2017年西南科技大学考博试题英语

2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。

西南大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them.To be fair,this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.There are,of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials,rude waiters,and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion,and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone,if hungry,injured,or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.It reflected the harshness of daily life:if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would.And someday,remember,you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specializein helping the weary traveler.Yet,the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US,especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just traveling through,got talking with this American,and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing.Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon,but are not always understood properly.The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.And,of course,speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns.Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.For example,when an American uses the word friend,the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.Yet,being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,________.（A）rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US（B）small-minded officials deserve a serious comment（C）Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors（D）most Americans are ready to offer help56.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that________.（A）culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship （B）courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated （C）various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends （D）social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.（A）to improve their hard life（B）in view of their long-distance travel（C）to add some flavor to their own daily life（D）out of a charitable impulse58.The tradition of hospitality to strangers________.（A）tends to be superficial and artificial（B）is generally well kept up in the United States（C）is always understood properly（D）has something to do with the busy tourist trails答案及试题解析55.（D）意为：大部分美国人乐于助人。

2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。

西南大学2017年博士入学考试英语试题Part I:Grammar and Vocabulary(20%)Directions:There are twenty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1.The conference chairman made a_______statement before beginning the main business of the afternoon session.A.interestingB.renewableC.reversibleD.preliminary2.Doing research will be much easier if you have someone to bounce ideas off and to give you_______in the entire process.A.rewardB.insuranceC.interestD.feedback3.The_______that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendment4.Malaysia and Indonesia rely much on open markets for forest and fishery products.______, some Asian countries are highly protectionist.A.DeliberatelyB.ConverselyC.EvidentlyD.Naturally5.Such an approach forces the managers to communicate with one another and helps_____ rigid departmental boundaries.A.pass overB.stand forC.break downD.set off6.According to legal provisions,the properties will either______the original owner or else be sold at auction.mit toB.back toC.proceed toD.revert to7.To everyone's surprise,the woman candidate from a small party______the poll in the first round of voting.A.eclipsedB.outshinedC.toppedD.deprived8.The protest went ahead despite government assurances that they would press for_____with the neighboring country in the issuing of visas.A.reciprocityB.show-offC.pay offD.intimacy9.As a teenager,I was______by a blind passion for a film star I would never meet in my life.A.pursuedB.seducedC.consumedD.guaranteed10.The summer session in Georgetown University was a really wonderful occasion which we will______for many years to come.A.discountB.acquitC.cherishD.blur11.She is a very original comedian and can_______laughs out of any audience.A.sufferB.wringC.induceD.infect12.Before the bank was willing to lend him money,it had to______that he was the true owner of the house.A.verifyB.entrustC.acknowledgeD.grant13.It is in vain to say the enlightened statesmen will be able to adjust these clashing interest, and______them all subservient to the public good.A.conformB.causeC.tameD.render14.His originality as a composer is_______by the following group of songs.A.exemplifiedB.createdC.performedD.realize15.When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however,he responded________.“No conditions here are different.”A.ambiguouslyB.implicitlyC.unhesitatinglyD.optimistically16.It is unfair to______from these two incidents and say that all young men are reckless drivers.A.deduceB.generalizeC.minimizeD.transfer17.They are going to London,but their_______destination is Rome.A.ultimateB.primeC.nextD.cardinal18.I_________the minister's figures-the true cost of the project is much higher.A.contendB.agreeC.disputeD.disagree19.She refused to let the injury keep her from_______her goal of being in the Olympics.A.detainingB.attainingC.screwingD.sifting20.The poor old man was________with diabetes and without proper medical treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A.sufferedB.afflictedC.inducedD.infectedPart II:Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this section there are3passages followed by questions or unfinished statements,each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answer on your answer sheet.Text1We began with an experiment.The man asked me to make a drawing on a blank piece of paper.I made a sketch of a creature I had invented some time ago to amuse my children. When I had finished,he asked me to cover the drawing with my hand.Then he asked me to concentrate hard and to try to transmit the thought of what I had sketched A minute went by with no result.He shook his head."it seems very complicated:is it a kind of amoeba?"" Slowly and hesitantly he began to draw the creature's right ear-the spot where I've always begin the drawing."you've got it."I said."Go on!"He completed the drawing quickly.I had carefully redrawn the picture in my mind as I tried to transmit it—which probably accounts for the identical starting point.The man then demonstrated other power.He made the hands of my watch turn back two hours and the date go forward two days by stroking a coin placed over its face,explaining afterward that he derives power from metal.He had a little trouble trying to break my car key. However,he placed it against a metal radiator,and after a few seconds,said,“It is starting to go.The key snapped in two.Then he tried to transmit a picture to me by telepathy.I attempted to make my mind receptive,but no image came into it.Feeling rather embarrassed,I just drew the first thing that came into my head:check mark.The man showed me the piece of paper he was holding. It contained a mirror image of the symbol I had drawn.It could be significant in this connection that the man is left-handed.After I left the room,I began to sift my impressions.Only the day before,an acquaintance had warned me to watch carefully for sleight-of-hand tricks,especially as the man had earlier been a stage conjuror.I had to admit that most of the things had done could have been tricks.For instance,snapping the keys with his fingers and altering the hands and date on my watch with the winder would have been well within the ability of a skilled conjuror.But how could he have faked the drawing of what I had drawn?And if that feat was due to genuine telepathic power,the other demonstrations could also be genuine.1.In line11,“derives”most nearly means________.A.obtainsB.infersC.connectsD.traces2.It can be inferred from lines19-25that the telepathist's demonstrations would appear most convincing to a critical observer if the telepathist were to________.A.provide more information about his backgroundB.critique the performances of other telepathistC.perform in a rigorously controlled environmentD.talk about what he is doing as he performs3.The"acquaintance"mentioned in line19can best be described as a_______.A.skepticB.hypocriteC.hoaxerD.confidant4.Which phrase best characterizes the author's general