A tool for railway transport cost evaluation

Unit1Railway TransportationWarming UpTask11)C2)A3)B4)DTask21)loading2)boarding3)passenger stations4)freight stations 5)station buildings6)platforms7)mining sites8)portsIntensive Reading ATask11)shunting2)destination3)coordinate4)interlink5)wheeled6)calculate7)core8)accomplish Task21)C2)A3)C4)B5)BTask31)passenger service,riding rate,freight transportation,train operationrailway operation2)form filling,train loading,expense calculating,flow controlling,cargo consigningfreight transportation at the departure station3)cargo re-consignment,handover inspection,passenger service,cargo rearrangement, transfer arrangementfreight transportation at stopovers4)planning,flow controlling,shunting,good delivering,operation diagram drawingtrain operationTask41)Railway transportation is a means of transportation that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails.2)The basic task of railway passenger service is satisfying passengers’travel demand, providing them with a safe journey during which they won’t have to worry aboutanything.3)To smoothly transport the cargo to its destination,the working procedures of each station on the way should be interlinked.4)Train operation is the core part of railway transportation.5)The correct operation of passenger service,freight transportation,and train operation is essential for the safety and success of railway transportation.Task5(open-ended)课文翻译铁路运输——概述铁路运输是一种通过铁轨上运行的轮式车辆运送旅客和货物的运输方式。

Proceedings of the First Southern Symposium on ComputingThe University of Southern Mississippi, December 4-5, 1998NEAR-CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR PARALLEL PROGRAM OPTIMIZATION CEDELL A. ALEXANDER*, ARIC B. LAMBERT†, DONNA S. REESE†,JAMES C. HARDEN†AND RON B. BRIGHTWELL‡Abstract. Program activity graphs (PAGs) can be constructed from timestamped traces of appropriate execution events. Information about the activities on the k longest execution paths is useful in the analysis of parallel program performance. In this paper, four algorithms for finding the near-critical paths of PAGs are compared. A framework for using the near-critical path information is also described. The framework includes statistical summaries and visualization capabilities that build upon the foundation of existing performance analysis tools. Within the framework, guidance is provided by the Maximum Benefit Metric, which uses near-critical path data to predict the maximum overall performance improvement that may be realized by optimizing particular critical path activities.1.Introduction. Developing efficient parallel programs has proven to be a difficult task. Substantial research has been devoted to many aspects of the problem; active work spans the computer science spectrum from algorithmic techniques, programming paradigms, advanced compilers, and operating systems to architectures and interconnection networks. Complex interactions at each of these levels have provided motivation for a suite of performance measurement and analysis tools.Insight into a system's dynamic behavior is a prerequisite for high-productivity optimization of parallel programs. Multiple tools, offering varying perspectives, may be required to gain the necessary insight. The IPS Parallel Program Measurement System [1] and the Pablo Performance Analysis Environment [2] are two significant toolkits facilitating different viewpoints based on timestamped probe descriptions of run-time events.IPS provides a hierarchy of statistical information based on a five layer model consisting of the whole program, machine, process, procedure, and primitive activity levels. Critical path and phase behavior analysis techniques guide the search for performance problems. Critical path analysis focuses the optimization effort by identifying the activities on the longest execution path; to improve the program's performance, the duration of activities on the critical path(s) must be shortened.Pablo is a visualization and sonification toolkit designed to be a de facto standard through a philosophy of portability, scalability, and extensibility. Custom performance analysis environments are constructed by graphically interconnecting a set of analysis and display modules. The graphical programming model encourages experimental exploration of the performance data.The