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分子生物学考博真题中国疾控中心2005年分子生物学（博士）一、名词解释1.EST2.YAC3.Sense DNA4.RNAi5.Race二、问答题1、乳糖操纵子的结构。
IPTG如何诱导结构基因表达？2、正向突变、抑制突变及回复突变的定义及与突变的关系。
3、PUC18克隆载体的结构特征。
4、在做PCR过程中，常遇到的问题及解决方法。
5、已知蛋白A、B之间相互作用，C、D分别与A、B 相似，如何签定C、D之间的相互作用，两种方法说明之。
6、试用分子生物学相关知识建立动物模型的方法，如何建立病原生物学的动物模型。
军事医学科学院1995年分子生物学试题（博士）1. Apoptosis的生物学意义及其调控基因。
2.基因转移的概念及基因转移载体应具备的条件。
3.原癌基因的功能及其转化为癌基因的机理。
4.人主要组织相容性抗原在细胞识别中的作用及原理。
5.染色体重排对生物体的影响及其主要类型。
6.噬菌体显示技术原理及其在生物学研究中的意义。
军事医学科学院1996年分子生物学试题（博士）1.什么是原癌基因？它们怎样被反转录病毒激活？2.什么是tumor supperssor gene？举例说明它的调控功能。
3.细胞染色体的异常如何导致癌基因的激活？4 解释以下名词：(1) gene knock-out (2) molecularhybridization (3) restriction fragment length polymorphism (4) human genome project5.G蛋白的结构特点信其功能.6 .apoptosis的特征与其生理及病理意义,已知它的调控基因有哪些？2006 协和生物化学与分子生物学专业博士试题一、填空（24空24分）1.---------年，由-------和-------（英文姓）首次提出了DNA的双螺旋模型，其结果发表在----杂志，他们提出的实验依据是-------和--------。
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
2^ 核小体(nucleosome)密的结构形式。
操纵子(operon ) 转应子(transposon) Z 型 DNA (Z-I)NA) 溶源现象(lys ()gcncsis) 光复合修复(photoreaction repair) 复制子(replicon)构成染色质的基木结构单位使得染色质中DNA 、引发体(promosome) 异源双链体(heteroduplex) 无效突变(null mutation) 密码兼并(code degenerac}0 断裂基因(split gene) 同裂悔(isoschizomer)RXA 和蛋白质组织成为一种致增变基因(mutator gene) 卫星 DNA (satellite DNA)RNA 编辑(RNA-editing) 拟基因(pseudogene)Chi 序列(Chi sequence) 核酶(ribozyme)1995年分子遗传学试题(北农科院M 士分了遗传学试题_97基木是此卷)内含子(intron ) 増变基因(mutatorgene) 冈崎片段(Okazaki fragment) 琥珀突变(amber mutation) 引发体(primosome) 颠换 (tra ns versi ()n )Z 型 DNA (Z-DNA) 操纵子(opcron )移码突变(fYameshitt mutation) 核小体(nucleosme) 卫星 DNA (satellite DNA) 弱化子(attenuator)同裂酶(isoschizomer) 同功tRNA (isoacccptcr) 基因簇(gene cluster)拓扑异构酶(topoisomerase) 核酶(ribozyme) 基因家族(genefamily)1994年分子遗传学试题一、名词解释1、内含子(intron)原始转录物通过RNA 拼接反应而被去除的RNA 序列或基因屮与这种RNA 序列相应的 DNA 序列。
中科院2002年分子遗传学〔博士〕注：1、A卷考生必须答复以下5题，每题20分。
B卷考生任选四题答复，每题25分。
一、请举出细胞中的各种RNA分子的名称、特征和功能。
如何从RNA动身开展功能基因组的研究。
二、真核生物的基因表达操纵〔controlofgeneexpression〕和信号传导〔signaltransduction〕有紧密的关系，请举出一个你熟悉的例子分不讲明这两个概念的含义及其联系。
三、目前差不多有一些现成的软件用来猜测基因组全序列中的基因。
为了设计这些软件，你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的？请讲明理由。
四、在真核生物中转座子能够分为几种类型？请分述每种类型的结构和特征。
如何利用转座子进行分子遗传学的研究和功能基因组的研究。
五、自从克隆的多利羊诞生以来，报界经常传播所谓克隆动物的缺陷，有一种讲法是克隆动物会早衰，有人推测早衰的缘故可能是：〔1〕被克隆的体细胞核的染色体端粒变短或〔2〕被克隆的体细胞核的基因表达程序差不多处在发育上成熟的时期。
现在请你从染色体DNA 复制的角度作支持第〔1〕种可能的阐述，并从基因表达调控的角度做反对第〔2〕中可能的阐述。
