as powerful as its big brother, the RADIAS synthesizer. Any Program can easily be “Vocoded”, and one of sixteen recordable Formant Motion phrases can be applied.1.Make sure the MIC switch(to the left of the included MIC) is in its lower, recessed position in order to workwith the included microphone.2.The AUDIO INPUT 1 knob allows you to optimize the level; intermittent green on the LED works the best.3.Select Program E-1, Strings.4.Press the VOCODER key, play some notes on the keyboard, and speak into the MIC: That’s it!The Vocoder’s tone is extremely editable via the PAGE dial (pages 34-39)…1.P37, Filter, Knob 1, “Frmnt Shift” quickly changes the character of the tone.2.P39 Lvl/Pan allows you to dial in separate level and pan for each of the 16 channels or frequency bands ofthe Vocoder! > (Knob 1 selects the Channel, Knob 2 set the level, and Knob 3 sets the pan).Besides the ability to turn any synth Program into a Vocoded one, there are 16 Vocoder Programs already optimized for your enjoymentR3 EasyStartRecording Formant MotionsThe R3 allows you to record your voice as a “Formant” so that you do not need the microphone to modulate the Vocoder’s carrier signal. R3 can store up to 16 Formant motions.1.Select Vocoder Program P-2, “PulseVoc”.2.Notice that the VOCODER key is already lit; press it once (it flashes).3.Press the FORMANT MOTION ON/OFF key (it lights up).4.Press the REC key (it flashes).5.Press REC again (it will be solidly lit) and immediately hold down a key on the keyboard and say something,up to 7 ½ seconds long.6.If the REC light hasn’t turned off by exceeding the allotted time, press REC and turn it off.7.Now play the keyboard and hear your phrase!The Formant Motion phrases are written to Global memory, so that any of the 128 Programs can attach to any one of the 16 phrases!Creating your own ProgramsBesides customizing sounds by editing a preset Program, the R3 also allows programming from an initialized state, allowing you to create Programs “from scratch”…1.To initialize any Program, press and hold SHIFT and press the Program #2 key, “Init Prog” (The MAINDISPLAY asks “Init OK?”).2.Press the Program #2 key to execute the Initialize command >Notice that Knobs 1 and 2 default to allowingyou to shape Filter 1’s Cutoff and Resonance.3.Rotate the PAGE dial to P13: Drive/WS:Drive and Wave Shape provide additional tools to make a sound more complex and edgy.4.Rotate Knob 1”WS Type” to select Drive.5.Rotate Knob 3, “WS Depth” to about 80; playing and listening to the results as Drive “saturates” the Ampstage.6.Leave Knob 3 parked where it is, and rotate Knob 1 to listen to the other Wave Shape choices: our InitProgram is taking on some mangled character!R3 Editor/Librarian SoftwareThe R3 ships with a CD-ROM containing the Korg USB MIDI Driver as well as a powerful, easy to use editor/librarian. Once the keyboard is connected to a computer via USB, the editor lets you freely edit Programs, sending sounds back and forth one at a time or in banks. The Editor is also handy for Formant Motion editing: its Global page provides a Normalize and Auto Trim function.For more information on working with the R3 Editor/Librarian, see the R3 Owner’s Manual.R3 EasyStart SHIFT Key ShortcutsThere are many useful functions that you can access by holding the SHIFT key and pressinganother key on the R3. Below is a listing of those functions.For more information on each function, refer to the R3 Owner’s Manual, starting on page 75.•Play Demos: SHIFT and ARPEGGIATOR ON/OFF•Calibrate a continuous pedal: SHIFT and ARPEGGIATOR LATCH•Solo a Timbre: SHIFT and TIMBRE 1 or TIMBRE 2 – Repeat to defeat•Audio In Thru: SHIFT and VOCODER•Knob Assign: SHIFT and MOD SEQUENCE/FORMANT MOTION ON/OFF – Press TIMBRE 1, TIMBRE 2, or VOCODER depending on which area of aProgram you wish to re-assign knobs.•Memory Protect: SHIFT and Program #8•Preload: SHIFT and Program #7and Program #1•Rename a Program: SHIFT•Initialize a Program: SHIFT and Program #2•Copy Timbre: SHIFT and Program #3and Program #4•Swap Timbre: SHIFT•Initialize Vocoder: SHIFT and Program #3 – when VOCODER is first selected for editing•Copy Effect: SHIFT and Program #5•MIDI Data Dump: SHIFT and Program #6 (Note: for MIDI Data Reception back into the R3, make sure Memory Protect is OFF, rotate the PAGE dial toP43:“MIDIfilt”and rotate Knob 4, “SystemEX” to “Enable”)For more information, see the R3 Owner’s Manual, and visit /R3 for more support, tips and tricks!。
学霸学习提醒一、课本是最好的老师.要注重根底,反复研读课本,稳固根底知识.二、要养成良好的学习习惯.良好的学习习惯是高效率掌握知识的保证.三、要保持良好的学习状态,自信踏实,刻苦努力,以饱满的精神迎接新一天的挑战.四、课堂上:专心听讲是第一位.事实证实,自以为是确实是不好的习惯同样的例题,自己看懂与听老师讲懂是完全不同的两种效果.五、建议同学们在课外多投入些时间做题,并且要从心里重视数学.还应该准备一个错题本,老老实实地将每次错过的题抄在上面,并写上正确的解题思路,变不懂为精通.特别提醒:请学习稍差的同学一定不要放弃,哪怕到最后一学期,也不能放弃.只要根据老师说的去做,只要塌实地付出了,就一定会有奇迹出现永远不要放弃拼搏,由于奇迹只发生在相信奇迹存在的人身上!!!长宁区2021-2021学年度第一学期期末质量监控试卷高三英语I. Listening ComprehensionSection A 〔10分〕Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of eachconversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answerson your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At the dress shop.B. At the butcher s.'C. At the hairdresser s. 'D. At the grocery store. 10. A. Tom had been preparing the party for long.B. Tom stood out in the job interview in London.C. Tom should have stayed at home for the exam.D. Tom eventually managed to show up at the party.Question 11 through 13 are based on the following passageQuestion 14 through 16 are based on the following passage14.A.By picturing and adding maps. B. By drawing and measuringpoints.〔总分值140分,完卷时间120分钟〕2021.12 2. A. Play the violin.C. Write a composition.3 .A. $4. B. $31. C. $40.4 . A. Someone witnessing a crime.C. Someone looking for the robber.5.A. How to contact the travel agency.C. Where to find the airline information.6 A. The suitcase might be taken by mistake.C. The suitcase does not look ideal in size.7. A. She has never been to Paris before.C. Shen remembers very little about Paris.8. A. He can't show the woman the direction.C .He has met the woman somewhere before. 9. A. It has been given a new colour.C. It has been traded for a new one.B. Stay at home. D. Attend the concert. D. $69. B.A salesman of the shop. D. A friend of the woman. B. Whether her sister has arrived safely. D. Why her sister has rescheduled suddenly. B. The suitcase might not be of good quality. D. The suitcase seems quite cheap-looking. B. She knows a young man who could be helpful D. She would like to talk about it some other time. B. He 's now working in the principal 's office. D. He won't wait for his friend at the entrance.B. Helen has had it checked recently. D. Helen has just rented it from a garage. 11 .A. Origin of the Oxford English Dictionary.C. Introduction of English dictionaries.12 .A.Its reliable sources.C. Its way of invention.13 .A.To emphasize the function of adictionary C. To illustrate the development of language B. Process of English dictionary publication.D. History of Webster Dictionary of English B. Its various meanings. D. Its frequency of use. B. To Introduce the meaning of the phrase. D. To record the invention of new words.C. By storing and developing images.15 .A.Banks use it to offer a fast entry C.Companies use it for security16 .A.FlexibleB.NeutralC. PositiveD.Critical Question 17 through 20 are based on the following passage17 .A.It is not imaginative C.It is not timesaving18 .A.By giving it to someone else C.Bytrading it for a gift card19 .A.The woman has been convinced.C.The man truly loves snow globes20.A.Practical suggestion on gift givingC.Easy ways of buying thoughtful gifts.n .Grammar and Vocabulary Section ADirection: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.Planting PatriotismYoung boys are not easily shocked, but 12-year-old Preston Sharp sure knows the feeling .