utility of critical path analysis can be extended when information is available about the k longest paths. Optimization of specific critical path activities may provide little overall performance improvement if the second, third, etc., longest paths are of similar duration and consist of independent activities. Near-critical paths can be used to further refine the analysis process by quantifying the benefit of optimizing critical path activities. The initial focus of this paper is on efficient algorithms for determining the near-critical paths of program activity graphs. Efficient algorithms are important because program activity graphs can be very large (hundreds of thousands of vertices).We also present a framework for using near-critical path data that encompasses both statistical summaries (patterned after IPS) and the visualization capabilities of Pablo. Guidance is provided by the Maximum Benefit Metric, which includes the synergistic effects of common activities on near-critical paths *IBM's Networking Hardware Division, P.O. Box 12195, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.†NSF Engineering Research Center for Computational field Simulation, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6176, Mississippi State, MS 39762.‡Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1110.2ALEXANDER, LAMBERT, REESE,HARDEN AND BRIGHTWELLto predict the maximum overall performance improvement associated with optimization of particular critical path activities.In Section 2, critical path algorithms are reviewed to provide the background needed for description of near-critical path algorithms in Section 3. Probe acquisition and construction of program activity graphs are discussed in Section 4. A framework for near-critical path analysis is presented in Section 5. Section 6 contains the description of the applications and performance results from the Maximum Benefit Metric. The paper is concluded in Section 7 with a summary of key results.2. Critical Path Algorithms.2.1. Program Activity Graphs. A program activity graph (PAG) is an acyclic, directed multigraph representing the duration and precedence relationships of program activities. Edges represent execution activities, weights represent activity durations, vertices mark activity boundaries, and outgoing activities from a vertex cannot begin until all incoming activities have completed. Multigraphs are distinguished by multiple edges between a given pair of vertices. Although not all PAGs are multigraphs, generality requires that near-critical path algorithms accommodate multigraphs (PAG characteristics are determined by the semantics of the target system). The biggest impact of the multigraph characteristic is on data structure selection.2.2. Longest Path Algorithm. IPS employs a modified shortest path algorithm, based on the diffusing computation paradigm [3], to find the path with the longest execution duration. A diffusing computation on a graph begins at the root vertices and diffuses to all descendant vertices. In the synchronous variation, a vertex will not diffuse a computation to its descendants until all incoming computations are received. A version of the synchronous algorithm with adaptations to accommodate multigraphs is given in [4].2.3. Critical Path Method. The critical path method is an operational research algorithm for finding the longest path(s) through an activity-on-edge network [5]. The critical path method calculates early start and earl) finish times for each activity in a forward pass through the network. Late start times, late finish times, and slack values are calculated in a backward pass. Table 1 defines the terms that will be used to explain the algorithm.T ABLE1. Critical Path Method NotationThe early start time of an activity is the earliest possible time the activity can begin. The late start time of an activity is the latest time the activity can start without extending the overall network completion time. The slack values are criticality measures. The total slack of an activity is the amount of time that it can be delayed without affecting the overall completion time. Activities with zero total slack are on a critical path. The free slack of an activity is the amount of time the activity can be delayed without affecting the early start time of any other activity. The total