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2015年首都师范大学研究生入学考试《教育学基础综合》
（774）真题（考后回忆版）
一、名词解释（每题10分，共70分）（顺序根据大纲做了调整，作者注）
1.文化教育学
2.教育信息化
3.教育目的价值取向
4.活动课程
5.稷下学宫
6.《巴特勒教育法》
7.改造主义
二、简答题（每题20分，共80分）
1、简述韩愈的教学理论和师道。
（教育思想，作者注）
2、简述教学设计的基本程序。
3、简述结构不良问题的解决过程。
4、试简述教育实验设计的九种格式并用符号表示其模式。
三、论述题（每题35分，共105分）
1、比较孔子和苏格拉底的教育思想。
2、论述罗杰斯以学生为中心的教育心理学。
3、谈谈你对“教师成为研究者”的理解。
四、案例分析题（共一题，45分）（此题设问或与真题差距较大，作者注） 2014年10月27日，北京市教委印发《北京市教育委员会关于印发北京市基础教育部分学科教学改进意见的通知》，其基本要求第
五点如下：
《五》关注教育教学评价改革
强调构建多元化、发展性的评价体系，要求基于课程标准进行学业评价，防止不正确的评价引导教学超课标“抢跑”。
小学阶段禁止统考、统测，只记录学习习惯的养成以及参与社会活动、文体活动等学生成长情况。
初中阶段开始完整记录学业成绩，开展学生学业评价。
物理、化学学科将学生初中三年参与开放性科学实践活动的成绩纳入中考考试评价体系。
充分利用科学的评价方式发现教师教学和学生学习的薄弱环节，推动教与学改进，促进学生能力发展。
请总结教育教学评价的特点，并针对“教育教学评价与学生的发展”对材料进行评价。
北师大历年专业博士入学考试试题教育学原理2008（A）1. 从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义（25 分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25 分）3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。
（20 分）剩下的一题为各个方向规定选择的试题。
（30 分）今年实行的是3+1 模式。
2008 （B）（其中第2,3两题与教育学A卷一样，希望后来者有借鉴）1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任.（35 分）0 a O9 H\&d9L#F C'q"e（d4R2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的指导意义（35分）2……3. 论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。
（30 分）2007（A）1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。
（35 分）2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义。
（30 分）3、要求根据材料写篇小文章。
材料太长，我的准考证实在抄不下来哦，但是出自《发展教育学年鉴2 00 3 》，首都师大出版社2003 版。
具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。
（35 分）2007（B）1. 现代教育的价值取向以及与人美好生活的关系2. 评析基础教育课程改革的价值取向3. 有关网络道德教育插入：2007 年教育政治学与教育法真题1、怎样理解法律上的权利与义务的概念及分类。
2、试述教育与法律的关系。
（ ?（h8u-u4o7U'n8|4B3、高校与学生的法律关系辨析。
2007 经管学院的博士考试1. 教育财政公平与效率关系；2. 大学生就业难成因与对策分析；3. 各级教育中“市场化”问题分析；4. 择校问题成因分析；5. 分析人力资本理论与筛选理论关于教育作用的观点。
2006（B）1、从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。
2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育（道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。
考博详解与指导(一)教育哲学名词解释几年都没有出现重复，涉及到的有著作、教育流派、教育观、教育基本概念等方面，所以加强这些方面的总结是很必要的。
很有必要翻看教育哲学词典，并做摘录。
论述题教育主客体、效率与公平、全球化背景下的……等是热点考题。
重点需要抓住这些。
另外大众高等教育和精英高等教育也是热点。
不过2008年加入了有关教育哲学的基本问题的考查及教育哲学家的观点等。
因此复习需要全面进行。
(二)比较教育从题型来看，比较教育一直都没有改变，都是4-5道论述题。
基本上考查高等教育方面的比较多一点。
每年基本都有一道关于比较教育理论方面的内容。
一些重要改革潮流(课程、教育管理等)都是重点。
1.What’s your name?2.Does your name have any special meaning?3.Where were you come from?4.What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown?5.What is the climate like in your hometown?6.What is people’s favorite food in your region?7.What do you do during the Spring Festival?8.Can you describe one of the main festivals celebrated?9.Tell me something about the customs of your hometown.10.How long have you lived in XXX?11.What place in XXX do you like best?Why?12.Which is the best place you’ve been to China?13.What is the biggest problem you will face?14.Could you tell me something about your family?、15.When will you get married?16.What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take?17.What difficulties do your parents have concerning their old age?18.Which kind of professor do you like best?19.What does friendship mean to you?What kind of people do you make friendwith?20.What is your major?21.How do you like your major?22.When and where did you graduate?What qualifications have you obtained?23.What impressed you most when you were at university?24.What is the best university in your opinion?25.Could you sum up your own study habits in a few points?26.Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society?Why?27.What do you do for a living?28.What are your job prospects?29.If you had the opportunity to change your subject,what would you do with it?30.What are your spare time interests?31.How do you spend your weekends?32.What is your favorite sport?What are the rules?33.What kind of films do you like best?34.What kind of music do you enjoy?35.Where have you been traveling to?Which place interested you most?36.Do you enjoy traveling?If yes.Where and why?37.What kind of differences in the system of higher education between China and other countries?38.What problem do you think you will have in XXX?39.How will you overcome the difficulties?40.Do you think you will be able to cope with English-demands of your intended study program?41.What difficulties do you think you’ll encounter in your studies?42.What do you intend to study?43.Why did you choose our university?44.Would you want to be a volunteer during Olympic Games?45.If there were an opportunity of studying abroad,what would you do?46.Should you study more theory or do more practice?Give your reasons,please.52.How serious is unemployment among young people?53.In your opinion,what are the most serious problems associated with modern life?54.What do you think have been the most important changes in your study field over the past5years?55.As there are more and more private cars,what do you think the government should do in order to encourage citizens to use public transport?56.How do you see yourself in ten years’time?57.What business do you hope to have?58.What will do if you cannot find a job after graduation?59.How do you afford your tuition?60.Does your family support your decision on studying?What help do they offer?• 1.自我介绍（self-introduce）Good morning.I am glad to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself.My name is***，24.I come from******，the capital of*******Province.I graduated from the*******department of *****University in July，2001.In the past two years I have been prepareing for the postgraduate examination while I have been teaching*****in NO.****middle School and I was a head-teacher of a class in junior grade two.Now all my hard work has got a result since I have a chance to be interview by you.I am open-minded，quick in thought and very fond of history.In my spare time，I have broad interests like many other youngers.I like reading books，especially those about*******.Frequently I exchange with other people by making comments in the forum on line.In addition，during my college years，I was once a Net-bar technician.So，I have a comparative good command of network application.I am able to operate the computer well.I am skillful in searching for information in Internet.I am a football fan for years.Italian team is my favorite.Anyway，I feel great pity for our country‘s team.I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning.Of course，if I am given a chance to study ******in this famous University，I will stare no effort to master a good command of advance******.2.