“Yeah, I was surprised and even disappointed,“ Preston said , Preston ' s mom , April Sharp said , first time (21) (see)him like this angry and passionate. 〞 What upset her son so much was visiting his grandpa ' s grave in Redding, California ,and realizing that not every veteran (老兵)in the cemetery has a flag. So April told him " son, (22) you are going to complain about something , you have to do something about it or let it go 〞Next thing April knew , Preston was taking on odd jobs and asking for donations (23) (buy)flags and flowers for every veteran in his grandpa' s cemetery, And when that cemetery(24)(cover),he moved on to another, and then another.Here we are, nearly three years and about 65,000graves later. He does it everyweek(25)the weather is like , rain or shine---especially rain , “ They were out there in the rain doing theirjob,(26)(protect)us , “ Preston said His devotion is infections.When word gets out(27)Preston will be at a cemetery---he has a Facebook page PrestonSharp/Vet flags and Flowers-people , like Vietnam veteran FredLoveland, feel(28)(oblige)to join in , " It ' s amaziH'g Loveland said." What he ' s doing brings(29)out because we can ' t believe a young man in this country is doing what he does , “ It is a movement of young and 01d of those who served and those who are so grateful for what they did , all led by a proud grandson(30)saw an injustice and decided to do something about it.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box, Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one word more than you need.Aurora 〔 极光〕:wonders or disturbancesD. By comparing and matching faceprints. B. It can only be used with permission D. It can be used to meet customer's needs.B. It is not practical D. It is not love sending. B.By refusing to accept it. D.By leaving it aside. B. The man is direct and grateful. D. The woman picks gift at random. B. Different opinions on gift giving. D. Happy moments of getting gifts.Canada, February 2021:I stood in the snow on a frozen lake, watching as the sky twisted in front of me. Green bands of light 31 out in the darkness. Slowly the colours twisted and broke andreappeared elsewhere until, suddenly, a whole band flowed and pulsed across the sky,32 with delicate yellow. pinks and purples. It was as dramatic as thunderstorm , yet calm.Gentle,yet 33,Most of all,it was a gift.This was my fifth aurora trip and the first time I had seen fast movements and bright colours.The calm green auroral displays that many people see are driven by a〔n〕34 stream ofparticles〔微〕from called the solar wind. But when the sun throws us extra hot fast particles , this process goes overdrive-we get much more movement and colour, It is glorious!Aurora-spotters long for itBut for some, the wild movements of the heavens can have serious 35 Satellites'electronics are affected or damaged by incoming fast particlies,36 industries that rely on them.Flights may need to change course to avoid radio 37__ around the poles or to protect aircrew fromenhanced radiation exposure. During a solar storm, aircrew may receive their annual radiation limit over a single flight.Stormy space weather affects us on the ground too. A larger storm in 1989 caused a 10-hour electrical blackout over Canada's Quebec Province, costing the economy a〔n〕38 C$10 billion.Disturbance of the atmosphere causes problems with radio broadcast and GPS. In September 2021,a huge solar fame 39 just as Hurricane lran hit the Caribbean. The resultant HF radioblackout held up the emergency response Meanwhile , beautiful aurora displays were seen in England. Place its beauty aside then, and the auroral 40 is nothing other than a giant planetarydisturbance, more of a worry than a wonder for some people. Yet seldom do such disturbances have such fascinating side effects as that of the aurora dancing across our Arctic skies.Ill. Reading Comprehension Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to mans. But they constantly astonish researchers with 41 behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and 42 practices could have been the model for the phrase “ Intakes a village." A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are careful ly looked after by extended family members who then aren't free to breed themselves.A new study further 43 the marmoset ' seputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones _ 44 than when they ' rerrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individuals band together for _ 45__ protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket 〔蟋蟀〕with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more _ 46 explanationOne possibility is that an individual practices _ 47 as a means of enhancing his status among peers.By 48 that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may _ 49 prospective mates. The other explanation for charitable behavior 50 that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate. Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of 51 p artners. Scientists call this the “ pay to stay mod el. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindness must have a(n) 52 . That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the _ 53 appeared to be trueAnthropologists (人类学家)from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often, in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby begging for a taste, adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time. When in a group, caregivers offered up their cricket 67% ofthe time. " Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or 54 avoidance, “the study authors reported Rather, it is driven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more 55 expressed when individuals are alone with young.〞41.A. animal B. careful C. social D. individual42.A. evolving B communicating C organizing D. parenting43.A shines B damages C. affects D protests44.A. at play B in private C. on schedule D by accident45.A. adequate B effective C. continual D. mutual46.A. creative B complex C specific D. official47.A. generosity B wisdom C independence D governance48.A. promising B demonstrating C. pretending D. explaining49.A. count on B. go after C. appeal to D. benefit from50. A. assumes B. confirms C. enhances D. concludes51. A. regular B. dominant C. potential D. previous52. A. atmosphere B. audience C. feedback D. judge53. A. statistics B. expectation C. argument D. opposite54. A. responsibility B. punishment C. arrangement D. difficulty55. A. strongly B. causally C. delicately D. fearlesslySection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the one that fits best according to the Information given in the passage you have just read.