attitude in this passage?plete indifferentB.righteous indignationC.cynical amusementD.guarded acceptanceText2In the future the little privacy we now have will be gone.Some people call this loss of privacy"Orwellian",harking back to1984.George Orwell's classic work on privacy and autonomy.In that book,Orwell imagined a future in which a totalitarian state used spies, video surveillance,and control over the media to maintain its power.But the age of monolithic state control is over.The future we're rushing toward isn't one in which our every move is watched and recorded by an all-known government.It is instead a future of a hundred electronic monitors who constantly watch and interrupt our daily lives,and where threats to privacy find their roots in the free market,advanced technology,and the unbridled exchange of electronic information.The problem with the word"privacy'"is that it falls short of conveying the really big picture.Privacy isn't just about hiding things.It's about self-possession,autonomy,and integrity.As we move into the computerized world of the21century,privacy will be one of our most important civil rights.But this right of privacy isn't the right of people to close their doors and pull down their window shades-perhaps because they want to engage in some sort of illicit or illegal activity.It's the right of people to control which details about their lives stay inside their own houses and which leak to the outside.Today's war on privacy is intimately related to the recent dramatic advances in technology.Many people today say that in order to enjoy the benefits of modern society,we must necessarily relinquish some degree of privacy.If we want the convenience of paying for a meal by credit card,then we must accept the routine collection of our purchases in a large database over which we have no control.This trade-off is both unnecessary and wrong.It reminds me of another crisis our society faced back in the fifties and sixties-the environmental crisis.Then,advocates of big business said that poisoned rivers and lakes were the necessary costs of economic development,jobs, and an improved standard of living.Poison was progress:anybody who argued otherwise simply didn't understand the facts.Today we know better.Today we know that sustainable economic development depends on preserving the environment.Similarly,in order to reap the benefits of technology.It is more important than ever for us to use technology to protect personal freedom.5.The passage indicates that privacy is_________.A.less valued by people than it once wasB.difficult to maintain in the contemporary worldC.necessary for individual freedom.a stumbling block to economic growth6.In line18,the underlined"degree”most nearly means________.A.stageB.sequenceC.measureD.standing7.Lines18-20("If we….control")primarily serve to_______.A.introduce an additional pointB.discourage a course of actionC.question a decision D illustrate a preceding statement8.The statements in lines24-25("poison..facts")is intended to represent the point of view of ______.A.big businessB.environmentC.the authorD.the public9.The passage concludes by suggesting that if technology is to have a positive effect on people’s lives,then________.A.individual rights must be expandedB.protective measures must be takenC.technological advances must be supportedD.further research must be found10.The author supports the idea that privacy can be protected________.A.at a modest cost to most businessB.with the help of new technologiesC.without giving up valued servicesD.through appropriate government interventionsText3One of the pleasantest things in the world is going on a journey:but I like to do it myself can enjoy society in a room,but out of doors,nature is company for me.I am then never less alone than when alone.I cannot see the wit of walking and talking at the same time.When I am in the country,I wish to vegetate like the country.I like solitude,when I give myself up to it,for the sake of solitude;nor do I ask for"a friend in my retreat,whom I may whisper sweet.""Give me the clear blue sky over my head,and the green turf beneath my feet,a winding road before me,and a three hours'march to dinner and I begin to feel,think,and be myself again.Instead of an awkward silence,broken by attempts at wit or dull commonplaces, mine is that undisturbed silence of the heart which alone is perfect eloquence.Others have different opinions."Let me have a companion of myself:says the novelist Lawrence Sterne,"were it but to remark how the shadows lengthen as the sun declines"It is beautifully said:but in my opinion,this continual comparing of notes interferes with the involuntary impression of things upon the mind and dilutes the experience.If you have to explain what you feel,it is making a tool of a pleasure.You cannot read the book of nature without being perpetually put to the trouble of translating it for the benefit of others.There is one subject on which it is pleasant to talk on a journey.I grant,and that is.What one shall have for supper when we get to our inn at night.Every mile of the road heightens the flavor of the meal we expect at the end of it.How fine is it to enter some old town,walled and turreted,just at approach of nightfall,or to come to some straggling village,with the lights steaming through the surrounding gloom;and then after inquiring for the best entertainment that the place affords,"to take one's ease at one's inn!""These eventful moments in our lives history are too precious,too full of solid,heart-felt happiness to be frittered and dribbled away in solitude.11.The author of the passage would agree with which of the following statements about traveling alone?A.Its enjoyment is largely a matter of personal inclinationB.Its difficulties are easily underestimated by inexperienced traveler.C.It enables one to make much better time than when traveling with a companionD.It is not as much fun as traveling with another person12.The statement in lines2-3(I am…alone")is an example of_________.A.an apologyB.a metaphorC.a paradoxD.a euphemism13.Sterne mentions"the shadows(line11)as an example of a________.A.specialized insight that only a seasoned traveler can bring to bear on a situationB.observation that travelers might enjoy sharing nonethelessC.thoughtless comment that travelers are apt to make to their guidesD.beautiful sight that cannot be communicated accurately to those who do not travel frequently14.In the last paragraph of this passage,the author does which of the following?A.admits to a sudden change of heartB.notes an exception to a previously stated preferenceC.expresses regret about an overly sweeping generalizationD.points out a common misconception15.The physical description of the"town"(line18)and"village”(line19)primarily convey a sense of__________.A.foreboding isolationB.rural povertyC.eccentric customD.provincial charmPart III:English to Chinese Translation(15%)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.One advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid word is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition.In most work success is measured by income and while our capitalistic society continues,this is inevitable.It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural to apply.The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for extra comforts that a higher income can provide.However dull work may be,it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation,whether in the world at large or only in one's own circle.In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men,or than women who work outside the home.The domesticated wife does not receive wages,has no means of bettering herself,and is valued by her husband not for her housework but for other qualities.Of course,this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to-do to make beautiful houses and beautiful gardens and become the envy of their neighbors;but such women are comparatively few,and for the great majority housework cannot bring as much as satisfaction as work of other kinds brings to men and to professional women.Part IV:Chinese to English Translation(15%)Directions:Translate the following passage into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.朋友来访，站在我的书橱前流连忘返，见他一副痴迷的样子，我故作豪爽地说：“喜欢看什么说就先拿去吧。

