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看《喜福会》中的几种关系作者：刘磊来源：《黑龙江教育·理论与实践》2014年第03期摘要：谭恩美的《喜福会》体现了大量的中美文化。
本文从中国移民母亲和美国出生女儿之间的母女关系、中国式男女关系和美国式男女关系、中国式朋友关系和美国式朋友关系的对比出发，表述了中美文化的不同。
正是中美文化的差异导致了《喜福会》中的种种冲突与矛盾。
小说情节跌宕起伏，向读者展示了一幅多姿多彩的东西方文化画卷。
关键词：喜福会；中美文化；母女关系；男女关系；朋友关系当代著名的美籍华裔女作家谭恩美于1989年出版了她的第一部长篇小说《喜福会》。
小说一经发表即在美国引起轰动，连续9个月被评为《纽约时报》畅销书，后又被译成20多种文字在各国广泛流传，还被改编成同名电影，引起了强烈反响。
《喜福会》主要讲述了有着不同身份、经历和人生取向的四位中国母亲和在美国土生土长的四个女儿之间的故事，表现了中美两国截然不同的母女关系、男女关系以及朋友关系。
一、母女关系《喜福会》中的母亲们是中国文化的代表，女儿们则是美国文化的象征。
母亲们出生在旧中国，受中国传统文化熏陶，认为凡事以家庭为重，子女对父母应遵守孝道。
女儿们则是土生土长的“美国人”，思想自由、开放，追求自我价值的实现和自我权利的掌控。
正是基于两种不同的世界观、人生观和价值观，母女之间的关系表现为摩擦、冲突与对抗。
“妈将一切未遂的心愿、希望，都寄托在美国这片土地上。
她是在一九四九年来到美国的。
在中国，她丧失了一切：双亲，家园，她的前夫和一对孪生女儿。
但她对过去的一切，从不用悲恸的目光去回顾，眼前，她有太多的打算，以便将生活安排得更好。
” [1 ] 吴素云为了重拾遗失在旧中国的梦想与希望，把心血都倾注在女儿吴精美身上。
她为女儿从旧杂志里搜寻有关孩子智力培养和成才的测试题目，免费为公寓里的一位退休钢琴教师做清洁工以换取女儿的钢琴课，储足钱为女儿买架旧钢琴，并将喜福会的朋友全部请到联谊会现场听女儿演奏。
作者： 程欣
作者机构： 开封大学外国语学院,河南开封475004
出版物刊名： 芒种
页码： 113-114页
年卷期： 2014年 第8期
主题词：�喜福会》 谭恩美 母女关系
摘要：�喜福会》描写了四位性格和命运各异的中国移民母亲与生长在美国的女儿之间由于文化差异和对民族身份的不同程度的认同等原因造成的矛盾冲突及彼此相互接受、相互融合的故事，作者以特定的历史和文化视角，反映了“神秘的母女联系”和她们所面临的困境和充满爱的亲密，将家庭矛盾和母女冲突放大和提升到文化冲突的层面，不仅彰显了小说的艺术张力和文化内涵，而且揭示了隐藏在激烈冲突和碰撞背后的跨文化矛盾，树立了美国华裔作家对东西文化冲突、接受和融合探索的范本。
从母女代际关系解读《喜福会》的三种主题许漪王宏昌（嘉兴学院南湖学院，浙江嘉兴314001）摘要:《喜福会》是美国载誉数项的华裔女作家谭恩美的处女作，谭氏以其独到的细腻笔触，落笔在四对母女构成的八个人物之上，并以母辈到子辈的不同时间轴，三种主题来叙述东方女性近百年来在中外两种环境中的转变和继承，讲述她们在中美两国大环境中产生的冲突与和解，展示了社会现实主义对于时代背景的思考。
笔者从四对母女的代际关系来分析《喜福会》的三种主题及所隐汉含的精神层次和折射的现实意义。
关键词:《喜福会》；女性身份；代际关系；三种主题中图分类号：I712.074文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：1005-5312（2020）14-0052-01一、作品《喜福会》的背景、影响及梗概《喜福会》作为美籍华裔女作家谭恩美的首部长篇类型的小说，于1989年完成。
当时美国是世界二战后的恢复时期，人们仍处在对逐渐尖锐化的社会矛盾的思考中。
而《喜福会》恰恰是就中美两国差异进行描述，所以作品甫一面世立即引起了社会各学界的激烈讨论。
整部作品讲述了四对母女庸常生活中从冲突到和解的故事，以小单元格式来展现中美文化的差异，风格具有浓郁的新现实主义色彩，以三种主题生动形象地向读者表现出在两国之间美籍华裔的生存、改变，过渡到平稳，展现了中美两国文化无声地从差异走向融合的过程。
二、三种主题的呈现（一）母辈的压抑谭恩美首先讲述了母辈的故事，采用了第一视角的方式，让母辈在近代的中国所承受的压迫与悲苦先展现出来，给读者以灰色的整体视觉，并在悲感中思考促成这种情况的实际渊源。
概括而言，这与当时的中国社会国家背景是相关的。
如许安梅的母亲被吴青强暴的不利局势，她不得不被迫做了妾，从原本的大太太变成了第四房小妾，最终为了安梅的未来而吞鸦片自杀。
龚琳达是黄家的童养媳，但她嫁过去之后才发现丈夫还只是个孩子，而一心想要孙子的婆婆对琳达百般磋磨，最终琳达靠装疯卖傻巧妙地逃出黄家。
顾莺莺是富家小姐出身，从小被教育成中国传统的女性，但因薄情郎类型的丈夫另有新欢，选择了将孩子溺死这样的极端报复方式来结束自己的婚姻。
摘要：美国华裔作家谭恩美的处女作《喜福会》描写的是贴近生活的人与人之间的关系问题，本文旨在从伦理学角度出发．运用最大幸福原则分析《喜福会》中母女关系对立与冲突的原因，以及母女关系最终走向和谐的必然性。
关键词：《喜福会》；福利经济学；最大幸福原则；母女关系《喜福会》e Joy Luck Club)是谭恩美(Amy Tan)于1989年发表的处女作，发表之初就掀起了一股华裔文学研究的热潮。
本文将采用一种全新的方式来研究《喜福会》中的母女关系：借助福利经济学中的分析模型，利用功利主义最大幸福原则，分析《喜福会》中母女关系冲突的原因，以及最终和解的结局是一种必然。
一、功利主义最大幸福原则介绍功利主义(Utilitarianism)，即效益主义，是道德哲学(伦理学)中的一个理论，提倡追求“最大幸福”(Maximum Happiness)。
早在功利主义正式成为哲学理论之前，就有功利主义思想雏型的出现。
近代英国哲学家与伦理学家如坎伯兰(Richard Cumberland)、法兰西斯·哈奇森与休姆都有功利主义的倾向。
据边沁指出，他在英国化学家约瑟夫·普利斯特里、法国哲学家爱尔维修(Claude—Adrien Helvetius)、意大利法学家贝卡里亚(Cesare Beccaria)以及休姆等的著作中都发现了功利原则。
功利主义正式成为哲学系统是在18世纪末与19世纪初期，由英国哲学家兼经济学家边沁和米尔提出。
其基本原则是：一种行为如有助于增进幸福，则为正确的；若导致产生和幸福相反的东西，则为错误的。
幸福不仅涉及行为的当事人，也涉及受该行为影响的每一个人。
功利主义认为人应该做出能“达到最大善”的行为，所谓最大善的计算则必须依靠此行为所涉及的每个个体之苦乐感觉的总和，其中每个个体都被视为具相同份量，且快乐与痛苦是能够换算的，痛苦仅是“负的快乐”。
不同于一般的伦理学说，功利主义不考虑一个人行为的动机与手段，仅考虑一个行为的结果对最大快乐值的影响。
母女情深论《喜福会》的故事环结构与母女关系主题一、本文概述《喜福会》作为一部深刻描绘母女关系的作品，以其独特的故事环结构和母女关系主题引起了广泛的关注和讨论。
本文旨在全面解析《喜福会》的故事环结构，深入探究其母女关系主题，并试图揭示这一作品所蕴含的深刻社会和文化意义。
通过对小说中母女关系的细致剖析，本文希望能够进一步加深读者对这部作品的理解，并引发对母女关系、文化传承、社会期望等议题的深入思考。
文章首先将对《喜福会》的故事环结构进行概述，分析这一结构如何巧妙地串联起四个家庭、四对母女的故事，形成一个紧密相连的整体。
接着，本文将深入探讨母女关系主题在小说中的体现，包括母女之间的冲突、理解、和解以及她们共同面对的社会和文化压力。
本文还将关注小说中母女关系的变化和发展，以及这种变化如何反映了社会和文化环境的变化。
