美国文学史 几个主义

美国文学史及选读美国文学史及其部分作品的阅读和分析对于了解美国文化和历史以及影响美国文学发展的诸多因素有着极为重要的意义。

美国文学史从17世纪开始，历经18世纪、19世纪和20世纪，大致可以划分为四个时期：17世纪美国早期文学时期、18世纪美国新古典主义时期、19世纪美国农村小说时期和20世纪美国现代文学时期。

17世纪美国早期文学时期，也被称为“美国文学的孕育期”，是自1620年英国殖民者到达北美以来，美国文学的萌芽阶段。

这一时期的文学内容以传统的英国教会文件和日记为主，它们多以英国殖民者的观点和主张为主线，描述了纯洁的“美国梦”。

17世纪的作家，包括英国殖民者Richard Mather、威尔士人Matthew Bradborne、英国殖民者William Bradford、Mary Rowlandson等，他们的作品是17世纪美国文学概览的重要组成部分。

18世纪美国新古典主义时期，是美国文学发展史上一个重要的转折点。

借鉴欧洲新古典主义的文学理论，18世纪的美国作家们把重点放在精神自由和私人财产的保护上，他们的文学作品提出了“美国价值观”，向西方文明、人文主义教育和向自由努力的信念致敬。

18世纪重要的作家包括清教徒作家威廉沃克、保守派作家伊丽莎白梨斯伯里和政治家约翰亚当斯，他们的主要作品包括《清教徒历史》、《阶级教育原理》、《自由宪章》等，它们既反映了当时美国社会的实际状况，又为未来的美国文学奠定了基础。

19世纪美国农村小说时期，是美国文学的重要发展阶段。

在这一时期，美国作家把故事的叙事形式从传统的宗教题材变为市井题材，以此表达自己的政治观点，阐释自由主义的价值观。

19世纪重要的作家包括约翰梅尔维尔、欧文梅西尔、温斯顿查尔斯等，他们的作品带来了一股美国游牧主义精神，许多作品以穷乡僻壤为背景，如《黑市交易》、《横行霸道》等，表现了新美国社会的分层现象，探讨了社会动荡及人性苦恼。

20世纪美国现代文学时期，是受到欧洲新派和美国当代艺术的影响，美国文学进入了一个新的阶段，这一时期以诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文等文学形式表现当时美国人的思想感情。

美国文学中的几个主义清教主义： Puritanism 代表人物： Anna Bradstreet ，Benjamin Franklin ，Thomas Paine ，Thomas Jefferson浪漫主义： Romanticism 代表人物：Washington Irving ，Edgar Allan PoeA超验主义：Transcendentalism ；代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson ，Emily Dickinson ，Walt Whitman自然主义：Naturalism ；代表人物：Henry D. Thoreau意向主义：Imagism ；代表人物：Ezra Pound心理现实主义：psychological realism ；代表人物：Henry James一清教主义对美国文学的影响清教徒文学传统形成于17世纪，清教主义与其它宗教相比,包含三个层面的价值体系,并对不同时期的美国文学产生了不同的影响,表现出不同时代特征,以清教主义作为参照系,可以说17世纪美国文学是“信仰时代的文学”,18世纪美国文学是“世俗时代的文学”,19世纪美国文学则可称为“宗教批判与宗教道德时代的文学”。

发端于英国的清教主义对美国社会有着更大的影响,“英格兰有过清教革命,却没有创建清教社会;美国没有经历清教革命,却创建了清教社会”①。

并且这种影响以其持久深厚而铸就了美利坚民族的灵魂。

正如朱世达先生所言:“清教传统像一条红线规范了从殖民时代到如今的美国的政治文化与社会文化”②。

作为美国文化一个独特的源头,清教主义在美国经历了由表及里、由明转暗的曲折发展,最终形成有美国特色的清教价值体系,从某种意义上说,文学是这一发展历程的最好见证。

一般而言,宗教都包含信仰与道德两个层面的价值体系。

清教主义的传播和渗入伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美的整个过程。

作为一种教义 ,清教主义不再具有原有的意义 ,但它对新英格兰乃至整个美国由来已久的影响 ,却在美国形成了一种特殊的文化氛围 ,不仅与美国人性格中的个人主义有联系 ,对美国文学的发展和特点也起着重要作用。