(A)What to endure before publication?It takes a lot to write a novel. Even those who haven ' t tried would say, “Well, duh! " t much the mind space or the considerable time it takes to write a novel that is as discouraging as how many times any writer must go back to the drawing board for yet another draft. To really ready a novel for publication, a writer must spend time with his or her book. Like any promising relationship, you, the writer , must date your novel, take it out to dinner, meet its parents, and see it through its most trying and desperate times. As a writer, you have to stay up all night with your novel crying and talking and sometimes even pulling your hair out before that perfect moment of inspiration can truly help you cross the finish line.For many published authors I know, myself included, a completed novel takes them about 10, that right, 10 drafts, and at least a year of real editing. Will you be spending every single second editing your novel? No, of course not. Just as drafts need some real time on the surgery table, they also need rest in the recovery room. You don ' t nurse a relationship by spending every waking second with them until you can stand the sight of each other, and you can ' t produce a ibovathiyg down its literary neck . However, a novel should undergo many drafts---and different kinds of drafts — before declaring it ready for an agent or editor to see.Everyone has their own way to write a nove l, and not all craft advice (or even craft “ rules " ) shoibe followed by everyone, but when it comes to the many drafts of a novel, there are specific things a writer should focus on during each revision to help create a smooth transition from the initial idea to final products.56. People are discouraged from writing a novel mainly because it requires.A. a good publisherB. too much thinkingC. tons of working timeD. frequent revisions57. What do writers do in the course of creating a novel?A. They spend every minute with the novel.B. They treat the novel as a lover.C. They go out with some readers for dinner.D. They hurt themselves to stay awake.58. B y breathing down its literary neck “ in Paragraph 2, the author motsprobably means.A. writing casually thus failing to take readers ' breath awayB. letting go a single mistake thus annoying the readersC. X-raying the work thus finding each literary mistakeD. sticking too close to the work thus causing anxiety59. Which of the following is most likely to come after the last paragraph?A. The importance of using proper transitional words in writing.B. The writing experience shared by famous successful write.C. Tips on how to make ten drafts to complete a good novel.D. Setbacks writers may suffer if ignoring the craft advice.(B)Top Six Most Challenged Books in 2021Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) in the States tracked 354 challenges (formal attempts to remove or restrict access to library materials and services) to library, school, and university materials and services in2021. Some individual challenges resulted in requests to restrict or remove multiple titles. Overall, 416 books were targeted. Here are the "Top Six Most Challenged Books in 2021 〞.A. prize winners or well received by the publicB. written for curious young adults in schoolsC. banned and challenged in nationwide librariesD. involved with violence and aggressive language61.Which of the following would be removed from school libraries to avoid misleading kids into racialism?A. The Hate U GiveB. To Kill a Mocking birdC. The Kite RunnerD. Thirteen Reasons Way1.1 It can be concluded from the passage that in the StatesA.OIF is responsible for the challenges reported from local schools and universitiesB. the government is challenged by intellectual freedom in public materials and servicesC. issues like mental illness, druguse and sex education really concern the government D. best sellers and prize winners are often questioned and rejected by the public(C)The term ' dark tourism ' is far newer than the practice, which long predates Pompeii's emergence as a dark attraction. Dr Philip Stone, perhaps the world's leading academic expert on dark tourism, considers the Roman Colosseum to be one of first dark tourist sites, where people travelled long distances to watch death as sport. Later, until the late 18" century, the appeal was crueler still in central London, where people paid money to sit in grandstands to watch mass hangings. Dealers would sell pies at the site, which was roughly where Marble Arch stands today.It was only in 1996 that ' darkourism' entered the scholarly vocabulary when two academics in Glasgow applied it while looking at sites associated with the murder of John F.Kennedy. Those who study dark tourism identify plenty of reasons for the growing phenomenon, including raised awareness of it as an identifiable thing. Access to sites has also improved with the arrival of cheap air travel. It's hard to imagine that the Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial and museum would now welcome mare than two million visitors a year were it not for its nearness to Krakow's international airport. Peter Hohenhaus, a widely travelled dark tourist based in Vienna,also points to the broader rise in off-the-beaten track tourism,beyond the territory of popular guidebooks and TripAdvisor rankings. ' Aot of people don't want mainstream tourism and that often means engaging with places that have a more recent history than, say,a Roman ruin." he says."You go to Sarajevo and most people remember the war being in the news so if feels closer to one' owe biography(传记)〞Hohenhaus is also a fan of ' beauty in decay ' , the contemporary cultural movement in which urban ruinshave become subject matter for expensive coffee-table books and a thousand lnstagram (照片墙)accounts.The crossover with death is clear. "I have always been drawn to ruined thing-ye aheodsays. But while, like any tourism, dark tourism at its best is educational, the example of Grenfell Tower (a London tower block,destroy ed by a fire in 2021 with 7l deaths) hints at the unease felt at some sites.the Lonely Planet Bluelist book had a chapter about dark tourism a while ago and one of the rules was 'don't go back tooearly'."Hohenhaus says. "I'll be iret e rGsemdetU〕 Tower up close.I can see theattraction.But I would not stand in the street taking a selfie 〔自拍〕merrily. 〞63 . 'Dark tourism' can be defined as tourism involving travel to placesA. hardly having access to in ancient timesB. with a history even before human civilizationC. historically related to death and tragedyD. in Europe famous for cruel but exciting sports64 .Dark tourism came into sight when.A. scholars finally revealed secrets about some historical eventsB. people were no more satisfied with ordinary tourist destinationsC. road transportation was able to take people around the worldD. researchers realized the significance of sustainable tourism65 .What is implied in Hohenhaus' words in the last paragraph?A. People fail to get lessons from disasters causing terrible loss.B. The media are publicizing the modern city ruins improperly.C. Visitors are free to take selfies with the ' beauty of decay '.D. Some tourists show a lack of respect for dark tourist sites.66 .Which of the following best serves as the title of this passage?A. Morality mirrored in tourismB. Tourism boomed with tragediesC. Ranking of dark tourism sitesD. Proper attitudes to dark tourismSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A. In other words, because we paid off and closed a line of credit, our scores took a hit.B. It is always more important to know how much you are able to earn than to borrow.C. All it tells you is whether you are good at borrowing money and paying it back.D. Believe it or not, these standards allow you to be punished for becoming debt-free!E. These are the reasons why I have stopped worrying about my credit score.F. While all of that is true, it doesn't tell the whole story.Why I stopped worrying about my credit score?If you believed everything you read about your credit score, you'd think it was the most important component of your financial health. Without a good credit score and history, the experts say, it's more difficult qualify for a mortgage( 按揭)or a car loan-and more expensive if you're approved for a loan, too, because you won't get the best interest rates. In many states, bad credit can even raise your insurance payments, cost you a rental apartment, or make it harder to get hired.67 First off, there are several credit scores out there. While it's important to cultivate your credit scores by using credit responsibly, your FICO credit score may not be the same as what VantageScore reports, and lenders may use a different one entirely, so focusing on one score can be a fruitless exercise. More important as financial reporter Dave Ramsey notes on his blog, your credit score is not a measure of your overall financial health. He writes:"68"FICO, the most popular credit-scoring agency, users several weighted factors to determine your credit score, including payment history (35 percent), amounts owed (30 percent), length of credit history (15 percent), new credit (10 percent), and credit mix (10 percent). 