下载文档原格式
菲利普·罗斯（Philip Milton Roth，1933-）是20世纪美国最杰出的小说家之一，除诺贝尔文学奖的桂冠还未摘得外，几乎将所有文学类奖项收入囊中。
作品《欲望教授》（The Professor of Desire,1977）出版于《乳房》（The Breast，1972）之后，内容却是《乳房》的前篇，讲述主人公变成一个硕大的155磅乳房前的人生历程。
与罗斯的另一部作品《垂死的肉身》（The Dying Animal，2001）一起被称为“欲望三部曲”，书中主人公都是一个名为大卫·艾伦·凯普什（David Allen Kepesh）的文学教授，在纽约州立大学教授小说导论，在人生的不同阶段与性格迥异的不同女性之间的感情纠葛，成为欲望的牺牲品。
在“凯普什系列”中，学者更多的关注于《乳房》的异化与变形问题；《垂死的肉身》中伦理道德与死亡观问题，却忽略了作为前篇的《欲望教授》的重要性。
本文从文化隐喻的视角解读《欲望教授》这部作品，试图填补这一空白。
探讨作为理性化身的教授也难逃欲望的诱惑，最后异化为失去形体、面貌、职业、社会地位及社会责任的欲望器官乳房的深层原因。
一、自身悖论的隐喻“隐喻是一种基本的语言现象，最初它被看作是一种修辞手段，现代学者则认为人类语言本身就是隐喻性的。
”(1)在文学阐释中“隐喻”（Metaphor）“涉及意义与表达在修辞、诗学、语言以及思维诸领域内的转换与生成。
”(2)“隐喻是在彼类事物的暗示之下把握此类事物的文化行为。
所谓‘把握’，指的是感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论的总和；所谓‘文化行为’，指的是心理行为和语言行为的总和。
就其实质而言，它首先表现为语言现象，却暗示出更具深意的心理现象，而任何心理现象都是文化现象的深层性展示。
”(3)大卫·艾伦·凯普什教授就是这样一个含有隐喻意味的特定符号形象，他的理智与情感的矛盾碰撞代表了当下美国犹太裔中产阶级知识分子的现实困境。
追忆似水年华英文版
"追忆似水年华"的英文版是"The Remains of the Day"。
这部小说是由日裔英国作家石黑一雄（Kazuo Ishiguro）所著，于1989年出版。
故事围绕着英国一位老式贵族庄园的管家史蒂文斯展开，他在回忆过去的同时，也反思了自己的生活和职业。
小说以第一人称叙述，揭示了主人公内心的挣扎和对过去的回忆。
从文学角度来看，"The Remains of the Day" 被认为是一部精致的小说，以其细腻的叙事和深刻的人物刻画而闻名。
石黑一雄以精湛的笔法描绘了史蒂文斯的内心世界，同时也通过史蒂文斯的视角，反映了英国社会和历史的变迁。
小说融合了对个人命运和社会变革的思考，展现了作者对人性和情感的深刻洞察。
除了文学价值，"The Remains of the Day" 还被改编成了同名电影，由安东尼·霍普金斯和艾玛·汤普森主演。
电影于1993年上映，获得了广泛的好评和多项奖项提名，进一步扩大了这部作品的影响力。
总的来说，"The Remains of the Day" 是一部深具文学价值的小说，通过对主人公内心世界的描绘，展现了对个人命运和社会变
革的思考，深刻而动人。
同时，它也在影视改编方面取得了成功，为更多的观众带来了这个故事的魅力。
Edmund SpenserThe faerie QueeneChristopher Marlowe 克利斯朵夫.马洛Tamburlaine/Dr.Faustus/The Jew of MaltaWilliam Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亚Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth /Romeo and Juliet/Sonnet 18:shalli compare three to a summer's dayFrancis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning/Novum Organum /Of Studies John Donne 约翰.邓恩The Songs and SonnetsGeorge Herbertvirtue:sweet day, so cool,socalm,so brightBen John"Song-To Celia":drink to me only with thine eyesRobert Herrick"To the Virgins,to Make Much of Time":gather ye rosebuds while ye mayJohn Milton 约翰.弥尔顿Paradise Lost/Paradise Regained/Samson AgonistesJohn Bunyan 约翰.班扬The Pilgrim,s Progress《天路历程》Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特A Modest Proposal/Gulliver's Travels/A Tale of a Tub /The Battle of the BooksAlexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯An Essay on Criticism /The Rape of the LockDaniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福Robinson Crusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》Henry Fielding 亨利.费尔丁The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling/The History of Jonathan Wild the GreatSamuel Johnson 塞缪尔.约翰逊A Dictionary of the English LanguageRichard Brinsley Sheridan 理查.比.谢立丹The Rivals /The School for ScandalThomas Gray托马斯.格雷“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》Robert Burns 罗伯特•彭斯A Red,RedRose:o,myluve's like a red,red roseWilliam Blake 威廉布莱恩Marriage of Heaven and Hel/songs of Experience/Songs of Innocence;when my mother die i was very youngWilliam Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯Robert Southey and Coleridgeas the “Lake Poets”Lyrical Ballads.《抒情歌谣集》/The Prelude 序曲/ “i wondered londly as a CloudSamuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治Kubla Khan/The NightingaleGeorge Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦Childe Harold ' s Pilgrimage《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》Don Juan/"She Walks in Beauty"/"Song for the Luddites":as the libery lads o'er the seaPercy Bysshe Shelley 柏.比.雪莱“Ode to the West Wind”/Prometheus Unbound/QueenMab/The Cenci/"A Song:'Men of England'"John Keats 约翰.