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An Accurate and Scalable Analytical Model for IEEE 802.15.4 Slotted CSMACA Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009
An Accurate and ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱcalable Analytical Model for IEEE 802.15.4 Slotted CSMA/CA Networks
I. I NTRODUCTION
I
EEE 802.15.4 defines PHY and MAC specifications for low data rate and low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) [1]. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC specification supports two operational modes: (1) non beacon-enabled mode where unslotted CSMA/CA is used, and (2) beacon-enabled mode where beacons are periodically sent by a PAN coordinator. In the superframe of beacon-enabled mode, both contention based period (CAP) and optional contention-free period (CFP) may exist. Slotted CSMA/CA algorithm (shortened to SCSMA) is used in the CAP and will be studied in this paper. SCSMA uses truncated binary exponential backoff as that used in the IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA algorithm for wireless local area networks (WLAN) [2]. A device attempting to access channel with SCSMA will undergo random backoff and two clear-channel assessment (CCA). During the backoff, the 802.15.4 device will not sense channel and backoff counter decreases by one for every backoff slot. This specific design reduces energy consumption for channel sensing. However, it is unclear if the design will result in a high energy efficiency of the SCSMA algorithm and how it will affect on the other
Jianhua He, Zuoyin Tang, Hsiao-Hwa Chen, and Qian Zhang
Abstract—In this paper a Markov chain based analytical model is proposed to evaluate the slotted CSMA/CA algorithm specified in the MAC layer of IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The analytical model consists of two two-dimensional Markov chains, used to model the state transition of an 802.15.4 device, during the periods of a transmission and between two consecutive frame transmissions, respectively. By introducing the two Markov chains a small number of Markov states are required and the scalability of the analytical model is improved. The analytical model is used to investigate the impact of the CSMA/CA parameters, the number of contending devices, and the data frame size on the network performance in terms of throughput and energy efficiency. It is shown by simulations that the proposed analytical model can accurately predict the performance of slotted CSMA/CA algorithm for uplink, downlink and bi-direction traffic, with both acknowledgement and non-acknowledgement modes. Index Terms—IEEE 802.15.4, slotted CSMA/CA, wireless personal area network, MAC, Markov chain, ZigBee.
network performances, e.g., network throughput and packet success probability. In the literature, there were research reports on analytical models of the SCSMA algorithm. Misic et al. proposed a Markov model to evaluate the throughput of 802.15.4 networks with unsaturated downlink and uplink traffic [6]. However, their analytical model did not match the simulation results very well. A simplified Markov model was proposed in [7], in which a geometric distribution was used to approximate the uniform distribution for the random backoff counter. But the approximation results in large inaccuracy in the prediction of throughput. Energy and throughput performances of 802.15.4 was analyzed in [8]. As pointed out in [9], the proposed model did not mimic the 802.15.4 behavior sufficiently. A simple Markov model was proposed with an assumption of independent channel sensing probability in [9]. The model can effectively predict the channel sensing probability but can not accurately predict the throughput performance. A threedimensional Markov model was proposed in [4] to evaluate the throughput of SCSMA, which used the idea of the Markov chain model proposed for IEEE 802.11e in [10]. However, the state transitions in [4] were not correctly modeled. The model was revised with improved accuracy in [5]. A drawback of the three-dimensional Markov model for SCSMA is the big number of Markov states which limits its scalability. An embedded two-dimensional Markov model was proposed for SCSMA in [11] for saturated uplink traffic. However, the state transitions in the model were observed to be incorrect. It is also observed that although the embedded model was proposed for SCSMA with acknowledgment mode, the ACK timeout event was not modeled. In this paper, we propose a two two-dimensional Markov chains to model SCSMA, in order to reduce the number of Markov chain states and investigate SCSMA in more details. As can be seen in Section IV, the first Markov chain is an embedded Markov chain. In the embedded Markov chain, a state consists of only backoff stage and backoff counter at the end of a slot where a transmission completes. As a 802.15.4 device can backoff and perform CCA during other device’s transmission, the transitions of embedded states become very complex. We introduce a secondary two-dimensional Markov chain to model the changes of a device’s backoff stage and backoff counter during other device’s transmission. With the two two-dimensional Markov chains, the proposed analytical model can achieve high accuracy and scalability. The analytical model can also deal with acknowledgement mode and bidirection traffic for SCSMA. The analytical model is validated with a wide range of network and traffic configurations,

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人工智能英文参考文献(最新120个)

人工智能英文参考文献(最新120个)

人工智能是一门新兴的具有挑战力的学科。

自人工智能诞生以来,发展迅速,产生了许多分支。

诸如强化学习、模拟环境、智能硬件、机器学习等。

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IEEE802.15.4a信道对UWB功率谱影响分析

IEEE802.15.4a信道对UWB功率谱影响分析


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基于IEEE 802.15.4的低复杂度OQPSK全数字调制方法