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar constant energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space-shuttle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing Solar Max’s observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.1．Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A．the Earth is too far from the Sun.B．Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C．There is not enough sunlight during the day.D．the Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.正确答案：D解析：细节题。

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷78(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence. Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologists, geologists and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from diseases that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them. Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, diseases such as polio, measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these diseases may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease. In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine our world could exist, but the conveniences brought into life by the computer are unparalleled. Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society, however, they were not present until scientists discovered them. Because of the contribution of scientists, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprises our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph the author implies that we______.（分数：2.00）A.would not survive without scienceB.take the amenities of science for grantedC.could have raised the standards of living with scienceD.would be free of disease because of scientific with advances(2).The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrate______.（分数：2.00）A.how science has been developedB.what science means to societyC.what the nature of science isD.how disease affects society(3).Nothing, according to the author, can match the invention of the computer in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.powerB.noveltyC.benefitsplexity(4).The author seems to be unhappy about______.（分数：2.00）A.people's ignorance of their cultureB.people's ignoring the amenities of scienceC.people's making no contributions to societyD.people's misunderstanding of scientific advance(5).The author's tone in the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.cognizantC.appreciativeD.paradoxicalDrinking wastewater? The idea may sound distasteful, but new federally funded research says more Americans are doing so —whether they know or not —and this reuse will be increasingly necessary as the U. S. population expands. Treated wastewater poses no greater health risks than existing water supplies and, in some cases, may be even safer to drink, according to a report released by the National Research Council, " We believe water reuse is an option to deal with growing water scarcity, especially in coastal areas," says Jorg Drowes, an engineering professor at the Colorado School of Mines. "This can be done reliably without putting the public at risk," he says, citing technological advances. He says it's a waste not to reuse the nation's wastewater, because almost all of it is treated before discharge. This water includes storm runoff(径流)as well as used water from homes, businesses and factories. In many places, the report says, the public does not realize it's drinking water that was treated after being discharged as wastewater somewhere upstream. For example, wastewater discharged into the Trinity River from Dallas/Fort Worth flows south into Lake Livingston, the source for Houston's drinking water. Despite the growing importance of this reuse, the report says there's been no systemic analysis of its extent nationwide since a 1980 study by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Alan Roberson of the American Water Works Association says wastewater reuse is common, so the council's report is important but not surprising. Roberson expects this recycling will continue to increase, especially for irrigation and industrial needs. He says it will take longer to establish potable(适于饮用的)uses because of public nervousness about drinking wastewater, however treated. "We have to do something to address water scarcity," says Olga Naidenko, a senior scientist at the non-profit Environmental Working Group. " Less than 10% of potable water is used for drinking, cooking, showering or dishwashing. We flush it down the toilet, literally. " Technologies exist to safely treat the water, she says, although some are expensive. The report says water reuse projects tend to cost more than most water conservation options but less than seawater desalination(脱盐)and other supply alternatives. It calls on the EPA to develop rules that set safe national standards.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements would Jorg Drewes agree to?（分数：2.00）A.Water reuse may eventually put the public at risk.B.Water reuse is preferable to wasting water.C.Water reuse is far from a solution to water shortage.D.Water reuse is possible only after greater tech advances.(2).Lake Livingston is mentioned to show that the public______.（分数：2.00）A.Accepts the fact of drinking wastewater calmlyB.Is concerned about the safety of the drinking waterC.Does not believe that wastewater is safe to drinkD.Is not aware of the nature of their drinking water(3).According to Alan Roberson, ______.（分数：2.00）A.It is not safe to drink wastewaterB.The report has surprised the publicC.the report helps build up public confidenceD.The public has yet to accept drinking wastewater(4).Olga Naidenko's remarks emphasize______.（分数：2.00）A.The recent progressB.The existing problemsC.The new perspectiveD.The potential risks(5).What does the report suggest to the EPA?（分数：2.00）A.Weighing different water conservation options.B.Exploring new technologies to treat wastewater.C.Setting up national standards for water reuse.D.Monitoring water supplies at a national level.Rain is not what it used to be. A new study reveals that much of the precipitation in Europe contains such high levels of dissolved pesticides that it could be illegal to supply it as drinking water. Studies in Switzerland have found that rain is laced with toxic levels of atrazine, alachlor and other commonly used crop sprays. "Drinking water standards are regularly exceeded in rain," says Stephan Muller, a chemist at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. The chemicals appear to have evaporated from fields and become part of the clouds. Both the European Union and Switzerland have set a limit of 100 nanograms for any particular pesticide in a liter of drinking water. But, especially in the first minutes of a heavy storm, rain can contain much more than that. In a study to be published by Muller and his colleague Thomas Bucheli in Analytical Chemistry this summer, one sample of rainwater contained almost 4000 nanograms per liter of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, a widely used pesticide. Previously, the authors had shown that in rain samples taken from 41 storms, nine contained more than 100 nanograms of atrazine per liter, one of them around 900 nanograms. In the latest study, the highest concentrations of pesticides turned up in the first rain after a long dry spell, particularly when local fields had recently been sprayed. Until now, scientists had assumed that the pesticides only infiltrated groundwater directly from fields. Muller warns that the growing practice of using rainwater that falls onto roofs to recharge under — ground water may be adding to the danger. This water often contains dissolved herbicides that had been added to roofing materials, such as bitumen sheets, to prevent vegetation growing. He suggests that the first flush of rain should be diverted into sewers to minimize the pollution of drinking water, which is not usually treated to remove these herbicides and pesticides.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the Swedish scientists, the pesticides in rain______.（分数：2.00）A.exceed those in crop spraysB.can be traced back to crop spraysC.are not as toxic as they used to beD.are nothing but atrazine and alachlor(2).Muller and Bucheli found that 2, 4-dinitrophenol______.（分数：2.00）A.is widely used in agricultureB.exceeded atrazine in the rain samplesC.can be measured in the units of nanogramsD.was far in excess of limit in drinking water(3).Scientists used to hypothesize that______.（分数：2.00）A.groundwater was safe for drinking waterB.herbicides and pesticides were harmlessC.pesticides contaminated groundwater exclusivelyD.rain would minimize the pollution of drinking water(4).Muller warns us not ____ .（分数：2.00）A.to tap groundwater for drinking waterB.to use such roofing materials as bitumen sheetsC.to let the first flush of rain recharge underground waterD.to divert the first flush of rain into sewers without removing its herbicides and pesticides(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Drinking WaterB.Rainwater and Underground WaterC.Agriculture and PesticidesD.Falling PesticidesAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways. A person may relay his or her feelings, thoughts, and reactions through body positioning, body contact, body odors, eye contact, responsive actions, habits, attitudes, interests, state of health, dress and grooming, choice of life-style, and use of talents — in fact, through everything the individual says or does. In turn, every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system. An individual screens, selects, regulates, and controls specific aspects of this information through a process of mental choices. Some of these choices are automatic; some are subconscious because of habit, block, or lack of development; and some are made by a conscious process. The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness, priority of need, and control of this process. The person with a behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans. His or her mind is confused, and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts, needs, and emotions, and unable to make himself or herself understood. Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand. Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems, he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others. The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others, so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay, the messages received are threatening ones. The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person's processing of information. Sometimes a block is physical, as in deafness, mental retardation, brain tumor, or hardening of the cerebral arteries. However, the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person's emotional system. Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings. They usually occur in childhood before good communicative skills are learned, and they are connected to individual symbolism. Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening, it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual. Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways, he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.（分数：10.00）(1).The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication______.（分数：2.00）A.is characterized by two features, form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions, stimulation and responseD.takes two forms, verbal and nonverbal(2).In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with______.（分数：2.00）municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness(3).Shut off from the communicative flow, the person with a behavior disorder______.（分数：2.00）A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above(4).Which of the following is universal according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.(5).The passage ends with______.（分数：2.00）A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhood。