slack values of activities on a path are not independent; delaying an activity longer than its free slack reduces the slack of subsequent activities. The values calculated by the critical path method for a simple example network are shown in Fig. 1.2.4. Algorithm Comparison. The longest path algorithm is more efficient than the critical path method (since the longest path is found in a single pass through the edges). However, the critical path method produces more information; multiple critical paths are identified and the slack criticality measures are provided. Both algorithms have the same asymptotic time complexity, in 0(e), where e is the number of edges in the graph. Selection of the most appropriate algorithm is dependent upon application needs.NEAR-CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR PARALLEL PROGRAM OPTIMIZATION 33. Near-Critical Path Algorithms.Definition 1: A near-critical path is a path whose duration is within a certain percentage, the near-criticality percentage, of the critical path duration. The near-criticality percentage (denoted nc%) may be specified by the user or reported by the algorithm. Three near-critical path algorithm approaches are summarized in the following list:1) Specify maximum number of longest paths to find, k , and report nc% of k th longest path,2) Specify nc% and find all near-critical paths.3) Specify both k and nc% (i.e., find up to k longest near-critical paths).In this section, four near-critical path algorithms are compared: the path enumeration and extended longest path algorithms are examples of approach 1); the branch-and-bound algorithm is based on approach2); and the best-first search algorithm employs approach 3). Approach 3) can be advantageous, relative to approach 1), when the number of near-critical paths is less than k .3.1. Path Enumeration and Extended Longest Path Algorithms. An algorithm for listing the k shortest paths between two vertices of an acyclic digraph is described in [6]. The algorithm can be easily modified to enumerate longest paths. For a multigraph containing n vertices and e edges, the worst-case time and memory requirements of the algorithm are in O(kne) and O(kn 2+e), respectively.A more straightforward approach is to simply extend the longest path algorithm to find the k longest paths as described in [4]. Since the extended algorithm maintains an array of k (fixed-size) path description records for each vertex, and a descriptor is required to represent each edge, the storage requirements are in O(kn+e). The worst-case time complexity of the algorithm is in 0(ke).3.2. Brunch-and-Bound Algorithm. Brute-force depth-first searches can solve the longest path problem in linear space; however, the time complexity is exponential [7]. Branch-and-bound (BnB) is a technique that may significantly improve the efficiency of depth-first searches by eliminating unproductive search paths [8]. In this subsection, we show how the slack values calculated by the critical path method can be used as the basis for a BnB near-critical path algorithm. The notation employed to explain the algorithm is defined in Table 2.To find the critical and near-critical paths, depth-first searches are started at the root vertices. A search is terminated when either a leaf vertex is reached or max_path_duration is less than min_ncp_duration. If a leaf vertex is reached, then a critical or near-critical path has been found (FS_sum = 0 for a critical path).F ig. 2.1. C ritic al path m ethod exam ple.F IG . 1. Critical path method example.4ALEXANDER, LAMBERT, REESE,HARDEN AND BRIGHTWELLT ABLE 2. Near-Critical Path NotationThe performance of the algorithm is highly dependent upon the input PAG. In the best case, the time complexity is in 0(1). If we optimistically assume that only one edge exists between any two vertices and that no vertex has more than two outgoing edges (which is true for the PAGs that we generate), the worst-case complexity, based on the number of edges that must be examined, is in 0(1.62n). When the critical path method is also included in the analysis, the best-case and worst-case time complexities are in 0(e) and 0(1.62n+e), respectively.3.3. Best-First Search Algorithm. The slack values provided by the critical path method can also be used as the basis for a best-first search (BFS) algorithm that