基于IEEE 802.15.4的低复杂度OQPSK全数字调制方法

基于IEEE 802.15.4的低复杂度OQPSK全数字调制方法刘述钢;刘宏立;詹杰;朱凡【期刊名称】《传感技术学报》【年(卷),期】2010(023)005【摘要】深入研究IEEE 802.15.4协议中经半正弦函数成型的OQPSK调制信号中相邻相位的变化特征,为便于调制算法的全数字电路实现,对基带调制算法进行了数字化处理.同时,本文提出一种循环移位和查找表相结合的方法降低电路复杂度,有效减小了调制器的实现成本.仿真及FPGA综合结果表明:该方法简单易行,逻辑单元数和存储器比特数仅分别为52和72,满足无线传感网络低成本的要求.【总页数】5页(P691-695)【作者】刘述钢;刘宏立;詹杰;朱凡【作者单位】湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙,410082;湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙,410082;湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙,410082;湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙,410082【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN92;TN47【相关文献】1.基于变长观察法载波同步的OQPSK全数字解调器 [J], 陈振骐;曹志刚2.面向IEEE802.15.4协议的跳频信道接入方法 [J], 刘述钢;詹杰3.基于IEEE 802.15.4的工业无线网实时性改进方法 [J], 王怿;张帆;贾俊平;黄本雄4.基于减少偷听的IEEE802.15.4网络节点能耗降低方法 [J], 程宏斌;李克清;孙霞5.Frequency hopping in IEEE 802.15.4 to mitigate IEEE 802.11 interference and fading [J], JAVED Umer;HE Di;LIU Peilin;YANG Yueming因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

双模索引辅助广义空间调制系统设计

双模索引辅助广义空间调制系统设计

ISSN1004⁃9037，CODEN SCYCE4Journal of Data Acquisition and Processing Vol.36，No.6，Nov.2021，pp.1157-1166 DOI：10.16337/j.1004⁃9037.2021.06.009Ⓒ2021by Journal of Data Acquisition and Processinghttp：//E⁃mail：sjcj@ Tel/Fax：+86⁃025⁃84892742双模索引辅助广义空间调制系统设计王相相，冯兴乐，韩佳倩（长安大学信息工程学院，西安710064）摘要：广义空间调制（Generalized spatial modulation，GSM）技术通过选择部分发射天线来传输信息，该系统由于部分天线保持静默而造成系统传输速率低。

为了提高系统的传输速率，将GSM系统的所有发射天线均激活，但该系统在接收端依旧很难恢复出发射信号。

为了达到传输速率与系统性能这两方面的平衡，本文提出双模广义空间调制系统，该系统将每时隙发送的信息比特分为索引比特和星座调制比特，利用索引比特将所有发射天线分为两组，将两种可分辨的星座调制符号分别放在两组天线上同时进行发送，在接收端采用最大似然算法（Maximum likelihood，ML）进行检测解调得到发送符号。

通过分析与仿真表明，在误比特率为10-3时，双模广义空间调制系统与发射总功率且传输速率均相同的GSM系统和多输入多输出（Multiple input multiple output，MIMO）系统相比，前者采用低阶调制方式来最大化星座点间的欧氏距离，将获得约4dB的增益，后者在接收端可通过功率索引来提升检测算法性能，将获得约2dB的增益。

关键词：双模广义空间调制；索引调制；星座模式；功率分配；传输速率中图分类号：TN929文献标志码：ADesign of Two⁃Mode Indexed Generalized Space Modulation SystemWANG Xiangxiang，FENG Xingle，HAN Jiaqian(School of Information Engineering,Chang’an University,Xi’an710064,China)Abstract：Generalized spatial modulation（GSM）technology transmits information by selecting part of the transmitting antenna.This system has a low transmission rate due to some antennas remaining silent.To improve the transmission rate of the system，all the transmitting antennas of the GSM are activated.The system still can hardly recover the transmitted signal at the receiving end.In this paper，a two-mode generalized spatial modulation system is proposed，the information bits sent in each time slot of the system are divided into index bits and constellation modulation bits，and all transmitting antennas are divided into two groups by the index bit.Two distinguishable constellation modulation symbols are transmitted simultaneously on two groups of antennas.The maximum likelihood（ML）algorithm is used to detect and demodulate the transmission symbol at the receiver.The proposed system achieves the balance between transmission efficiency and system performance.Analysis and simulation show that when the bit error rate is10-3，the dual-mode generalized spatial modulation system is compared with the GSM and the multiple input multiple output（MIMO）system with same total transmit power and transmission rate.The former adopts low-order modulation to maximize the Euclidean distance between constellation points，which can 收稿日期：2021⁃03⁃08；修订日期：2021⁃05⁃131158数据采集与处理Journal of Data Acquisition and Processing Vol.36,No.6,2021 obtain a gain of about4dB，while the latter can improve the performance of detection algorithm through power index at the receiver end，which can obtain a gain of about2dB.Key words:dual-mode generalized spatial modulation;index modulation;constellation pattern;power splitting;transmission speed引言随着信息化社会的不断发展，移动通信已经经历了从1G~4G的变革，而5G也正在悄悄地改变着这个世界，万物互联已经成为必然的趋势［1］。