美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学摘要：浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一。

当美国人在大刀阔斧地建设自己的国家时，也开始逐渐意识到逐渐与欧洲的不同。

随着不断增强的民族主义意识及民族自豪感，美国人开始希望见到自己的不同与欧洲模式，能表达他们字的美国风情的文学。

这个时代伟大的作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。

随后美国文学进入了超验主义时代。

超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。

它实际上是对浪漫主义的发展。

然后，美国的国家自信心受到了内战的动摇。

内战过后，美国处在迷茫中。

在1900年前后这段时期的文学由于美国国内环境的变化而由浪漫主义和超验主义乐观精神转向对社会和人类本质更直接的探讨。

从某种角度，现实主义反对浪漫主义的理想主义和怀旧情绪。

它主要关注中下层人民的日常生活，而在这种情况下人物性格是社会因素作用的结果，环境是整个事件发展不可分割的部分。

关键词：美国文学史；浪漫主义；文学特点The Romantic Period Literature in the history of AmericanLiteratureAbstract: Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Later，American literature came to Transcendentalism Period which emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of tradition authority. It was actually greatly influenced by romanticism. However, the country’s confidence was waved by the Civil War. After the war, Americans got lost. At about 1900s, American literature came to another entirely different age—the age of Realism. Realists searched for the social and human nature more directly. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. It has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications.Keywords: American Literature History; Romanticism; Literary characteristics1、American RomanticismRomanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil.1.1The unique characteristics of American RomanticismAlthough greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams.and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and，later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesserwriters.historical reasonsWith the independence of the United States of America, political autonomy, the rise of the economy, and cultural independence, the largest land expansion in American history began during the Romantic period of the United States. As of 1860, the Civil War began, the territory of the United States extended to the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. No one could have predicted the middle of 19th century. The United States expanded from just 13 states in her early days to 21, with a nearly eightfold increase in the number of citizens from 4 million in 1790 to 1860. The total population of the country reached 30 million. At that time, the European bourgeois revolution and technological revolutionThe influence of life, this young country has experienced the rapid industrialization of baptism, the affected area in addition to the United States at each city area, including the vast rural areas. Whether industrial or agricultural development are the extensive use of the steam engine, in the vast continent of the United States, many factories such as a large number of factories set up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, the establishment of the inevitable with the demand for labor force increase, at the same time, when the United States appeared a lot of new inventions, these results quickly applied to the life, the production efficiency is greatly improved. In the romantic period, along with the rapid development of American politics, economy, culture, more and more around the worldImmigrants come to the United States, provide good human resources the arrival of immigrants to the industrial and agricultural development.epilogueThe peak period of Romanticism in American literature was the transcendentalism which appeared later.The concept of transcendentalism was first put forward by the New England Transcendentalism Club in 1830s.For the people of the New World,the idea was gradually accepted by American culture,the two most important writers were Emerson and Thoreau.They are regarded as the archetypal figures of American transcendentalism.Their works play an important role in thespiritual independence of American literature.Transcendentalism emphasizes the help of heaven to help the self-help.Strive to achieve the goal of self-improvement.Two other important writers,Hawthorne and Melvil,insisted on the original sin in the period of the moralism.They believed that only through moral constraints could human nature be promoted.reference documentation[1]Leslie A Fiedler. Love and Death in the merican Novel [M]. Harmondswort: Penguin Books, 1984.[2]Zhang Deming . Huckleberry. Adventures > and adult ceremony [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 1999. (4):91-97.[3]Jung .C.G.Conception of Collective unconsciousness [A] .trans by Wang Ai, selected by Ye Shuxian. Myth-archetypal criticism [C] .Xi 'an: Shaanxi normal University Press, 1987.101.[4]Bakhtin. Theory of novels [M] .translated by Bai Chunren, Xiao he .Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Press, 1998.。