traverses the k longest near-critical paths in order of nonincreasing duration. The algorithm begins by evaluating all outgoing edges from root vertices. The edge with minimum total slack is selected. The critical path method guarantees that at least one of these edges will be on a critical path and have zero total slack. Once a path has been selected, traversal is an iterative process of following the edge with minimum total slack at each descendant vertex. When a leaf vertex is reached, the next longest path is selected for traversal.Traditionally, the applicability of BFS has been limited by an exponential memory requirement [9]. The memory is needed to save the state of all partially explored paths so that optimal selections can be made. Slack values provide the information needed to overcome this limitation. Since slack is a global criticality measure, storage can be constrained to maintaining state for the k longest near-critical paths that have been found. To maintain this state information, partial paths encountered during near-critical path traversal must be evaluated. Partial paths are formed by edges that are not on the current near-critical path. Partial path evaluation is based on the cost function (FS_sum + TS), and state is maintained for the minimum cost near-critical paths.To minimize path evaluation overhead, path costs are maintained in a max-heap data structure. This allows direct access to the maximum cost partial path and a new (lower) maximum can be established in logarithmic time. To minimize the overhead of selecting the next longest path, path costs are also maintained in a min-heap. When the max-heap is modified by sifting down a new entry, the associated min-heap entry is percolated up to maintain the integrity of the dual heaps. Thus, the minimum cost partial path is always available at the top of the min-heap.Path state information is preserved in path_descriptor records. Pointers to the descriptors of edges on near-critical paths are recorded in path_entry records. Paths consist of two segments. The first segment of a path contains edges shared with the (parent) near-critical path that was being traversed when the partial path was formed. These edges begin at a root vertex. When a partial path is formed, information about the preceding segment is saved in the path_descriptor. This information includes a count indicating the number of edges on the first path segment, path_1_cnt, and a pointer to the path_descriptor of the parent path, path_1_p. The second path segment consists of a linked-list of path_entry records. The first path_entry record for the second path segment, path_2, is also contained in the path_descriptor. The second path segment is constructed during near-critical path traversal and terminates at a leaf vertex.A pointer to the path_entry record corresponding to the minimum cost path from a vertex is saved at the first visit to each vertex to allow additional path_entry record sharing. If, during near-critical path traversal, a vertex is reached that has already been visited by an earlier traversal, then all succeeding edges are shared with the earlier path. Duplicate path_entry records are required only when the same edge begins the second segment of near-critical paths, which can occur a maximum of k/2 times. Therefore, the worst-NEAR-CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR PARALLEL PROGRAM OPTIMIZATION 5case memory requirement for the algorithm is in O(k+e). Fig. 1 provides an illustration of the path description data structures for the graph in Fig. 2.The worst-case time complexity of the algorithm is in 0(ke), with the dominant factor being that 0(e)edges may need to be examined during each of the k near-critical path traversals. A detailed analysis of the algorithm, along with proofs of correctness and worst-case optimality can be found in [10l (worst-case optimality is established in terms of both time and space for the problem of enumerating the k longest paths of acyclic, directed multigraphs).Algorithm Comparison. Asymptotic upper bounds on the worst-case time and memory requirements for the four near-critical path algorithms are summarized in Table 3.T ABLE 3. Worst-Case Complexities Of Near-Critical Path AlgorithmsOne advantage of the path enumeration algorithm is the capability to incrementally explore