69 My husband and I enjoyed steady credit scores above 820 for a while. But when we paid off one of ourrental properties in 2021, we both saw our credit scores fall by 20 or more points. The sudden drop took place because we completed a 15-year loan and reduced the average length of our credit history tremendously. 70 That'sblackmail. I would rather be debt-free than have a perfect credit score.Your credit score is certainly important when you're starting out and likely to borrow money for a down payment (首付)on a home or some other big purchase. But once you 're fairly established financially, it's much easier to see it for what it really is: a measure of how well you borrow money.N . Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Take care of your spine (脊柱)T he spine stands at the center of your health, providing your body with structure and support. It also contains your spinal cord, a massive collection of nerves conveying electric signals from the rest of your body to your brain. Since your spine is so central to your health, it ' important to look after it.Maintaining good posture ( 姿势)is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy. Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight, except for its natural curves. Posture comes into play even when you 're asleep. Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions. Staying still for too long —even if your posture is good - can be hard on your back. Especially if you work at a desk most of the day, it important to get up and stretch periodically.Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine. Stretch can help the muscles around your spine relax and allow bones to shift into better arrangement. Strength exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around your spine. However, don' overdo the exercise, as repeated motions can stain the muscles around your spine.Finally, your diet affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. In particular, B vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids help keep nerves healthy, so you may want to consider taking a supplement. Another important factor is vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones. Vitamin D can come from some foods, but it 's also absorbed from sunlight, so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside.Many of the actions necessary to keep your spine healthy are identical to those used to preserve your health in other ways. So protect our back, and the rest of body will benefit.V. TranslationDirections : Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72 .任何人都不可能轻而易举获得成功. (ease)73 .遇到紧急情况一定要冷静,否那么可能会造成严重后果. (or)74 .我们只有学会尊重人际间的差异,才能防止误会,与他人建立和谐的关系. (Only)75 .令教练欣慰的是,整个辩论队齐心协力,克服了遇到的各种困难,最终所有的努力都得到了回报.(reward v.)VI . Guided WritingDirections : Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.假设你是明启中学的高三学生王蕾. 学校正在招募话剧团(drama club)和机器人社团(robot blub)新成员.你在日记中表达获知该消息时的感受,做出选择,并阐述理由.长宁区英语试卷参考答案I. Listening Comprehension 1-5 CDBAB 6-10 BCAAD 11-13 CDC 14-16 DDCII. Grammar and Vocabulary21 .have seen 22.if/what/whenever 23. to buy 24.was covered/had been covered 25 .whatever26. protecting 27.that 28. obliged 29. us 30. who/that31-35 JBAED 36-40 KCFGIIII. Reading Comprehension41 -45 CDABD 36-50 CABCA 51-55 CBDBA56-59 DBDC 60-62 ABC 63-66 CBDB 67-70FCDAIV. Summary WritingHow can you look after your spine to enjoy good health? First, avoid poor posture and long-term motionlessness whether you're standing, sitting or lying. Second, do some stretching and strengthening exercise. Finally, keep a diet rich in vitamins supplemented with some extra ones if necessary and outdoor back exercise.(49)VI. Translation72. . It is impossible for anyone to achieve success with ease./ Nobody can achieve with ease.(3 ')73. Keep calm/ Calm down in emergency, or it can bring about/cause serious consequences. (3 ')74. Only by learning to respect interpersonal differences/differences between(among) people can we avoid misunderstanding and build harmonious relationships with others.(4 ')75. To the coach's relief, all the debate/debating team members have worked together/cooperated to overcome various difficulties they met with/encountered/came across, and all their efforts have finally been rewarded.(5 ')VI. Guided Writing。
第一章学习Javajava是什么?java是一门计算机语言,我相信很多人都知道这一事实,这很可能是由于您曾经玩过由这一语言编译而成的游戏。
Java是一门面向对象的计算机语言,也就是说它由两主要部分组成:字段和方法。
那什么是字段和方法呢?我们以人为例:我们可以把一个人比作一个工程(o(∩_∩)o好像有些类比不当~)。
在这个工程中会有许多包,比如“human.body.head”。
在每个包中会包含好多类(我们之后详细阐述),比如说"ear.java"就是一个类。
现在我们已经知道了字段和方法,那么什么是类呢?我们以之前的ear.java为例,这个耳朵类可以诸如“耳垂高度”和“音量”等特征,所以一个解决方案是建立如“listenTo()”和"moveEars()"等函数。
您可能会问这到底是什么呀,也可能会问这些和Minecraft到底有神马关系?好吧,以下就是一个例子:方法/函数举例1.public int getMaxHealth()2.{3. return 20;4.}复制代码这是minecraft中EntityCreeper.java中的一段代码。
这段代码非常基本,您只需关心的是如果把返回值20改为其它的什么东西会发生什么呢?当然您有可能会猜测:嗯,有可能会带来我砍苦力怕多少刀它会死呢?其中的"public"表示其它的类也可以调用该函数,"int"表示该函数为整型函数(在+/-2,147,483,647之间的所有十进制整数)。
"getMaxHealth()"为函数名,"return 20"表示返回值,比如如果有人问这个类:“苦力怕的最大生命值是多少呀?”,它将回答:“是20~”。
由于我们在函数头声明了"int",所以我们的返回值必须为整数。
字段/变量举例1.private double velocityY;复制代码这是在EntityMinecart类中所生命的一个字段。
For more than 50 years, Eaton has beensafeguarding the critical systems of businessesacross the globe. 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This efficiency is well proven with installations in major datacentre hubs in the Asia Pacific region and around the world. 99% efficiency - Energy Saver System (ESS)Improves the 93PR efficiency levels to 99%, bysuspending the power modules when power conditioning is not required.The power is fed through the static bypass switch, and in the event of exceeding pre-set input limits the UPS is ready to switch to double-conversion mode in under two milliseconds. In addition to extremely low losses, the ESS mode provides filtering against fast low-energy transients. It is simply the most advanced, most reliable, fastest-reacting energy-saver architecture available.In addition to saving energy, this technology enhances the reliability of the system by reducing electrical stress in the power electronic components, extending the UPS life time and thus reducing total cost of ownership. Optimised double conversion efficiency - Variable Module Management System (VMMS)For applications where ESS may not be optimal, for example with very low quality mains, VMMS technology includes automatic variable power module management. The system automatically suspends and engages modules as appropriate, to optimise efficiency both at UPS and system level.VMMS helps you