中国海洋大学博士进学考试试题分子生物学2002年名词解释：基因组学基因组大小基因组复杂度基因表达正操纵顺势调控元件开放阅读框架基因芯片内含子肽核酸内含肽咨询答题：1、表达遗传中心法那么，目前在用的重要分子生物学技术有哪些？请用中心法那么解释这些技术的工作原理。
2、基因全然结构如何？〔即含有基因的DNA区域具有什么结构能使基因遗传信息传递给蛋白质？〕3、什么是遗传变异？变异的实质是什么？现在使用的分子标记系统各利用了哪些变异？基本上如何利用的？4、用哪些方法能够获得一段DNA的大量拷贝？分子克隆是获得大量拷贝的技术之一。
请对历史上使用过的和目前仍在使用的分子克隆载体做评述〔描述特点，对比异同〕5、DNA测序的方法是什么？目前在用的方法和原始方法有什么不同？有一段100千碱基对的DNA片断〔没有重复区段〕，请设计最正确测序策略。
中国农大考博试题分子生物学试题 961 什么是原癌基因？（4）它们怎样被反转录病毒激活？（16分）2 什么是tumor supperssor gene？（4分）举例说明它的调控功能。
（16分）3 细胞染色体的异常如何导致癌基因的激活？（20分）4 解释以下名词：(1) gene knock-out (5分)(2) molecular hybridization (5分)(3) restriction fragment length polymorphism (5分)(4) human genome project (5分)5 G蛋白的结构特点信其功能（20分）6 apoptosis的特征与其生理及病理意义（10分）已知它的调控基因有哪些？（10分）以上6题任选5题回答。
一. 名词解释(2/40)1. 间体2. 血影3. 脂质体4. 巴氏小体5. 成熟促进因子(MPF)6. Hela细胞株7. IL-28. 周期蛋白9. 等位排斥 10. G0期细胞 11. 转基因动物12. 同源异形染色体 13. 联会复合体 14. G蛋白 15. 胞质板 16. 信号转换17. 核骨架 18. 多线染色体 19. 染色体组 20. 原癌基因二. 问答题(10/60)1. 简述细胞膜的结构和功能2. 什么是核基质?其结构和功能如何?3. 简述蛋白质月末的信号假说.4. 什么是染色体的袢环模型?5. 什么是单克隆抗体技术?有何应用价值?6. 简述肌醇酯信号通路.2000：1．如何发现或寻找新基因？2．什么是蛋白质组（蛋白质组学）？与基因组差别？主要内容及策略？3． DNA结合蛋白的几种结构花式？modif（画简图）4．真核基因在原核表达的难点及对策？5．基因knock out与knock in：6．差异显示：7．酵母双杂交：8．基因芯片：中国农大2003分子遗传学博士研究生入学考试试题一、请举出对分子遗传学发展做出贡献的诺贝尔奖获得者10名，其重要成就如何？ 30'二、何谓RNA编辑，是如何进行编辑的？15'三、举出2-3种基因组测序或功能基因组研究的策略，并加以说明。
名校分子生物学考博真题汇总中国疾控中心2005年分子生物学（博士）一、名词解释1.EST2.YAC3.Sense DNA4.RNAi5.Race二、问答题1、乳酸操纵子的结构。
IPTG如何诱导结构基因表达？2、正向突变、抑制突变及回复突变的定义及与突变的关系。
3、PUC18克隆载体的结构特征。
4、在做PCR过程中，常遇到的问题及解决方法。
5、已知蛋白A、B之间相互作用，C、D分别与A、B 相似，如何签定C、D之间的相互作用，两种方法说明之。
6、试用分子生物学相关知识建立动物模型的方法，如何建立病原生物学的动物模型。
军事医学科学院1995年分子生物学试题（博士）1. Apoptosis的生物学意义及其调控基因。
2.基因转移的概念及基因转移载体应具备的条件。
3.原癌基因的功能及其转化为癌基因的机理。
4.人主要组织相容性抗原在细胞识别中的作用及原理。
5.染色体重排对生物体的影响及其主要类型。
6.噬菌体显示技术原理及其在生物学研究中的意义。
军事医学科学院1996年分子生物学试题（博士）1.什么是原癌基因？它们怎样被反转录病毒激活？2.什么是tumor supperssor gene？举例说明它的调控功能。
3.细胞染色体的异常如何导致癌基因的激活？4 解释以下名词：(1) gene knock-out (2) molecular hybridization (3) restriction fragment length polymorphism(4) human genome project5.G蛋白的结构特点信其功能.6 .apoptosis的特征与其生理及病理意义,已知它的调控基因有哪些？2006 协和生物化学与分子生物学专业博士试题一、填空（24空24分）1.---------年，由-------和-------（英文姓）首次提出了DNA的双螺旋模型，其结果发表在----杂志，他们提出的实验依据是-------和--------。
2017年中国农业科学院博士入学考试——土壤化学
一．选择题(10道题,每题1分)
略
二．名词解释（5道题，每题2分）
1.双电层
2.CECp
3.离子交换吸附的pH50
4.可变电荷
5.土壤电荷零点
三．简答题（4道题，每题10分）
1.试简要论述极性分子吸附法测定土壤表面积的原理。
2.简述土壤酸碱度变化对于土壤磷的植物有效性的影响
3.什么是土壤盐化?试根据土壤盐分运移的基本规律分析说明盐土改良利用的措施有哪些？
4.土壤化学动力学的定义并列出常见的土壤化学动力学公式.