the next longest path until sufficient data is available, which is potentially useful in an interactive environment. The BFS algorithm can be used similarly, but is constrained to a maximum of k paths. Memory requirements limit the utility of the extended longest path algorithm. Uncertainty differentiates the BnB and BFS algorithms. With BnB, the uncertainty is associated with execution time; with BFS, the uncertainty is associated with the near-criticality percentage of the k th longest path. The significance of the BFS algorithm is in the combination of time and memory requirements.4. Probe Acquisition and PAG Construction.4.1. SuperMSPARC Multicomputer and Instrumentation System . The traces used in this study were collected with the instrumentation facilities of the SuperMSPARC multicomputer [11]. The SuperMSPARC is a 32-processor machine based on the SPARCstation 10 multiprocessor. There are eight SPARCstations, each of which contains four 90 MHz Ross hyperSPARC processors. SuperMSPARC has three types of interconnection communication networks: Ethernet, ATM, and Myrinet. Each node ispath 1(0,2,5)path 2(0,3,4,5)path 3(1,4,5)Fig. 3.1. BFS path description data struc tures.F IG . 2. BFS path description data structures.6ALEXANDER, LAMBERT, REESE,HARDEN AND BRIGHTWELLequipped with an intelligent performance monitor adapter that provides an interface to a separate data collection network.Hardware, software, and hybrid measurement systems have been used to record event traces. Hardware instrumentation is unobtrusive and delivers useful low-level information, but is costly and provides information with limited context. Software instrumentation is simple and flexible, but can perturb the execution characteristics of the program being measured. Hybrid measurement systems combine software with hardware support and provide an attractive compromise [12], The SuperMSPARC instrumentation system implements a hybrid approach. Special hardware on the performance monitor adapter collects and timestamps information written by software probes from the MPI environment. All processing of probes is done by the instrumentation processor, so the only obtrusiveness comes from the actual writing of the probe data, which has been measured to be ~2 microseconds per probe.The SuperMSPARC instrumentation system records performance data to disk for postmortem analysis.A global timestamp clock shared by the performance monitor adapters allows for a total ordering of events collected from all nodes. Recorded probes are converted to the Pablo Self-Defining Data Format (SDDF) for the purpose of PAG generation and visualization using a Pablo display.4.2. Message Passing Environment. The defacto message passing standard Message Passing Interface (MPI) was chosen as the vehicle for implementation of the construction of the PAG for near-critical path analysis. The MPI standard is independent of any particular machine architecture and allows the programmer to write portable programs that can be run without changes to the underlying communication protocol [13]. Since the most important events a performance monitoring systems needs to analyze are communication events, acquisition of probe information will be done primarily within the MPI function calls.An MPI probe library was designed with probe function calls placed at the beginning and end of each MPI function call. This allows a timestamp of the beginning and end of the MPI call to be taken so the interval of execution time of the function can be obtained. These probes were inserted by using the MPI profiling interface. The MPI profiling interface allows MPI function calls to be replaced by user-defined functions that can perform performance monitoring activities and then invoke the true MPI functions. The programmer can easily link the probe library with the application to obtain probe data without source code modification. Table 4 shows the types of MPI and additional probes that are implemented on the SuperMSPARC.T ABLE 4. SuperMSPARC Probe Types. MPI Routines Instrumented4.3.Construction of Program Activity Graphs. PAGs from a message passing environment contain one root vertex for each node involved in the program execution. All vertices have a single child exceptNEAR-CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR PARALLEL PROGRAM OPTIMIZATION 