医学英语文献阅读二翻译

医学英语阅读二分册翻译及答案-参考对人体的简要概述使我们对两个被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了初步认识，这两个学科就是解剖学与生理学。

然而不把病理学包括进去，这种概述是不完整的，因为病理学是研究疾病引起的结构和功能变化的学科。

实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调病理学与生理学的密切关系，并强调在治疗任何人体疾病时了解病理学与生理学基础的必要性。

The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has g iven us a glimpse into two different studies that are consi dered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete withou t considering pathology, the science that deals with the st ructural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasi zes the close relationship of the pathological and physiolo gical aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals o f each in treating any body diseases.那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定义为正常机能或者部分机能遭受损害时的一种状态。

每一种生物，无论植物还是动物，都会生病。

例如，人类常常被微小的细菌感染，但是细菌又转而可能被更加微小的病毒感染。

目录1 Unit1 (2)1.1 中翻英 (2)1.2 英翻中 (2)2 Unit2 (2)2.1 中翻英 (2)2.2 英翻中 (3)3 Unit3 (3)3.1 中翻英 (3)3.2 英翻中 (3)4 Unit4 (4)4.1 中翻英 (4)4.2 中翻英 (4)5 Unit5 (4)5.1 中翻英 (4)5.2 英翻中 (5)6 Unit6 (5)6.1 中翻英 (5)6.2 英翻中 (5)7 Unit7 (5)7.1 中翻英 (5)7.2 英翻中 (6)8 Unit8 (6)8.1 中翻英 (6)8.2 英翻中 (6)9 Unit9 (7)9.1 中翻英 (7)9.2 英翻中 (7)10 Unit10 (7)10.1 中翻英 (7)10.2 英翻中 (8)11 Unit11 (8)11.1 中翻英 (8)11.2 英翻中 (9)12 Unit12 (9)12.1 中翻英 (9)12.2 英翻中 (9)13 Unit13 (10)13.1 中翻英 (10)13.2 英翻中 (10)14 Unit14 (10)14.1 中翻英 (10)14.2 英翻中 (11)1Unit11.1中翻英1.干预intervention2.预测因素predictions3.极度疲惫burnout4.队列cohort5.主要结果评估指标main outcome measures6.线性回归linear regression7.随访follow-up8.基线base line9.代表性样本representative sample10.工作时间的减少the reduce of work time1.2英翻中1. in dimensions of 在某方面2. Maslach burnout inventory Maslach疲惫量表3. emotional exhaustion 情绪性疲惫4. linear regression 线性回归5. be independently associated with 和。

Unit 1参考译文一、肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。

它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。

大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。

剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。

肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。

从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。

因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。

肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。

肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。

二、肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。

每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。

肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。

外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。

这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。

锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾**。

每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。

肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。

经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。

由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。

肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。

当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。

细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。

从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。

由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。

组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。

每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。

第一章To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

医用英语2翻译UNIT1-B发炎炎的定义和性质1当活组织受伤，一系列的变化，这可能会持续几个小时，几天或几周，发生在和周围的损伤面积。

这种损伤的反应称为炎症，一词源于拉丁文，意思是烧inflammare。

2伤是不正常的，但身体的反应，炎症，是一种正常的，复杂的生理反应，只有一个可能，尤其是受伤的情况下。

由约翰·亨特（1794），谁，他的战争创伤的研究后，得出结论：“炎症本身是不被考虑作为一种疾病，但这种炎症反应性被首次发现，作为一个有益的操作，一些暴力或一些随之而来的病“。