考研原因（reasons for my choice）There are several reasons.I have been deeply impressed by the academic atmosphere when I came here last summer.In my opinion，as one of the most famous******in our country，it provide people with enough room to get further enrichment.This is the first reason.The second one is I am long for doing research in******throughout my life.Its a pleasure to be with my favorite******for lifetime.I suppose this is the most important factor in my decision.Thirdly，I learnt a lot from my*****job during the past two years.However，I think further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value.Life is precious.It is necessary to seize any chance for self-development，especially in this competitive modern world.In a word，I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here.3.研究生期间你的计划（plans in the postgraduate study）First，I hope I can form systematic view of*****.As for******，my express wish is to get a complete comprehension of the formation and development as well as**************.If possible，I will go on with my study for doctorate degree.In a word，I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here.4.介绍你的家乡（about hometown）I am from，a famous city with a long history over2，200years.It is called“Rong Cheng”because there were lots of banians even900years ago.The city lies in the eastern part of the province.It is the center of politics，economy and culture.Many celebrities were born here，for instance，Yanfu，Xie Bingxin，Lin Zexu and so on..You know，there is a saying that“The greatness of a man lends a glory to a place”。
北京师范大学硕士研究生入学考试《教育学原理》题库第一章教育学概述一、选择题1、教育学的研究对象是( )A.教育问题B.教育现象C.教育事实D.教育规律2、教育学的研究任务在于（）A．描述教育事实 B.探讨教育问题C.分析教育现象D.揭示教育规律3、( ) 是推动教育学发展的内在动力。
A.教育规律B.教育价值C.教育原则D.教育问题4、人类历史上最早出现的专门论述教育、教学问题的著作是( )A.《论语》B.《学记》C.《理想国》D.《大教学论》5、孔子的教育思想主要记载在（）A.《中庸》B.《礼记》C.《论语》D.《学记》6、西方最早的教育论著是（）A.《论演说家的教育》B.《理想国》C.《大教学论》D.《普通教育学》7、19世纪末20世纪初，中国学者了解和引进西方教育学主要是通过 ( )A.美国B.德国C.法国D.日本8、下列教育家中( )提出了“泛智主义”教育思想，主张“把一切事物教给一切人”。
A. 裴斯泰洛齐B.夸美纽斯C.赫尔巴特D.赞可夫9、“我们敢说日常所见的人中，十分之九都是他们的教育所决定的”这一观点出自 ( )A. 夸美纽斯的《大教学论》B. 洛克的《教育漫话》C. 卢梭的《爱弥儿》D. 赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》10、下列被尊称为“现代教育学之父”或“科学教育学的奠基人”的教育家是( )A.赫尔巴特B.康德C.杜威D.夸美纽斯11、我国国内学者开始撰写教育学科方面的教育科学等著作，表现出有介绍，翻译转向以评述为主，联系中国教育时机来著述的特点，这发生在（）A.19世纪末20世纪初B.20世纪头20年C.20世纪20年代到40年代D.20世纪50年代至60年代。
12、教育学被正式列入大学课程始于十八世纪（）在哥尼斯堡大学讲授教育学。
A.卢梭C.康德B.裴斯泰洛齐 D.赫尔巴特13、主张用理解和解释的方法进行教育研究的教育学流派是（）。
A. 实验教育学B. 文化教育学C. 实用主义教育学D. 马克思主义教育学14、制度教育学的代表人物之一是美国教育家( )。
Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first paragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. Today the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)(Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。
2015北京师范大学文学院考博真题以及讲解各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京师范大学的博士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题笔记方便大家准备考博，希望给大家一定的帮助。