7those that mark the beginning of a remote message being sent. These vertices could have two or more children. One child is associated with the following event on the same node, and the other children mark the ending of the associated receive edge on the destination node. The duration of the edge to the remote node is the difference between the end of message reception time at the destination node and the start of message transmission time at the source node, and thus takes into account effects such as network congestion. To construct PAGs, several types of probes must be matched (e.g. the beginning and ending of a receive call). However, the entire construction process, which is described in [4], can be performed in linear time. A sample PAG is shown in Fig. 3.5. Near-critical Path Analysis Framework. The output from the near-critical path program consists of a list of all the critical and near-critical paths found. Each path consists of a duration and an edge list.This information by itself is not meaningful to the user as the relationships between the edges listed and program activities are not known. In any case, a list of all the program activities on the near-critical paths would most likely contain too much information to be useful. Near-critical path analysis will attempt to provide both guidance through hierarchical summaries expressed in terms of logical events within the application program, and capabilities flexible enough to support detailed exploration of small-scale behavior.At the highest level, the critical paths are analyzed. Classical metrics such as computation and communication percentages is provided. Activities may be viewed from a processor perspective or broken down by function. Near-critical path activity classes are represented by a new performance metric that considers contributions across all paths found. The availability of near-critical path data permits prediction of the maximum performance improvement that may be achieved by optimizing a particular critical path activity. More importantly, the broader perspective allows guidance to be offered regarding the relative merits of tuning specific activities.The computation to communication ratio can be used to assess the appropriateness of the application decomposition. A high communications contribution to the critical path could indicate an inappropriate, or too finely grained decomposition. Near-critical path data can also be used as an architecture evaluation tool. A high communications contribution on all critical and near-critical paths can indicate that increased interconnection network performance would result in improved application performance.The availability of PAGs facilitates speculation about the effects of reducing the time associated with a particular activity. The availability of near-critical path data facilitates selection of the most promising activities for what ifscenarios. The analysis framework supports rapid experimentation by allowing theR ec eive M es s C om S end M es s C om eive M es s ageputation F ig. 4.1 S am ple program ac tivity graph.F IG . 3. Sample program activity graph.8ALEXANDER, LAMBERT, REESE,HARDEN AND BRIGHTWELLdurations of selected PAG activities to be adjusted. The potential effects are then quickly ascertained by analysis of the modified PAG. While near-critical path guidance is based on a limited number of paths, what if scenarios extend the analysis to all execution paths.Visualization complements the statistical perspective by revealing the dynamics of when performance determining activities occurred. Rather than attempt the impossible task of predicting and satisfying all potential visualization needs, we have opted to simply output Pablo SDDF records corresponding to critical and near-critical path activities. In this manner, the full capabilities of the Pablo environment may be invoked to explore critical and near-critical path activities from the most appropriate perspectives.The goal of performance debugging metrics is to rank the importance of improving specific program activities. Six parallel program performance metrics were compared in [14], and although no single metric was universally superior, the Critical Path Metric (CPM) provided the best overall guidance. CPM ranks activities according to the magnitude of their durations on the