高一必修2-4语法2

必修2M4 语法（字数：15901）非谓语动词动词不定式一动词不定式的特征和种类、主动不定式To do （表不定式的动作同时或几乎同时或之后和谓语发生）被动进行式To be doing (表不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生) /完成式To have done(表不定式动作先于谓语动作发生) To have been done完成进行式To have been doing (表不定式的动作先于谓语动作发生且一直进行着) /I‟m sorry to h ave lost your keyIt happened to be raining when I got thereI‟m glad to be traveling with you .He was said to have been living in London for 2o yearsI‟m sorry to have been interrupting you注意：1 不定式的时态意义：He is said to be studying abroad (“正在读”)He is said to have studied abroad(“学习过”)2不定式的否定形式：加not /never to doWe decided not to go out because of the bad weather比较：I did not promise to wake him up (我没答应叫醒他)I promised not to wake him up (我答应了不叫醒他)二动词不定式的用法1 作主语不定式短语作主语在句首：To know oneself is difficult当不定式作主语时若较长时，可用形式主语:It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort2 不定式作表语：说明主语的具体内容或表示目的His wish is to become a pilot.What we hoped was to be admitted into the University注意：She is to blame for this matter.3 不定式作宾语：(A)afford agree aim ask attempt begin care choose continue decide desire determine remember like expect fail forget hate hope intend learn beg manage mean offer plan prefer pretend long promise refuse try want wish seek happen hesitate(B)在feel ,find ,make ,think, consider 等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，常用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后，“主语+V +it +adj/n to do sth”I found it possible to work out the problem without a computerShe made it a rule to get up at 5:00I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting(C) 在表示“希望/打算”的动词（hope ,would like, intend ,plan, mean, want…）等动词的过去式之后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示“过去未曾实现的愿望和打算I intended to have called on you ,but was prevented from doing so .I expected to have met him here last night. We meant to have stayed there a week注意：表示“原以为，本以为…”还可用上述动词的过去完成时来表示“过去未曾实现的愿望和打算”I had meant to call on you . I had expected to meet him here last night(D) 作介词宾语：不定式可作介词but ,except ,other than 的宾语No one could do other than admire it (other than 表：除…之外，只有)The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hardHe had no choice but to sit there as usualThere is nothing we can do but wait patiently (有?无?;有? 无? ) (E)作形容词的宾语：A类：句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语：这类形容词有：able, afraid ,angry ,anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, slow, shocked, sorry ,surprised, Willing..I‟m sorry to say that he is going from bad to worseB类：句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，此时，要主动表被动这类形容词有easy ,hard, cheap ,expensive, dangerous, difficult ,funny, fit, impossible Interesting nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful, heavy, light…. The box is heavy to carry .This problem is not easy to solve. She is hard to get along with注意：在B类中，如果不定式的动词为不及物动词，则加相应的介词The river is dangerous to swim in4 不定式作宾语补足语：1即主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语A类：在表示感觉的动词之后作宾语补足语，在主动语态中，不定式不带to ,转为被动语态时，to 还原。

如see ,he ar ,feel ,watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to ,…. I heard them sing yesterday .She is often listened to to singB类在使役动词之后作宾语补足语时，在主动语态中，不定式不带to ，转为被动语态时，to 还原，如have, make, let,等（let ,have没有被动语态）What would you have me do?Sh e made Tom give up smoking →Tom was made to give up smoking (by her)C类：在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语，这类动词有：consider, think ,believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove…这类动词之后不定式通常是“(to be )adj/n”We believe her to be innocent.We consider her to be a good teacherWe know this to be a fact.She was believed innocentD类，在表示情感状态的动词后用带to 的不定式作宾语补足语：love, like, prefer, hate, want ,wish, expect……I‟d prefer you to leave him aloneI don‟t want there to be any troubleE类：V + sb to do sth :V 有advise, allow ,ask, beg, command, tell, invite. force, would like, enable, direct, inspire, want, teach, forbid, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, urge, request, order, warn, cause, expect, would like sb to do sth arrange for sb to do sthcall on sb to do sthlong for sb to do sthwait for sb to do sthdepend on sb to do sthrely on sb to do sthappeal to sb to do sth注意1：hope/suggest/ refuse/ demand/ agree/ kno w …sb to do sth (×)We don‟t want such things to happen againMost of the parents forbid their children to smoke注意2 在英语中，没有如下结构：hope/demand/suggest/refuse/know/agree/..sb to do sth.此时可用上述动词后接宾语从句I hope you can give me a hand .He demanded that we should be present at the meeting注意3 为了强调”to do”可作转换：want sb to do sth →want sth to be done此时常见的动词还有：order ,expect, like, cause…注意: 不定式可作主语补足语：The room was found to be emptyHe is said to be from England.My father promised me to buy a bike for birthday present5 动词不定式作定语：不定式作定语常放在被修饰词之后，与被修饰词的关系有4种1 主谓关系He is always the first person to come and the last to leaveThe next train to arrive was from New York2 动宾关系On Sundays ,he always has a lot of letters to writeThe teacher left us a lot of problems to solveHe can find no one to make friends withShe has a child to take care of 。