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2022年考研考博-考博英语-复旦大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题I ignored an old woman who asked me for money in the street yesterday and it’s been on my （）ever since.问题1选项A.moralityB.conscienceC.moraleD.rationale【答案】B【解析】考查固定用法。
on my conscience “我的良心受谴责”。
句意：我无视了一个在街上向我借钱的老妇人，这让我的良心很不安。
选项B符合题意。
2.单选题She decided to keep reticent about the unpleasant past and（） it to memory.问题1选项A.attributeB.alludemitD.credit 【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。
attribute“把……归因于，把……归咎于”；allude“暗指，间接提到”；commit“犯罪，做错事，把……交托给，提交”；credit“信任，把……归给”。
句意：她打算对不愉快的过去保持沉默，并把它埋在回忆中。
选项C符合题意。
3.单选题The new manager had many difficulties to overcome but he ____them all in his stride.问题1选项A.overlookedB.obtainedC.tackledD.took【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。
overlook“忽略”；obtain“获得”；tackle“处理；抓住”；take“拿，带，抓，需要”。
句意：新经理有很多困难需要克服，但是他从容应对，并且克服了困难。
选项C符合题意。
4.单选题We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are（）.问题1选项A.out of workB.out of stockC.out of reachD.out of practice【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。
In todays digital age,internet communication has become an integral part of our lives.It has revolutionized the way we interact with each other,breaking down geographical barriers and allowing us to connect with people from all corners of the globe.Here is an essay on the topic of online interaction,highlighting its benefits, challenges,and the etiquette that should be followed to ensure a positive experience. Title:The Art of Online InteractionIntroductionThe internet has ushered in a new era of communication,where the physical distance between individuals is no longer a barrier.Online interaction has become a daily routine for many,facilitating friendships,business relationships,and even romantic connections. However,with this newfound freedom comes a set of challenges and responsibilities that must be navigated carefully.The Benefits of Online Interaction1.Accessibility:The internet provides a platform where people can communicate at any time,from any location.This is particularly beneficial for those who are geographically dispersed or have mobility issues.2.Diversity:Online interactions expose individuals to a wide array of cultures, perspectives,and ideas,fostering a more inclusive and understanding global community.3.Efficiency:For business and education,online communication can streamline processes,reducing the need for travel and allowing for realtime collaboration.4.Support Networks:Online communities can offer emotional support and advice,with forums and social media groups catering to various interests and needs.Challenges of Online Interaction1.Privacy Concerns:With the rise of online communication,there is an increased risk of personal information being compromised,necessitating a heightened awareness of digital security.2.Miscommunication:The lack of nonverbal cues in textbased communication can leadto misunderstandings and conflicts,as tone and intent can be misinterpreted.3.Isolation:While the internet connects us with others,it can also lead to social isolation if it replaces facetoface interactions,which are crucial for maintaining social skills and emotional wellbeing.4.Cyberbullying:The anonymity provided by the internet can embolden individuals to engage in harmful behaviors,such as cyberbullying,which can have severe psychological impacts.Etiquette in Online Interaction1.Respect:Treat others with the same courtesy and respect you would in a facetoface conversation.Avoid using offensive language or making personal attacks.2.Patience:Remember that there may be delays in response times and that people may be dealing with different time zones or personal circumstances.3.Clarity:Be clear and concise in your communication to avoid confusion.If misunderstandings occur,address them calmly and constructively.4.Security:Be cautious about sharing personal information online and ensure that you are using secure platforms for sensitive discussions.ConclusionOnline interaction is a powerful tool that can enrich our lives and broaden our horizons. However,it is essential to approach it with a sense of responsibility and awareness.By adhering to the principles of respect,patience,clarity,and security,we can ensure that our online interactions are as rewarding and safe as possible.As we continue to navigate this digital landscape,it is crucial to remember that,despite the screens and keyboards, we are still communicating with real people who deserve our empathy and understanding.。
Respecting privacy is a fundamental aspect of our social interactions and is crucial in fostering trust and understanding among individuals.In todays digital age,where information is readily accessible and privacy concerns are on the rise,it is essential to consider the importance of respecting privacy in various contexts.Firstly,respecting privacy is a matter of personal dignity.Every individual has the right to control their personal information and to decide what they share with others.This includes aspects such as ones health status,financial details,and personal relationships. When we respect someones privacy,we acknowledge their autonomy and allow them to maintain control over their own life.In the workplace,respecting privacy is essential for creating a healthy and respectful environment.Employers should avoid intrusive surveillance or monitoring of employees personal communications,as this can lead to a culture of mistrust and may even be illegal in some jurisdictions.Instead,fostering an environment where employees feel their privacy is respected can lead to increased job satisfaction and productivity.In the digital realm,respecting privacy means being mindful of the information we share online.This includes being cautious about what we post on social media,as well as being aware of the privacy settings on various platforms.It also involves being vigilant about phishing scams and protecting our personal information from potential breaches.Moreover,respecting privacy is a legal obligation in many ws such as the General Data Protection Regulation GDPR in the European Union and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA in the United States have been enacted to protect individuals privacy rights.Adhering to these regulations not only safeguards individuals rights but also helps organizations avoid legal repercussions.In the context of relationships,respecting privacy is a key component of trust.Whether its a romantic relationship,a friendship,or a professional partnership,respecting the other persons privacy demonstrates that you value their personal space and boundaries.This can lead to stronger,more resilient relationships.In conclusion,respecting privacy is a multifaceted concept that encompasses personal dignity,workplace ethics,digital responsibility,legal compliance,and relational trust.By being mindful of these aspects,we can create a more respectful and secure environment for everyone.It is our collective responsibility to uphold the value of privacy and to ensure that it remains a cornerstone of our social interactions.。