通过对《喜福会》的深入解析，本文希望能够为读者提供一个全面、深入的理解这部作品的视角，并引导读者思考母女关系在现实生活中的意义和价值。
本文也期望能够引起学术界对《喜福会》及其所反映的母女关系、文化传承等议题的更多关注和研究。
二、《喜福会》的故事环结构分析《喜福会》这部作品在叙事结构上采用了独特的故事环形式，这种结构形式不仅有效地串联了各个章节，还通过对比和呼应的手法深化了母女关系的主题。
故事环结构，如同一个连环相扣的圆环，每个故事既独立又相互联系，共同构建了一个完整而丰富的叙事体系。
在《喜福会》中，四个家庭、四对母女的故事构成了故事环的核心。
每个家庭的故事都以其独特的视角和情节展现了母女关系的复杂性和多面性。
这些故事在情节发展上相互呼应，形成了一种巧妙的对称和平衡。
例如，在讲述母亲们年轻时在旧中国的生活经历时，我们看到了她们如何在困境中坚持自我、追求幸福；而在讲述女儿们在美国的生活时，则展示了她们如何在异国他乡寻找自我、追求梦想。
这种对称的结构不仅使故事更加引人入胜，也强调了母女间传承与变革的主题。
The Joy Luck Club (1989) is a best-selling novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families who start a club known as "the Joy Luck Club," playing the Chinese game of Mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. There are sixteen chapters divided into four sections, and each woman, both mothers and daughters, (with the exception of one mother, Suyuan Woo, who dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each section comes after a parable.In 1993, the novel was adapted into a feature film directed by Wayne Wang and starring Ming-Na, Lauren Tom, Tamlyn Tomita, France Nuyen, Ro salind Chao, Kieu Chinh, Tsai Chin, Lisa Lu, and Vivian Wu. The screenplay was written by Amy Tan and Ronald Bass.Contents [hide]1 Plot summary and Reception2 Criticism3 Characters3.1 Mothers3.2 Daughters4 Table of contents4.1 Feathers from a Thousand Li Away4.2 The Twenty-Six Malignant Gates4.3 American Translation4.4 Queen Mother of the Western Skies5R e f e r e n c e s6 External links[edit] Plot summary and ReceptionAs the novel opens Jing-Mei "June" Woo has just lost her mother, Suyuan, to an aneurysm. She is asked by her mother's three friends to take Suyuan'splace in their Mah-Jong foursome and their "Joy Luck Club". The novel unfolds with interspersed chapters by each of the three remaining members of the Club and their American-born daughters. Lindo and Waverly Jong began their war over Waverly's childhood chess stardom and the effects it has on every aspect of Waverly's adult life. An-Mei Hsu recounts the tragedy that gave her strength, and worries that her daughter, Rose, lacks the same determination. Lena St. Clair tries to care for her eccentric mother, while her mother recounts a secret history that has allowed her to see more de eply than her daughter imagines. Through it all, June Woo tries to piece together the stories that her own mother can no longer tell, and to be faithful to her mother's memory despite their sometimes rocky relationship. This story of the bonds between m o t h e r s a n d d a u g h t e r s h a s b e e n p o p u l a r w i t h f e m a l e r e a d e r s.[edit] CriticismThough her book has been widely praised by critics, it has been criticized byn o t e d A s i a n A m e r i c a n a u t h o r F r a n k C h i n f o r p e r p e t u a t i n g r a c i s t stereotypes.[1][2][3][edit] Characters[edit] MothersS u y u a n W o oDuring the Second Sino-Japanese War, Suyuan lives in Kweilin (Guilin) while her husband at the time served as an officer in Chungking (Chongqing). She starts the onginal Joy Luck Club with her three friends to cope with the war. On the day of the Japanese invasion, Suyuan leaves her house with nothing but a b a g o f c l o t h e s,a b a g o f f o o d,a n d h e r t w i n b a b y d a u g h t e r s.During the long journey, Suyuan contracts such severe dysentery