博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。

解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。

2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。

解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。

3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。

解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。

4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。

解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。

Passage 4 (4/63)The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over. Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight(D) pterosaurs were reptiles(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as(A) revolutionary(B) unlikely(C) unassailable(D) probable(E) outdated3. According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the(A) size of its wingspan(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?(A) An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.(B) An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.(C) Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not reptiles.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.LSAT第27套 SECTION IMost office workers assume that the messages they send to each other via electronic mail are as private as a telephone call or a face-to-face meeting. That assumption is wrong. Although it is illegal in many areas for an employer to eavesdrop on private conversations or telephone calls—even if they take place on a company-owned telephone—there are no clear rules governing electronic mail. In fact, the question of how private electronic mail transmissions should be has emerged as one of the more complicated legal issues of the electronic age.People’s opinions about the degree of privacy that electronic mail should have vary depending on whose electronic mail system is being used and who is reading themessages. Does a government office, for example, have the right to destroy electronic messages created in the course of running the government, thereby denying public access to such documents? Some hold that government offices should issue guidelines that allow their staff to delete such electronic records, and defend this practice by claiming that the messages thus deleted already exist in paper versions whose destruction is forbidden. Opponents of such practices argue that the paper versions often omit such information as who received the messages and when they received them, information commonly carried on electronic mail systems. Government officials, opponents maintain, are civil servants; the public should thus have the right to review any documents created during the conducting of government business. Questions about electronic mail privacy have also arisen in the private sector. Recently, two employees of an automotive company were discovered to have been communicating disparaging information about their supervisor via electronic mail. The supervisor, who had been monitoring the communication, threatened to fire the employees. When the employees filed a grievance complaining that their privacy had been violated, they were let go. Later, their court case for unlawful termination was dismissed; the company’s lawyers successfully argued that because the company owned the computer system, its supervisors had the right to read anything created on it.In some areas, laws prohibit outside interception of electronic mail by a third party without proper authorization such as a search warrant. However, these laws do not cover “inside” interception such as occurred at the automotive company. In the past, courts have ruled that interoffice communications may be considered private only if employees have a “reasonable expectation” of privacy when they send the messages. The fact is that no absolute guarantee of privacy exists in any computer system. The only solution may be for users to scramble their own messages with encryption codes; unfortunately, such complex codes are likely to undermine the principal virtue of electronic mail: its convenience.1. Which one of the following statements most accurately summarizes the main point of the passage?(A) Until the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in both the public and private sectors have been resolved, office workers will need to scramble their electronic mail messages with encryption codes.(B) The legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the work place can best be resolved by treating such communications as if they were as private as telephone conversations or face-to-face meetings.(C) Any attempt to resolve the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace must take into account the essential difference between public-sector and private sector business.(D) At present, in both the public and private sectors, there seem to be no clear general answers to the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace.(E) The legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace of electronic mail in the workplace can best be resolved by allowing supervisorsin public-sector but not private-sector offices to monitor their employees’communications.2. According to the passage, which one of the following best expresses the reason some people use to oppose the deletion of electronic mail records at government offices?(A) Such deletion reveals the extent of government’s unhealthy obsession with secrecy.(B) Such deletion runs counter to the notion of government’s accountability to its constituency.(C) Such deletion clearly violates the legal requirement that government offices keep duplicate copies of all their transactions.(D) Such deletion violates the government’s own guidelines against destruction of electronic records.(E) Such deletion harms relations between government employees and their supervisors.3. Which one of the following most accurately states the organization of the passage?(A) A problem is introduced, followed by specific examples illustrating the problem: a possible solution is suggested, followed by an acknowledgment of its shortcomings.(B) A problem is introduced, followed by explications of two possible solutions to the problem: the first solution is preferred to the second, and reasons are given for why it is the better alternative.(C) A problem is introduced, followed by analysis of the historical circumstances that helped bring the problem about a possible solution is offered and rejected as being only a partial remedy.(D) A problem is introduced, followed by enumeration of various questions that need to be answered before a solution can be found: one possible solution is proposed and argued for.(E) A problem is introduced, followed by descriptions of two contrasting approaches to thinking about the problem: the second approach is preferred to the first, and reasons are given for why it is more likely to yield a successful solution.4. Based on the passage, the author’s attitude towards interception of electronic mail can most accurately be described as:(A) outright disapproval of the practice(B) support for employers who engage in it(C) support for employees who lose their jobs because of it(D) intellectual interest in its legal issues(E) cynicism about the motives behind the practice5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely hold which one of the following opinions about an encryption system that could encodes and decode electronic mail messages with a single keystroke?(A) It would be an unreasonable burden on a company’s ability to monitor electronic mail created by its employees.(B) It would significantly reduce the difficulty of attempting to safeguard theprivacy of electronic mail.(C) It would create substantial legal complications for companies trying to prevent employees from revealing trade secrets to competitors.(D) It would guarantee only a minimal level of employee privacy, and so would not be worth the cost involved in installing such a system.(E) It would require a change in the legal definition of “reasonable expectation of privacy” as it applies to employer-employee relations.SECTION BSome recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America from approximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.The kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with the Revolutionary War dominating these years, how does one distinguish class conflict within that larger conflict? Certainly not by the side a person supported. Although many of these historians have accepted the earlier assumption that Loyalists represented an upper class, new evidence indicates that Loyalists, like rebels, were drawn from all socioeconomic classes. (It is nonetheless probably true that a larger percentage of the well-to-do joined the Loyalists than joined the rebels.) Looking at the rebel side, we find little evidence for the contention that lower-class rebels were in conflict with upper-class rebels. Indeed, the war effort against Britain tended to suppress class conflicts. Where it did not, the disputing rebels of one or another class usually became Loyalists. Loyalism thus operated as a safety valve to remove socioeconomic discontent that existed among the rebels. Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American society (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines. Social structure was in fact so fluid—though recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressed —that to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like “the better sort.” Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. Outside of New York, however, there were very few instances of openly expressed class antagonism.Having said this, however, one must add that there is much evidence to support the further claim of recent historians that sectional conflicts were common between 1763 and 1789. The “Paxton Boys” incident and the Regulator movement are representative examples of the widespread, and justified, discontent of western settlers against colonial or state governments dominated by eastern interests. Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict—which also existed between North and South—deserves further investigation.In summary, historians must be careful about the kind of conflict they emphasize in eighteenth-century America. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.17. The author considers the contentions made by the recent historians discussed in the passage to be(A) potentially verifiable(B) partially justified(C) logically contradictory(D) ingenious but flawed(E) capricious and unsupported19. According to the passage, Loyalism during the American Revolutionary War servedthe function of(A) eliminating the disputes that existed among those colonists who supportedthe rebel cause(B) drawing upper, as opposed to lower, socioeconomic classes away from the rebelcause(C) tolerating the kinds of socioeconomic discontent that were not allowed toexist on the rebel side(D) channeling conflict that existed within a socioeconomic class into the wareffort against the rebel cause(E) absorbing members of socioeconomic groups on the rebel side who feltthemselves in contention with members of other socioeconomic groups The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements about the social structure of eighteenth-century American society?I. It allowed greater economic opportunity than it did social mobility.II. It permitted greater economic opportunity prior to 1750 than after 1750. III. It did not contain rigidly defined socioeconomic divisions.IV. It prevented economic disputes from arising among members of the society.(A) I and IV only(B) II and III only(C) III and IV only(D) I, II, and III only(E) I, II, III, and IV21. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?(A) Identifying a person’s socioeconomic class is the least accurate method of ascertaining which side that person supported.(B) Identifying a person as a member of the rebel or of the Loyalist side does notnecessarily reveal that person’s particular socioeconomic class.(C) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although there were fewer disputes among socioeconomic classes on the Loyalist side.(D) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although the Loyalist side was made up primarily of members of the upper classes.According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about sectional conflicts in America between 1763 and 1789?(A) These conflicts were instigated by eastern interests against western settlers.(B) These conflicts were the most serious kind of conflict in America.(C) The conflicts eventually led to openly expressed class antagonism.(D) These conflicts contained an element of class hostility.(E) These conflicts were motivated by class conflicts.The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Nino—the warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America—has excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations between appearances of the warm El Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean.It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a “pile” that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day. Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as the Philippines and Indonesia.When the waves meet the western boundary, they are reflected, and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into numerous coastal Kelvin waves carrying thesame negative sea-level signal. These eventually shoot toward the equator, and then head eastward along the equator propelled by the rotation of the Earth at a speed of about 250 kilometers per day. When enough Kelvin waves of sufficient amplitude arrive from the western Pacific, their negative sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism tending to raise the sea level, and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode. This produces a gradual shift in winds, one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward, waves that will eventually return as cold cycle-ending positive Kelvin waves, beginning another warming cycle.21. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to(A) introduce a new explanation of a physical phenomenon(B) explain the difference between two related physical phenomena(C) illustrate the limitations of applying mathematics to complicated physical phenomena(D) indicate the direction that research into a particular physical phenomenon should take(E) clarify the differences between an old explanation of a physical phenomenon anda new model of it22. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?(A) A theory is presented and criticized.(B) A model is described and evaluated.(C) A result is reported and its importance explained.(D) A phenomenon is noted and its significance debated.(E) A hypothesis is introduced and contrary evidence presented.24. According to the model presented in the passage, which of the following normally signals the disappearance of an El Nino?(A) The arrival in the eastern Pacific of negative sea-level Kelvin waves.(B) A shift in the direction of the winds produced by the start of an anti-El Nino elsewhere in the Pacific.(C) The reflection of Kelvin waves after they reach the eastern boundary of the Pacific, along Ecuador and Peru.(D) An increase in the speed at which negative Rossby waves cross the Pacific.(E) The creation of a reservoir of colder, deep ocean water trapped under the pile of warmer, surface ocean water.25. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediately from the cessation of the winds of an El Nino?I. Negative Rossby waves would cease to be generated in the eastern Pacific. II. The sea level in the eastern Pacific would fall.III. The surface water in the eastern Pacific would again be cooled by being mixed with deep water.(A) I only(B) II only(C) I and II only(D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III26. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the validity of the model of El Nino that is presented in the passage?(A) During some years El Nino extends significantly farther along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru than during other years.(B) During periods of unusually cool temperatures along the eastern Pacific, an El Nino is much colder than normal.(C) The normal upwelling of cold water in the eastern Pacific depends much more on the local characteristics of the ocean than on atmospheric conditions.(D) The variations in the time it takes Rossby waves to cross the Pacific depend on the power of the winds that the waves encounter.(E) The western boundary of the Pacific basin is so irregular that it impedes most coastal Kelvin waves from heading eastward.汉译英：1有些人认为多次短时间充电，会对电池造成伤害。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编60(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.______is supposed to be the essence of private enterprise.（分数：2.00）petepetitionpetitivepetence2.Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job, education is one of the most______ areas in Japanese life.（分数：2.00）A.sophisticatedpetitiveC.considerateD.superficial3.Unless my room is warmer tonight, I'm going to______ to the hotel manager.（分数：2.00）plainB.argueC.blameD.reason4.We ______ Edison's success to his intelligence and hard work.（分数：2.00）A.describeB.subjectC.attributeD.refer5.A small child has to learn to keep its ______ before it can walk far.（分数：2.00）A.weightB.balanceC.scaleD.stability6.They seem to be ______ of all kind feelings for the poor.（分数：2.00）A.bankruptB.unawareckingD.vacant7.I have a number of______to make about this hotel so I wish to see the manager.（分数：2.00）A.claimsB.accusationsC.explanationsplaints8.Don't poke your nose into what doesn't ______ you.（分数：2.00）A.connectB.relateC.concernD.interest9.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical ______.（分数：2.00）A.obligationsC.observationsD.considerations10.When the young surgeon had difficulty with a delicate operation, he turned to a (n)______ surgeon for advice.（分数：2.00）wyerB.adviserC.consultantD.consultation11.Arguing about details______many hours of the committee's valuable time.（分数：2.00）A.absorbedB.sacrificedC.assimilatedD.consumed12.The price increases were passed on by the firm to none but the ______.（分数：2.00）A.clerksB.salesmenC.tradersD.consumers13.The______of coal in that factory is five tons a day.（分数：2.00）A.assumptionB.resumptionC.presumptionD.consumption14.Metals______when cooled and expand when healed.（分数：2.00）A.decreaseB.reduceC.condenseD.contract15.The cells(电池)were designed to ______ sunshine to electricity to run a motor.（分数：2.00）A.convertB.alterC.modifyD.exchange16.Reports that the general is to be dismissed are gaining______among government ministers.（分数：2.00）A.accessB.impetusC.currencyD.reception17.It's not safe to carry so much money with you. You'd better______the money in the bank.（分数：2.00）A.investB.depositC.storeD.save18.In a fit of______the sick man killed himself.（分数：2.00）A.expressionB.suppressionpression19.I have heard many different ______ of the same story.（分数：2.00）A.sayingsB.statementsmentsD.descriptions20.It doesn't make a bit of______ if you are late to my party. I just want you to come.（分数：2.00）A.difficultyB.troubleC.differenceD.sense21.The shopkeeper took off 5 percent ______for cash.（分数：2.00）A.decreaseB.discountC.reductionmission22.There were beautiful clothes ______in the shop windows.（分数：2.00）A.spreadB.demonstratedC.disclosedD.displayed23.Before moving to another city, Mr. London______ of the house and the furniture.（分数：2.00）A.discardedB.dismissedC.dischargedD.disposed24.According to Nobel's famous will, the interest on his fund will be ______ to five people who have made great contributions to mankind during the previous year.（分数：2.00）A.contributedB.devotedC.distributedD.allocated25.Roger gave me some beautiful Japanese stamps in______ for two sets of 1960 British special issue.（分数：2.00）A.turnB.exchangeC.additionD.place26.Most children in Great Britain are educated at the public ______.（分数：2.00）A.costB.paymentC.expenseD.charge27.The charges of trade against the corporation proved to be without______.（分数：2.00）A.baseB.excuseC.foundationD.reason28.Every camera we sell comes with a two-year______.（分数：2.00）A.safetyB.conservationC.confirmationD.guarantee29.It will be very helpful if parents have seen the school environment and know what kind of tasks the school will______on the daily life of their child.(2013年10月中国科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）poseB.imposeC.disposeD.expose30.To call the music of another music-culture "primitive" is______ one's own standards on a group that does not recognise them.（分数：2.00）A.puttingB.imposingC.forcingD.emphasizing。