许多不同类型的损伤可能会引起炎症。

他们可分为如下：1）物理因素，如过度加热或冷却，紫外线或电离辐射或机械损伤。

2）化学物质，包括各种细菌的毒素。

3）过敏反应。

可能与细菌或其他抗原抗体或致敏淋巴细胞的反应，过敏释放物质引起的炎症反应机制。

4）微生物感染的炎症很重要的原因。

在一些微生物可能伤害组织方式由外或内毒素的释放，过敏机制或看到许多病毒感染的细胞死亡的细胞增殖。

5）从几乎任何原因引起的组织坏死，导致在邻近的活组织诱导炎症的物质释放。

4，在受伤后的头几个小时的反应伤害的原因是定型，并广泛应用于不同的各种类似的初步反应，急性炎症反应。

通常表示后缀炎的炎症病灶性质。

因此，阑尾发炎是阑尾炎，肝炎等。

偶尔有历史的例外。

肺部发炎是传统的肺炎，肺炎，胸膜胸膜炎胸膜炎。

急性和慢性长期指的响应时间。

急性炎症持续数天或数周;慢性炎症持续几个星期，几个月，甚至几年。

5炎症反应通常是有益的，的确是在打击大多数感染和限制许多有毒物质的有害影响的关键。

然而，它并不总是利益。

有许多情况下，当组织或其他不良影响的破坏是由于不损伤剂，但一个或其他方面的身体受伤的反应。

例如在喉部的急性炎症有可能是足够的炎性肿胀，阻碍呼吸道和窒息导致死亡。

同时在奥胡斯的反应和某些蜱叮咬，组织坏死，局部反应是由物质积聚在损伤部位的炎症反应的一部分，多形核白细胞中解放出来：如坏死引起的，不会发生在剥夺动物骨髓的毒药，如氮芥治疗前血白细胞。

Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。

作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。

根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。

无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。

作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。

然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。

当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。

正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。

希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。

到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。

被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。

重新出现的疾病：今天去了，明天在这里？我们有两种选择。

请选择1，并在10年的头条新闻可能会报告在美国国会最新的自相残杀的争吵，或者运动员签订了多少百万。

选择2，在另一方面，可能会导致头条新闻，如“新流感病毒价差：死亡人数达一百五十万”1969年，卫生局局长威廉·斯图尔特，美国国会作证时说，我们可以“传染病合上这本书。

”抗生素和疫苗都留下了印象深刻的胜利一串医学界平齐，从青霉素到小儿麻痹症。

这场战争，他们认为，即将结束。

如今，面对的是已成为被称为新出现和重新出现的疾病，我们知道更好。

“'崛起'，其实是回归，回归到标准在上个世纪盛行普遍，”1诺贝尔奖得主，哥伦比亚大学生物学家约书亚莱德伯格写在美国医学协会杂志的特殊传染病的问题。

在同一期杂志的一份报告量化了日益严重的威胁：在美国1980年和1992年之间，死亡率因感染性疾病增加了58％。

2艾滋病的占了一半以上的跳略多，但其他条件，尤其是呼吸道感染也显著贡献。

由于胜利宣言的激动人心的日子里，新的疾病，如艾滋病和埃博拉突然出现了，老痛苦，以为征服了，已经爆发了。

白喉是使前苏联卷土重来。

结核病- 它从来没有真正离开，但高档的歌剧爱好者可能会认为这是仅限于“波希米亚人”的生产- 再一次在城市中心，包括纽约市的威胁。

甲类链球菌情况有上升的趋势，这意味着猩红热可能再次成为熟悉。

每个人都在传染病领域的担心有一天感冒了强大的新菌株席卷全球。

“战争已经赢了，”一位科学家最近打趣说。

“到了另一边。

”保持我们的眼睛对运动目标事实上，这种情绪可以反映尽可能多的夸张的前卫生的。

也许目前的情况有更清楚快照是战斗已经加入。

世界卫生组织和美国疾病控制和预防已加速运转了他们的努力，检查传染病，包括复出的。

1995年10月，世卫组织建立了一个新的部门致力于在全球范围内监视和新出现的疾病的控制。

疾病预防控制中心提出了1994年预防策略虽然美国国会在1995年，不到达斯汀·霍夫曼的工资主演如“爆发”的感染战斗机资助的疾病预防控制中心的努力，只有$ 670万调- 他们都提出了数字至$ 26日万元用于感染性疾病1997年公众意识，或许是部分原因是由于这样的电影，可能影响国会的前景。

Cardiac surgery:a brief history心脏外科简史Possibly some of the greatest achievements in medical science have been those made in cardiac surgery.The first successful example was carried out in 1896 by Dr Ludwig Rehn(Germany),who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle,Open-heart surgery itself dates form the 1950s,while bypass operations began in the mid-60s. By the 1980s,two-thirds of those receiving heart transplants survived five years or more.Today,heart surgery is robotized:incisions to the heart have been reduced to a minimum and patient recovery time is down from six months to a few weeks.也许医学上最伟大的成就是在心脏外科。

