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马里奥·博塔生平简介1943年出生于瑞士的提契诺州门德里西奥(MENDRISIO)，年轻时曾边学习边从事实际设计活动。
1965年在勒·柯布西耶的工作室参加威尼斯市立养老院的设计。
1969年毕业于威尼斯大学建筑学院。
毕业时，与主考官卡罗·斯卡帕相遇。
※马里奥·博塔幸运的受到三位建筑巨匠的熏陶，据说，其中以对光的利用颇为精通的路易斯·康对他的影响最大。
与路易斯·康相遇，合作设计了威尼斯新会议厅工程中的展览会。
1970年博塔在瑞士卢加诺开设了自己的建筑事务所。
※1970年以来，在洛桑联邦工业大学以及欧洲、美国、拉丁美洲等多所大学从事授课、开设研讨班等教学活动，并在各地举办个人作品展览。
1976年被瑞士洛桑联邦工业大学聘请为客座教授，1988年应邀担任美国耶鲁大学建筑学院的客座教授。
1996年瑞士意大利大学孟德里索新建筑学院院长设计风格在结束跟随路易斯·康的学习之后，他逐渐开始形成自己的风格。
博塔深入研究了众多建筑风格，诸如：多立斯风格、爱奥尼亚风格以及科林斯风格等古老的建筑风格，他开始从这些历史风格中得出相应的色彩、材质、原料以及结构等方面的构思，其所有的工作都逐渐从后现代的古朴风格中得出其内在的联系。
博塔将各种对立的因素联系起来，因此，他所设计的建筑就呈现了极为独特的特征。
博塔对环境有极强的洞察力，因此他的建筑作品常常根据不同的环境条件而展现不同的优势。
他说道：“每一项建筑作品都有它相对应的环境，在设计建筑时，其关键是考虑建筑所辖的领地”。
1980年，他增加了这样的观点：“我认为当今建筑的精华来源于比较的程度：它只承认人为因素和自然环境之间的平衡，而这样的因素又来自当地生境。
”作为提契诺学派的主要代表，其作品根植于意大利理性主义和欧洲现代主义，将欧洲严谨的手工艺传统、历史文化的底蕴、提契诺的地域特征与时代精神完美地表现在建筑上。
40多年来，博塔已设计项目600多项，涵盖了私人住宅、教堂、办公、银行、博物馆、学校等建筑类型。
解析马里奥.博塔在位于瑞士的南部的提契诺（Ticino）,半个多世纪以来，建筑师们一直尝试将历史传统和现代建筑完美的结合起来，继承和发展自己的地域特色，并以优异的作品形成了提契诺现象，是提契诺的建筑文化在国际上享有无可非议的声望及认可。
在现代的建筑实践中，形成提契诺现象的代表人物是马里奥·博塔。
理性与经验的契合博塔的建筑思想显然受到了理性主义的影响，大多作品既折射出古典理性主义的特征，又打上了新理性主义的烙印。
在方法上，以古典集合型及其组合作为形式构成的主要元素，讲究主从关系，轴线关系，对称关系比例关系等；在立面上，构图中心极强，并且以几何形天窗统帅全局；在构图上，博塔钟爱几何原型，特别是圆形，强调建筑的纪念性；在建筑语汇上，应用古典建筑建筑的语言：建筑边角的保守，中央的空壁，倾斜而稀少，准确定位的窗洞，类似古典建筑的拱门等等：在材料的使用上，发挥材料的质感和表现力：在建筑构造和细部上，以砖和石构成了简洁，完整，精美的图案。
博采众长，兼容并蓄博塔有着不同凡响的经历。
他从师卡洛·斯卡帕，又有幸在勒·柯布西耶，路易斯·康手下工作。
他研究阿尔多·罗西的新理性主义，邂逅詹姆斯·斯特林并与之交流。
他批判地吸收各种建筑文化和思潮，博采众长，兼容并蓄，结合提契诺的地域特色，创作出令人瞩目的作品。
1965年夏，博塔到勒·柯布西耶在威尼斯建造的展览室工作。
勒·柯布西耶对图形的超凡直觉，对古老城市的洞察和想现代建筑艺术的演化，对威尼斯问题的敏锐注视和精辟分析都给博塔留下了不可磨灭的印象。
此后在博塔的建筑作品中不时折射出勒·柯布西耶的影子。
1969年，在威尼斯会议中心的设计中，博塔与路易斯·康共同工作了三周。
路易斯·康的浪漫主义和诗一样的建筑队博塔产生了重大的影响。
博塔的建筑作品具有很强的封闭感，强调建筑与外界的界定，在重复基本几何和自然光运用等设计手法上皆隐含着来自路易斯·康的文化继承。
小学上册英语第一单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A _____ (植物分类) can help identify species.2.The ______ (猴子) is known for its cleverness.3. A _______ is a mixture where the components can be distinguished.4.I have a ________ that brings me joy.5.My uncle gave me a toy ____ that spins. (玩具名称)6.My coach is very . (我的教练很。
)7.The flowers are very ___ (pretty).8.My mom loves to teach me __________ (生活技能).9.The Earth's crust is made up of several ______ plates.10.The cat is sleeping on the ___ (floor/ceiling).11.An organic compound contains ______.12.I have a ___ (pet) hamster.13.I think it's nice to call my friends by their first names like ______. (我认为像____这样称呼我的朋友的名字很好。
)14.What do we call the place where books are kept?A. LibraryB. SchoolC. StoreD. ParkA Library15.My toy ____ is a great listener. (玩具名称)16.The __________ is a famous area known for its innovation.17.The sun is ______ (明亮的) today.18.The storm made the trees ___ (shake).19.The crow is often seen as a ______ (聪明的) bird.20.What do we call the sport of jumping over a bar?A. High JumpB. Long JumpC. Pole VaultD. Triple JumpA21.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Tower of PisaD. Willis Tower22.The park is _______ for everyone to enjoy.23.The ______ helps us learn about sustainability.24. A _____ (环境) can change how plants grow.25.I share my secrets with my __________. (最好的朋友)26.What do you call a person who writes plays?A. PlaywrightB. AuthorC. ScreenwriterD. NovelistA27.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lived in a shoe?A. JackB. JillC. Old Mother HubbardD. Old Woman Who Lived in a ShoeD28.What is the largest planet in our Solar System?A. SaturnB. JupiterC. EarthD. Mars29.The goldfish is one of the most popular ______ (宠物) in homes.30.The fish swims in the _________. (水)31.My friend is a ______. He enjoys gardening.32.What is 15 divided by 3?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7B33.