四．论述题（3选2,每题20分)
1.土壤有机质在土壤肥力和生态环境保护中的作用和意义。
2.论述土壤酸化的原因及防治土壤酸化的措施。
3.试论述土壤自净能力的含义及其应用。
中国农业科学院和中国农业大学2004年动物遗传育种与繁殖专业的博士入学试题（回忆版），
上半部分为《动物分子生物学》，下半部分为《家畜遗传育种学》。
中国农业大学生物学院部分专业也考《动物分子生物学》
《动物分子生物学》
一、名词：
RQ—PCR 微卫星DNA SNP SARS 转换
同源重组可变剪切基因簇端粒酶无义突变
二、简答
1. 真核生物RNA聚合酶启动子的特点
2. 转座子的作用机理及遗传效应
3. 核糖核酸中戊糖2’—OH的作用
4. Z—DNA的结构和生物学作用
5. 终止子和终止密码的区别
6. 举例说明免疫球蛋白的遗传重排的过程。
《动物遗传学》
一、名词：
育种目标REML 连锁不平衡微效多基因和主效基因家系选择÷
二、简答：
1. MAS的原理、方法及应用？
2. Hardy－Weinberg原理的基本内容
3. 什么是个体育种值？BLUP相对于常规选择的优点？
4. 近交增量为0.05，计算15代的近交系数
5. 杂交繁育体系的结构及其应用
6. 生产性能测定的几种方法及应用
7. 后裔测定会延长世代间隔，但为什么在奶牛育种中还在应用？
8. （记不起）
三、计算（记不起没有原始数据）
1. 关于遗传进展和辅助选择的计算
2. 用女母回归法和半同胞相关法估计遗传力
四、问答
1. 家畜遗传多样性保护的意义，存在的问题及对策
2. 阐述《分子数量遗传学》的主要研究内容，方法，进展和自己的看法。
（以上资料仅凭回忆，如有不符，请多原谅。
2016中国农业科学院作物科学研究所作物育种学博士入学考试试题（回忆版）
1分子遗传学（共100分）
1.1名字解释
朊病毒；宏基因组学；基因组印迹；组蛋白修饰；染色质重塑；表观遗传修饰；沉默子与绝缘子；程序性细胞死亡；同源重组；RNA干扰
1.2简答题
简述至少3种基因克隆技术
列举至少3种验证DNA与蛋白互作的技术
简述DNA损伤修复的方式
1.3论述题（3选2）
论述基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9的技术原理和特点及应用
论述第一代、第二代和第三代测序技术的特点
列举2015年分子遗传学领域重大研究进展（国内国外各5例）
2作物育种学（共100分）
2.1简答题
高产作物源、库、流的特征
简述引种的原理及影响因素
简述染色体结构变异的几种方式及遗传学效应
简述杂种优势的原理及复杂多样性特征
简述表型与基因型鉴定的几种方式
2.2论述题
如何制定育种策略体现绿色环保的概念
发掘创制种质资源及提高利用效率的方法
论述分子育种的基本策略。
中国农业科学院博士研究生入学考试英语样题PART I Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure(25%)Section A:Vocabulary(15points)Directions:There are fifteen questions in this section.Each question is a sentence with something missing.Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose oneword or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with asingle bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1.Studies on cats have helped______some of the abilities of our mysterious housemates.A.lightenB.obscureC.illuminateD.cherish2.Lung cancer is the UK’s biggest cancer killer,______more than35,000lives a year.A.savingB.claimingC.demandingD.producing3.Some stereotypes of the Chinese______in the United States because of the large number ofnegative reports.A.endureB.vanishC.insistD.deteriorate4.After the marathon race,some athletes are too______to answer the reporter’s questions.A.wiped outB.figured outid outD.worn out5.The good news is that more foreigners have come to______traditional Chinese medicine.A.take inB.believe inC.turn inD.get in6.Treatments that______the immune system have shown great promise against some forms ofcancer.A.proceedB.erodeC.harnessD.precede7.A year ago there were slightly more______than jobseekers,but now there are twice as manyopenings.A.vacuumsB.vacanciesC.vacationsD.vocations8.Dogs seem to experience separation anxiety,which also indicates that they feel______to theirowners.A.hostilityB.objectionC.relianceD.attachment9.Previous research has shown that there are immediate______benefits from eating chocolate.A.cognitiveB.imaginativeC.creativepetitive10.A discovery into the genetic makeup of tumors may deliver therapies that are______toindividual patients.A.entitledB.affiliatedC.tailoredD.obliged11.A major obstacle______English learning is the profound influence of the mother tongue.A.forB.onC.toD.over12.As the vote will be______in favor of the Republican Party,Trump is getting near to thepresidency.A.deliberatelyB.overwhelminglyC.conscientiouslyD.crudely13.It takes courage to______all the opposition to the decision to have these corrupt officialsarrested.A.break downB.turn downC.let downD.shut down14.One choice has to______another when you are making a decision as to which college toattend.A.be oriented toB.be indulged inC.be coupled withD.be weighed against15.This company is constantly looking for ways to improve services______different customers.A.on behalf ofB.in case ofC.by means ofD.with a view toSection B Grammatical Structure(10points)Directions:There are twenty questions in this section.Each question is a sentence with something missing.Below each sentence are four words,phrases or grammatical structures marked A,B,C and D.Choose one that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.16.About twenty years______since my parents bought this apartment in this city.A.passedB.has passedC.is passingD.have passed17.She was so busy that she left the food______last evening.A.untouchedB.being untouchedC.to be untouchedD.not touched18.Despite his repeated attempt______this test,he has never succeeded.A.of passingB.that passesC.to passD.passing19.This book is not so important as______.A.is said to beB.what is said to beC.are said to beD.which is said to be20.A college student______the four basic skills related to English learning.A.need improvingB.needs to improveC.need to improveD.needs improving21.Tom might have got the top score in physics______more careful.A.he had beenB.had he beenC.if he wereD.if he is22.My professor of biology is an amiable lady about twice______.A.my ageB.so old as meC.as my ageD.as old as my age23.An individual,______,is entitled to some constitutional rights.A.no matter rich or poorB.however rich or poorC.rich or poorD.either rich or poor24.A new library has been built in______used to be residential buildings.