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：总强调认识一致,又推崇见解读到的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Conformity: The Cornerstone of Unity, Yet Obstructed by the Siren Call of DiversityAs students navigating the tumultuous currents of academia, we are confronted with a paradoxical dilemma that challengesthe very foundations of our intellectual pursuits. On one hand, we are inundated with the clarion call for unity, a harmonious convergence of perspectives that fosters a sense of belonging and cohesion within our scholarly community. Yet, on the other, we are seduced by the alluring siren song of diversity, a celebration of divergent viewpoints that promises to broaden our horizons and enrich our understanding of the world around us.It is within this delicate balance that we must tread carefully, for the path we choose will inevitably shape the trajectory of our academic journey and, by extension, the very fabric of society itself. And it is through the lens of literature, that vast tapestry of human experience and expression, that we can glimpse the intricate interplay between these seemingly contradictory forces.In the hallowed halls of our institutions, we are taught to revere the pursuit of knowledge as a sacred undertaking, a quest for truth that transcends the boundaries of individual biases and preconceptions. It is here that the clarion call for conformity resonates most profoundly, a rallying cry for a unified front against the insidious forces of ignorance and divisiveness. For what is knowledge if not a shared understanding, a consensusforged through rigorous discourse and the relentless scrutiny of our peers?And yet, even as we revel in the comforting embrace of this collective wisdom, we cannot ignore the siren call of diversity that echoes through the pages of the literary masterpieces we study. It is within these timeless works that we encounter a kaleidoscope of perspectives, each one a unique prism through which the human experience is refracted, casting a multitude of hues upon the canvas of our understanding.Take, for instance, the seminal works of Shakespeare, those towering pillars of the English literary canon. In the tragic tale of "Romeo and Juliet," we are confronted with the devastating consequences of unyielding conformity, as the titular lovers are torn asunder by the unrelenting feud between their families, a clash of ideologies that ultimately leads to their untimely demise. Yet, in the same breath, we are presented with a poignant celebration of individuality, as the star-crossed lovers defy the conventions of their time, their love transcending the boundaries imposed by societal norms.Or consider the haunting prose of Toni Morrison's "Beloved," a searing exploration of the enduring legacy of slavery and the resilience of the human spirit. Here, we arechallenged to confront the harsh realities of a society built upon the subjugation of an entire people, a stark reminder of the dangers of conformity when it is wielded as a tool of oppression. And yet, amidst the harrowing tales of suffering and resilience, we are also invited to embrace the rich tapestry of cultural diversity that has woven itself into the very fabric of our nation.It is through these literary lenses that we are forced to grapple with the inherent tension between conformity and diversity, a tug-of-war that has shaped the course of human civilization since time immemorial. For every instance where conformity has been lauded as a unifying force, there is an equal and opposite reaction, a clarion call for the celebration of individuality and the embracement of diverse perspectives.And herein lies the crux of our dilemma: how do we reconcile these opposing forces, these competing ideologies that threaten to tear asunder the very foundations upon which our scholarly pursuits are built? The answer, I posit, lies not in the wholesale rejection of either principle, but rather in a delicate balancing act, a constant recalibration of our moral compasses to navigate the treacherous waters of academic discourse.We must embrace conformity as a guiding light, a beacon that illuminates the path toward shared understanding andcollective progress. For it is through the synthesis of our disparate viewpoints that we can forge a unified front against the forces of ignorance and division, a bulwark against the insidious forces that seek to undermine the very pursuit of knowledge itself.Yet, even as we revel in the comforting embrace of this collective wisdom, we must remain ever vigilant against the seductive allure of conformity taken to its extremes. For when conformity becomes dogma, when it is wielded as a cudgel to silence dissent and stifle the free exchange of ideas, it threatens to extinguish the very spark of intellectual curiosity that has propelled our species to the heights of enlightenment.It is here that we must turn to the siren call of diversity, that vibrant tapestry of perspectives and experiences that enriches our understanding of the world around us. For it is through the celebration of our differences, the embrace of divergent viewpoints, that we can truly expand the boundaries of our knowledge and challenge the status quo.In this endeavor, literature serves as our guiding light, a beacon that illuminates the myriad pathways of human experience and invites us to explore the rich tapestry of perspectives that have shaped our cultural landscape. Whether itbe the poignant explorations of identity and belonging in the works of Jhumpa Lahiri, or the searing indictments of social injustice that permeate the pages of James Baldwin's "The Fire Next Time," these literary masterpieces challenge us to confront the uncomfortable truths that lie beyond the realm of conformity.And it is through this constant interplay, this delicate dance between conformity and diversity, that we can truly unlock the full potential of our academic pursuits. For it is only by embracing the unifying force of shared understanding while simultaneously celebrating the richness of our differences that we can forge a path toward true enlightenment.In the end, our journey through the hallowed halls of academia is not a linear progression, but rather a winding path that meanders through the peaks and valleys of human experience. And it is through the lens of literature that we can navigate this treacherous terrain, guided by the dual beacons of conformity and diversity, each one illuminating a different facet of the human condition.So let us embrace this paradox, this delicate balance between the forces that seek to unite us and those that celebrate our individuality. For it is only by walking this tightrope, byembracing the inherent tensions that exist within the pursuit of knowledge, that we can truly unlock the full potential of our academic endeavors and forge a path toward a more enlightened, more inclusive, and ultimately, more human understanding of the world around us.