济慈"Ode on Melancholy"/"Ode on a Grecian Urn”/“Ode to aNightingale”/“Ode a Psyche”/ “To Autumn”:season of mists and mellow fruitfulnessJane Austen 简.奥斯汀Sense and Sensibility/Pride and Prejudice/Emma/Persuasion / Mansfield ParkCharles Dickens 查尔斯.狄更斯The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club /liver Twist/A tale of two Cities/ Great ExpectationsCharlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂.布朗蒂Jane EyreEmily Bronte 艾米丽.布朗蒂Wuthering HeightsAnne Bronte 安妮.布朗蒂Agnes GreyAlfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生Idylls of the King《国王诗歌集》Thomas Hardy 托马斯.哈代Jude the Obscure/Tess of the D，Urbervilles:her narrative ended George Bernard Shaw 乔治•萧伯纳Widowers House /Mrs. Warren,s Profession/Caesar and Cleopatra/St. Joan/Back to Methuselah/Pygmalion 卖花女John Galsworthy 约翰.高尔斯华绥The forsyte saga/The Man of Property/Form the Four windsWilliam Butler Yeats 威廉.巴特勒.叶芝The Lake Lsle of Innisfree/The Wind Among the Reeds T.S.Eliot埃略特The Waste Land/The Four Quartets / “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock James Joyce詹姆斯.乔伊斯Ulysses《尤利西斯》wrence 戴维.伯特.劳伦斯Sons and Lovers. /The Rainbow / Women in LoveWilliam Golding 威廉戈尔丁Lord of the Flies 蝇王Samuel Beckett赛缪尔•贝尔特Waiting for Godot等待戈多Dylan Thomas狄兰•托马斯Death and Entrances死亡与出场Ted Hughes 特德•休斯Hawk in the Rain 雨中鹰Seamus Heaney谢默斯•希尼Death of a Naturalist 一位自然主义者之死Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon/Rip van WinkleEdgar Allan Poe 埃德加•坡The Goldbug/Muders in the Rue MorgueRalph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生Nature/The America Scholar/Walden Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔。
Robert Frost 部分诗选及简介耶鲁大学公开课现代诗歌讲师介绍：兰顿·哈默是耶鲁大学英语系主任，拥有耶鲁大学文学学士及哲学博士学位。
他是《哈特·克兰和艾伦·泰特：双面孔的现代派》的作者，《哦，我的祖国，我的友人：哈特·克兰书信选》和美国丛书《哈特·克兰诗歌全集与书信选》的编者。
作为古根海姆基金会的一员，兰顿·哈默近期的研究课题为诗人詹姆斯·梅利尔。
兰顿的新诗评论和文学批评文章常常发表在纽约时报书评和其他杂志上，并且他还是《美国学者》的诗歌编辑。
Langdon Hammer, chairman of the Department of English at Yale, earned his B.A. and Ph.D. from Yale. He is the author of Hart Crane and Allen Tate: Janus-Faced Modernism and editor of O My Land, My Friends: The Selected Letters of Hart Crane and the Library of America's, Hart Crane: Complete Poems and Selected Letters. A Guggenheim Fellow, he is currently at work on a biography of the poet James Merrill. His reviews of new poetry and literary criticism regularly appear in The New York Times Book Review and other magazines, and he is poetry editor of The American Scholar.Robert Frost(罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874～1963) PoetBorn: 26 March 1874Birthplace: San Francisco, CaliforniaDied: 29 January 1963Best Known As: American poet who wrote "The Road Not Taken"The poetry of Robert Frost combined pastoral imagery with solitary philosophical themes and was often associated with rural New England. Frost was one of the most popular poets in America during his lifetime and was frequently called the country's unofficial poet laureate. He was farming in Derry, New Hampshire when, at the age of 38, he sold the farm, uprooted his family and moved to England, where he devoted himself to his poetry. His first two books of verse, A Boy's Will (1913) and North of Boston (1914), were immediate successes. In 1915 he returned to the United States and continued to publish poems that were both popular and critical successes. His poems include "Mending Wall" ("good fences make good neighbors"), "Birches," "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" ("Whose woods these are I think I know"), and "The Road Not Taken." Frost was awarded the Pulitzer Prize four times: in 1924, 1931, 1937 and 1943. He also served as "Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress" from 1958-59; that position was renamed as "Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry" in 1986.Frost read his poem "The Gift Outright" at the 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy... Frost preferred traditional rhyme and meter in poetry; his famous dismissal of free verse was, "I'd just as soon play tennis with the net down."