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.what25.Regular exercise can boost your immunity______helping you look younger.A.whenB.whileC.duringD.as26.What my supervisor said to me set me______.A.thinkingB.to thinkC.thoughtD.think27.There is a growing body of evidence______nuts can benefit human health.A.whichB.whoseC.thatD.where28.The first thing she has to do now is______to the manager.A.apologizesB.to apologizedC.apologyD.apologize29.My mom was thirty years old the year______I was born.A.whichB.XC.in thatD.where30.Couples who have lost their only child wish to have______child.A.the secondB.secondC.a secondD.a secondary31.The teacher tried to console this little girl,______her feel worse.A.which makingB.only to makeC.but makingD.yet to make32.It was______last weekend______I learned that she had been diagnosed with cancer.A.at…whenB.no sooner…thanC.hardly…whenD.not until…that33.We can find out more about______space via______Internet.A.X...the B.the...the C.X...X D.a (X)34.This bridge is believed______about800years ago.A.to be builtB.having builtC.to have been builtD.being built35.______in the1960s,my parents usually think differently from us.A.Being bornB.BornC.Having been bornD.To be bornPART II READING COMPREHENSION(30points)Directions:In this part of the test,there are five short passages.Read each passage carefully,and then do the questions that follow.Choose the best answer from the four choices given and markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Passage OneImagine a world without alcohol sponsorship of sport and without drinks ads on TV.You’re imagining France,the country with a heavy drinking rate one sixth that of Ireland.It’s a country where there is a genuinely sensible and mature approach to alcohol–with a range of regulationsfor the alcohol industry.To be certain,people drink in France–there is alcoholism and serious issues for public health there,just as in other societies where alcohol is available–but in France,the trend is downward and heavy drinking isn’t a group activity where getting drunk is the objective.The drinks industry in Ireland is pitilessly efficient and deeply rational–like any multi-billion euro industry,knowing how to get people to drink more,how to grow a market,howto cultivate the next generation of drinkers and how to put them on the value addition conveyor belt.The economics of drinking is strikingly obvious.A massive diversity of products at a massively wide range of prices,with a staggering diversity of lifestyle messages and marketing approaches to segment and divide the market.We start with the young drinkers,who don’t have a whole lot of money–for young men there’re the thin aluminum can beers which promise European sophistication and precious metals.For the ladies there are the lighter alcopops and coolers,which promise to have one laugh uncontrollably into the night with your equally attractive mid-twenties friends,often with a three-for-two offer.The next stage in the process is to get the drinker into the bottled beers and shift the ladies towards whiskey.In the summer,everyone is encouraged to dedicate time to quenching the thirst with juice–and to move on from there.At each life stage there is a higher-value drink product targeted at our aspirations and an encouragement to get some of the good life.The drinks industry reminds us to tame our animal side with a trip to their website saying that‘enjoying a drink may be part of Irish culture…’and,at the start of an article on the possible health benefits of cutting down on alcohol,states:“Lots of people associate moderate drinking with relaxation and fun.”The drinks industry needs young drinkers–it cultivates drinkers as early as possible,but it cultivates partners and harvests goodwill as well.36.Which of the following statements is true about France?A.Sport can be sponsored by alcohol producers.B.There are no TV commercials related to alcohol.C.No one consumes an excessive amount of alcohol.D.There are no strict regulations for the alcohol industry.37.The underlined words in Paragraph3imply that the drinks industry in Ireland______.A.tries to make money by illegal meansB.cares about the health of consumersC.is good at boosting sales of alcoholD.has enjoyed quite high productivity38.Paragraph Four and Five are focused on______the drinks industry.A.health benefits associated withB.the economics employed byC.the wide range of products ofD.various lifestyle messages from39.The drinks industry has been working hard to increase its sales by______.A.encouraging consumers to use the same drink productB.telling consumers the truth about the harm of alcoholC.matching each stage of life with a particular type of drinkD.targeting at young drinkers exclusively and relentlessly40.The central idea