篇2The Power of Groupthink and Individual InterpretationAs students, we are constantly bombarded with a multitude of ideas, perspectives, and ideologies, each vying for our attention and acceptance. In this vast sea of information, it can be tempting to simply conform to the prevailing narratives, adopting the views and opinions that seem most widely embraced. However, I would argue that true intellectual growth and personal development lie in striking a delicate balance between adhering to collective wisdom and cultivating our own unique interpretations based on diligent reading and critical analysis.The allure of groupthink is undeniable. There is a certain comfort in aligning oneself with the dominant paradigms, in embracing the safety and security of shared beliefs. After all, it is human nature to seek validation and acceptance from our peers,and to avoid the discomfort and potential ostracization that may arise from diverging too drastically from the norm. Moreover, there is a certain practicality in adopting widely accepted views, as they often represent the distillation of collective knowledge and experience.However, we must be cautious not to allow this pursuit of conformity to stifle our intellectual curiosity and independent thought. History is replete with examples of societies that succumbed to the tyranny of groupthink, stagnating in their development and even embracing harmful or oppressive ideologies simply because they were the prevailing narratives of the time.It is crucial, therefore, that we temper our desire for acceptance and validation with a willingness to question, to challenge, and to forge our own paths of understanding. This is where the importance of reading and interpretation comes into play.Through the act of reading, we expose ourselves to a vast array of ideas, perspectives, and worldviews. Each author, each text, offers a unique lens through which to perceive and comprehend the complexities of our world. By engaging withthese diverse voices and perspectives, we open ourselves to new possibilities, new ways of thinking and seeing.Yet, reading alone is not enough. It is imperative that we approach these texts with a critical eye, that we strive to interpret and analyze the ideas presented, rather than merely accepting them at face value. This process of interpretation is where our true intellectual growth occurs.As we read and interpret, we must be willing to challenge our preconceptions, to question our assumptions, and to engage in a constant dialogue with the text and with ourselves. We must be open to having our beliefs and perspectives evolve, to allowing new understandings to take root and flourish.This process of interpretation is not a solitary endeavor, however. It is enriched and deepened through discourse and collaboration with our peers. By sharing our interpretations, by engaging in respectful debate and discussion, we not only refine our own understanding but also contribute to the collective wisdom of our community.Yet, even as we engage in this collaborative process, we must remain vigilant against the siren song of groupthink. We must resist the temptation to simply adopt the prevailing interpretations, to conform to the dominant narratives, withoutsubjecting them to the same rigorous scrutiny and analysis that we apply to our own understandings.It is in this dynamic interplay between conformity and individuality, between embracing collective wisdom and cultivating personal interpretation, that true intellectual growth and personal development occur.By acknowledging and respecting the collective knowledge and experiences of our communities, while simultaneously fostering an environment that encourages critical thinking, independent analysis, and respectful discourse, we can create a rich tapestry of understanding that draws upon the strengths of both conformity and individuality.In this way, we can navigate the complexities of our world with a sense of shared purpose and understanding, while also remaining open to new perspectives, new interpretations, and new possibilities. We can honor the wisdom of our predecessors while simultaneously paving the way for future generations to build upon our collective knowledge and insights.Ultimately, the path to true intellectual growth and personal development lies not in blindly adhering to groupthink nor in stubbornly clinging to individual interpretations, but in striking a harmonious balance between the two. By embracing thecollective wisdom of our communities while also nurturing our own critical faculties and interpretive abilities, we can forge a path that is both grounded in shared understanding and open to constant evolution and growth.It is this delicate dance between conformity and individuality, between groupthink and personal interpretation, that will enable us to navigate the complexities of our world with wisdom, insight, and a deep appreciation for the richness and diversity of human thought and experience.篇3The Paradox of Consensus and IndividualityAs students, we are constantly bombarded with the notion that unity and consensus are paramount. Teachers, administrators, and even our peers incessantly drill into us the importance of aligning our thoughts and actions with the prevailing norms and ideologies. Conformity, they preach, is the pathway to success, the bedrock of a harmonious society. Yet, within the hallowed halls of academia, an opposing force tugs at our intellectual curiosity – the siren call of diverse perspectives found within the pages of great literary works.On one hand, we are urged to subsume our individuality to the collective will, to march in lockstep with the established order. Dissent, we are warned, breeds chaos and disunity, fracturing the delicate fabric of our educational institutions. Uniformity of thought and action is lauded as the epitome of academic excellence, the pinnacle of scholarly achievement.However, as we delve into the rich tapestry of literature, a paradox emerges. The very works that shape our understanding of the world and ignite our thirst for knowledge celebrate the virtues of independent thought and the exploration of alternative viewpoints. From the defiant musings of Thoreau to the searing social critiques of Orwell, the literary canon is replete with voices that challenge the status quo and dare us to question the boundaries of conventional wisdom.It is a perplexing dichotomy – the simultaneous exaltation of conformity and the veneration of dissenting perspectives. How can we reconcile these seemingly contradictory tenets? Do we surrender our individuality in pursuit of academic and social harmony, or do we embrace the intellectual diversity that great literature espouses?Perhaps the answer lies not in a binary choice, but in a delicate balance – a nuanced equilibrium where consensus andindividuality coexist in a symbiotic dance. For it is through the interplay of diverse ideas that true progress is born, that the boundaries of human knowledge are pushed ever outward.Consider the great scientific and philosophical revolutions that have shaped the course of human history. Were it not for the audacious thinkers who dared to challenge the prevailing paradigms, we might still cling to the geocentric model of the universe or the notion that the Earth is flat. It was the dissenting voices, the mavericks who refused to conform, that propelled us towards greater understanding and enlightenment.Yet, for every revolutionary idea that has reshaped our world, countless others have fallen by the wayside, consigned to the dustbin of history. It is here that the value of consensus asserts itself, acting as a filter to separate the wheat from the chaff, the profound from the prosaic. For not every dissenting voice is a harbinger of progress; some are mere echoes of misguided or even dangerous ideologies.Thus, the path forward lies in striking a delicate balance – a willingness to embrace diverse perspectives while simultaneously subjecting them to the crucible of rigorous scrutiny and collective wisdom. We must cultivate a culture of intellectual curiosity and open-mindedness, where dissentingvoices are not merely tolerated but actively encouraged and engaged