第一个成功的例子是Ludwig Rehn博士（德国）在1896年修补了右心室的刀伤，心脏手术本身始于上世纪50年代，而旁路手术开始于60年代中期。

上个世纪80年代，那些接受心脏移植的人三分之二存活五年以上。

今天，心脏手术已经机械化：切口心脏被减少到最低限度，病人恢复时间从六个月减少到几周。

One of the first pioneers in the field of cardiac surgery was Dr Dwight Harken,a US army medic serving during World WAR 2.Initially,he operated on animals to improve his skills,moving on to soldiers arriving from the European front with bullets lodged in their hearts.Dislodging them almost always proved fatal,but Harken developed a technique that enable him to cut into the wall of a still beating heart and successfully remove it.With time,more and more of his patients began to survive,proving it was indeed possible to operate on the human heart.其中一个在心脏外科领域的鼻祖是Dwight Harken博士，在2次世界大战期间的一个美国陆军军医。

2021年职称英语《卫生类》阅读理解2职称英语阅读理解翻译 Evidence of Ancient HuntersRussian and Norwegian scientists have reported finding stone objects and animal bones in the far north of European Russia. The scientists say the objects provide the first evidence that ancienthunters lived in the area more than 30 thousand years ago. They say this is at least 15 thousand years earlier than experts had thought.The Russian and Norwegian team worked at a camp along the Usa River and the Arctic Circle. The scientists say they found several ancient stone tools. They also found 123 bones from animals suchas horses, reindeer驯鹿and wolves.The scientists say their most important discovery was a tusk from an ancient elephant called a mammoth猛犸. The huge, curved tooth was more than l meter long. The tusk is covered with smallcuts. The scientists believe humans made the marks with sharp-edged stone tools.The scientists used a process known as radiocarbon放射性碳dating to measure the age of the tusk. Radiocarbon dating shows the level of a radioactive form of carbon in a substance. The testsshowed the tusk is about 36 thousand years old.The scientists say they are not sure what kind of humans left the stone objects and bones along the river. They said the people were either early humans called Neanderthals穴居人,尼安德特人 or modernhumans. Modern humans spread through Europe and Asia 30 thousand years ago. The scientists say the ancient people needed a high level of social development to survive in the extremely coldenvironment.The objects were discovered about 300 kilometers northeast of another area where scientists say humans once lived. That area has objects more closely linked to modern humans. Those objects arebelieved to be about 28 thousand years old.Nature magazine also published a report by John Gowlett of the University of Liverpool in England. He said the discovery shows the ability of early humans to do the unexpected. He also said thediscovery should renew debate about the effects of the climate on the movements of early human population.1.Before people found stone objects and animal bones in the north of European Russia, some experts thought human beings lived in that area aboutA.30 thousand years agoB.20 thousand years agoC.28 thousand years agoD.15 thousand years ago2.The following statements are true concerning the significance of the finding EXCEPT thatA.it brings forwards the time in which ancient hunters lived in that areaB.it provides the evidence of a high level of ancient human societyC.it showed the unexpected ability of the early humansD.it indicates the effect of climate on the movement of early human population3.Which is the most important discovery among the findingsA.A long elephant tusk.B.Ancient stone tools.C.123 bones from animals.D.mammoth tusk covered with small cuts4.How old is the tusk? About years oldA.25 thousandB.28 thousandC.36 thousandD.40 thousand5.What did the ancient people need to survive in the extremely cold environmentA.the ability to do the unexpectedB.a high level of social developmentC.thick clothesD.small animals to feed on参考答案：DBDCB感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

医学英语文献选读部分文章全文翻译Unit1 Text B定义和自然的炎症反应当生活组织都受伤了,一系列的变更,这可能会持续几个小时,几天或几周内,发生在和伤病的周围。

这个反应损伤被称为炎症,术语源自拉丁语inflammare意义燃烧.这受伤异常但身体的反应,炎症,是很正常的,如果复杂的、生理的反应——唯一一个可能的情况下的特殊损伤。