of this passage is that in Ireland______.A.alcoholism is a serious social problem tB.the drinks industry cares about sales,not youC.there is an abundant supply of drink productsD.people should learn from their French neighbors41.The author’s tone in writing this passage is______.A.ironicB.supportiveC.appreciativeD.objective Passage TwoJulie Lythcott-Haims noticed a disturbing trend during her decade as the former dean of freshmen at Stanford University.Incoming students were brilliant and accomplished and virtually flawless,on paper.But with each year,more of them seemed incapable of taking care of themselves.At the same time,parents were becoming increasingly involved in their children’s lives.They talked to their children multiple times a day and rushed in to personally intervene whenever something difficult happened.Lythcott-Haims came to believe that parents in wealthy communities have been hindering their children by trying so hard to protect the children from any disappointment,failure and hardship.Such“over-helping”might assist children in developing impressive résumés for college applications,but it also deprives them of the chance to learn who they are,what they love and how to navigate the world,she argues in her book.“We want so badly to help them by shepherding them from milestone to milestone and by shielding them from failure and pain.But over-helping is devastating,”she writes.“It can leave young adults without the strengths of skill,will and character that are needed to know themselves and to craft a life.”“Don’t call me a parenting expert,”she said in an interview.“I’m interested in humans’thriving,and it turns out that over-parenting is getting in the way.”She cites statistics on the rise of depression and other mental health problems among the young people.She has seen the effects up close:she lives in a community that,following a string of suicides in the past year,has undertaken a period of soul-searching about what parents can do to stem the pressure that young people face.Her book tour is taking her to more school auditoriums and parent groups than bookstores. She tells stories about over-involvement and shares statistics about problems in young people, which she hopes will spark change in communities where helicopter parents are making themselves and their children miserable.“Our job as a parent is to put ourselves out of a job,”she said.“We need to know that our children are able to get up in the morning and take care of themselves.”And how can parents help their children become self-sufficient?Teach them the skills they’ll need in real life and make sure they practice those skills on their own.And have them do chores.“Chores build a sense of accountability.They build life skills and a work ethic,”she said.42.According to this passage,many students failed to take care of themselves______.A.because of excessive school assignmentsB.due to low IQ and limited book knowledgeC.for lack of skills needed in real lifeD.for lack of care and love from parents43.Over-helping can possibly help children to______.A.grow up more quicklyB.enter better collegesC.take care of themselvesD.face up to failure or agony44.The underlined word“devastating”in Paragraph Four probably means______.A.harmfulB.indispensableC.non-existentD.beneficial45.Which of the following is NOT true about Lythcott-Haims?A.She has given many lectures on over-involvement.B.She thinks over-parenting can drive human prosperity.C.She believes over-involvement cause mental problems.D.She hopes to see much less helicopter parenting.46.Lythcott-Haims suggests that parents do the following EXCEPT______.A.ask children to do choresB.give children more freedomC.quit jobs and stay at homeD.teach children life skills47.This passage aims to explain______.A.why helicopter parenting is ruining childrenB.which is the best approach to parenting childrenC.what children can learn from successful parentsD.how over-involvement can benefit childrenPassage ThreeTeams have become the basic building-blocks of organizations.Recruitment ads routinely call for“team players”.Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects.Office managers knock down walls to encourage team-building.Numerous companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on it,and restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.Companies are abandoning functional silos and organizing employees into cross-disciplinary teams that focus on particular products,problems or customers,with more power to run their own affairs and more time to work with each other rather than reporting upwards.A network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy.However,teams are not always the answer—teams may provide more insight,creativity and knowledge,but teamwork may also lead to confusion,delay and poor decision-making.It is noted that teams are hindered by problems of coordination and motivation that erode the benefits of collaboration.High-flyers forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-riders empowered.Groupthink may be unavoidable.Less than10%of the supposed members agree on who exactly is on the team.Agreeing on its purpose is harder.Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage.Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture.This is hard to achieve when,as is now the case in many big firms,a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors.Teamwork improves with time:73%of the incidents in a civil-aviation database occurred on a crew’s first day of flying together.Companies need to think harder about managing teams to keep teams small and focused.A new study finds that the best way to ensure employees are“engaged”is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.However,organizations need to ask themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply:Deloitte reports that only12%of the executives understand the way people work together in networks and only21%feel capable of building cross-functional teams.Slackly managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or in noisy offices.Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.48.It can be concluded from the first paragraph that______.A.team players can easily enter better collegesB.team building will probably be short-livedC.team-building is getting increasingly popularD.team players are likely to be business leaders49.According to this passage,teams are characterized by______.A.many functional silosB.more efficient coordinationC.better decision-makingD.autonomy and collaboration50.All the following statements are problems with teams EXCEPT______.A.Team membership is hard to determineB.Too many firms have a common cultureC.Individuals’abilities are ignoredD.Team building can be risky51.The main idea of Paragraph Five is that______.A.new pilots are more prone to accidentsB.teams are currently difficult to manageC.a common culture is shared in big firmsD.teamwork depends on temporary contractors52.The author argues in the last paragraph that______.A.the number of teams should be increasedB.excellence mostly results from teamworkC.different jobs require different teamsD.teams are not suitable for some jobs53.This passage is primarily concerned with______.A.the contributions of teams to companiesB.disadvantages of working in teamsC.different ways to improve teamworkD.the reasons for the popularity of teamsPassage FourOn the surface,shopping online seems environmentally friendly:it eliminates car trips and carbon emissions.But what about the emissions from fleets of delivery vehicles bringing orders to houses?Delivery trucks also contribute substantially to the burden of PM2.5,which is associated with many effects on human health.Researchers recently conducted a survey of downtown Newark residents’shopping habits and preferences to calculate the quantity of goods purchased online.They also used the information from delivery companies about the number of trucks on the road and the number of packages per truck to determine how many delivery trucks are required to distribute home shopping purchases.Finally,the researchers used transportation simulation software and data fromlocal transportation authorities to determine the effect of delivery trucks on the transportation network,focusing on an area of downtown Newark that includes a portion of the university’s campus.They conducted similar analyses in2001,at the dawn of the online shopping era,and again in2008.Curiously,the2008data suggested that home shopping in Newark had grown by only14.8% since2001.That’s much less than the researchers predicted in their earlier study.It also contrasts with data from other researchers showing that internet shopping increased six-fold between2001 and2011.This is an unexpected finding.However,a large proportion of their survey respondents were university students,and the convenience of internet shopping may appeal more to people who are running a household.Also,the researchers’latest data are from2008,which suggests that their study underestimates the effect of home shopping on the transportation network.In any case,the researchers found that even though home shopping by residents of Newark grew more slowly than anticipated,traffic in2008was worse than they had predicted,for more home shopping purchases increase travel time,traffic delays,and vehicle emissions of the transportation network.While some previous studies suggest that e-commerce is associated with lower carbon emissions than traditional retail,other researchers have warned of a“rebound effect,”which occurs when gains in efficiency merely stimulate new consumption.Something similar may be going on in Newark,the results suggest.“We found that the total number of vehicles miles travelled hasn’t decreased at all with the growth of online shopping,”says study leader Arde Faghri.