with. Yet, we must also temper our individualism with a reverence for established knowledge and a commitment to the shared pursuit of truth.In this way, our academic institutions can become incubators of innovation and progress, where the symbiosis of consensus and individuality fuels the inexorable march of human understanding. We can honor the great literary works that have shaped our worldviews while simultaneously contributing our own unique perspectives to the ever-evolving tapestry of human knowledge.It is a challenging equilibrium to maintain, a tightrope walk that requires equal parts humility and audacity. But it is a path worth treading, for it is in the fertile intersection of conformity and dissent that the greatest intellectual achievements are born.As students, we stand at a crossroads – the confluence of individual expression and collective wisdom. Will we surrender to the siren song of blind conformity, sacrificing our intellectual independence on the altar of academic harmony? Or will we embrace the rich diversity of perspectives that literature has bequeathed us, daring to challenge the boundaries ofconventional thought while remaining grounded in the shared pursuit of truth?The choice is ours, and the ramifications will resonate far beyond the confines of our academic pursuits. For it is in our ability to navigate this paradox that the future of human progress lies – a future where consensus and individuality are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary forces, propelling us ever forward on the path of knowledge and enlightenment.。
Respecting privacy is a fundamental aspect of social etiquette and a cornerstone of civilized interaction.It is essential for fostering a harmonious and respectful society where individuals feel secure and valued.Here are some key points to consider when discussing the importance of respecting privacy in an English essay:1.Definition of Privacy:Begin by defining what privacy means.Privacy can be understood as the state or condition of being free from unwanted or undue intrusion or disturbance in ones personal life or affairs.2.Cultural Significance:Discuss how different cultures may have varying perspectives on privacy.In some societies,privacy is highly valued,while in others,it might be less emphasized.3.Legal Protections:Mention the legal frameworks that exist to protect privacy,such as data protection laws and the right to privacy in various constitutions.4.Technological Challenges:Address the challenges to privacy posed by modern technology,including social media,surveillance,and data collection practices.5.Respecting Privacy in Daily Life:Personal Space:Emphasize the importance of giving people their personal space and not intruding into their physical or emotional boundaries without permission. Confidentiality:Highlight the need for confidentiality,especially in professional settings where sensitive information is shared.Communication:Discuss the importance of clear communication about what information is considered private and what is not.6.Consequences of Invasion of Privacy:Explain the negative consequences of not respecting privacy,such as loss of trust,emotional distress,and potential legal repercussions.7.Balancing Privacy with Transparency:Argue that while privacy is important,there are situations where transparency is also necessary,such as in government or public figures actions.cation and Awareness:Advocate for the need to educate people about the importance of privacy and how to respect it in their interactions with others.9.Personal Responsibility:Stress the role of individual responsibility in maintaining ones privacy and respecting the privacy of others.10.Future Outlook:Conclude with thoughts on how society can continue to evolve in a way that respects privacy while adapting to new technologies and societal changes.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide examples to illustrate your points, and maintain a respectful and balanced tone throughout your essay.。
英语阅读一参考答案本参考答案旨在帮助学生更好地理解英语阅读材料，并提供可能的答案。
请注意，阅读材料的理解和答案可能因人而异，以下答案仅供参考。
Passage 1: The Benefits of Reading1. What is the main idea of the passage?- The main idea is that reading has numerous benefits for both mental and physical health.2. According to the passage, how does reading improve mental health?- Reading can reduce stress, improve empathy, and stimulate the brain, thereby improving mental health.3. What are the physical health benefits mentioned in the passage?- Reading can help improve sleep quality, slow down cognitive decline, and even reduce the risk of certain diseases.4. How does the passage suggest reading can be a form of escapism?- Reading allows individuals to immerse themselves in different worlds and experiences, providing a temporary escape from reality.5. What is the final point made by the author regarding the importance of reading?- The author emphasizes that reading should be a lifelong habit, as it offers continuous benefits regardless of age.Passage 2: The Impact of Technology on Education1. What is the primary focus of this passage?- The passage discusses the positive and negative impacts of technology on the education system.2. How does technology enhance the learning experience?- Technology provides access to a wealth of information, facilitates interactive learning, and personalizes education to suit individual needs.3. What are some of the concerns raised about the use of technology in classrooms?- Concerns include the potential for distraction, the digital divide, and the risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology.4. How does the passage suggest schools can address the challenges of integrating technology?- By providing training for teachers, ensuring equitable access to technology, and setting clear guidelines for its use.5. What is the conclusion of the passage regarding the role of technology in education?- The passage concludes that while technology has itschallenges, when used responsibly, it can significantly enhance the educational experience.Passage 3: The Importance of Cultural Diversity1. What is the central theme of this passage?- The central theme is the importance of culturaldiversity and its contribution to a richer and more inclusive society.2. How does the passage describe the benefits of cultural diversity?- The passage highlights benefits such as increased creativity, broader perspectives, and enhanced problem-solving abilities.3. What are some of the challenges associated with cultural diversity?- Challenges include potential misunderstandings, communication barriers, and the need for greater tolerance and acceptance.4. How can societies promote cultural diversity?- Societies can promote cultural diversity through education, cultural exchange programs, and by fostering an environment of respect and openness.5. What is the author's final message regarding cultural diversity?- The author's final message is that embracing cultural diversity is essential for the growth and development ofsocieties.Passage 4: Environmental Protection and Individual Responsibility1. What is the main argument presented in this passage?- The main argument is that environmental protection is a collective responsibility that requires individual actions.2. How does the passage illustrate the impact of individual actions on the environment?