炎症反应的性质是首先被约翰亨特(1794),他在研究战伤后,得出结论:infammation本身是不应被视为一种疾病,但从而有利于机体要么暴力或一些疾病”。

许多不同类型的损伤可能引发炎症。

他们可分为如下:(1)物理因素如过度加热或冷却,紫外线和电离辐射或机械创伤。

(2)化学物质,包括各种细菌毒素。

(3)过敏反应。

反应的抗体或敏感的淋巴细胞和细菌或其他抗原可以释放物质的机制导致过敏炎症反应.(4)微生物感染中是一个非常重要的原因的炎症反应。

微生物在几个方面可能会伤害到组织——的释放将外——或者endo -毒素,通过超敏反应机制或细胞内乘法紧随其后的是细胞死亡中看到许多病毒感染。

(5)坏死的组织几乎任何原因导致释放物质诱发炎症在邻近的生活组织。

(6)反应在受伤后的头几个小时,一般印象和广泛不同的损伤缺陷引起simlilar最初反应-急性炎症反应。

炎性病变的性质通常是suffixitis所表示的。

因此发炎的阑尾是阑尾炎,肝肝炎等。

偶尔会有一些异常历史。

肺部炎症传统上是肺炎,而不是肺炎以及不pleuritis胸膜炎的胸膜。

急性和慢性的术语指响应的时间。

急性炎症持续几天或几周;慢性炎症持续数周、数月甚至数年。

炎性反应通常是有益的,事实上它是根本的在对抗大多数感染和限制的有害影响的许多有毒因子。

但是,事情并非总是有利的。

在许多情况下破坏的组织或其他意料之外的效果是由于不破坏代理,但一个或其他方面的受伤的身体反应。

例如在急性炎症喉部可能有足够的炎性肿胀来阻止气道,导致死亡的窒息。

在阿尔都反应和当地应对某些蜱虫叮咬,坏死的组织是由于物质的解放polymorphonuclear白细胞的累积损伤的部位的炎症反应的一部分:这种坏死并没有出现在动物的血液白细胞剥夺由之前的治疗与骨髓毒药如氮芥。

Smallpox vaccination①smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is most often transmitted by inhaling the virus.天花是由天花病毒引起的,通常是通过吸入病毒传播it has an incubation period of between 7 and 17 days,after which symptoms begin to appear.the inital symptoms are flu-like.A significant feature of the disease is the development of blisters on the upper part of the boby,which eventually scab over and leave scars when the scabs fall off. around 30 per cent of those infected with smallpox die,usually within two weeks of symptoms appearing.它有7至17天的潜伏期,之后开始出现症状。

初是类似流感的症状。

疾病的一个重要特征是水泡上的发展身体的一部分,最终愈合留下疤痕有30%的感染者因天花死去,通常在两周内出现症状。

②The first attempts to control the disease used a technique know as variolation. dried scab tissue from victims of smallpox was used to deliberately infect young people. of those infected by variolation, one per cent died,far fewer than the 30 per cent killed by infection in the normal way.despite the risks, variolation was still used in some remote communities until relatively recently. 第一个试图控制这种疾病使用天花接种的技术知道。

医学英语文献阅读(二)Medical English Literature Reading (Part II)。

In the field of medicine, staying updated with the latest research and advancements is crucial for healthcare professionals. Reading medical literature is an essential skill that allows practitioners to access and understand scientific studies, clinical trials, and expert opinions. In this article, we will delve deeper into the process of reading medical English literature and explore various strategies to enhance comprehension and critical analysis.1. Understanding the Structure of Medical Articles。

Medical articles generally follow a specific structure, consisting of the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Familiarizing yourself with this structure can greatly facilitate your reading process. The title provides a concise overview of the study, while the abstract summarizes the key findings and conclusions. The introduction introduces the research question and provides background information, while the methods section outlines the study design, sample size, and data collection methods. The results section presents the findings, often in the form of tables, figures, and statistical analyses. The discussion section interprets the results, compares them with existing literature, and highlights the study's limitations. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main findings and their implications.2. Skimming and Scanning Techniques。