“This suggests that people are using the time saved by Internet shopping to do things like eating out at restaurants,going to the movies, or visiting friends.”54.According to the first paragraph,the author______.A.doubts the environmental friendliness of online shoppingB.believes in the benefit of online shopping to the environmentC.insists that delivery trucks can reduce the emission of PM2.5D.associates online shopping with better human health55.The ultimate goal of the survey mentioned in Paragraph Two was to______.A.trace the effects of online shopping on transportation networksB.calculate the total annual amount of goods purchased onlineC.determine the number and load of delivery trucks for online purchasespare the difference in the data on online shopping56.The unexpected finding mentioned in Paragraph Four refers to the finding that______.A.many of the survey respondents were university studentsB.housewives are normally more interested in online shoppingC.home shopping in Newark grew more slowly than anticipatedD.internet shopping increased six-fold between2001and201157.The researchers might have come to the conclusion that______.A.online shopping has decreased the emission of greenhouse gasesB.people are cutting down on driving thanks to online shoppingC.the popularity of online shopping should be discouragedD.online shopping fails to reduce traffic jam and carbon emissions58.The results of the survey by Arde Faghri suggest that in Newark______.A.a“rebound effect”is probably taking placeB.online shopping is being replaced by other entertainmentsC.online shopping has reduced people’s daily spendingD.supermarkets or malls are gradually disappearing59.Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A.Current Trends of Online Shopping.B.How Green Is Online Shopping?C.Why Online Shopping Is Getting Popular?D.Benefits of Online Shopping to Human Health.Passage FiveEveryone in the UK seems to agree that recorded crime is decreasing.This is one of the arguments the government is using to justify its savage cuts in police budgets.All we have to do now is to get the police more efficient–working smarter,making better use of IT.Reduction in crime means we don’t need so many police officers.This belief is based on a false premise.Recorded crime is declining,but that’s largely due to the fact that crime has moved from the physical world to cyberspace or the Internet:cybercrime is much safer and more appealing.The rewards are much greater,and the risks of being caught and convicted are vanishingly small.So if you’re a rational criminal with a reasonable IQ,why would you bother robbing people,breaking into houses,stealing cars and doing all the other things that old-style crooks do–and that old-style cops are good at catching them doing?Each senior police officer believes that cybercrime has been at alarming levels but none seems confident that our law enforcement system can deal with it.These views are supported by the experiences of the5%of UK internet users who have been the victims of various cybercrime; they report a variety of responses–almost none of them helpful–from the local police forces to whom they turn for help.One good reason is that the criminals are hard to identify or turn out to be operating abroad. Other reasons include bureaucratic inertia,lack of technical knowledge and a shortage of resources,which means that cybercrime receives lower priority than other,more urgent, responsibilities.Or simply the fact that officers often don’t take it seriously.It’s exceedingly difficult to measure accurately,for a variety of reasons–the spectrum of wrongdoing,the fact that much of it is under-reported and widely distributed,and the high cost that includes not only the actual damage done,but the costs of self-protection and the costs of clearing up after an attack.And then there are the opportunity costs:for example,security software used by online merchants typically rejects4.3%of orders out of fear of fraud,even though many of those potential orders are in fact genuine.The reality we face is that cybercrime is vast and flourishing.But do not expect to hear much about it in the election.What we actually need are more policemen on the net.60.Police budgets will be cut down in the UK because of the belief that______.A.recorded crime is decliningB.the police will become more efficientC.high-technology will be usedD.cybercrime cases need fewer police officers61.Paragraph Two is mainly concerned with______.A.whether recorded crime is decreasingB.how criminals commit crimes onlineC.what is the risk facing cybercrimeD.why cybercrime is increasing62.It can be concluded from Paragraph Three that______.A.no one asks the police for help in case of cybercrimeB.cybercriminals have connections with the policeC.cybercrime has not been effectively tackledD.the police have gained experience in fighting cybercrime63.The rate of cybercrime is quite high in the UK for the following reasons EXCEPT______.A.inefficient law enforcement agenciesB.fake ID cards used widely by criminalsC.limited expertise and resourcesD.inadequate attention paid to cybercrime64.Paragraph Five implies that online companies______.pensate for customers’loss in case of cybercrimeB.are more vulnerable to the attack by cybercriminalsC.have paid much money for catching cybercriminalsD.may suffer financially from the security software65.