- The passage provides examples such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and supporting sustainable practices.3. What are some of the barriers to individual environmental responsibility?- Barriers include lack of awareness, convenience of unsustainable practices, and the perception that individual actions are insignificant.4. How can communities and governments support individual environmental responsibility?- By providing education, incentives for sustainable practices, and implementing policies that promote environmental protection.5. What is the conclusion of the passage regarding individual responsibility for the environment?- The conclusion is that every individual has a part to play in environmental protection, and collective efforts can lead to significant positive change.Passage 5: The Role of Sports in Personal Development1. What is the central message of this passage?- The central message is that sports play a crucial rolein personal development, teaching valuable life skills and promoting physical well-being.2. How does the passage discuss the physical benefits of sports?- The passage mentions improved physical fitness, enhanced cardiovascular health, and the prevention of obesity as physical benefits.3. What are some of the psychological benefits of sports participation?- The passage highlights improved self-esteem, stress reduction, and the development of resilience as psychological benefits.4. How does the passage suggest sports can contribute to social development?- By fostering teamwork, leadership skills, and social interaction, sports can contribute to social development.5. What is the final point made by the author about the importance of sports in personal development?- The author concludes that sports are an integral part of personal development, offering a holistic approach to health and well-being.Please note that these answers are intended to provide a general guide and may not cover all possible interpretations of the passages. Students are encouraged to engage with the texts critically and form their own insights and conclusions.。
catti三级笔译综合能力考试试题及答案解析(二)一、Vocabulary Selection（本大题20小题．每题1.0分，共20.0分。
In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four words or phrases respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only one right answer. ）第1题More has been learned about the Moon than any other of the Earth''s neighbors in space because of the Apollo program, which enabled men to walk on the Moon and bring back hundreds of pounds of________.A rocksB rockC stoneD stones【正确答案】：A【本题分数】：1.0分【答案解析】近义辨析。
stone是最常用词，可指任何石头；rock指岩石，具有可研究价值，可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，在此应用可数名词的复数。
第2题________the variety that the average family has in beef, fish, poultry, and vegetarian recipes, they find most meals unexciting.A In spiteB InspiteC Despite ofD Despite【正确答案】：D【本题分数】：1.0分【答案解析】习语辨析。
大学英语考试试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. A) 根据所听内容，选择正确的图片或问题。
B) 根据对话或独白，选择最佳答案。
[听力材料]1.1 What is the man doing?A) Reading a book.B) Cooking dinner.C) Watching TV.D) Listening to music.[答案] B1.2 Why does the woman want to go to the store?A) To buy a gift.B) To return a book.C) To get some milk.D) To meet a friend.[答案] C2. 根据所听短文，完成下列信息。
[听力材料]2.1 The speaker is talking about _____.2.2 The main idea of the passage is _____.[答案]2.1 The speaker is talking about the importance of environmental protection.2.2 The main idea of the passage is that everyone should take action to protect the environment.二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 阅读下列短文，选择最佳答案。
[短文A]1.1 What is the main topic of the passage?A) Technology and its impact.B) The history of a city.C) The benefits of exercise.D) The process of learning a language.[答案] A1.2 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of technology?A) Improved communication.B) Increased efficiency.C) Reduced social interaction.D) Enhanced learning opportunities.[答案] C2. 阅读下列短文，回答下列问题。
雅思阅读准确理解原文信息是关键雅思阅读推断题是阅读中常见的题型，如何才能快速做对推断题?下面我就和大家共享雅思阅读精确理解原文信息是关键，来观赏一下吧。
雅思阅读精确理解原文信息是关键一. 雅思阅读推断题解读我们都知道雅思阅读推断题有三个选项：TRUE(正确)、FALSE(错误)、NOT GIVEN(未提及)。
相对来说，正误选项比较简洁一些，未提及比较难以推断。
大家要了解的一点是NOT GIVEN并不意味着原文中完全未提及相关内容，有可能是选项所表达的观点在原文中并未明确表示。
许多同学很简单将NOT GIVEN错选成FALSE，以为在文章中找不到对应的答案就是错的，其实不然。
选择FALSE肯定是文章中有提及并且明显错误的选项，大家在做雅思阅读推断题的时候要留意FALSE和NOT GIVEN 的区分。
二.雅思阅读推断题解题方法1. 雅思阅读推断题解题技巧之快速定位雅思推断题的定位方法和填空题类似，也是通过关键词来定位，在选取的关键词的时候可以选择人名地名或其他一些名词来快速定位。
下面我们通过剑雅13 Test1第一篇阅读第10题来具体分析一下如何快速定位。
第10题推断原题如下“According to research，26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.”这道题有两个可选取的定位“26%”和“accommodation”，结合着两个词我们可以快速将推断根据定位至第六段第四句话“This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%.”我们可以看到占有26%的除了“accommodation”还有“transport”，所以答案错误。
新视野商务英语视听说第四版下unit2Part 11. What is the main topic of the unit?The main topic of the unit is communication.2. What is the main benefit of effective communication?The main benefit of effective communication is that it helps people to understand each other better and to achieve their goals more effectively.3. What are some of the barriers to effective communication? Some of the barriers to effective communication include language differences, cultural differences, physical barriers, and emotional barriers.4. What are some strategies for overcoming language barriers? Some strategies for overcoming language barriers include using simple language, avoiding slang and idioms, and providing written materials in the person's native language.5. What are some strategies for overcoming cultural barriers? Some strategies for overcoming cultural barriers include learning about other cultures, being respectful and open-minded, and avoiding stereotypes and assumptions.Part 21. What are some common methods of communication in business? Some common methods of communication in business include phone calls, emails, letters, memos, presentations, and face-to-face meetings.2. When is face-to-face communication preferred?Face-to-face communication is preferred when the message is complex, when there are sensitive issues to discuss, or when building relationships is important.3. What are some advantages and disadvantages of using email for communication?Some advantages of using email for communication include speed, convenience, and the ability to send attachments. Some disadvantages include the potential for misinterpretation, the lack of nonverbal cues, and the possibility of information overload.4. How can businesses ensure effective communication with employees?Businesses can ensure effective communication with employees by establishing clear communication policies, providing training and resources, listening to employee feedback, and maintaining an open and transparent culture.5. What are some factors to consider when communicating with people from different cultures?Some factors to consider when communicating with people from different cultures include language differences, cultural norms, nonverbal communication, and personal values and beliefs. It is important to be respectful, open-minded, and willing to learn.。