critical path. The Maximum Benefit Metric (MBM) is an extension of the Critical Path Metric that includes the synergistic effects of common activities on near-critical paths. The Maximum Benefit Metric for activity i over the k longest paths is computed as follows:MBM k(i) = min(d(i)j + (d cp - d j)), for j =i to k, whered(i)j = aggregate duration of activity i on j th longest path,d cp = duration of the critical path, andd j = duration of the j th longest path.Fig. 4 is a simple example that illustrates how optimizing the largest component on the critical path may not yield the most overall improvement. Unless all the paths are considered, which is usually not practical, the impact of the activities on the (k+l)th longest path are not known. Thus, the metric represents a prediction of the maximum overall benefit associated with particular critical path activities.Fig. 5 illustrates the aggregate MBMs for communication and computation activities of a parallel quicksort of 1000 integers. This information reveals additional clues to the application's characteristics and behavior. MBM information indicates the need to look at as many as 100 near-critical paths to help predict the actual optimization benefit that could be obtained by optimizing communication activities. Note that the actual benefit that can be achieved is much lower than what was deduced by the critical path.NEAR-CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR PARALLEL PROGRAM OPTIMIZATION 9Once the MBMs over a set of near-critical paths have identified program activities of interest for optimization, what if scenarios can be used to recalculate the MBMs over all paths. This is accomplished by zeroing the duration of an operator in the PAG and recalculating the critical path. The MBM for activity i over all paths is computed as follows:MBM all (i) = d cp - d(i 0)cp ,where d(i 0)cp is the duration of the critical path with activity i zeroed, and d cp is the original critical path duration.6. Algorithms and Performance Results.6.1. Algorithms. Algorithm performance was assessed with PAGs from five application programs: an N-body simulation application (NBODY), a Monte Carlo application (MONTE), and a ray-tracing application (ZSNOOP). NBODY simulates the evolution of a system of N bodies where the force on each body arises due to its interaction with all other bodies in the system. NBODY was designed by David W.Walker from Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee [15]. MONTE is a simple parallel implementation of an Auxiliary-Field Monte Carlo algorithm designed by Carey Huscroft at the Department of Physics, University of California at Davis [16]. ZSNOOP is a parallel ray-tracing program that uses a global combine to merge all of the images computed by the individual processors into one rendering. Lance Burton designed it at the Engineering Research Center at Mississippi State University[17]. Table 5 summarizes the application-related statistics.T ABLE 5. Application-Related Statistics. (*Percent of critical path duration devoted to communication.)6.2. Performance Results. Computational performance is measured by execution time of relevant tasks. To obtain this information, probe calls are placed in delimiting points of the functional areas. Probe calls are assigned meaningful label names labels. These labels are used to identify computational performance for individual functional area.10110010100010000M axim umBenefit M etric N um ber of P aths F ig. 5.2. C om m unic ation and c om putation M BM s.F IG . 5. Communication and computation MBMs.。

主题对接教材人教版必修第二册Unit 3The Internet；选择性必修第一册Unit 2Looking into the future；选择性必修第二册Unit 1Science and scientists外研版必修第三册Unit 3The world of science；选择性必修第三册Unit 4 Aglimpse of the future译林版必修第三册Unit 3The world online；选择性必修第二册Unit 1The mass media；Unit 4Living with technology北师大版必修第二册Unit 4Information technology；选择性必修第二册Unit 6ThemediaⅠ.阅读单词——会意1．hacker n．电脑黑客2．terrorist n．恐怖分子3．webcam n．网络摄像头4．cyberspace n．网络空间5．chaos n．混乱，无秩序6．click v t.& v i.& n．点击7．immoral adj.不道德的，道德败坏的8．database n．数据库；资料库9．plus conj.而且；此外n．加号；优势prep.加；外加10．microblogging n．用微博分享、传播信息11．troll n．发挑衅帖子的人；恶意挑衅的帖子12．deceased adj.已死的；亡故的13．mode n．模式；方式；风格14．channel n．途径，渠道；电视台；频道；方法；水渠Ⅱ.重点单词——记形1．app n．应用程序2．convey v t.表达；传达3．button n．按钮；纽扣4．upload v t.上传5．download v t.下载6．file n．文件；文件夹；档案7．privacy n．