achieve high efficiency even when UPS load levels are low – typical for redundant UPS systems.VMMS can optimise the load levels of power modules in a single 93PR UPS or in parallel systems, by suspending extra UPS capacity. This means not only greater efficiency at lower load levels, but optimum efficiency at all load levels.Maximum double conversion efficiencyThe 93PR still offers the highest double conversion efficiency in the market, reaching above 96%.Maximum scalabilityThe highly scalable nature of the 93PR means thatscaling up in response to increased demand takes minutes rather than hours. Scaling up can also be achieved without increasing the footprint – saving valuable floor space. The modular design allows for internal redundancy, which eliminates the need for an additional UPS for N+1 configurations.External redundancy also improves scalability, byparalleling up to 8 frames for a total system size of up to 600 kW .Highest power densityThe unity power factor maximises the true available power of the 93PR. This means it can deliver up to 20% more real power than other UPSs in its class. The 75kW frame house an internal Maintenance Bypass Switch(MBS), DC breaker (Internal Battery version), Fast-acting bypass fuse. The 93PR 25kW UPM (Uninterruptible Power Module)Eaton 93PR Efficiency in all modesLoad (% of nominal)U P S E f f i c i e n c y (%)Maximum availability is integral to business continuity, and integral to the design of the Eaton 93P R UPS. It ensures you can always access the power your mission-critical application requires.Communications and connectivity 1-3 no. Uninterruptible Power Module (UPM) Input/Output/Batterycircuit switch 5*4 Internal Battery ModulesSystem static bypass Dust filterHot swappable and hot scalableDue its modular design, a 93PR power module can bereplaced or added while another module continues protecting the load. This eliminates the need to go tobypass for module replacement or upgrading (MTTR: 0 minutes). Replacement and upgrade (N+1) operations typically take less than 10 minutes.Centralised topologyThe 93PR ’s centralised topology is ideal for scalable systems, as it provides full bypass capacity from day one, whereas modular designs with static switches in every power module can have a severe negative impact on the selectivity of the system due to undersized static bypass. This can compromise the availability of the overall system.93PR 75kW FrameManaging and controlling your 93PR UPS is easy. Designed for the most advanced IT environments, the 93PR comes equipped with intuitive user interfaces, a large touchscreen LCD providing useful status information and back logs, and a full suite of power management and connectivity options. The complete solution The Eaton 93PR UPS is designed for the most advanced IT environments, and it comes with interfaces for Web and SNMP as standard. In the event of an alert, the UPS system notifies users and administrators by email. If there’s a prolonged powerfailure, the protected computer systems can be shut down smoothly using the Intelligent Power® Protector software also incorporated with the 93PR. Your 93PR can be connected directly to your corporate network and the internet. 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Power information is consolidated in the same tool used to monitor and manage physical and virtual servers, storage and networks.In the event of power failure, IPM can trigger protective actions such as live migration of virtual machines, controlled shutdown, or disaster recovery.Intelligent, intuitive, integralThe world-class Intelligent Power® Manager intelligent software solution of your 93PR UPS plugs into leading virtualisation management systems, including VMware vCenter, Microsoft SCVMM and Citrix XenCenter.This user-friendly monitoring tool enables you to monitor and manage your UPS system as an integral part of your power infrastructure. It collects data through the network, then stores it in a database for viewing and analysis. Easy management The 93PR provides easier access to detailed status information through its large, user-friendly 7” LCD touchscreen interface. With the 93PR’s graphical LCD interface you can track stats on energy savings, battery time, outage tracking, load profiling and much more. The green/yellow/red LED light-bars make system status visible from a distance in data centres.Eaton 93PR 25-50-75 kW Technical Specification sheet as per IEC 62040-3GENERALRatings 25 kW 50 kW75 kWYes, up to 75kWUpgradability Up to 4 units with HotSync® technology External paralleling IGBT PWM Double conversionUPS topologyVFI-SS-111UPS performance classification ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERRatings25 kW50 kW75 kW"< 65 dBA in double conversion""Acoustic noise at 1 m,""0 °C to + 40 °C without output power derating""Ambient service temperature range" 5 to 95%, no condensation allowedRelative humidity range YesRoHS/WEEE compliancy"1000 m (3300 ft) above sea level at 40 °CMaximum 2000 m (6600 ft) with 1 % derating per each add. 100 m"Maximum service altitude INPUT CHARACTERISTICSRatings25 kW50 kW75 kW220/380 V; 230/400 V; 240/415 V Rated input voltage 305 to 478 VVoltage tolerance Rectifier input rated voltage -15% / +10%Voltage tolerance Bypass input "3 phases + neutral""Number of input phases"Rated input r.m.s. current 40 A 80 A 120 A 380V 38 A 76 A 114 A 400V 37 A 73 A 110 A 415V45 A90 A135 AMaximum input r.m.s. current "< 3%, 100% load"Input current distortion at rated input current "5 A/s (default), configurable.Minimum 1 A/s."Rectifier ramp-up, rectifier start and load step Option, for rectifier and bypass lines Back feed protection 1.5 x Rated UPS CapacityGenset Compatibility> 0.99Input power factor,double conversion 100% load 50 or 60 Hz, user configurable 40 to 72 Hz Rated input frequency Frequency tolerance BYPASS CHARACTERISTICSRatings 25 kW 50 kW75 kWStatic Type of bypass 75kWBypass rating "220/380 V; 230/400 V; 240/415 Vtolerance -15% / +10% of rated voltage" Bypass voltage range No break 2 ms typical Transfer time break Internal Standard Maintenance bypass 145000 A 2sBypass thyristor i2t valueCOMMUNICATION CIRCUITSRatings25 kW50 kW75 kW"3 Mini-slot ports for optional cards, USB, RS-232 service port, relay output, 5 building alarm inputs and a dedicated EPO Web and SNMP card"Standard connectivity ports See User’s and Installation GuideComplete list of indications and interface devicesCOMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDSRatings25 kW50 kW75 kWRestricted accessSafety Access as per IEC 62040-1IP 20; protection against medium sized foreign matter (incl. finger), protection against vertically dripping water.Degree of protection as per IEC 62040-1EMC Category C3 EMC Category C3Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Emissions as per IEC 62040-2BATTERY CHARACTERISTICSRatings25 kW 50 kW75 kW12 V, VRLABattery technology "40 to 42 blocks, 240 to 252 cells per battery string"Battery quantity 480 to 504 V, default 480VBattery voltage Default 4A, configurable, maximum 25A per UPM with derating to 60% Capacity with Charger current increamental Charge current limit YesBattery start optionMECHANICAL PARAMETERRatings25 kW50 kW75 kW600 x 1100 x 2020 mmUPS dimensions (W x D x H)"265kg (N.W) 375kg (C.W ) 9106-9292339kg (N.W) 449kg (C.W ) 9106-9295"Gross Weight, UPS frame w/o UPM Rear top (default) & rear bottom (optional) UPS Cable entry IP 20UPS Degree of protection Black; RAL 9005UPS colour< 10 minutesMean Time To Repair (MTTR)OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICSRatings25 