Unit 2 Gene and Its ApplicationText CGene Study Helps Unravel Biology of Alcoholism1 Genomic association studies can help scientists pick out target genes and biological pathways for further investigation, but they are not the end-all tools to explain disease mechanisms.2 A new genomewide association study (GWAS①) has found several mutations linked to increased susceptibility for developing alcohol dependence, bringing scientists a step closer to understanding the complex biological mechanisms of alcohol use disorders.3 Two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs②), both located on the chromosomal region 2p35, had the highest degree of association with alcohol dependence in a relatively homogenous patient population. These SNPs are located near the PECR gene, which encodes an enzyme (peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-coA reductase) involved in fatty-acid metabolism, particularly when the body’s energy supply is switched from glucose to fat.4 A third SNP with a slightly lower association with alcohol dependence is located within the PECR gene. These three variants are “in strong linkage disequilibrium, or LD, meaning that the same variants at different loci almost always appear togeth er,” Marcella Rietschel, M.D.③, the senior author of the study, told Psychiatric News④. “So it is very likely—but still not certain—that the PECR gene is involved [in alcohol dependence].”5 Rietschel is a professor of genetic epidemiology in psychiatry at the Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim at the University of Heidelberg⑤, Germany.6 This chromosomal region has been implicated in alcohol dependence in previous research. The PECR gene is expressed most heavily in the liver, but very little in the brain. “As alcohol does not act only on the brain, alcohol dependence can be modulated by many factors whose primary target is not the brain,” Rietschel said. “The best known genetic variants modulating alcohol a ddiction are variants in the genes metabolizing alcohol, like variants in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene clusters.”7 Indeed, this study confirmed several other SNPs associated with alcohol dependence, including those located in the ADH1C gene coding for one of the alcohol-metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenases, as well as the CDH13 gene coding fora cell-adhesion protein known as T-cadherin. Both genes have been implicated in①Genomewide Association Study全基因组关联研究②Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 单核苷酸多态性③abbr. Medicinae Doctor （[拉丁语] 医学博士(=Doctor of Medicine)）④Psychiatric News is the newspaper of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It is published on the first and third Fridays of each month. 《精神病学新闻》⑤德国海德堡大学曼海姆中央精神卫生研究所alcohol dependence in previous studies.8 Despite the strong evidence, these variants and their impact on alcohol dependence need to be replicated by additional studies. “The uncertainty is a problem encountered in many GWA studies: A SNP is found to be associated but is not functional itself, so one cannot be sure if this SNP is itself involved in the regulation of genes or if it is only in LD with other causal SNPs, which can be quite far away or even in other genes,” said Rietschel. Since the three top SNPs discovered in this study are close to an d in the PECR gene, “this gene definitely merits further investigation.”9 The researchers first performed a genomic scan for more than 500,000 SNPs, using a sample of 487 alcohol-dependent patients and 1,358 controls. The GWAS identified 121 SNPs that were likely candidates for genetic association.10 The patients selected for the GWAS were German men with a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence, whose condition was severe enough to require hospitalization for treatment or prevention of alcohol withdrawal. In addition, the subjects all had an onset of alcohol dependence before age 28; early-onset alcohol dependence has been shown to have a stronger hereditary component. Because alcohol dependence is a multifactorial disorder with multiple phenotypes and genotypes, the