真题集5American universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is anothermatter.Barry Mills, the president of Bowdoin College, was justifiably proud of Bowdoin's efforts torecruit minority students. Since 2003 the small, elite liberal arts school in Brunswick, Maine, hasboosted the proportion of so-called under-represented minority students in entering freshmanclasses from 8% to 13%. "It is our responsibility to reach out and attract students to come to ourkinds of places," he told a NEWSWEEK reporter. But Bowdoin has not done quite as well whenit comes to actually graduating minorities. While 9 out of 10 white students routinely get theirdiplomas within six years, only 7 out of 10 black students made it to graduation day in severalrecent classes."If you look at who enters college, it now looks like America," says Hilary Pennington, directorof postsecondary programs for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has closely studiedenrollment patterns in higher education. "But if you look at who walks across the stage for adiploma, it's still largely the white, upper-income population."The United States once had the highest graduation rate of any nation. Now it stands 10th. For thefirst time in American history, there is the risk that the rising generation will be less welleducated than the previous one. The graduation rate among 25- to 34-year-olds is no better thanthe rate for the 55- to 64-year-olds who were going to college more than 30 years ago. Studiesshow that more and more poor and non-white students want to graduate from college –but theirgraduation rates fall far short of their dreams. The graduation rates for blacks, Latinos,andNative Americans lag far behind the graduation rates for whites and Asians. As the minoritypopulation grows in the United States, low college graduation rates become a threat to nationalprosperity.The problem is pronounced at public universities. In 2007 the University of Wisconsin-Madison–one of the top five or so prestigious public universities –graduated 81% of its white studentswithin six years, but only 56% of its blacks. At less-selective state schools, the numbers getworse. During the same time frame, the University of Northern Iowa graduated 67% of its whitestudents, but only 39% of its blacks. Community colleges have low graduation rates generally –but rock-bottom rates for minorities. A recent review of California community colleges foundthat while a third of the Asian students picked up their degrees, only 15% of African-Americansdid so as well.27. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be _________________ .A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected28. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ________________ ?A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins29. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’appetite.30. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.才思教育自1995年开始开设北京地区高校考研辅导班，其中近90%考上北京知名高校攻读硕士研究生。
北京师范大学教育学考研真题1996年要求：论述科学，准确，充分。
一、论述教育怎样适应年轻一代身心发展的规律。
二、说明个体的主观能动性在人的身心发展中的作用。
三、“传授-接受教学”与“问题-发现教学”各有何长处与局限性？四、教学有哪些辅助形式？它与上课又和关系？五、阐述学校德育中的知行统一原则1997年解释概念1、学制2、教育目的3、班级授课制4、教学计划简答题1、简述教学的基本原则。
2、概述思想品德教育的任务。
3、简述班主任的主要任务。
4、教师应具备哪些基本素养?论述题1、试论教与学的基本关系。
2、试分析教育在人的身心发展中的作用。