kW50 kW75 kW3 phases + neutral Number of output phases 3:1Crest factor 220/380 V; 230/400 V; 240/415 V, configurable Rated output voltage < 1%Output voltage variation,steady state"50 or 60 Hz, configurable± 0,1 Hz 0.8 - 1 Hz/s"Rated output frequency Outputfrequency variation Slew rate 25 kW / 25 kVA 50 kW / 50 kVA75 kW / 75 kVARated output power 1.0Load pow er factor 0.8 lagging to 0.8 leadingRated Permitted range10 min 105-110% load Overload capability On inverter 60 sec 111-125% load 10 sec 126-150% load 300 ms >150% load EFFICIENCY & HEAT DISSIPATIONRatings25 kW50 kW75 kWEfficiency in double-conversion, rated linear load Heat dissipation (watt) in double conversion 95.8%95.8%95.8%100% load 96.1%96.1%96.1%75% load 96.4%96.4%96.4%50% load 96.0%96.0%96.0%25% load190621923288100% load 7611522228375% load Efficiency in ESS, rated linear load 99%99.1%100% load 75% load467934140050% load 26052178125% loadSales and Service 180****57582020Toll Free Hotline:EPQ-93PR-BRO-003/April 2020/ DigitalEaton is dedicated to ensuring that reliable, e cient and safe power is available when it’s needed most. With unparalleled knowledge of electrical power management across industries, experts at Eaton deliver customised, integrated solutions to solve our customers’ most critical challenges. Our focus is on delivering the right solution for the application. But, decision makers demand more than just innovative products. They turn to Eaton for an unwavering commitment to personal support that makes customer success a top priority.For more information, visit /powerquality。
以下是小编为大家带来城市天际线建筑MOD制作方法图文教程。
实际上天际线添加自定义模型到游戏的过程已经是我见过最简单的了,有些游戏引擎的添加过程都比这个还要复杂。
大概可以分为这几个阶段:1. 准备与检查模型贴图2. 导出、整理模型贴图3. 导入修改4. 资产编辑5. 保存使用一、准备与检查模型贴图模型可以自己做,或者网上下,溜溜网或者翻墙去谷歌搜都是不错的办法。
但请务必保证你有以下的3D方面基础知识:1. 模型格式与转化;2. UV贴图的意思;3.游戏贴图的分类和使用以及对于模型的要求;4.游戏对于模型的要求。
那么我就以这个小别墅的模型来写教程好了。
这个是溜溜网下的模型:首先,任何3D游戏的模型都必须是一体模型,也就是说3D打开之后只有房子这一个模型,没有任何其他的东西。
但由于网上下的模型保不准网站会做些什么莫名其妙的隐藏物品上去,所以这里我把这个模型先导出为3DS。
勾选保持纹理坐标,确定。
然后再新建一个3D场景,导入。
然后打开模型列表,删掉除了模型本身之外其他的所有东西。
然后我们就得到了一个干干净净的模型了。
二、导出、整理模型贴图接下来是检查贴图。
目前所有3D游戏,不管是顶尖的3A大作还是LOL这种三转二游戏,通用的,最基本的,有三张贴图:1.漫反射贴图【最基础的纹理】2.凹凸贴图【以灰阶表示凹凸强度或者是青蓝色的法线凹凸】3.反射贴图【以灰阶表示反射的强度,越靠近白色反射越强,反之则越弱】不过如果你只有一张漫反射贴图也基本没事,天际线这游戏的要求并不是那么高。
我下的这个模型正好这三个贴图。
但请务必注意!贴图必须是UV贴图,即一张图片上面就包括了这个模型所有需要贴图的地方。
如果你下的模型是vray模型那种,一个模型附带了一堆贴图,那种是没法用的。
最后,把模型的坐标全部归零:导出为FBX文件,直接确定不要管那些其他的选项。
然后就是贴图的处理。
目前我一般用bmp格式的图片,dds的行业标准格式肯定是支持的,jpg格式有时候支持有时候不支持,至于其他的tga之类我没试过贴图这里有个很重要的一环,就是贴图的分类和使用!我就直接给出官方的格式好了:“_d”后缀代表的漫反射纹理(RGB)“_a”后缀代表着阿尔法纹理(灰阶遮罩)这个用于指定漫反射贴图中的哪些区域是面片贴图,自己做MOD一般用不到“_c”后缀代表颜色纹理(灰阶遮罩)你在编辑游戏自带模型的时候,最下面一栏选项可以改变建筑本身的颜色,这个贴图就是指定建筑贴图的哪些地方的颜色可以改变,一般也用不到“_i”后缀代表照明的质感(灰阶遮罩)用灰阶代表灯光照明的强度。
制作模组的技巧
制作模组的技巧可以分为以下几个方面:
1. 设计规划:在开始制作模组之前,应该先进行设计规划。
确定模组的主题、目标和玩法。
这可以帮助你在制作过程中保持目标和方向。
2. 均衡性:在设计新内容或改变现有内容时,要考虑均衡性。
确保新添加的内容不会破坏游戏的整体平衡。
3. 反馈:在制作模组的过程中,要及时收集来自玩家的反馈。
这可以帮助你发现潜在的问题并进行改进。
4. 利用资源:在制作模组时,可以利用现有的资源,如游戏引擎、资产库等。
这可以节省时间和精力。
5. 测试和修正:在完成模组后,要经过严格的测试,并根据测试结果进行修正。
确保模组的稳定性和兼容性。
6. 更新和维护:制作模组并不是一次性的工作,要不断进行更新和维护。
修复bug、添加新功能和内容,以及与游戏的更新保持兼容。
7. 社区参与:与社区保持联系,并积极参与讨论和反馈。
这可以帮助你了解玩
家的需求和期望,以便更好地制作模组。
8. 文档记录:制作模组时,要做好文档记录。
记录每个步骤、决策和问题的解决方法。
这可以帮助你在需要时查找和解决问题。
HOW TO CREATE EVOLVING INFORMATION MODELS BY A LAYEREDINFORMATION ARCHITECTUREKary FRÄMLING, Jan HOLMSTRÖMHelsinki University of TechnologyBIT Research CentrePL 5500, FI-02015 TKKFinlandE-mail: Kary.Framling@hut.fi, Jan.Holmstrom@hut.fiAbstract:Flexibility and adaptability of information systems has become increasingly importantespecially in Internet-based distributed applications. Class-based methods that are efficient inobject-oriented programming tend to become too rigid in Internet environments. A two-layered architecture is here analysed as an alternative approach. The paper attempts to showin what sense Internet and the WWW are two-layered architectures and how the evolving“Internet of Things” can be conceived in order to maintain the flexibility of Internet. TheInternet of Things provides new and unforeseen innovations also for how industrialenterprises can co-operate and exchange information. The DIALOG implementation of theInternet of Things presented in the paper has been used in such applications and also followsthe principles of the two-layered architecture.Keywords:Information modelling, Internet, WWW, Internet of Things, Semantic Web1. INTRODUCTIONThe activity of information modeling provides a bridge between two views – that of the real world and the design of an information system [5]. A major challenge in information modeling is how to keep the models flexible enough to allow for future evolution and innovation of the information systems. Parsons and Wand [5] argue that most existing information modeling methods fail to be flexible enough because they are based on the assumption of inherent classification, i.e. that “things” can be referred to only as instances of classes. As a solution, they propose using a two-layered architecture to information modeling. The first layer represents instances with their properties, while the second layer consists of class definitions based on sets of properties defining classes of interest. An important property of the first layer is that all instances are unique and are universally identified. For the second layer there is no such restriction; there may be any number of class definitions that allow instances to be classified according to users, views, purposes etc.In the ideal case, an information system should be flexible enough to provide a kind of “ecosystem”, which needs no central control to expand, evolve and create initially unexpected “life forms”. In this paper, we argue that Internet and the WWW is such an ecosystem. We will also attempt to show in what sense the Internet can be considered to be a layered architecture.The Internet of Things has been proposed as an extension to the Internet, where it would be possible to access information about any tangible “thing” over the Internet. In order to make the Internet of Things become a similar ecosystem as Internet and the WWW, it would probably be useful to follow their design principles and learn from how they evolved into the current system [6]. At Helsinki University of Technology, the DIALOG research initiative has been developing information architectures for the Internet of Things. In this paper we will attempt to explain how theDIALOG system conforms to the two-layered architecture in such a way that it could allow for a similar ecosystem to evolve as the current Internet.The structure of the paper is as follows. After this introduction, section 2 describes the principles of the two-layered architecture and Design Patterns. Section 3 describes in what sense Internet and the WWW can be considered to be an instance of the two-layered architecture and principles for how the new “Internet of Things” should be conceived in order to preserve the same characteristics. Section 4 explains how the DIALOG system has been implemented and how it relates to the previous sections, followed by conclusions.2. INFORMATION ARCHITECTURES THAT SUPPORT EVOLUTION AND INNOVATIONIn organization theory there is no accepted general theory on how to organize to best support evolution and innovation. However, the pivotal role of information and information modeling is widely recognized. Examples of concepts and architectures that explicitly address the issues of evolution and innovation are the two-layered architecture of [5] and the loosely coupled objects used in the Design Patterns introduced in [4]. We will first focus on