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage?A.Good news–recorded crime is declining in the UK.B.How high-tech is used in cybercrime.C.These days crime doesn’t pay unless it’s done online.D.The important role of the police in fighting crime.PART III Cloze test(15points)Directions:There are fifteen questions in this part of the test.Choose one suitable word or phrase marked A,B,C,or D for each blank in the passage.Mark the corresponding letter of theword or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Free schools are flourishing in the UK.More than400free schools have either opened or been approved to open across England___66___.These schools have been made___67___by the hundreds of teachers,parents and charities working in their own time to go through a___68___ application process to bring their___69___of a new school to life.___70___these schools proving so popular,parents and groups continue to come forward in significant numbers to set them up.The government’s___71___to expand the program with another new500schools is___72___a logical next step.Importantly these schools are already making a(n)___73___to the education of thousands of pupils around the country.Over70%of those inspected have been___74___good or outstandingby inspectors,and___75___they are being opened where they are most needed.There are far more free schools in___76___local communities than in wealthy___77___.Obviously free schools can play a role in___78___the current shortage of school places.For free schools to continue to have the biggest___79___,they must be allowed to bring in new ideas and challenge existing schools in areas where low___80___have been accepted for far too long.66.A.by far B.so far C.in turn D.at first67.A.difficult B.impossible C.extinct D.possible68.A.rigorous B.prosperous C.hazardous D.populous69.A.myth B.attitude C.access D.vision70.A.For B.With C.Among D.Despitemitment B.importance C.objection D.cancellation72.A.in many ways B.on one hand C.by no means D.at one time73.A.sacrifice B.impression C.influence D.difference74.A.regarded B.judged C.operated D.decided75.A.undesirably B.substantially C.critically D.notoriously76.A.convicted B.deprived C.deserted D.invaded77.A.neighborhoods B.lives C.merchants D.schools78.A.addressing B.enhancing C.integrating D.intending79.A.expense B.impact C.consequence D.conclusion80.A.incomes B.spirits C.standards D.pricesPART IV Translation(15points)Directions:Put the following passage into English and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.中国学生在英语上花的时间比其他学科多得多，原因是英语学习需要泛读、经常复习和高效方法。
遗传学2007一、一个学生用转基因技术研究一个基因的功能。
该学生共得到30个独立的转基因株系，其中29个株系的表型与预测的功能基本吻合。
但其中一个株系的情况很特殊，在连续三代自交后代中无法获得任何纯合的转基因株系。
此外，转基因杂合体（其基因型已准确的确认）的自交后代中，仅出现杂合体和野生型（即不含有转基因的个体）两种群体，其比例大致为 2:1，但没有纯合体后代。
请解释该株系表型的遗传学基础，并通过实验验证你的解释。
答：该同学在对该株系转基因的过程中可能插入到一个重要的基因，该基因的失活可能会造成植株的致死。
假设我们研究的基因为A ，插入失活的基因为B 。
那么该同学获得的杂合转基因植株的基因型可能为AaBb 。
自交后代的基因型为：AABB 、AaBb 、aabb 。
其中aabb 是致死的，因此转基因杂合体的自交后代中，仅出现杂合体和野生型两种群体，其比例约为2:1。
实验方案：I 、扩增插入位点的旁临序列，在网上的相关数据库进行比对，看看是否是植株生长过程中重要的基因。
如果有相关报道是一个重要的基因，可以通过在正常植株中把该基因干扰掉，观察植株是否致死，如果致死，则证明所作的猜测是正确的。
II 、也可以通过遗传学的方法间接证明。
将该转基因株系中的杂合株和正常转基因株系中的隐性纯合株杂交，如图：就能够得到杂合型和纯合型，并且比例接近1:1。
如果是这样的结果，也可间接证明转基因过程中突变掉了一个与植株发育相关的重要的基因，导致无法得到纯合的转基因株系。
（转基因过程中除了插入到基因中造成突变，还有其他的如单碱基的突变造成基因突变？）该题目考查了转基因过程中出现的问题该如何解释，需要掌握转基因的原理、过程。
题干也给出了我们在研究某基因的功能的时候可以利用转基因的方法。
AaBb × aaBB AaBB aaBb P ：二、一个学生用某一材料的基因组DNA（genomic DNA）为模版，通过PCR 扩增克隆了一个基因。
2014年传染病一．名词解释：(英文)每个三分1.放线杆菌.2地方性流行和大流行，3.反向遗传学，4.单抗，5.马流感，6，狂犬和伪狂犬，7，埃希菌属，8，新发传染病和重新出现传染病9.Actinokaciclus放线杆菌属10.致病性大肠杆菌二．简答题：1.简述造成猪繁殖障碍的疾病及病原；10分2.从传染源角度简述造成仔猪腹泻的原因；20分。
从传染病角度分析猪流行性腹泻病因3.简述基因工程标记疫苗，用于一种传染病控制净化的策略。
利用基因工程疫苗手段控制或消灭一种传染病20分4.对猪，鸡具有致病性的流感病毒亚型？及致病特点？致病性猪流感和禽流感主要亚型以及致病特征20分2013传染病一．名词解释：1.天然免疫，2.Eqine infectious anemia (马传贫)，3，Tuberculosi (结核病)，4，Reticuloendotheliosis REV (禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒)，5，endemic;enzootic(地方流行性) pandemic(大流行); 6，Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases新发与再发传染病，7.Seroconversation (血清转化)，8.Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis（牛传染性鼻气管炎），9，二．简答题：1.为什么说猪是流感病毒的“混合器”的分子机理；2.列出几种免疫抑制性疾病；（2005年考PRRS,圆环II型，猪气喘病-肺炎支原体）3.病毒性传染病易发生毒力和血清型变异，列出2-3种疾病的致病性特点；（2002年考）4.什么是标记疫苗？如何设计利用标记疫苗消灭或控制一种传染病。
2014年免疫一．名词解释：1.补体：是存在于正常人和动物血清与组织液中的一组经活化后具有酶活性的蛋白质。
可辅助和补充特异性抗体，介导免疫溶菌、溶血作用。
2．细胞因子：免疫细胞及组织细胞分泌在细胞间发挥作用的一类小分子可溶性多肽蛋白质，通过结合相应受体调节细胞生长、分化和效应，调控免疫应答。