1998年概念题1.教育目的2.形式教育与实质教育3.教学过程最优化4.教学评价5.美育1 试述80 年代以来我国理论界关于教育本质问题的几种有代表性的观点并阐述你对教育本质的看法。
2 试述学科课程与活动课程的不同主张并简要分析。
1999年1、教育内容2、教学环节3、考试4、I·伊利奇的反学校教育论5、潜课程6、虚拟学校论述题1、试论现代教育的经济基础及其功能（20分）2、简述现代教学制度的基本特点（20分）3、从道德形成角度说明中小学德育的关系（15分）4、试述法律在教育管理中的作用（15分）2000年1.终身教育2.教育民主化3.民办教育4.教育目的5.课程6.范例教学7.综合技术教育8.教育评价简答1 分析课程的主要特征。
2 我国教师的社会地位和法律地位。
3 义务教育的公平性和公共性。
论述1 在学习化社会中如何重新认识学校教育的主导作用？2 简述教育理论，教育政策和教育实践的关系。
2001年1、教与学2、成熟优势说与学习优势说3、形式教育与实质教育4、教育的社会本位论与个人本位论5、显课程与潜课程简答题1、简述现代学制的基本类型。
2、简析德育中“价值澄清理论”的基本内容。
3、试析班级授课制。
4、简论教师的地位和作用。
以“我的学生观”为题，做一篇议论文。
北师考研详解与指导【初试专业课复习篇】三月到五月，拿到基础班课程之后，每天定时听课，并浏览配套的讲义，从头开始进入复习，这时主要任务是“入门”。
同时专业课五本书的教材，认真过一遍，看完之后，心里争取要有个大概框架，了解有关教育学的基本知识。
六月到七月，第二遍看书，这个时候不用做题，就是好好看书。
在第一遍的基础上，更加认真，另外，特别是自主命题的学校，有指定的参考书，千万不要自己想当然的区分重难点，觉得这个不会考吧，不看了吧，凡是书上的内容都可能会考到，不要遗漏细节，也不要认为没考过的就不重要，这是误区，一定避免。
还有就是看书要看活，所谓活，意思是不要死记硬背知识点，把它们都给拆分开来，机械的记忆，说实话也根本记不住。
应该有系统的，从大到小，逐渐深入细化，尤其是中外教育史，知识点很多很杂，你可以按照国家，或是时间年代的顺序系统分类，便于你理解掌握。
适当记忆部分内容，每个人的方法都不同，要学会寻找适合自己的。
八月份拿到强化班的课程讲义，内容比基础班更加详细。
在这里强调一下，讲义的内容都是从教材中选取出来的，是根据考试大纲编制的一个便于学习的资料，是帮助你复习的，书本教材还是基础，尤其对每个知识点的背景有详细介绍，在复习初期一定要认真看书看书。
八月到九月这段时间，第三遍看书了，这个时候开始要接触题目，历年真题是最好的资料，从中分析题目出题角度，规律特点，再看书的时候心里就有数。
重难点要开始强化记忆了，不然到后期政治英语全面冲刺来不及。
十月份开了国庆特训班，有条件的可以去现场听课，我就是拿到课程在家听的。
这部分内容很重要，加入了每个学校自己出题的一些特点，并搜集整理好了历年真题及解析。
特别是北师大指定参考书目非常多，比如叶澜老师的那本《教育研究方法初探》，王策三老先生的《现代教育论》，你自己看书是很吃力的。
在讲义的指导下，帮助你更容易的系统的了解、掌握书中内容。
从十月到十一月，离考试越来越近，要做好进入冲刺阶段的准备，但依旧要保持有条不紊。
2015年北京师范大学硕士研究生入学考试《教育学综合》真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.古德莱德的课程分类理论及其影响。
（分数：2.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(考生除了需要答出古德莱德的课程有哪五个分类、每一种课程对应什么人、什么情境外，重要的在于回答它的影响。
北师⼤教育学原理考研题库（花钱买的__含答案）教育学原理题库第⼀章教育学概述（⼀）单项选择题（在每⼩题列出的四个选项中只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内）。
1.标志着教育学科成为独⽴学科的教育著作是（）。
A．《⼤教学论》B．《普通教育学》C．《⼤教育论》D．《教育论》2．被公认为第⼀本现代教育学著作是（）A．《康德论教育》B．《普通教育学》C．《教育漫画》D．《爱弥⼉》3．《⼤教学论》被看成是第⼀本教育学著作，它的作者是( )A．赫尔巴特B．夸美纽斯C．康德D．培根4．柏拉图的名著是（）A．《理想国》B．《政治学》C．《伦理学》D．《爱弥⼉》5．世界上最早的教育专著是（）A．《⼤教学论》B．《论演说家的培养》C．《学记》D．《劝学》6．“洞⽳中的囚徒”隐喻来⾃（）A．《法律篇》B．《爱弥⼉》C．《理想国》D．《教育漫话》7．法国著名教育家卢梭的教育著作是( )A．《教育漫话》B．《⼤教学论》C．《爱弥尔》D．《普通教育学》8．提出“建国军民，教学为先”主张的著作是（）A．《⼤学》B．《论语》C．《学记》D．《中庸》9．“得天下英才⽽教育之”⼀句出⾃（）A．《论语》B．《学记》C．《孟⼦·尽⼼上》D．《劝学篇》10．将“教育”解释为“教，上所施，下所效也；育，养⼦使作善也”的著作是（）A．《孟⼦》B．《学记》C．《说⽂解字》D．《论语》11．我国最早专门论述教育教学问题的著作是（）A．《论语》B．《学记》C．《孟⼦》D．《中庸》12．这句名⾔“出⾃造物主之⼿的东西都是好的，⽽⼀到了⼈的⼿⾥，就全变坏了”出⾃（）A．夸美纽斯B．洛克C．裴斯泰洛齐D．卢梭13．“教育要先⾏”出⾃（）A．《国家处于危险之中，教育改⾰势在必⾏》B．《学会⽣存》C．《⼤教学论》D．《民主主义与教育》A．陶⾏知B．胡适C．胡克勤D．蔡元培15．主张“原始教育形式和⽅法主要是⽇常⽣活中⼉童对成⼈的⽆意识的模仿”观点的是（）A．⽣物起源说B．⼼理起源说C．劳动起源说D．关系起源说16.在我国，“教育”概念被正式⽤来⾔说教育之事⼤约是在（）A．公元前B．18世纪C．19世纪中叶D．19世纪末20世纪初17．教育的⽣物学起源说的代表⼈物是（）A．勒图尔诺B．孟禄C．⾼尔顿D．达尔⽂18．主张“天命”的教育起源学说是( )A．教育的⽣物起源说B．教育的⼼理起源说C．教育的神话起源说D．教育的劳动起源说19．教育起源于原始社会中⼉童对成⼈⾏为的“⽆意识的模仿”，主张这⼀观点的是教育的( )A．⼼理起源说B．劳动起源说C．神话起源说D．⽣物起源说20．⼈类关于教育起源的最古⽼观点是（）A．教育的⽣物起源说B．教育的⼼理起源说C．教育的劳动起源说D．教育的神话起源说21．教育学的研究对象是( )A．教育现象 B．教育事实C．教育规律 D．教育问题22.下列哪⼀种教育学仍然没有跳出思辨和形⽽上学的传统( )A．实验教育学 B．⽂化教育学C．实⽤主义教育学 D．制度教育学23．教育这⼀永恒社会现象的根本属性是( )A．社会性B．历史性C．阶级性 D．民族性24．后来的教育要以以往的教育为基础，与以往的教育有着渊源关系，说明教育的（）A．永恒性B．⽣产性C．继承性D．阶级性25．在教育起源问题上，认为教育的产⽣完全来⾃动物本能的观点是( )A．⽣物起源说B．神话起源说C．⼼理起源说D．劳动起源说26．教育活动中最为重要的因素是（）A．教育者和教育影响 B．受教育者和教育影响C．教育者和受教育者 D．教材和教法27．从形式上说，教育影响是指( )A．教育内容 B．教育对象C．教育⼿段D．教育原则28．后来的教育是以以往的教育为基础，是从以往的教育发展⽽来的。