the two-layered architecture and point out some similarities with loosely coupled objects at the end of this section.Parsons and Wand [5] claim that the assumption of inherent classification, which is due to the human cognitive way of processing, represents a major obstacle to evolution and innovation. The assumption means that “things” can be referred to only as instances of classes. In reality, the most suitable classification of an instance depends on the context, e.g. the person doing the classification, the organization that handles the “thing” or the purpose the “thing” is currently being used for. To overcome this limitation, they propose adopting a two-layered architecture to information modeling that is consistent with ontological and cognitive principles. The first layer represents unique instances (or “things”) with properties, independent of any classes to which the instances may belong. The operations with respect to instances can be generally categorized as retrieval (query) and modification (update) operations. The second layer consists of class definitions based on sets of properties defining classes of interest. The class definitions in the second layer represent different views of the instances that may be created, removed or modified at any time without affecting the instances in the first layer (Figure 1).Figure 1: Example of two-layered architecture, where there is one unique instance but severalpossible views on the instance.A similar approach can be identified for Design Patterns, where objects correspond to instances (see e.g. [4], p. 5). A general principle of Design Patterns is to use interfaces for defining the set of possible operations rather than using class definitions, thereby enabling so-called loosely coupled objects. In practice it means that different objects can have different views of the object that theyhave a reference to and that the reference remains valid even though the implementation details of the referenced object would change through time. Object references can also be modified during the whole lifetime of the information system, while class inheritance can only be modified before compiling the whole program. When developing distributed applications that need to run on different computers and possibly communicate over organizational boundaries, it becomes crucial to allow for such flexibility. For a truly distributed application such as the WWW, all modifications have to be done in such a way that the whole system can keep on running. It is unimaginable to stop Internet and the WWW just for adding a new property or functionality and then recompile and restart it all over again (unlike what is done by some operating systems on personal computers).3. INTERNET AS A TWO-LAYERED ARCHITECTURE – AND HOW TO EXTEND IT FOR REPRESENTING “THINGS”Internet and the WWW can be considered an ecosystem; it is based on a simple and evolving core of technologies that have enabled it to expand and change in ways that were not expected by the designers [6]. It consists of unique addresses for web pages and a format for presenting and linking the web-pages. More complex functions, such as browsing, viewing, classifying and organizing the information on the web pages is outside the standardized core. This functionality is provided by applications, such as browsers and search engines. In the WWW, web pages are instances with properties defined by HTML-tagged sections, which correspond to the first layer of the two-layered architecture. The second layer is currently provided e.g. by browsers and search engines. Especially search engines try to extract as much information as possible from the available HTML data in order to provide different views of it.”Thing”Manufacturing 1Manufacturing 2 User 1 User 2Recycling”Thing””Thing”t”Thing” t ”Thing” t Product informationWhere?In one or many places? Informationqueries/updates tFigure 2: Internet of Things. The …thing“ is the unique instance with its properties, while the differentusers of that …thing“ have different views and interfaces to it.HTML and links between HTML documents allow for loosely coupled references between documents but at the expense of usability. This lack of semantic expressiveness of HTML has lead to various approaches for improving it, notably the Semantic Web (/2001/sw/) [1]. The Semantic Web attempts to define common formats and languages for interchanging data and recording how the data relates to real world objects, whereas the original WWW is mainly suited for the interchange of documents. Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA, e.g. Web Services) are technologies that use XML for defining similar interfaces (or views) to data on the Internet as isdone in OOP. Such SOAs are therefore an interesting approach for implementing a two-layered architecture on top of the WWW.Another extension to the WWW and Internet is the “Internet of Things”. One of the main challenges with the Internet of Things is how to access the information that is not stored locally in the thing itself but is available over the Internet (Figure 2). In 2001, an ID@URI notation and the associated DIALOG information system (http://dialog.hut.fi) were developed at Helsinki University of Technology. DIALOG made it possible to query and update product information about tangible things over the Internet. DIALOG implements the first layer of a two-layered architecture and was used in two multi-organizational pilot installations for shipment and product tracking and tracing. Alternatives to ID@URI and DIALOG are the EPCglobal initiative and the World-Wide Article Information (WWAI) protocol. What is common to all these approaches is that they use “globally unique product identifiers” [3], which is a much broader concept than e.g. record identifiers in databases or object identifiers in object-oriented programs, which only need to be unique within their respective information system or running environment. In the next section we will present how the DIALOG system has been designed for implementing the Internet of Things as a two-layered architecture.4. DIALOG IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNET OF THINGSFrom the communication point of view, DIALOG is a peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. As for other P2P systems, all DIALOG nodes are equal, i.e. they can both send and receive messages. Therefore any node in the network can ask for information and provide information for the items that it has information about (Figure 3). Other major design principles adopted from P2P are low installation overhead, equality between parties and scalability.Figure 3. Illustration of peer-to-peer type messaging in DIALOG. JDBC: Java DatabaseConnectivity.4.1. DIALOG implementation of two-layered architectureDIALOG nodes by default provide basic instance-level functionality for querying and modifying information about “things”. The “thing” is globally and uniquely identified by the URL address of the DIALOG node (resolved from ID@URI or some other mechanism as explained in section 3) and the ID part that serves as an index for retrieving or modifying data in the database.The default database contains a table with one record per “thing” with a text field for storing its properties. No particular syntax has been defined for this text field so properties can be encoded in different ways depending on the application (XML, HTML, plain text etc). A special case is if the properties text field only contains an HTTP link, which allows for re-directing