考博英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答1-5题。

In recent years, the number of people who commute to work by bicycle has increased significantly. This trend can be attributed to several factors, including concerns about environmental pollution, the rising cost of fuel, and the desire for a healthier lifestyle. As a result, many cities have invested in bicycle lanes and other infrastructure to support this mode of transportation.1. What is the main reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Environmental concernsB. High fuel costsC. Health benefitsD. All of the above2. What has been the response of cities to this trend?A. They have ignored it.B. They have invested in bicycle infrastructure.C. They have discouraged it.D. They have not taken any action.3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Traffic congestionB. Environmental pollutionC. Rising cost of fuelD. Desire for a healthier lifestyle4. What does the passage suggest about the future of bicycle commuting?A. It will continue to increase.B. It will decrease.C. It will remain stable.D. It is uncertain.5. What type of infrastructure have cities invested in to support bicycle commuting?A. Public transportationB. Bicycle lanesC. Parking lotsD. Highways二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct word or phrase to fill in the blanks in the following sentences.6. The company has decided to ________ its operations to new markets.A. expandB. contractC. maintainD. abandon7. Despite the heavy rain, the marathon was still held as________.A. plannedB. planningC. to planD. was planning8. The new policy will come into ________ on January 1st.A. effectB. affectC. impactD. influence9. The professor's lecture was so ________ that I couldn't follow it.A. complicatedB. complexC. complicatedlyD. complexly10. She ________ the book to the library yesterday.A. returnedB. borrowedC. lentD. kept三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着科技的发展，远程工作变得越来越普遍。

英语博士考试真题电子版The importance of obtaining a Ph.D. in English cannot be overstated. Not only does it provide individuals with a deep understanding of the English language and literature, but it also opens up a wide range of career opportunities. For those considering pursuing a Ph.D. in English, the English Doctoral Examination is a crucial step in the process.The English Doctoral Examination is a comprehensive test that assesses a candidate's knowledge and understanding of various aspects of English language and literature. It covers a wide range of topics, including literary theory, critical analysis, and research methodologies. The examination consists of both written and oral components, and candidates are required to demonstrate their proficiency in these areas.In order to prepare for the English Doctoral Examination, candidates must engage in extensive study and research. They must familiarize themselves with key literary works, critical theories, and research methods. It is essential for candidates to develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills, as these will be crucial in answering the examination questions effectively.One of the key components of the English Doctoral Examination is the written component, which typically consists of essay questions that require candidates to analyze and interpret literary texts, discuss critical theories, and engage with scholarly debates. Candidates must demonstrate their ability to construct coherent arguments, support their claims with evidence, and engage with complex ideas in a clear and concise manner.The oral component of the English Doctoral Examination is equally important, as it allows candidates to demonstrate their ability to articulate their ideas, engage in scholarly discussions, and defend their research and interpretations. Candidates must be prepared to answer questions from a panel of examiners, engage in debates, and demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the field.Successfully passing the English Doctoral Examination is a significant achievement that opens up a wide range of opportunities for individuals. It not only demonstrates acandidate's expertise in the field of English language and literature but also showcases their ability to engage with complex ideas, conduct original research, and contribute to scholarly debates.In conclusion, the English Doctoral Examination is a crucial step in the process of obtaining a Ph.D. in English. Candidates must be prepared to engage in extensive study and research, develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills, and demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the field. By successfully passing the examination, candidates can embark on a rewarding academic and professional career in the field of English language and literature.。

考博英语试题及答案一、词汇题（每题1分，共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most similar in meaning to _______.A. createB. imitateC. duplicateD. replicate答案：A2. The phrase "at the mercy of" means _______.A. under the control ofB. in the favor ofC. against the will ofD. in the presence of答案：A3. Which of the following is NOT a synonym for "meticulous"?A. carefulB. thoroughC. hastyD. attentive答案：C4. The term "symbiosis" refers to a relationship where_______.A. two organisms live independentlyB. two organisms live in a mutually beneficial wayC. one organism lives at the expense of anotherD. one organism lives without the presence of another答案：B5. "Ephemeral" is a term used to describe something that is _______.A. everlastingB. temporaryC. stableD. permanent答案：B6-20. （略）二、阅读理解题（每题2分，共40分）阅读以下文章，回答6-15题。