第一部分殖民主义时期the colonial period1.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest Americanwriting.代表人物: cotton mather 科顿.马瑟Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森.爱德华兹Anne brandstreet 安妮.布雷斯特里特殖民时期第一位诗人，《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》第二部分理性和革命时期文学reasoning and revolution1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林代表作：Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人理查德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集Autobiography 自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.潘恩Rights of man 人的权利The age of reason 理性时代American Crisis《美国危机》, signed “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”3、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period（18th century）. 是革命战争后期（18世纪）最杰出的作家。

the “Father of American Poetry”美国诗歌之父poet of American revolution4、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言第三部分浪漫主义文学/Romanticismtranscendentalism超验主义：1、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

美国文学的特点（范文5篇）以下是网友分享的关于美国文学的特点的资料5篇，希望对您有所帮助，就爱阅读感谢您的支持。

美国文学的特点（1）20世纪的美国文学，堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”，同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。

这一时期，现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面，促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。

==小说==这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义，但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。

这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向：1、两种现实主义小说。

在这方面的主要代表是亨利詹姆斯，他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统，擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。

他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象，始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。

与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。

这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林加兰。

2、乡土作家和幽默小说。

这方面的代表性作家是欧亨利。

他的短篇小说篇幅不长，以情节取胜，一般以写小市民生活为主，充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。

尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。

3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿辛克莱。

从19世纪90年代开始，一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。

其中以厄普顿辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。

4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。

这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。

他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。

第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。

杰克伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动，曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。

实际上，他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响，这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。

美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒,二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”,死后进天国,相信“原罪”。

这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承.代表作家：考顿·马瑟,乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒.二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期，主要文学指导思想是“自然神论"(Deism）,强调理性，认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝"；自然万物是“神的体现”,人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。

主要特点:作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者；文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义"和“新古典主义”，18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”;文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论，也有诗歌，讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事，18世纪末还产生了话剧。

启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手,如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩,以及托马斯·杰斐逊。

三、19世纪南北战争时期这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。

浪漫主义：18世纪70年代－19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期，南北战争前30年（1830－1860）为极盛时期，南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。

浪漫主义注重“想象"、“激情”和“个性解放”，认为人本质是善良的，铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚，摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。

超验主义是其一分支，强调“天人合一”，认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。

概述美国浪漫主义文学经历了独立战争、南北战争的美国，到19世纪末，已完成了向帝国主义的过渡。

1．浪漫主义文学19世纪初，美国希望通过浪漫主义文学的努力建立民族文学，开始了约半个多世纪的浪漫主义运动，一般以1829年为界分为前后两期。

（1）前期浪漫主义①欧文有“美国文学之父”之称，他的代表作是一部包括散文、随感、故事等在内的《见闻札记》，其中最著名的是《隔普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷的传说》等短篇小说。

②詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀因创作了一批“纯粹美国式”的长篇小说而在文学史上占据重要地位。

他开创了美国文学史上三种不同的小说形式，即以《间谍》为代表的革命历史小说，以《开拓者》为代表的边疆题材小说和以《水手》为代表的航海生活小说。

（2）后期浪漫主义①以超验主义为思想基础的后期浪漫主义文学的出现，标志着美国文学逐步进入了成熟阶段。

宣扬人的本性、人的智慧和创造力、人的个人意志和绝对自由，是后期浪漫主义的基本内容。

②后期浪漫主义在理论和创作上的最早代表是拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生，影响最大的浪漫主义小说家是纳撒尼尔·霍桑。

霍桑的思想偏于保守，常以抽象的善恶观点来观察分析社会现象，长篇小说《红字》被认为是他的代表作。

③朗费罗，是浪漫主义诗歌的代表。

19世纪最杰出的民主诗人惠特曼的诗作的出现，代表着浪漫主义文学的最高成就，也使美国文学真正获得了世界性的声誉。

2．现实主义文学现实主义文学在反对南方蓄奴制的斗争中形成的废奴文学，对残酷反动的蓄奴制进行了深刻的揭露和批判，表现了强烈的民主倾向，这方面的重要作品有理查·希尔德烈斯的《白奴》和哈里叶特·比彻·斯托夫人的《汤姆大伯的小屋》。