【FOUR GOOD LINKS】☆The Robert Frost Web Page/indexgood.htmlBiography, interviews and select poems★Robert Frost: America's Poet/frost/Timeline biography and several of his poems☆A Frost Bouquet/small/exhibits/frost/home.htmlTerrific exhibit from the University of Virginia★Frost in The Atlantic Monthly/doc/prem/199604u/frost-intro1996 profile that includes poems and readings弗罗斯特(Robert Frost)(1874～1963)美国诗人。
从《退场的鬼魂》看菲利普·罗斯近期创作之主题摘要《退场的鬼魂》（exist ghost）系美国作家菲利普·罗斯于2007年创作的作品。
小说通过对隐居山区达11年之久的七旬老者重回纽约的所见、所闻、所感，凸现已入夕阳之境的老者的复杂心态。
一些上年纪者频繁现于罗斯近期作品中，本文通过对《退场的鬼魂》之文本解读，透视其近期创作的主题，即衰老、疾病、死亡等等，进而把握其创作内涵及其文化意蕴。
关键词：菲利普·罗斯《退场的鬼魂》主题中图分类号：i106.4 文献标识码：a纵观菲利普·罗斯漫长的创作历程，罗斯向来关注重大历史事件对美国人生活的影响，行文中彰显时政色彩，而这也是罗斯创作的重要特色之一。
因此，2007年，罗斯虽以《普通人》（everyman，2006）夺得笔会/福克纳小说奖，但责难声不绝于耳。
有人批评罗斯放弃颇为擅长的宏大叙事，转而絮叨于一个怏怏不乐之老者的疾病史。
有评论甚至将其视为败笔之作。
大多读者旋即将失望化作期待，期望勤于笔耕的罗斯重现《美国牧歌》（american pastoral，1997）等作品的气势，以驳斥所谓“罗斯正处于创作低潮期”之说法。
在诸方人士观望、等待中，《退场的鬼魂》出版。
小说主人公——内森·朱克曼——出场之时已71岁高龄，11年前，朱克曼为躲避恐怖分子的恐吓而离开纽约，隐居于新英格兰山区的小屋里，没有媒体，没有女人，没有新闻，没有电脑，唯以写作打发时间。
为了医治前列腺癌手术后遗症，朱克曼重返曼哈顿。
其感受怎样？朱克曼自言就像华盛顿·欧文笔下的瑞普·凡·温克一样，“一觉醒来，回到家乡，发现一切都变了模样”。
读罢释卷，不难看出，“纽约时光”没有给予朱克曼幸福和快乐，他所感同身受的唯有衰老、死亡、无奈。
最终，他如幽灵般黯然退场，离开已不属于自己的大都市，恰如作品之题名：“退场的鬼魂”。
罗斯以其创作再次续写“疾病、衰老、死亡”等沉重话题。
第六课从天窗中消失科学是能够为人们普遍接受的。
有一个事实可用来说明这一点：一门科学发展程度越高，其基本概念就越能为人们普遍接受。
举例而言，世界上就只有一种热力学，并不存在什么分开独立的中国热力学、美国热力学或者苏联热力学。
在二十世纪的几十年的时间里，遗传学曾分为两派；西方遗传学和苏联遗传学。
后者源于李森科的理论，即环境的作用可能造成遗传基因的变异。
今天，李森科的理论已经被推翻，因此，世界上就只有一种遗传学了。
作为科学的自然产物，工艺技术也显示出一种世界通用的倾向。
这就是为什么工艺技术的发展传播使世界呈现出一体化特征的原因。
原本各异的世界各地的建筑风格、服饰风格、音乐风格——甚至饮食风格——都越来越趋向于变成统一的世界流行风格了。
世界呈现出同一性特征是因为它本来具有同一性。
在这个世界上长大的儿童感受到的是一个千篇一律的世界而不是一个多样化的世界。
他们的个性也受到这种同一性的影响，因此，在他们的感觉中，不同文化和个人之间的差异变得越来越小了。
由于世界各地的建筑越来越千篇一律，居住在这些建筑里的人也越来越千人一面了。
这样带来的结果用一句人们已经听熟的话来描述再恰当不过：历史要消失了。
以汽车为例即可非常清楚地证明这一点。
诸如流线型或全焊接式车身结构一类的技术革新，一开始可能不被人接受，但假如这种技术革新在提高汽车制造业的工作效率和经济效益方面确有巨大作用，它便会一再地以各种变异的形式出现，直到最终它不仅会被接受，而且会被大家公认为是一种宝贵的成果。
今天的汽车再也找不出某个汽车公司或某个民族文化的标志性特征了。
一般的汽车，不管产于何地，其基本特征都大同小异。
几年前，福特汽车公司制造出一种菲爱斯塔牌汽车，并将其称为“世界流行车”。
这种车出现在广告上的形象是周围环绕着世界各国的国旗。
福特公司解释说，这种汽车的汽缸活塞是英国产的，汽化器是爱尔兰造的，变速器是法国产的，车轮是比利时产的，诸如此类，等等等等。
这种菲爱斯塔牌汽车现在似乎已完全销声匿迹了，但这种制造世界流行汽车的设想计划却是势在必行的。
本科生毕业论文(设计) 从《摩尔?弗兰德斯》看笛福小说的叙事特点The Study of Defoe’s Narrative Characteristics throughMoll FlandersRegistered No. 9AbstractDaniel Defoe 1660-1731 is widely regarded as father of English novel and one of the pioneers of realism in European fiction. Moll Flanders signifies the top of his literary career. This thesis tries to study Defoe’s narrative characteristics through Moll Flanders. The nature of Defoe's journalistic experience has been particularly well adapted to further his later career as a novelist. Then the thesis will deal with the question of dual voices. The duality in Moll’s voice is really a duality in both young and older Moll, one acts and suffers and the other perceives and narrates. Finally, the thesis will say something about episodic plot in Moll Flanders. It is these special narrative characteristics?journalistic narration, dual voices and episodic plot that make Daniel Defoe father of the modern English novel as well as Moll Flanders the first novel in the English literatureKey words: scene, journalistic narration, dual voices, episodic plot摘要丹尼尔?笛福(Daniel Defoe, 1660?1731)被誉为英国小说之父和欧洲现实主义文学的先驱。