考博英语-421(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：20.00)A man-made chemical that attracts male gypsy moths by duplicating the natural attractant of female gypsy moths has been patented as No. 3,018,219.Dr. Martin Jacobson of Silver Spring, Md., assigned patent rights to the U. S. Government as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture. The chemical can be used to detect gypsy moth infestations, as well as to control the insects.The gypsy moth does serious damage to forest and shade trees in New England and eastern New York State. The caterpillars, or larvae, of gypsy moths eat the leaves of trees, often causing death by a single attack. Losses of hardwood trees have been estimated at tens of millions of dollars from a 20-year study.Gypsy moths were prevented from spreading to other U. S. forest areas by using the natural attractant of the female to detect infestations, then spraying with chemicals such as DDT to kill the insects.Since the lure could previously be obtained only by clipping the last two abdominal segments of the virgin female moth, extracting the segments with benzene and then processing to stabilize the chemical, the procedure was expensive. Another difficulty was that, as the gypsy moth population declined, it became increasingly hard to obtain the females needed for lure production. Dr. Jacobson overcame both these difficulties by discovering a synthetic method for making the female's attractant chemical. The chemical is known as 12-acetoxy-l-hydroxycis-9- octadecene. It is so potent that the fraction of a drop produced by the female is 200,000 times more than the amount needed to catch a mate. The synthetic chemical is also very powerful--it works in amounts about equivalent to one drop in a box car.The flightless female gypsy moth mates only once a year and, as soon as she does, an enzyme switches off production of the sex attractant. The winged male, however, call mate several times and it is because of this that the chemical is being used for pest control.By using a mixture of attractant and DDT in traps lined with a sticky substance, enough males can be caught to reduce the gypsy moth population substantially.（分数：4.00）(1).The damage done by gypsy moths to trees in New England and New York is done by ______.（分数：1.00）A.only the male mothB.only the female mothC.a substitute female attractantD.caterpillars √解析：舞毒蛾给新英格兰和纽约的树木造成的危害是由毛虫造成的。

考博英语-试卷277(总分：154.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Structure and Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.It is reported that the worst pedestrian jam in this city occurs around this crossroads. （分数：2.00）A.confessionB.congestion √C.digestionD.exhaustion解析：解析：本题中，jam的意思是“堵塞”。

四个选项中，congestion的意思是“拥塞”，如：In many big cities，congestion in the rush hour is so serious that taking a bus proves adreaded ordeal．(在许多大城市里，高峰时的交通非常拥挤，这时乘公共汽车真是一场可怕的经历。

)confession的意思是“供认，承认”；digestion的意思是“消化力，领悟”；exhaustion的意思是“耗尽，枯竭”。

只有B项符合题意。

2.What he expressed as a mere supposition was taken by others as a positive statement（分数：2.00）A.suspectB.surmise √C.suspicionD.surrender解析：解析：本题中，supposition的意思是“假定，推测”。

四个选项中，surmise的意思是“猜度”，如：We surmised that the delay was caused by some accident．(我们推测延迟是由某种事故所致。

)suspect 的意思是“嫌疑犯”；suspicion的意思是“猜疑，怀疑”；surrender的意思是“放弃，投降”。

西南科技大学英语B2答案1、一Mary wants to invite you to see the movie today. 一I would rather she（B）me tomorrow. [单选题] *A.tellsB. told (正确答案)C. would tellD. had told2、They took _____ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping. [单选题] *A.efficientB.beneficialC.validD.effective(正确答案)3、A?pen _______ writing. [单选题] *A. is used toB. used toC. is used for(正确答案)D. used for4、49．________ is the price of the product? [单选题] *A．HowB．How muchC．What(正确答案)D．How many5、The weather forecast says that we’ll have occasional rain tomorrow. [单选题] *A. 偶尔的B. 不停的C. 少量的(正确答案)D. 不可预测的6、_____you may do, you must do it well. [单选题] *A.WhichB.WheneverC.Whatever(正确答案)D.When7、We have made a _______ tour plan to Sydney. [单选题] *A. two dayB. two daysC. two-day(正确答案)D. two-days8、A brown bear escaped from the zoo, which was a（）to everyone in the town. [单选题] *A. HarmB. violenceC. hurtD. threat(正确答案)9、He _______ maths. [单选题] *A. does well in(正确答案)B. good atC. is well inD. does well at10、Many people prefer the bowls made of steel to the _____ made of plastic. [单选题] *A. itB. ones(正确答案)C. oneD. them11、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)12、The teacher asked him to practice playing the piano _______. [单选题] *A. often as possibleB. as often possibleC. as possible oftenD. as often as possible(正确答案)13、Last year Polly _______ an English club and has improved her English a lot. [单选题] *A. leftB. sawC. joined(正确答案)D. heard14、While studying abroad, he financially depended（）his wife. [单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. ofC. toD. from15、As for the quality of this model of color TV sets, the ones made in Chine are by no means _____ those imported. [单选题] *A inferior thanB less inferior toC less inferior thanD. inferior to(正确答案)16、Mr. Wang is coming to our school. I can’t wait to see _______. [单选题] *A. herB. him(正确答案)C. itD. them17、Once you get on the road, here are some traffic _______ to remember. [单选题] *A. problemsB. positionsC. rules(正确答案)D. points18、75．Why not________ for a walk? [单选题] *A．go out(正确答案)B．to go outC．going outD．goes out19、37．—What will you be ___________?—I'm not sure. Maybe I'll be a doctor like my father. [单选题] *A．right nowB．in the future(正确答案)C．at onceD．at the moment20、( ). I’m _____ in that ______ film [单选题] *A. interesting interestedB. interested interesting(正确答案)C. interested interestedD. interesting interesting21、Mary's watch is more expensive than _____. [单选题] *A. Susan's(正确答案)B. that of Susan'sC. that of SusanD. Susan22、I’m still unable to make myself_____in the discussion, which worries me a lot. [单选题]*A.understandB.understood(正确答案)C.understandingD.to be understood23、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)24、Alice hopes to _______ more friends at her new school. [单选题] *A. visitB. make(正确答案)C. missD. take25、______ pocket money did you get when you were a child? （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. HowC. How manyD. How much(正确答案)26、38．—Do you have ________else to say for your mistake?—________but sorry. [单选题] *A．anything; SomethingB．something; EverythingC．anything; Nothing(正确答案)D．something; Anything27、Now people can _______ with their friends far away by e-mail, cellphone or letter. [单选题] *A. keep onB. keep in touch(正确答案)C. keep upD. keep off28、Before you quit your job, （）how your family will feel about your decision. [单选题] *A. consider(正确答案)B. consideringC. to considerD. considered29、He is a student of _______. [单选题] *A. Class SecondB. the Class TwoC. Class Two(正确答案)D. Second Two30、The firm attributed the accident to（）fog, and no casualties have been reported until now. [单选题] *A. minimumB. scarceC. dense(正确答案)D. seldom。