that she feels certain she will die. Fearing that a dead mother would doom her babies' chances of rescue, she reluctantly and emotionally leaves her daughters under a barren tree, together with all her belongings, along with a note asking anyone who might find the babies to care for them. Suyuan then departs, expecting to die, but is rescued herself. She later remarries, comes to America, forms a n ew J oy L uck Club wit h thre e ot her Chin ese fe mal e imm igra nts she me t atchurch, and has more children. But her abandonment of the twin girls haunts her for the rest of her life. After many years, Suyuan learns that the twins were adopted, but dies of a brain aneurysm before she can meet them. It is her A m e ri c an-bo r n d au g ht er J in g-m e i w ho fu l fi ll s he r lo n g-c he r is h ed w i s h o f reuniting with her elder twin half-sisters.As Suyuan dies before the novel begins, her history is told by Jing-mei, based on her knowledge of her mother's stories, anecdotes from her father, and what the other members of the Joy Luck Club tell her.A n-M e i H s uAn-Mei is raised by her grandparents and other relatives during her early years i n N i n g b o a f t e r h e r w i d o w e d m o t h e r s h o c k s t h e f a m i l y b y b e c o m i n g a concubine to a middle-aged wealthy man after her first husband's death. This becomes a source of conflict for the young An-Mei, as her aunts and uncles deeply resent her mother for such a dishonorable act, and they try to convi nce An-Mei that she is not fit to live with her disgraced mother; now forbidden to enter the family home. An-Mei's mother, however, still wishes to be part of her daughter's life. After An-Mei's grandmother died, she lives with her mother in t he h ome of h e r m othe r's ne w hu sban d, W u-Ts in g. A n-Me i le arns tha t herm o t h e r b e c a m e W u-T s i n g's c o n c u b i n e t h r o u g h t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n s o f h i s favorite concubine known as Second Wife, who arranged a plan for An-Mei's mother, still in mourning for her original husband, to be raped by Wu-Tsing. The stigma left An-Mei's mother with no choice but to marry Wu-Tsing and become his new but lowly Fourth Wife. She laterlost her baby son to SecondW i f e,wh o c l ai m ed th e b o y a s h e r ow n c h il d t o e n su r e h er pl a ce i n th e household. Second Wife also tried to win over An-mei upon her arrival in Wu-Tsing's mansion, giving her a necklace made of "pearls" that her mother later revealed were actually opaque glass orbs by crushing one with her foot.Wu-Tsing is a highly superstitious man, and Second Wife took advantage of this weakness by making false suicide attempts and threatening to haunt him as a ghost if he did not let her have her way. According to Chinese tradition, a person's soul comes back after three days to settle scores with the living. Wu-Tsing, therefore, was afraid to face the ghost of an angry or scorned wife. After Second Wife used a suicide attempt to prev ent An-Mei and her mother from getting their own household, An-Mei's mother successfully committed suicide herself. She timed her death so that her soul would be due to return on the first day of the new year, a day when all debts must be settled lest the debtor suffer great misfortune. With this in