Commonsense Aboutness for Information Retrieval1222P.D. Bruza D.W. Song K.F. Wong C.H. Cheng1Distributed Systems Technology Center, University of Queensland, Qld 4072 AustraliaE-mail: bruza@.au2Department of Systems Engineering & Engineering ManagementThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong KongE-mail: {dwsong, kfwong, chcheng}@.hkAbstract. Information retrieval (IR) is driven by a process which decides whether a document is about a query. Recent attempts have been made to formalize properties of “aboutness”, but no consensus has been reached. The properties being proposed are largely being determined by the underlying model. Once the framework has been fixed, certain aboutness properties could be implied from it. Moreover, some properties may be sound only within a certain IR model, and some may lead to negative effects to the performance of IR systems. In this paper, by adopting an information-based and abstract framework, model independent, commonsense properties of aboutness are investigated. A set of properties characterizing commonsense aboutness and its dual ⎯ non-aboutness is introduced. Issues such as the soundness and completeness of aboutness inference are discussed.1. IntroductionAboutness plays a prominent role in information retrieval (IR) systems. If a system determines that a document d is about a query q, then the document is returned to the user. Thus, the study of aboutness is important to the theoretical foundations of IR. Aboutness has been studied for several years [4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 16]. These studies usually model aboutness as a binary relation over a set of information carriers, and view the relationship as a form of entailment. Recent attempts have been made to formalize properties of aboutness which can be expressed as postulates (rules) in terms of information containment, composition and preclusion. There is as yet no consensus to this framework except that it should be logic-based [14, 15, 19]. Although a number of aboutness properties are commonly discussed in the literature, e.g., reflexivity, transitivity, symmetry and left (right) monotonicity, etc., there is no agreement on a core set of aboutness postulates. We consider aboutness from a fundamental, commonsense perspective and define a set of reasonable (hopefully sound) properties of aboutness, which is independent of any given IR model. The theoretical goal of aboutness research is to gain a clearer understanding of IR models from a symbolic, rather than numeric perspective. In addition, research into aboutness has a number of practical aspects, for example, aboutness inference systems can form the basis if information agents that reason about the relevance/nonrelevance of information fragments.2. PreliminariesA basic information carrier is the minimal piece of information that cannot be divided further. In IR, basic information carriers correspond to keywords. LetB denote the set of basic information carriers. Even at the level of basic information carriers, aboutness manifests itself. For example, football has the property of being a sport, and it seemsnatural to say that football is about sport . Not all property relationships imply aboutness, e.g. “apple is about (being) round” does not seem as natural as “apple is about fruit”.More complex information carriers can be composed from basic ones. Information composition is a complex issue [15]. Consider the composition of information carrier A with carrier B, denoted A ⊕B. Viewed from a situation-theoretic perspective [14], the latter carrier represents the intersection between the situations supporting A and the situations supporting B. For example, flying ⊕tweety represents the intersection of “flying” situations and “Tweety” situations, which is the "Tweety is flying" situations. For ease of exposition, information composition is assumed to be idempotent, commutative and associative 1.An information carrier A may clash, or contradict, with another one B. This phenomenon is termed information preclusion, denoted by A ⊥B. Information preclusion issymmetric, and its negation (⊥/) is decided by the closed world assumption. Information preclusion is a subtler notion than contradiction in logic. Information carriers may clash due to underlying natural language semantics, or convention. Information preclusion arises in IR as a consequence of an information need, for example, if the information need deals with “wave surfing”, this clashes with documents about “web surfing”. IC represents a set of information carriers constructed from the basic carriers B by information composition. IC is assumed to be closed with respect to the information composition operator ⊕.Information carriers can not only be composed, but also ordered. In the literature, several authors have proposed that information can be ordered with respect to containment[2]. Information containment models the intuition that information is explicitly and implicitly nested. Explicit nesting is referred to as surface containment , e.g. A ⊕B ⊇B denotes that the information carried by B is also carried by A ⊕B (as B is a syntactic element of A ⊕B). Deep containment is when information containment arises at the semantic level, e.g. salmon fish . In general, information containment (either surface or deep ) will be denoted by the symbol →, whereby → is the union of the relations ⊇ (surface) and (deep) containment. In addition, the information structure (IC ,, ⊇, →,⊕,⊥) has the following additional properties:a a a • Reflexivity (R): A →A• Transitivity (T): A →B and B →C imply A →C• Anti-symmetry (AS): A ≠B and A →B imply B A→/• Containment-Composition (CC): A ⊕B →A; A ⊕B →B• Absorption (AB): if A →B then A ⊕B=A• Containment-Preclusion (CP): if A a B, B ⊥C then A ⊥CAboutness is modeled as a binary relation |= over the information carriers IC .Huibers introduced the notion of an aboutness proof system, which is founded on an aboutness language [10]:Definition 2.1. Let IC be a set of information carriers. The aboutness language Λ(IC ) is the smallest set such that If A, B ∈IC then A a B, A a /B, A ⊇B, A ⊇/B, A →B, A →/B, A ⊥B, A ⊥/B, A|=B, A B, A=B, A ≠B ∈ Λ(IC ).=/|Observe carefully that in this context the symbol |= generally expresses an aboutness relation between A and B. The specific type of aboutness relation will be signified by a subscript, e.g. the next section will deal with overlapping aboutness (). The symbol /denotes negation, e.g. A B means “not A a B”.O =|a /Definition 2.2 An aboutness proof system is a triple 〈Λ(IC ), A , R 〉 where• A is a decidable subset of Λ(IC ), whose elements are called axioms; 1 The formalization of aboutness operators (e.g. composition, preclusion, containment, etc.) is dependent on the language of the information carriers.• R = is a finite set of rules.