a query to an existing web page or service. Another database table is used for storing a history of information updates, i.e. modifications to some property. This table has been used e.g. in shipment tracking for storing all location updates of shipments instead of simply modifying their “location” property with the latest known value. All information of the instance-layer is managed and controlled locally, i.e. in the information system identified by the URI part. This represents an analogy with HTML pages – theyare managed by the organization or person that created them but the information can be copied, linked to or assembled in various ways by e.g. search engines.Second-layer functionality and how it is implemented is a key element that determines whether an Internet of Things ecosystem can develop or not. An attempt to implement the second layer based on Design Patterns was made in 2003 [2]. The first Design Patterns considered were the “Composite” and “Observer” patterns, which were implemented by using Web Service interfaces with the methods recommended in [4]. Unfortunately, it quickly turned out that by defining new service interfaces, i.e. Observer and Composite interfaces, the flexibility to change and evolve was lost because any modification in these interfaces would make it necessary to update all software that uses them. In the current WWW (or actually the HTTP protocol used) all requests are usually sent to port 80 of the web server. Depending on the received data, the appropriate actions are taken. Therefore the DIALOG system was revised in 2005 so that all semantic information was moved from the service interface into the message contents instead. The functionality needed for implementing different Design Patterns was modified by introducing support for general-purpose semantic nets and agent technology.The second layer is for the moment supported in the database by a “relations” table that can store relationships between things as (ID1@URI, relationship, ID2@URI2) tuples in the same manner as the Resource Description Framework (RDF) does for semantic relations in the Semantic Web. Such relationships can be used as a representation of general-purpose semantic networks, including the data structures needed for the “Observer”, “Composite” and other Design Patterns. The corresponding functionality is implemented by agents; for instance in a tracking context with shipping containers (i.e. “composite things”), a “composite” tracking agent can register for receiving all tracking-related messages. When a tracking message is received, the agent looks for “part-of” relations and forwards the tracking messages as appropriate to the component ID@URIs. As shown by this example, we consider that composition is a functionality of the second layer, whereas [5] considers that it is a functionality of the instance layer. We defend putting composition into the second layer by the fact that real-world “things” can be assembled and re-used as components of different compositions during their lifetime, so in this sense composition is one classification or view among others.4.2. DIALOG architecture as an implementation of the Internet of ThingsThe main components or objects of a DIALOG node and their functionality are illustrated in Figure 4. Three “receiver” types exist for the moment that support different messaging protocols, i.e. SOAP (SoapReceiveImpl), RMI (RMIReceiveImpl) and HTML <FORM> messaging (DialogHTMLProductAgent) used by standard CGI- or servlet-type web applications. Which messaging protocol is used depends on how the DIALOG node is started. Any number of messaging protocols can be running concurrently as long as they can be separated by port number, path names or other standard URL components. By supporting CGI-type communication (in addition to Web Services), DIALOG nodes can be accessed directly by browsers and linked to from HTML documents.The “ReceiveImpl” object is created at startup. The only external method of a “ReceiveImpl” object is the “receive” method that is called by the “receiver” object when a message is received. The “receive” method takes a message object of type DialogMessage as its only parameter and returns an object of the same type. If the received message is synchronous (i.e. requires immediate response), then the message is passed to all “agent” objects that have registered for receiving messages indicated by the “type” field of the message. If the received message is asynchronous, it is added to the receive buffer and given to the appropriate agent(s) by a thread. Examples of agents are “tracking” agents for managing location updates, “product information” agents for querying product information and “observer” and “composite” agents that implement the functionality defined for the corresponding Design Pattern. Agents can also be described by the notion of “plug-in”, i.e. a software component that can be used for extending the functionality of the core system at any time.Figure 4. UML object diagram illustrating main components of a DIALOG node and theirfunctionality.Every agent has a reference to the “SendImpl” object, whose function “send” is called with a DialogMessage object as parameter. The “send” method also returns a DialogMessage object that either contains the requested information (e.g. for a successful synchronous “read” request) or some other status information about the sending of the message. If the message to send is synchronous, it is sent directly to the appropriate “sender” object for delivery and the result is returned if successful. If the message to send is asynchronous, it is buffered and sent by a sending thread using the appropriate “sender” object. The “sender” object to use is determined either from the type of the message (configurable) or the protocol part of the destination URI/URL.5. CONCLUSIONSA two-layered architecture provides many advantages compared to “classical” class-based architectures. The WWW and its evolution illustrate how the “ecosystem” provided by such an architecture allows for unexpected applications to evolve. In a similar way, the principles of the two-layered architecture could provide guidelines for implementing the future Internet of Things. If the Internet of Things becomes a similar ecosystem as the WWW, it could also allow for unexpected new solutions in e.g. supply chain management and product lifecycle management, which are domains where information management is currently a great challenge.6. REFERENCES[1]Berners-Lee, T. , Hendler, J., Lassila, O., 2001: The semantic web, Scientific American, May 2001.[2]Främling, K., Kärkkäinen, M., Ala-Risku, T., Holmström, J., 2006: Agent-based Model for Managing CompositeProduct Information, Computers in Industry, 57/1:72-81.[3]Främling, K., Harrison, M., Brusey, J., 2006: Globally unique product identifiers - requirements and solutions toproduct lifecycle management, Proc. of 12th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing (INCOM), 17-19 May 2006, Saint-Etienne, France, 855-860.[4]Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson R., and Vlissides, J., 1995: Design Patterns, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.[5]Parsons, J, Wand, Y., 2000: Emancipating Instances from the Tyranny of Classes in Information Modeling, ACMTransactions on Database Systems, 25/2:228-268.[6]Leiner, B, Cerf, V., Clark, D., Kahn, R., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D., Postel, J., Roberts, L., Wolf, S., 1997: A BriefHistory of the Internet, /abs/cs.NI/9901011.。