researchers narrowed their sampling to clinically similar patients to reduce the heterogeneity.11 Because of the vast number of mutations existing in every person and the large number scanned in a GWAS, scientists face the challenge of weeding out too many potential false-positive“hits,” or variants that appear to be significantly associated with a disease when they are, in fact, random coincidences. To minimize false hits and maximize true disease-associated mutations, strategies such as stringent statistical criteria and replication studies are often used in genetic association studies.12 Here, the researchers used a method called convergent functional genomics. This approach combines gene-expression data from animal models, evidence from human genetic association studies, and findings from human tissues such as brain tissue in autopsies to help prioritize investigation on the most promising candidate genes or the most likely biological pathways. In this study, 19 SNPs were identified after the human GWAS findings were compared with homologous, over-expressed genes in rats that were “alcoholic” strains.13 Armed with 121 candidate SNPs from the GWAS and 19 SNPs derived from convergent functional genomics analysis, the researchers performed a replication study of 1,024 male patients with alcohol dependence and 996 age-matched controls. The replication study confirmed that 15 SNPs have a significant association with alcohol dependence.14 This study was funded by grants from the German government and the European Commission.Source: /content/44/16/25.1.fullWords: 776Words and Expressionsgenomic [ʤi:'nəʊmɪk] adj. of or relating to genome 基因组的；染色体的target gene 目标基因dependence [dɪ'pendəns] n. being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on somethingthat is psychologically or physically habit-forming（毒）瘾，吸毒癖好；药瘾alcohol dependence酒精瘾alcohol use disorders 因酒精使用而导致的障碍nucleotide ['nju:klɪətaɪd] n.a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structuralunit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) 核苷酸polymorphism [,pɒlɪ'mɔ:fɪzm]n. (biology) the existence of two or more forms ofindividuals within the same animal species(independent of sex differences) 多形性（现象）；多态性degree of association 相关度，关联度disequilibrium [,dɪsɪkwɪ'lɪbrɪəm] n. loss of equilibrium attributable to anunstable situation in which some forcesoutweigh others（尤指经济上的）不平衡，失去平衡，失调，不稳定linkage disequilibrium连锁不平衡express [ɪks'pres]vt. manifest the effects of (a gene or genetic trait) 使（某一基因）在表型中产生有关性状；在表型中表现某一基因的性状（或效应等），使（基因）示性；使（基因）合成特种蛋白dehydrogenase [di:'haɪdrəʤəneɪs] n. 脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase醇脱氢酶gene cluster基因簇；一组相同或者相似的基因adhesion protein粘着蛋白cadherin钙黏蛋白genomic scan 基因组扫描hospitalization [,hɒspɪtəlaɪ'zeɪʃən] n. the condition of being treated as a patient ina hospital; a period of time when you areconfined to a hospital送进医院治疗；住院（治疗）；住院期间alcohol withdrawal 戒酒；酒精戒断hereditary [hɪ'redɪtərɪ] adj. tending to occur among members of a family usuallyby heredity遗传的；遗传性的multifactorial[,mʌltɪfæk'tɔ:rɪəl] adj. involving or depending on several factors orcauses (especially pertaining to a condition ordisease resulting from the interaction of manygenes) 多遗传因子的；多种因素的phenotype ['fi:nə,taɪp] n.what an organism looks like as a consequence of theinteraction of its genotype and the environment表现型；表型；显型genotype ['ʤi:nəʊtaɪp] n. a group of organisms sharing a specific geneticconstitution基因型，遗传型heterogeneity [,hetərəʊdʒɪ'niːɪtɪ] n.the quality of being diverse and notcomparable in kind多样性，不均一性；异质性false-positive假阳性的functional genomics功能基因组学homologous [hɒ'mɒləgəs] adj.having the same evolutionary origin but servingdifferent functions同种异体的；相应的，同源的；同系列的，同属列的，同周期的；（细胞、抗血清等）同种的Comprehension ExercisesExercise 1 Multiple ChoicesDirections: Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1)According to GWAS, how many SNPs are found to have the highest degree ofassociation with alcohol dependence?A)One.B)Two.C)Three.D)Four.2)Which of the following statements is true, according to the text?A)Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), both located on thechromosomal region 2p33, had a