Amadeus DigitalMerchandising Conference 20151 –3 June 2015Bangkok, ThailandFuture Traveller Tribes 2030Building a more rewardingjourney1 –3 June 2015Bangkok, ThailandRob Sinclair-BarnesEstablished Methods Need To EvolveMobile FirstAge no longerdefines travelGeorgina Harwood, SouthAfrica 100 years youngValue isexpected& pricetransparencyBusiness blends intoLeisure as‘win-win’Future Traveller Tribes 2030_Research objective: understanding the key traveller ‘tribes’ or segments that will emerge by 2030 to shape the future of travel_Outlining the key consumer trends that will emergeover the next 15 years driving industry change_Builds on previous Future Traveller Tribes 2020study, commissioned by Amadeus and published back in 2007_“Building a more rewarding journey” is to take thetraveller tribes identified from phase one and ‘map’ their behaviours to the different stages of the traveller journey and appropriate merchandising options‘The more we understand the traveller, the better we can shape the future of the globaltravel ecosystem’‘What, Where, When and Who…to better define How’Future Traveller Tribes 2030Building a more rewardingjourney1 –3 June 2015Bangkok, ThailandLawrence LundyInformation and CommunicationsTechnology ConsultantC o n f i d e n t i a lRESTRICTEDFuture Traveller Tribes 2030 Questionnaire Results© 2015 A m a d e u s I T G r o u p S ACultural Purists: use their travel as an opportunity to immerse themselves in an unfamiliar culture, looking tobreak themselves entirely from their home lives and engage sincerely with a different way of living.Obligation Meeters: have their travel choices restricted by the need to meet some bounded objective. Thoughthey will arrange or improvise other activity around this purpose, their core needs and behaviours are mainly shaped by their need to be in a certain place, at a certain time, without fail.Reward Hunters: use travel as an opportunity for mental, physical and indeed spiritual enrichment, cordoningoff space and time for fundamentally self-centred activity with the hope of returning not only rested, but improved. They are the luxury travellers of the future.Simplicity Searchers: value above everything else ease and transparency in their travel planning andholidaymaking, and are willing to outsource their decision-making to trusted parties to avoid having to go through extensive research themselves.Social Capital Seekers: their choices are shaped by their desire to take maximal social reward from their travel.They will exploit the potential of digital media to enrich and inform their experiences, and structure their adventures with the fact of their being watched by online audiences ever in mind.Ethical Travellers: allow their conscience, in some shape or form, to be their guide when organising andundertaking their travel. They may make concessions to environmental concerns, let their political ideals shape their choices, or have a heightened awareness of the ways in which their tourism spend contributes to economies and markets.20%20%21%18%14%8%Higher margins Personalization offers ability toincrease conversions andprofitsVery different traveller needsTraveller segments are becoming ever more complex –‘bleisure ’ Customer satisfaction andloyaltyMore effectively meeting customer needs will drive brand developmentWhy build a more rewarding customer journey?Established methods need toevolveMobile First, Age no longer defines travel, value and transparencyWhat