3．象征主义文学（1）南方作家艾德加·爱伦·坡是象征主义文学的鼻祖。

（2）他把创作视为脱离现实和超感觉的纯粹主观思维的过程，提倡“纯艺术”、“纯诗歌”。

美国文学史一.知识点1.清教主义代表人物：Edwards Franklin2.富兰克林的作品：《Poor Richard’s Almanac》《Autobiography》3.富兰克林自传中的十三个美德：Temperance（节制）silence （少言）order（秩序）frugality （节俭）Industry（勤勉）sincerity （真诚）resolution（决心）justice （公正）moderation （中庸）cleanliness（整洁）chastity(镇定) tranquility（节欲）humility（谦逊）This work is a puritan document. It is puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.4.富兰克林作品中的谚语:lost time is never found again. A penny saved is a penny earned. God help them that help themselves. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.5.美国浪漫主义代表人物：Irving Cooper6.Irving was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.His works are《The Sketch Book》《Rip Van Winkle》《The Legend of Sleepy Hollow》7. Cooper’s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that he created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. “Leatherstocking tales” is a series of five novels described the frontier life of American settlers, that is, 《The Pioneers》《The Last of the Mohicans》《The Prairie》《The pathfinder》《The Deerslayer》8. Emerson 的代表作《Nature》. “The American Scholar” has been regarded as the American’s declaration of intellectual independence.9.Thoreau的代表作《Walden》10.美国黑色浪漫主义代表人物：Hawthorne Melville Allan Poe11.Whitman的作品《Leaves of Grass》《Song of Myself》. 用来赞扬林肯的诗歌“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”“Captain, My Captain”12.Dickinson的诗歌“My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close”“Wild Nights”. Dickinson was original. She sees nature as both gaily benevolent and cruel. On the ethical level she emphasizes free will and human responsibility. Like Emerson, she holds that beauty, goodness, truth are the ultimately one. She is good at catching the charm of something but dropping the thing itself. 13. Allan Poe: Father of modern short story;Father of detective story;Father of psychoanalytic criticism;Father of mental analytic theory.14. Local Colorism的代表人物:Mark Twain15.Naturalism 时期：Crane的作品：《Maggie：A Girl of the Street》《The Red Badge of Courage》Dreiser的作品：《Sister Carrie》Jack London；O’Henry16. Imagism 的代表人物：Pound他的作品“In a Station of the Metro”(has been regarded asa classic specimen of imagist poetry) “Cantos”(has been called his intellectual diary since1915).17. Eliot 的作品《The Waste Land》18. Robert Frost的作品“Mending Wall”这里的名言是good fences make good neighbors. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”“The Road not Taken”19. Fitzgerald的作品《This Side of Paradise》《Tender is the Night》《The Last Tycoon》《The GreatGatsby》（代表作）二．名词解释1. American puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans. The puritans areoriginally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from god. It had become, to some extent, so much a sense of mind, so much a part of national cultural background, rather than a set of tenets.2. Transcendentalism: it was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophythat emerged in newEngland in the early middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism in American society. It place emphasis on spirit, or the over soul as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of the individual and offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or god.Prominent transcendentalists included Edwards and Thoreau.3. Local Colorism: Mark Twain was the representative of local colorism. It as a trend becamedominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870s, it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native, as local colorists tried to immortalize the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular language and satirical humor. Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.4. Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared astrong reaction against Victorian poetry. Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and the use of oral language. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry. Its representative was Pound.5. Modernsim: American modernism was the phenomenon of international modernismtransplanted in the American context. The modernists have a more complex view of reality.They believe that reality is experienced from different perspectives and at different levels.Modernism is pluralistic in styles and inclusive of diverse responses to the human condition in the modern world.6. The Lost Generation: it is a term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment ofAmerican literary notables who lived in Europe, most notably Paris, after the First World War.Figures identified with the lost generation included authors and artists such as Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Pound and SherwoodAnderson.三．解答题1.超验主义三大特点。