slightly lower degree of association withalcohol dependence.B)Because of the strong evidence, these SNPs and their impact on alcoholdependence needs no additional studies.C)Because alcohol does not act only on the brain, alcohol dependence can bemodulated by many factors whose primary target is not the brain.D)Armed with 121 candidate SNPs from the GWAS and 19 SNPs derived fromconvergent functional genomics analysis, the researchers performed areplication study of 1358 male patients with alcohol dependence and 487age-matched controls.3)Which gene is helpful to further gene studies, according to a new genomewideassociation study (GWAS)?A)SNPsB)CDH13C)ADH1CD)PECR4)Which of the following strategies or methods is not the one adopted in order tominimize false hits and maximize true disease-associated mutations?A)Stringent statistical criteria.B)Replication studies.C)Convergent functional genomics.D)Genomic scanKey:B-C-D-DExercise 2 True or False StatementsDirections: Read the following statements and decide whether they are true (T) or false (F).（）1)Genomic association studies can explain disease mechanisms because it helps scientists pick out target genes and biological pathways forfurther investigation.（）2) A new genomewide association study (GWAS) has found several mutations related to alcohol dependence.（）3)SNPs which are located near the PECR gene, encode an enzyme (peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-coA reductase) involved in fatty-acidmetabolism.（）4)The three SNPs which are proved to have degree of association with alcohol dependence are near or within the PECR gene.（）5)Marcella Rietschel believed that it is very likely that the PECR gene is involved in alcohol dependence.（）6)The PECR gene is expressed most heavily in the liver, but very little in the brain.（）7)The best known genetic variants modulating alcohol addiction are variants in the genes metabolizing alcohol, like variants in thedehydrogenase gene clusters.（）8)ADH1C gene is the gene codes for one of the alcohol-metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenases known as T-cadherin.Key:F-T-F-T-T; T-F-FExercise 3 Word-detectingDirections: Find a word in the designated paragraph to complete the sentence.1)ADH1C gene and CDH13 gene have been i in alcohol dependence inprevious studies. (Para. 7)2)The u is a problem encountered in many GWA studies. (Para. 8)3)The patients selected for the GWAS were German men with a DSM-IV diagnosisof alcohol d . (Para. 10)4)Alcohol dependence is a m disorder with multiple phenotypes andgenotypes. (Para. 10)Key:1)implicated2)uncertainty3)dependence4)multifactorialVocabulary ExercisesEnhance your command of medical wordsExercise 1 Word-matchingDirections: Choose the definitions in the right column to match the words in the left column.Key:b-d-a-e-f-g-c-hExercise 2 TranslationDirections: Translate the following terms into Chinese.Key:1) 目标基因2) 酒精瘾3) 使用障碍4) 相关度，关联度5) 连锁不平衡6) 醇脱氢酶7) 基因簇；一组相同或者相似的基因8) 粘着蛋白9) 基因组扫描10) 戒酒；酒精戒断11) 假阳性的12) 功能基因组学Exercise 3 Word-detectingDirections: Find a word in the designated paragraph to complete the sentence.1) The physician should also order and hormonal studies. (Para. 3)2) People with diabetes have too much , or sugar, in their blood. (Para. 3)3) In the absence of an accurate , no basis exists for selecting a treatment.(Para. 10)1) nucleotide 2) polymorphism 3) loci 4) express 5) dehydrogenase 6) cadherin 7) phenotype 8) genotype a) （基因）座位（locus 的复数） b) 核苷酸 c) 表现型；表型；显型 d) 多形性（现象）；多态性 e) 使（基因）示性；使（基因）合成特种蛋白 f) 脱氢酶 g) 钙黏蛋白 h) 基因型，遗传型1) target genes 2) alcohol dependence 3) use disorders 4) degree of association 5) linkage disequilibrium 6) alcohol dehydrogenase 7) gene cluster 8) adhesion protein 9) genomic scan 10) alcohol withdrawal 11) false-positive 12) functional genomics4)Doctor: I can do nothing about your conditi on. I’m afraid it’s . (Para. 10)5)The two loci all have sequence . (Para. 10)6)Translocation occurs when a fragment of one chromosome becomes attached to anon- chromosome. (Para. 12)Key:1)chromosomal2)glucose3)diagnosis4)hereditary5)heterogeneity6)homologousTranslation of the sentences1)还应该进行染色体和激素水平的检查。

Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。

Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。

医学专业英语⽂章翻译 健康,已成为当今全球性的四⼤问题之⼀(其它三个是:能源、⼈⼝和环境⽣态)。

下⾯是店铺带来的医学专业英语⽂章翻译，欢迎阅读! 医学专业英语⽂章翻译1 低头党注意啦：常常玩⼿机的⼋⼤风险! 1. Cyber Sickness 晕屏症 Also called "digital motion sickness," symptoms that range from headaches to woozy feelings can occur when you quickly scroll on your smart phone or watch action-packed video on your screen. 这种病也被称为“数字晕车”，症状包括头痛、甚⾄出现头昏眼花的感觉，这种病可能会发⽣在你快速刷屏或者看让⼈觉得很刺激的视频的时候。

The sensation results from a mismatch between sensory inputs, Steven Rauch, medical director of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Balance and Vestibular Center and a professor of otolaryngology at Harvard Medical School, told the New York Times. 这种感觉是由感官输⼊的不匹配引起的，马萨诸塞州眼科顾问、来⾃哈佛⼤学医学院⽿⿐喉科的教授史蒂芬·劳奇对《纽约时报》说道。

“Your sense of balance is different than other senses in that it has lots of inputs,” he said. “When those inputs don’t agree, that’s when you feel dizziness and nausea.” In other words, you experience a "sensory conflict" when you see an active motion but don't physically feel it. “与其他感官不同，当有⼤量信息输⼊时，⼈的平衡感会发⽣改变。

大学英语2医学院校版课文翻译我最初听到这个故事是在印度.那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像确有其事似的一尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。

后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，-家杂志曾刊登过这个故事。

但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。

故事发生在印度。

某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。

筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯;屋顶明椽裸露，宽大的玻璃i ]外便是走廊。

跟他们一起就做的客人有军官和他们的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。

席间，-位年轻的女士同-.位少校展开了热烈的讨论。

年轻的女士认为妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样--见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上，少校则不以为然。

他说:“一遇到危急情况，女人的反应便是尖叫。

而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一.筹。

这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。

”那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。

在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。

她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。

她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。

男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。

在座的客人中除广那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕, 也没有石到那个男仆把一-碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊5\ Ndorin那个美国人突然醒悟过来。

在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思一引蛇的诱饵。

他意识到餐室甲-定有条眼镜蛇。

他抬头看了看屋顶.上的椽子一那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方一但那上:面空荡荡的。

室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着上下一道菜。

这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了一餐桌下面。

他首先想到的是往后- -跳，并向其他人发出警告。

但他知道这样会引起骚乱，致使眼镜蛇受惊咬人。

于是他很快讲了一道话，其语气非常威严，竞使得所有的人都安静了下米。

“我想了解-.下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力,我数三百下一也就是五分钟一你们谁都不许动-动。

第一单元健康第1篇我们需要额外的维生素吗？1．许多人认为摄入维生素补剂是最好的保护物，以防止不全面饮食所带来的危害，但这是解决这一问题的方法中最不可行的做法。

即使真正需要额外的维生素，这样的问题迟早要被提出来——“我们需要哪种维生素？需要多少？需要多长时间？”对这样的问题的确没有一个绝对的答案。

食品标准委员会(食品纯净标准的法定保护者、对食品的要求和品种进行分类并予以公布的机构)在最近的报告中向政府建议：我们不需要任何额外的维生素。

该委员会认为维生素“对每一个健康的人、每一个饮食正常的人是没有必要的。

”尽管我们当中几乎没有人就营养问题对这一权威性的论断提出异议，但是对这类问题提出疑问还是有道理的：“我们当中有多少人是健康的？什么是正常的饮食？”许多人头脑里对这两个问题还有点拿不准，尽管几乎没有人通晓食品标准委员会报告中的措辞和术语，但他们确实本能地想知道他们是否在食用正确的食物。

不良的饮食习惯应归咎于那些便宜的无处不在的没营养的食物和方便食品。

正如我们所知，这些食品中的某些食品并不像所认为的那样是形成不良饮食习惯的罪魁祸首。

白面包要比黑面包(由没去麦麸的面粉制成)少许缺乏一些营养；冷冻的蔬菜几乎和新鲜的蔬菜一样“新鲜”。

几乎没有食品真正地被说成是完全无用的废物。

许多袋装食品中糖分含量高，如果我们避免食用这些食品将受益匪浅，但大部分罐装的、加工过的和干缩食品含有有益的成分——脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素以及矿物质。

加上少量的水果或附带一些色拉、配上一些方便食品，如意大利馅饼及汉堡包，就可把快餐变成一顿营养十分均衡的美餐了。

2．真正“没营养”的食品是很难界定的。

白糖可能走这一“头衔”的最有力竞争者(白糖很可能是最没有营养的食品)。

它含有很多提供能量的热量大卡，但含有别的营养不多，因而常常被称之为“仅含大卡”的食物。

酒的热量也高，但啤酒和葡萄酒含有一些维生素B，葡萄酒中含有较多的铁质。

因此，从营养角度来讲，即使一个滴酒不沾的人也不能把酒当作完全无用的饮料。