mind, Wu-Tsing promised to treat his Fourth Wife's children, including An-Mei, as if they were his very own flesh and blood by an honored First Wife. When Second Wife attempted to disrupt this, An-Mei crushed the fake pearl necklace Second Wife gave beneath herfeet to show her awareness of all the deception and to symbolize her new power over Second Wife, who now fears and realizes the bad karma she brought upon herself.An-Mei later immigrates to America, marries, and gives birth to children. Hery o un g es t so n, Bi n g, d i es in a d r ow ni n g ac c id e nt a t a y ou n g ag e.Lindo JongLindo is a strong-willed woman, a trait her daughter Waverly attributes to her having been born in the year of the Horse. When Lindo was only twelve, she was forced to move in with a neighbor's young son, Huang Tyan Yu, through the machinations of the village matchmaker. She married him when she was sixteen. She soon realized that her husband was just a little boy at hea rt and had no sexual interest in her. Lindo began to care for her husband as a brother, but her cruel mother-in-law expected Lindo to produce a grandson. She restricted most of Lindo's daily activities, eventually ordering her to remain on bed rest until she could conceive and deliver a child.Determined to escape this unfortunate situation, Lindo carefully observed the other people in the household and eventually formed a clever plan to escape her marriage without dishonoring herself or her family. She managed to trick her young husband's family that he was actually fated to marry another girl who was already pregnant with his "spintual child", and that her marriage to Huang Tyan Yu would only bring bad luck to the family. In reality, the girl in question was a mere servant in the household and indeed pregnant, but abandoned by her lover.Freed of her first marriage, Lindo decided to immigrate to America. She married a Chinese-American man named Tin Jong and has three children: sons Winston and Vincent, and daughter Waverly.Lindo experiences regret over losing some of her Chinese identity by living so long in America (she is treated like a tourist on a visit to China), however she expresses concern that Waverly's American upbringing has caused a barrier between them.Ying-Ying "Betty" St. ClairFrom a young age, Ying-Ying is told by her wealthy and conservative family that Chinese girls should be meek and gentle. She begins to develop a passive personality and repress her feelings as she grows up in Wuxi. Ying-Ying marries a charismatic man named Lin Xiao, not out oflove, but because she believed it was her fate. Her husband is revealed to be abusive and openly has extramarital relationships with other women. When Ying-Ying discovers that she is pregnant around the time her husband abandons her, she takesrevenge by killing his son before he is born and moving in with her poor relatives in the country.After ten years, she moves to the city where she meets an American man named Clifford St. Clair. He falls in love with her, but Ying-Ying cannot express the strong emotion after her first marriage. He courts her for four years before she agrees to marry him after learning that Lin Xiao had died, which she takes as the proper sign to move on. She allows him to control most aspects of her life, mistranslating her words and actions, and even changing her name to "Betty." They give birth to two children, one daughter, Lena and a stillborn son.Ying-Ying is horrified when she realizes that Lena has inherited her passive behaviors and trapped herself in a loveles s marriage with a controlling husband. She finally resolves to tell her daughter her story in the hope that she will be able to break free from the same passivity that ruined most of her young life back in China.