},..,{1k R R Axioms are elements of the aboutness language that are assumed to be true, e.g., A →A. Rules have premises and a conclusion. For example, the premises of the And rule are A|=B and A|=C, which yield the conclusion A|=B ⊕C. As in [10], we assume that each rule is decidable as a relation. Axioms and rules can be used to drive inference. The concern of this paper are inferences of the form A|=B and later A =/| B.3. An Intuitive Form of Aboutness: OverlapA commonly occurring intuition equates aboutness with overlap, i.e., if two information carriers overlap, then they are deemed to be about each other. Almost all information retrieval systems function according to this intuition. For example, the vector space model measures the overlap between a query and a document vector by computing the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. In this section, we investigate the consequences of defining aboutness in this fashion.Definition 3.1 Overlapping Aboutness (O =|)Let A, B ∈ IC and ⊆ IC ×IC such that O =|][| ),(IC C B C A B A C O →∧→∃⇔=∈∈.The more readable convention A B, instead of O =|O B A =∈|),(, will be employed to signify“A is about B”.Proposition 3.1 supports Reflexivity, Containment, Symmetry, Left CompositionalMonotonicity, Right Compositional Monotonicity, And, Simplification, Loop and Mix where these properties are defined as follows: (See [7] for proofs)O =|(1) (2) ty)(Reflexivi |A A O =nt)(Containme B |A B A O =→ (3) (Symmetry) A |B B |A O O == (4) (And) C B |A C |A B |A ⊕===O O O (5)ty)Monotonici nal Compositio (Left B |C A B |A O O =⊕= (6) ty)Monotonici al Compostion (Right C B |A B |A ⊕==O O (7) ation)(Simplific C |A or B |A C B |A O ==⊕=O O (8) (Loop) C |A |C C |B B |A O O O O A ==== (9) (Mix) C| B A C |B C |A O O O =⊕== Reflexivity states that an information carrier is about itself. From an IR perspective reflexivity seems a reasonable property as we expect a document to be retrieved if it was itself the query.Containment states that an information carrier is about the information it contains. On the surface this seems reasonable. However, consider the basic information carrier ghiardia , a water-bound microbe. Observe that deep containment involves semantic transformation, e.g. ghiardia microbe … animal . The Containment postulate permits both ghiardia |= microbe and ghiardia |= animal . The former is intuitively acceptable, but the latter much less so. Our contention is that at some point along the information containment chain the aboutness relation can be severely weakened. Brooks documented a user study that supports our contention. Brooks found that the distance to non-relevance (non-aboutness) is approximately three steps [3].a a a At first sight, symmetry seems to be an acceptable property. There is evidence to dispute this. For example, in hypertext an information fragment A is linked to a fragment B, but in many cases it does not make sense to have the link organized the other way round.Monotonicity ensures that once an aboutness relationship between two information carriers A and B has been established, it cannot be broken irrespective of the other information that is composed to either A or B. For example, consider the phrase “surfing inHawaii”. This phrase deals with surfing, so surfing ⊕Hawaii |= surfing . RM permits surfing ⊕Hawaii |= surfing ⊕australia , which has the natural language interpretation “surfing in Hawaii” is about “surfing in Australia”. Thus, in response to the query “surfing in Australia”, the document “surfing in Hawaii” is returned. An IR system supporting RM or LM cannot “lose” aboutness relationships. This should not be the case because the terms used to expand the query may invalidate the original aboutness relationship. Some current IR systems circumvent this behaviour by employing threshold values.Simplification states that the aboutness relationship between a carrier A and a complex information carrier B ⊕C implies that A is about B, or A is about C. This is debatable. It may well be that A is about B ⊕C, but A is not about B and A is not about C, since it is precisely their combination which establishes the aboutness relationship.Loop appears in AI [13] and logic-based IR literatures [1, 5, 7]. These IR accounts view aboutness in terms of a nonmonotonic consequence relation. Loop in the context of overlapping aboutness is implied trivially by symmetry.In summary, the overlapping view of aboutness is intuitive, but it implies some unforseen properties, namely left, right montonicty, containment, symmetry and simplification. These properties are unsound from a commonsense perspective and can negatively impact information retrieval precision (i.e., the ratio of retrieved relevant documents to retrieved documents ).4. Commonsense AboutnessIn this section we characterize aboutness more broadly rather than just overlap. We adopt a commonsense point of view in an attempt to establish properties of aboutness acceptable from a human reasoning perspective.This serves not only to illustrate the aboutness postulates, but also to highlight the similarities and differences between the aboutness and nonmonotonic consequence relations (e.g., preferential entailment [6, 13]).Example: TweetyLet t (Tweety ), b (bird ), p (penguin ) and f (fly ) be basic information carriers. The example is then described as follows: Tweety is a bird (t →b); Tweety is a penguin (t →p); penguins are birds (p →b); birds are about flying (b|=f); penguins do not fly (p ⊥f). Applying the properties of information containment results in: t →t; b →b; f →f; p →p. Further, applying CP yields: t ⊥f.4.1 Aboutness PostulatesTo distinguish the following properties from the aboutness properties associated with overlap (in the previous section), the symbol |= will be used to denote commonsense aboutness postulates. These postulates build on, but go beyond, the notion of overlapping aboutness. In particular, the problems surrounding the rules dealing with monotonicity and information containment are addressed.(R) ReflexivityIt seems reasonable to assume that an information carrier is about itself.(AS) AsymmetryGiven “Tweety is about a bird”. It is unnatural to immediately conclude that “A bird is about Tweety”. This rule states that aboutness is fundamentally asymmetric.(AC) Aboutness Consistency : BA B A ⊥/=| An information carrier should be compatible with what it is about.(B1) Semantic Containment : B A BA =|2aBrook’s study revealed that relevance perceptions are inversely proportional to semantic distance [3]. When broadening, the demarcation point where relevant perceptions degraded to non-relevance was two semantic steps. Following this principle, the aboutness relationship is also severed after traversing three steps along the deep containment relation. The “2” in the above formula (i.e. B1) signifies that aboutness is preserved within two steps along the deep containment relation.(CT) Cut : CA B A C B A ===⊕|| |If the composition of two pieces of related information is about another one, then cutting one does not affect the aboutness relation. For example, p ⊕t|=b, t|=p ⇒ t|=b. That is, from “Tweety the penguin is about a bird” and “Tweety is about a penguin”, “Tweety is about a bird” can be derived.In the previous section, monotonicity was shown to be unsound. The following three rules express conservative forms of compositional monotonicity (both left and right). (CLM) Cautious Left Compositional Monotonicity : BC A C A B A =⊕==|| |If A is about B and A is about C, then composing the information in C to A means adding “compatible” or “related” information to A. Thus, A ⊕C |=B should hold. For example, from t|=p (Tweety is about a penguin) and t|=b (Tweety is about a bird), then t ⊕p|=b (Tweety the penguin is about a bird) can be inferred.The following two rules (Mix and And) are also variations on constraining monotonicity. (M) Mix : CB AC A =⊕==|C |B |For example, p|=b, t|=b ⇒ p ⊕t|=b. Unlike preferential entailment [13], we argue that Mix produces acceptable aboutness inferences even when information clashes.(A) And: CB |AC |A |⊕===B AThe previous three rules featured how monotonicity can be constrained solely based on aboutness relationships. The following rules constrain monotonicity by ensuring that information will not clash.