A m e r i c a n P u r i t a n i s m美国清教主义Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.美国清教主义指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陆十七世纪初期由于内容的宗教迫害;It migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. 它为新英格兰奠定了宗教,知识和社会秩序的基础; Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort: unconditional election, limited atonement, total depravity, irresistible grace and the perseverance of the saints. 清教徒遵循加尔文派于多特宗教会议上制定的五点信条：无条件拣选,有限救赎,完全堕落,不可抗拒的恩典,以及圣徒的坚守;It is basis of American literature. All literature is based on a myth –garden of Eden.It contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used.它是美国文学的基础;所有文学基于一个神话——伊甸园;它的发展导致的象征主义:技术,广泛使用;American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.浪漫主义时期是美国文学历史上最重要的时期,从18世纪末延伸至爆发内战;它始于华盛顿·欧文的见闻札记,以惠特曼的草叶集结束;In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. 在文学上,这个时期是美国第一次伟大的创作期,浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发芽;American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience”and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达,因为这个新大陆充满着生机和活力而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质;Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显着的影响;浪漫主义作家往往更讲道德;许多浪漫主义作品旨在陶冶他们过瘾了;Subjectivity, back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature, back to nature is romanticism’s characteristics. 主体性,回到中世纪,尤其是中世纪民间文学,回归自然是浪漫主义的特征;It stressing emotion rather than reason, stressing freedom and individuality, Idealism rather than materialism. Writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements. 强调情感,而不是原因,强调自由和个性,理想主义,而不是唯物主义;写关于自然、中世纪的传说和超自然的元素American Transcendentalism 美国超验主义It is the summit of American Romanticism. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. 它是美国浪漫主义的顶峰;超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性,只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相融合,从而超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想;The transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. Taking nature as the symbol of the Spirit. 超验主义者强调精神,或超灵,认为它是是宇宙中最重要的事情;他们强调个人的重要性,以自然为精神的象征;It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most prolific period in American literature. It marked the independence of American literature. 建立第一个美国文艺复兴时期,美国文学中最多产时期之一;标志着美国文学的独立;The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Emerson in such essays as Nature, and Self-Reliance and by Thoreau in his book Walden.超验主义思想在爱默生的论自然和论自立以及梭罗的瓦尔登湖等书中表现的淋漓尽致;Free verse 自由诗Free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure; it uses the cadences of nature speech. Free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman’s poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. Such as the Song of Myself. Whitman who pioneered the form and made it acceptable in American poetry. 自由诗是一种诗体,押韵和句子长度都不规则,而是采取正常说话的方式,避免固定的诗体结构;它使用大自然的韵律演讲;自由诗比较松散;惠特曼的诗歌是自由诗的最好例子;例如自我之歌;惠特曼被认为是美国自由诗的先驱;Alliteration 头韵It refers to the repetition of the same sounds----usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in any sequence of neighboring words:”Landscape-lover, lord of language”Tennyson. Such poetry, in which alliteration rather than rhyme is the chief principle of repetition, is known as alliteration verse. 头韵是两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同,形成悦耳的读音,最常见的押头韵的短语”Landscape-lover, lord of language”丁尼生;主要使用重复头韵的诗歌被称为头韵体诗歌,其元音相互押韵;Scarlet Letter A: Adultery to Able to Angel Nathaniel Hawthorne Characters: Hester Prynne heroine, attractive, active towards the sinRoger Chillingworth Hester's husband, emotionless, only thinking about revenge, real vallain in the novel, signifying pure intellect which was merciless in Hawthorne's mindArthur Dimmesdale a handsome and admirable young priest, contraditionary on the sin he made with Hester, being a brave man at last Theme: The theme of the story should be the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin on people.Scarlet Letter is a cultural allegory, in which the author indirectly tells the future of Puritanism.Scarlet Letter is a sample in which American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritanism.Because of the strong influence of Puritanism in American society, Hawthorne only expressed his ideas on the sin indirectly by employing symbolism.Moby Dick Herman MelvilleMoby-dick is regarded as the Great American Novel, the first American prose epic. known as the whaling encyclopedia.Moby-Dick tells the story how Ahab,the captain of a whaling ship,is determined to kill the white whale for it has crippled one of his legs.Ambiguity You can understand his Moby Dick differently.First, it can be understand as a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe. Thus, Captain Ahab is a hero who dares to fight though he failed at last.Nowadays some new research indicated that the story means man should protect the nature otherwise man will be punished as those whalers in the story were punished by the whale.Symbolismthe voyage: the search for the ultimate truth of experience.Moby Dick: the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing.style: periodical chapters; rich rhythmical prose; great poetical power.。