西南石油大学博士入学英语考试真题Southwest Petroleum University Doctoral Entrance ExaminationSection 1: Listening ComprehensionPart ADirections: In Part A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. On the third floor.B. In a library.C. At 3:30.D. At a book sale.2. A. In the office.B. In a restaurant.C. At 2:30.D. In a classroom.3. A. She won’t go to the concert.B. She can’t find her tickets.C. She has an extra ticket.D. She is excited about the concert.4. A. $15.B. $50.C. $30.D. $20.5. A. To the supermarket.B. To the drugstore.C. To the post office.D. To the library.Part BDirections: In Part B, you will hear a longer conversation between two speakers. At the end of the conversation, you will be asked some questions. The conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear the conversation andthe questions about it, read the five possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questions you have heard.6. A. He is buying a new car.B. He is going on vacation.C. He is moving to a new house.D. He is getting married.7. A. It will be fine.B. It will be rainy.C. It will be cold.D. It will be sunny.8. A. By train.B. By car.C. By bus.D. By plane.9. A. College students.B. People at work.C. Retired couples.D. Elderly tourists.10. A. A hotel.B. A theme park.C. A beach.D. A museum.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: After reading the following passage, you will find the question or incomplete statements based on the text. Read the passage and select the best answer for each question.In recent years, the population of bees has been declining around the world at an alarming rate. Bees play a crucial role in pollinating crops, fruits, and vegetables. This decline in bee populations could have serious consequences for food production and the global ecosystem.There are several reasons for the decline in bee populations. Pesticides used in agriculture are harmful to bees, leading to a decrease in their numbers. Climate change is also affecting bees, as they are sensitive to changes in temperature and habitat loss.To address the decline in bee populations, it is important to reduce the use of harmful pesticides in agriculture and create more habitats for bees to thrive. Planting bee-friendly flowers and creating bee-friendly environments can help support bee populations and ensure the health of the ecosystem.11. Why are bees essential for food production and the global ecosystem?A. They produce honey.B. They pollinate crops, fruits, and vegetables.C. They make beeswax.D. They sting people.12. What are the reasons for the decline in bee populations mentioned in the passage?A. Lack of water.B. Changes in temperature.C. Use of pesticides and climate change.D. Loss of habitat.13. How can the decline in bee populations be addressed?A. Increase the use of harmful pesticides.B. Decrease habitats for bees.C. Create bee-friendly environments and reduce pesticide use.D. Stop planting bee-friendly flowers.Part BDirections: After reading the following passage, you will find certain tasks based on the text. Read the passage and answer the questions or complete the statements.Education is a key factor in achieving success in life. For many people, obtaining a higher education is crucial for securing a good job and a stable income. However, the rising cost of tuition and fees has made it difficult for some individuals to pursue higher education.Despite the challenges, there are ways to make higher education more accessible to everyone. Scholarships and financial aid programs can help students from low-income families afford college. Online courses and distance learning programs have also made higher education more flexible and convenient for students.14. According to the passage, what is the importance of education?15. What are some challenges individuals face when pursuing higher education?16. How can higher education be made more accessible to students?17. What are some alternative ways to obtain a higher education besides traditional college programs?Section 3: WritingDirections: Write an essay of at least 300 words on one of the following topics.1. The impact of technology on society.2. The importance of environmental conservation.3. The benefits of travel and cultural exchange.4. The role of education in shaping the future.Remember to use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation in your essay.Good luck on your exam!END OF EXAMINATION.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题We want to（）the latest technology into schools.问题1选项A.announceB.operateC.introduceD.cast【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项announce“宣布，述说”，announce…to“通知某人，向……宣布”；B 选项operate“操作，经营”；C选项introduce“介绍，引进”，introduce…to“向……介绍”；D选项cast“投，抛，计算”。

句意：我们想向学校推荐最新的技术。

由选项意思和固定搭配可知，C选项符合句意。

2.单选题On our way to Beijing, we visited Xi’an, a city of two million（）, and stayed there for two days.问题1选项A.insectsB.humanC.inhabitantsD.flights【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项insect“昆虫，卑鄙的人”；B选项human“人，人类”；C选项inhabitant“居民，居住者”；D选项flight“飞行，班机”。

句意：在去北京的途中，我们参观了有200万人口的城市西安，并在那里呆了两天。

由选项意思和句意可知，C选项符合句意。

3.单选题Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,（）of course, made the others jealous.问题1选项A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that【答案】B【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。

分析句子结构：从句与主句之间有逗号隔开，独立存在，去掉了也不会影响整个句子的意思，所以这里用的是非限定定语从句。

博士英语考试作文20172017全国三卷英语作文博士英语考试作文2017博士英语考试作文2017 博士英语考试作文2017：Communication and Language One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language. There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today. In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as *****. Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position. But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication. Sometimes, we “say” more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices. Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication. Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites. Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth. The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex. But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology. 博士英语考试作文2017：Human Education The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture “Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text”. In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement. His opinion set usthinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education. With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth. In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit. At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking arebecoming a popular fashion. On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society. It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation. Our times call for an ideal humane education. It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole. Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation. Our attitude towards tradition should be “discarding the dross and selecting the essence”. The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education. It should start from primary school. In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality. The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education. We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture. 博士英语考试作文2017：Generation Gap Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the grown-up and the young remains unbridged. Instead, it grows wider apart. Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elder say. Owing to widespread edcuation, the influence of western civilization,to certain extent, gives them a new code of philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders. An invisible cold wall thus appears between the two generations. Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary. They have their own interpretation fro different matters;they also have their own ideals. Their reluctance to learn old teaching and sayings becomes the constant friction between the two generations. They always introduce new changes. However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes and the generation gap becomes wider and wider. After all, the young generation, like the old one, is made of flesh and blood. The young also need respect and they also have skills and good ideas. In order to narrow the gap, both groups should try to understand each other. Most probably, these suggestions may help to solve the problem. 博士英语考试作文2017：Part-time Jobs for College Students Nowadays, many college boys and girls take part-time jobs in their spare time. Some are employed by the companies near the campus, working as office clerks or computer programmers. Others have become salespersons for the commercial businesses. Foreign language students may serve as interpreters or translators where international cooperation is carried out. Or they may become tour guides for travel agencies. Also, it is a common practice for girl students to become governesses helping children with their school work in their homes. Many people, including some professors and parents, make no secret of their disapproval of this. On the one hand, they argue that academic pursuit is the main task for college students and that taking part-time jobs distracts their attention and consumes a lot of energy needed. On the other hand, professors and parents tend to believe that college boys and girls need to further cultivate their personality and developtheir sense of responsibility before they can be ready for any serious jobs. But in my opinion, every coin has two sides. It is true that the students’ major task is to study. It is also true that taking part-time jobs will take a lot of time and energy. However, if the students can learn to arrange their time properly, the professors and parents might as well be relieved from all their worries. As manystudents take jobs related to their fields of study, they can gain some first-hand experience instead of being distracted from their study. Moreover, treated as full adults on their part-time jobs, they will develop their sense of responsibility very soon. When they finally graduate, they will find themselves in a more agreeable social environment.(280w)。