will be the purchasing experience in 2030?Progress in big data analytics will allowairlines to personalise bundles in real-time to theindividualThe purchasingelement willgradually becomefrictionless andultimatelyautomatedUltimately, saleschannels will bedivided into twogroups: ‘inspiration’versus ‘information’WhatWhich merchandising techniques WhenAt what pointduring thejourneyWhereThrough whichchannelsWhoWhich travellersegmentHowHow to bringthis all togetherHow to build a more rewarding customer journey?The What , When and WhereThe 2014 Thinking like a Retailer report developed a merchandising strategy framework, defining the What , When and Where_The ‘merchandisingstrategy framework’ allows airlines to build amerchandising strategy based around six critical elements;_Customer journey, merchandising technique, sales channel, travelservices, price, and personalisationWhat WhenWhereWhoHowMerchandisingReal time information and notificationsRebooking (voluntary)Flight booking Award BookingTime to think /Pay Later Social Media sharingMultiple payment metho dSearchDeals & OffersSearchCross platformTrip toolsMobile BoardingCheck-In PassRepeat trip AnalyticsDisruption managementThe What, When, Where & WhoThe Future Traveller Tribes 2030 detailed the six future Traveller Tribes, the ‘Who ’_Faster pace of change requires a refresh of the Future Traveller Tribes_As new technologies emerge, travellers are faced with greater choice and complexity._Critical to changesegmentation approach from demographic to motivation to travelWhat WhenWhereWhoHowObligation Meeters Simplicity SearchersReward HuntersSocial Capital SeekersCultural PuristsEthical TravellersWhat When Where Who How Building a more rewarding journeyThis framework allows for a more advanced segmentation strategy to better meet theneeds and desires of travellersSimplicity SeekersReward HuntersSocial Capital SeekersCultural PuristsEthical TravellersObligation MeetersShaping the future traveller journeyPost-tripOn-trip Airport Check-in 48/24h24/48hBookShop Inspire after bookingbefore departureMulti-channel shopping behaviour Comparison shopping Information overload Fare families Bundled offersÀ la carte offers Multi-leg options Multi-currency pricingsOptimised user interface (UI)Cross-sell Complementary promotions Channeloptimisation Payment security Mobile paymentsTime to think Data privacyPush notificationsDoor to departure RebookingCorporate traveller recognition UpsellNon-peak time offersDisruption managementPassenger volume forecast Process automation Airport shopping Near FieldCommunication (NFC)Duty FreeIn-flight Arrival to final destination Flight changesReviews & ratings Customer Relationship Management (CRM)Customer Experience Management (CEM)Next trip…?Context-aware emails Peer to peer Frequent flyer / LoyaltyBig data(Market of one)Traveller affinityRich mediaAs future traveller tribe purchasing habits evolve, travel providers need to respond and build a more rewarding and connected traveller journey, from ‘inspiring to arriving home’. Implementing appropriate solutions andservices at each stage of the traveller journey will be crucial to success. The following chart provides examples and potential benefits of various strategies to shape the future traveller journey ./tribes2030Obligation MeetersSimplicity SearchersReward HuntersSocial CapitalSeekersCultural Purists Ethical TravellersYou can follow us on:AmadeusITGroup/blog What’s your Traveller Tribe?Future Traveller Tribes 2030:Understanding tomorrow’s traveller#Tribes2030/tribes2030/blog/tag/tribes-2030/。