(QLM) Qualified Left Compositional Monotonicity: BC A B A =⊕⊥/=| C B | Traditional Left Compositional Monotonicity (LCM) is A|=C ⇒ A ⊕B|=C. This allows b ⊕t|=f (Tweety, which is a bird, is about flying) to be inferred from b|=f (A bird is about flying). Absorption (b ⊕t=t) then renders t|= f. (Tweety is about flying), which is undesirable as Tweety is a penguin which cannot fly. QLM prevents this via the qualifying preclusion t ⊥f. Observe, however, that t ⊕s |= p (swimming Tweety is about a penguin) isderivable from t |= p (Tweety is about a penguin) and s p ⊥/(“penguin” does not clash with “swimming”, as penguins swim).QLM deviates from several authors who have advocated a variant of Rational Monotonicity:BC A B A =⊕⊥/=|C A | Observe that QLM permits the inference p ⊕f|=b (Flying penguins are about birds) fromp|=b and b ⊥/f. We argue that this inference is acceptable, even though penguins preclude flying (p ⊥f). Rational Monotonicity [1, 5, 6, 26] prevents such an inference.(QRM) Qualified Right Compositional Monotonicity: CB AC A B A ⊕=⊥/=| |RCM is A|=B ⇒ A|=B ⊕C. For example, p|=b ⇒ p|=f ⊕b (penguins are about flying birds) and t|=b ⇒ t|=f ⊕b (Tweety is a bout a flying bird) are unsound aboutness inferences. The qualifying preclusions p ⊥f and t ⊥f separately prevent p|=f ⊕b and t|=f ⊕b from being inferred. Thus, QLM and QRM can prevent undesired conclusions permitted by LM and RM, thus describing conservative monotonicity of aboutness with respect to information composition.4.2 Non-aboutnessBruza, Huibers and Hunter have investigated non-aboutness [4, 10, 11]. In some situations non-aboutness may be easier to determine than aboutness. Information filtering is a good example where reasoning about the non-aboutness of incoming documents with respect to the user profile may be easier than reasoning about their aboutness with respect to the profile.Definition 4.1 Non-aboutness (|≠) Let A, B ∈IC . Then A |≠B ⊆ IC ×IC denotes A is not about B.Non-aboutness seems mainly to be influenced by information preclusion. It should be noted that in this paper, the initial preclusion relations are assumed, such as p ⊥f, etc. In IR, the preclusion relations may not always be given explicitly. For example, in an IR system, a sentence “penguin doesn’t fly” may only be indexed to {p, f}. If the query is “flying bird” ({f, b}), then the sentence could be judged to be about the query because the preclusion relation “p ⊥f” is not considered. In the following we describe the commonsense properties of non-aboutness:(P) Preclusion: BA B A =/⊥|Two fragments of clashing information are not about each other, e.g. p ⊥f ⇒ p|≠f (Penguins are not about flying).(B2) Semantic Containment Non-aboutness: BA B A =/>|2aIt is the complement of the Semantic Containment postulate (B1). If information carrier B is more than 2 semantic (deep containment) steps away from A, then the aboutness relation is severed yielding non-aboutness.(B3) Inverse Semantic Non-aboutness: AB B A B A =/≠| aBrooks also studied how relevance degrades when traversing against the flow of the deep containment relation In terms of a thesaurus this means traversing the “narrower than” relationship. The study suggested that aboutness does not flow backwards at all: “It may be best to conclude that one step down in a generic tree produces a neutral perception of relevance verging on non-relevance” [3]. We argue that B3 can be generalized to information containment (both surface and deep containment):(I-CN) Inverse Containment Non-aboutness:AB B A B A =/≠→|(P-NA) Preclusion Non-aboutness : CA CB B A =/⊥=| |This is an expression of the intuition that aboutness involves compatibility between the respective carriers: A cannot be about anything which clashes with B. For example, t|=p, p ⊥f ⇒ t|≠f.5. Completeness and Soundness5.1CompletenessFor any two arbitrary information carriers A and B, the aboutness inference system is deemed complete when it is able to conclude either A|=B or A|≠B. Note that a closed world assumption regarding |= has been convincingly opposed [10, 18]. We agree with this view and have characterized non-aboutness via constructive means (see Section 4.2). The following proposition asserts that the commonsense aboutness and non-aboutness postulates are incomplete (see [7] for proof).Proposition 5.1 The aboutness proof system Π=〈Λ(IC), {R}, {C, B1, CT, CLM, M, A, QLM, QRM}〉 and the non-aboutness system Ω=〈Λ(IC), φ, {P, B2, I-CN, P-NA}〉 are incomplete.The above incompleteness result parallels a similar result using default logic-based theory of aboutness [11]. Bruza et al. show that by introducing unsound aboutness properties such as Right Containment Monotonicity, completeness can be achieved [7]. The price is an increase in the number of unsound aboutness inferences (i.e., loss of precision in IR terms).5.2SoundnessWhen investigating the issue of soundness with respect to (non-) aboutness rules, a frame of reference must be defined within which soundness can be verified. In classical logic, the frame of reference is a model. However, due to the lack of an underlying model theory for IR, this approach cannot be taken. It is also arguable whether such a theory exists. One of the complications here is that the “retrieval is inference” view [8, 18] cannot be considered independent of the user. One existing approach for soundness evaluation with respect to aboutness is that the soundness of an aboutness proof system is investigated in the context of an underlying aboutness definition [10]. Although valid from a formal point of view, it does not consider the user. We argue that aboutness inference is “psychologistic” in nature. With respect to IR, sound aboutness rules can only be established via cognitive studies, as has been done in non-monotonic reasoning [9, 17]. More studies similar to Brooks’s [3] are needed to gain a clearer understanding of how users perceive aboutness, and how they reason about it.6.Discussion and ConclusionsThe aboutness theory presented here has been founded upon notions such as deep and surface containments, information preclusion etc. The question beckons – for practical IR, how will these concepts be embedded into a working system? It is true that current IR systems are not defined in terms of these concepts mainly because they do not view retrieval as an aboutness reasoning process. Aboutness and preclusion relationships can be derived via relevance feedback [1, 6]. For restricted domains, information containment relationships can be derived from ontologies, and the like.It is interesting to note that aboutness inferences can be ordered on their potential for soundness [7]. For example, there would be more confidence placed in an aboutness inference derived by Cautious Monotoniticy than one derived by Qualified Left Monotonicity, as the former rule is more conservative In this way, orderings on aboutness inferences can be generated. An area of further investigation would be to extend the work presented here to cater for such orderings resulting in a symbolic aboutness system intowhich weighted IR systems can be mapped. It is our feeling that much of IR theory can be re-created in a symbolic framework which could possible extend the explanatory power of IR theory, for example, in the area of functional benchmarking [20].AcknowledgmentsThe work reported in this paper has been funded in part by the Cooperative Research Centres Program through the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Australia and by the Hong Kong Research Grant Committee under the Strategic Research Scheme (Project #: 44M5007).References[1] G. Amati and K. 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