[edit] DaughtersJing-Mei "June" WooJing-Mei has never fully understood her mother and seems directionless in life. During June's childhood, her mother used to tell her that she could be anything she wants; however, she particularly wanted her daughter to be gifted, like June's frenemy Waverly. At the beginning of the novel, June is chosen to replace her mother's seat in the Joy Luck Club after her mother's death. At the end of the novel, June is still trying to deal with her mother's death, and she visits China to see the twin half-sisters whom her mother had been forced to abandon when the Japanese attacked China.R o se Hs u Jo r da nRose is somewhat passive and is a bit of a perfectionist. She marries a doctor, Ted Jordan. After a malpractice suit, Ted has a mid-life crisis and decides to leave Rose, who he married, in part, to spite his mother. When Ted comes for the divorce papers, she finds her voice and tells him that he can't just throw her out of his life, comparing herself to weeds in his garden, once so beloved, now unkempt and filthy. She wants to hire a good lawyer and fight for possession of the house, which she eventually wins.Waverly JongWaverly is an independent-minded and intelligent woman, but is annoyed by her mother's constant cnticism. Well into her adult life, she finds herself restrained by her subconscious fear of letting her mother down. During theirc h i ld h o o d,J u ne a n d W a v e r l y b e c o m e c h i l d h o o d r i v a l s;t h e i r m o t h e r s compared their daughters accomplishments. Waverly was once a gifted chess champion, but quit after arguing with her mother, who used her daughters talent to show off.Lena St. ClairLena's husband, Harold, demands financial "equality" in their marriage. They are co-workers, but Lena is an associate while Harold is a partner, so he has a larger salary than she does. However, he insists that all household expenses be divided equally between them. Harold believes that by making everything equal, they can make their love equal as well, but Lena is frustrated with her life .[edit] Table of contents(Name of chapter is followed by the name of the narrator whose perspective is used for that chapter)[edit] Feathers from a Thousand Li Away"The Joy Luck Club," Jing-mei "June" Woo"Scar," An-Mei Hsu"The Red Candle," Lindo Jong"The Moon Lady," Ying-Ying St. Clair[edit] The Twenty-Six Malignant Gates"Rules of the Game," Waverly Jong"The Voice from the Wall," Lena St. Clair"Half and Half," Rose Hsu Jordan"Two Kinds," Jing-mei "June" Woo[edit] American Translation"Rice Husband," Lena St. Clair"Four Directions," Waverly Jong"Without Wood," Rose Hsu Jordan"Best Quality," Jing-mei "June" Woo[edit] Queen Mother of the Western Skies "Magpies," An-mei Hsu"Waiting Between the Trees," Ying-Ying St. Clair "Double Face," Lindo Jong"A Pair of Tickets," Jing-mei "June" Woo。