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. NileB. AmazonC. MississippiD. Yangtze34.The __________ is a famous city known for its flowers. (阿姆斯特丹)35.We have a ______ (精彩的) event planned for next month.36.What do we call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. Tropic of CapricornA37.The first man on the moon was _______ Armstrong.38.I love to explore new _______ (地方). Each place has its own _______ (特色).39.The main source of energy for the Earth is ______.40.She _____ (cooks/cleans) dinner every night.41.We celebrate my birthday with a ________ (蛋糕) and balloons. I invite my________ (朋友) over.42.An unstable nucleus can undergo _____ (radioactive decay).43.The ______ grows in forests.44.The ______ is known for its elaborate courtship dance.45.Who is known for discovering gravity?A. EinsteinB. NewtonC. GalileoD. TeslaB46.What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue WhaleC. GiraffeD. HippoB47.What is the term for a piece of furniture used for sitting?A. TableB. ChairC. SofaD. BenchB48. A reaction that absorbs heat is ______.49. A _______ (小大雁) migrates south for the winter.50.My sister enjoys making ____ (videos) for fun.51.What do you call the measurement of how hot or cold something is?A. TemperatureB. WeatherC. ClimateD. AtmosphereA52.The raccoon washes its food in _________. (水)53.I have a special ________ that brings me joy.54.What type of animal is a parrot?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. FishC55.What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. CubC. PupD. CalfC56.I call my grandfather _____ (爷爷).57.I play _____ (游戏) on my tablet.58.The _____ (rainbow) is beautiful.59. A chemical that resists changes in pH is a ______.60.The chemical formula for potassium nitrate is _____.61.Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the __________ (红海). The Suez62. A _______ can be used to measure the pressure of liquids in different environments.63. A __________ is a region characterized by specific features.64.What do we call the opposite of ‘happy’?A. SadB. GladC. JoyfulD. Cheerful65.The fish is _____ in the tank. (swimming)66.My favorite book is about ______ (魔法).67.The ______ shares interesting facts about nature.68.The _____ (nectar) attracts pollinators.69.What is the capital of the Netherlands?A. AmsterdamB. RotterdamC. HagueD. UtrechtA70.Which fruit is red and often mistaken for a vegetable?A. BananaB. TomatoC. CarrotD. Grape71.What is the capital of Seychelles?A. VictoriaB. MahéC. PraslinD. La DigueA72.The badger digs a ______.73.How many sides does a hexagon have?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight74.What is 10 + 5?A. 12B. 14C. 15D. 16C75.The chemical symbol for copper is _____.76.The capital city of Angola is __________.77.What do you call the process of making a copy of a document?A. PrintingB. ScanningC. DuplicatingD. CopyingD78. A process that separates mixtures using a filter is called ______.79.I can see a ______ in the sky. (bird)80.What is the capital of Grenada?A. St. George'sB. GouyaveC. GrenvilleD. CarriacouA81.I enjoy _____ (参加) workshops.82.The first person to circumnavigate the globe was ______ (麦哲伦).83.How many colors are in the rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 884. A ______ reaction releases energy, often as heat or light.85. A _____ (cactus) is well-adapted to dry conditions.86.The ______ (小鳄鱼) is resting in the sun.87. A ______ is a geographical area defined by its unique characteristics.88.We should _______ (保持) our environment clean.89.The process of burning is called ______.90.What do we call the process of taking care of plants?A. GardeningB. CookingC. DrawingD. WritingA91.The story is very ________.92.This boy, ______ (这个男孩), is working on a science project.93.Acids turn blue litmus paper ______.94.The ______ is an organ that helps us see.95.We have a ______ (丰富的) range of activities at school.96.Which of these is a fruit?A. CarrotB. PotatoC. AppleD. LettuceC97.My favorite ice cream flavor is ______ (巧克力).98.The chemical symbol for neodymium is _______.99.What is the opposite of "noon"?A. MorningB. AfternoonC. MidnightD. DuskC 100.The _____ (ocean/lake) is calm.。