隐私；私密8．guideline n．准则；指导原则9．engine n．引擎；发动机；火车头10．target n．目标；对象；靶子v t.把……作为攻击目标11．structure n．结构；体系v t.系统安排；精心组织12．virtual adj.虚拟的，模拟的；很接近的；事实上的13．clone v t.克隆；以无性繁殖技术复制n．克隆动物(或植物)14．cast n．演员阵容，全体演员v t.投射(光或影)15．alternative adj.可替代的；另外的n．可供选择的事物16．command v．命令；控制n．指令；命令；掌握；控制17．monitor v t.监视，跟踪调查；监听n．显示屏；监测器；班长18．comment n．议论，评论；批评，指责v i.& v t.表达意见19．latest adj.最新的；最近的20．engage v t.& v i.吸引住(注意力、兴趣)；雇用，聘用；与……建立密切关系21．view n．看法；观点；视野；风景v t.把……看作；观看；察看22．outline v t.概述n．纲要；轮廓23．hence ad v.因此，由此，所以24．surfing n．冲浪运动；(互联网上)冲浪，浏览25．stuck adj.卡住；陷(入)；困(于)26．stream v．流播(无须待文件下载到计算机便可播放互联网上的音视频)；流出；流动n．小河；溪；流Ⅲ.拓展单词——悉变1．sensible adj.朴素实用的；明智的；合理的→sensibly ad v.明智地→sense n．意义；感官v t.感觉到；察觉到2．potential n．潜力；可能性adj.潜在的，可能的→potentially ad v.潜在地3．function n．功能；作用；机能v i.起作用；正常工作；运转→functional adj.功能的；能运转的4．crime n．犯罪活动；不法行为→criminal n．罪犯5．convenient adj.方便的，便利的→convenience n．方便，便利→inconvenience n不便，麻烦6．cover v t.遮盖；覆盖；包括；涉及；处理；报道；足以支付n．掩护；覆盖物；封面→coverage n．新闻报道；覆盖范围7．commercial adj.商业的；商务的→commerce n．商务；商业；贸易8．predict v t.预测；预言；预料→prediction n．预测；预言9．absence n．不存在；缺乏；缺席→absent adj.缺席的；不在的；缺乏的10．combine v t.& v i.(使)结合；混合→combination n．结合；联合11．efficient adj.效率高的；有功效的→efficiency n．效率，效能；(机器的)功率12．transform v t.使改变；使转变→transformation n．(彻底或重大的)改观，变化，转变13．secure adj.安全的；安心的；可靠的；牢固的v t.获得；拴牢；保护→security n．安全；保护措施14．creativity n．创造力；独创性→creative adj.创造性的；有创造力的→create v t.创造15．advertise v i.& v t.做广告；宣传→advertiser n．广告商；广告人员→advertisement n．广告→advertising n．广告(业)16．electrical adj.电的；用电的→electric adj.电的；电动的→electricity n．电；电能17．automatic adj.自动的；无意识的；必然的→automatically ad v.自然地；不假思索地，无意识地；自动地18．consult v t.查阅v i.& v t.咨询；商议→consultation n．咨询；商议；查阅→consultant n．顾问19．harm v t.& n．伤害，损害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的20．regular adj.定期的；规则的→regularly ad v.定期地；规则地→irregular adj.不规则的；无规律的；不合乎常规的21．press v t.按，压；敦促→pressure n．压力，挤压；紧张；气压→pressing adj.紧迫的，迫切的22．innovation n．创新；创造→innovative adj.革新的，新颖的；富有革新精神的→innovate v i.& v t.革新，创新；引入23．critical adj.批评的，批判性的；关键的；危急的→criticism n．批评，批判；评论，评价→criticize v．批评，指责；挑剔；评论24．blog n．博客；网络日志v t.发表博客→blogger n．博客作者；博主1．prospect n．可能性；前景2．procedure n．程序，步骤，手续3．complicated adj.复杂的，难处理的4．frontier n．边境，国界；前沿，新领域5．fundamental adj.根本的；基本的；基础的6．customize v t.定做，按客户具体要求制造7．advancement n．前进；进步，进展；提升，晋升8．contradict v t.相矛盾，相反；反驳，驳斥9．immersive adj.(计算机系统或图像)沉浸式虚拟现实的10．renewable adj.(合同、票等)可延期的；(能源和自然资源)可再生的Ⅳ.背核心短语1．in shape状况良好2．a variety of各种各样的3．let alone更不用说4．go through经受；通过；完成5．switch off/on关/开(电灯、机器等)6．take off (事业等)突然成功；(经济等)迅速发展7．to a certain extent在一定程度上8．keep in touch (with)(与……)保持联系9．in this sense从这种意义上来讲10．with the development of...随着……的发展11．be glued to sth 全神贯注看着某物；紧贴某物12．to name but a few略举几例13．spring up迅速出现，突然兴起14．keep sb company 陪伴某人15．keep track of 掌握……的最新消息；了解……的动态16．have no alternative but to do sth 别无选择只好做某事17．engage (sb) in (使某人)从事；参与18．make fun of sb取笑某人Ⅴ.悟经典句式1．the instant...一……就……Your lights will come on the instant you enter the door along with your favourite music or TVprogrammes.你一进家门，灯就会亮起，还有你最喜欢的音乐或电视节目(会自动播放)。

常用海运贸易中英文对照石油进口部分单据—中英文对照1、产品护照（DIP TEST结果）Product Passport(DipTest Result) 2、产品可用性证明Statement Of Product Availability 3、出口许可证EXPORT LICENSE4、登记证REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE 5、提单BL-Q88（Bill of lading）6、油罐收据Tank Receipt7、原产地证明Certificate Of Origin8、合同代码Contract code9、买方代码Buyer code10、卖方代码Seller code11、价格附件一：国际贸易常用中英文对照查询：accelerate trade payment(ATP) 加速贸易付款acceptance 承兑，接受acceptance letter of credit(acceptance L/C) 承兑信用证accepting bank 承兑行acceptor承兑人acknowledgement of insurance declaration 投保声明的回执actual delivery 实际交货actual quality 实际品质actual tare 实际皮重actual total loss 实际全损Ad.val (拉丁语)从价advanced bill of lading (advanced B/L) 预借提单advanced payment 预付货款advising bank 通知行afltoxin risk 黄曲霉素险agency 代理agent 代理商agreement 协议书agreement of consignment 寄售协议Air Express 急件传送air transportation all risks 航空运输一切险air transportation cargo war risks 航空运输货物战争险air transportation risks 航空运输险air waybill 航空货运单aligned document system 套合一致的单证all risks 一切险all risks for shipment of frozen products 冷藏货物运输一切险alteration charge 变更卸货港附加费American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC)美国纺织化学师与印染师协会标准American Society of Testing Materials (AST M)美国材料试验协会的标准announcement of tender 发布招标公告anticipatory letter of credit (anticipatory L/ C)预支信用证ante-dated bill of lading (ante-dated B/L) 倒签提单antirust packaging 防锈包装applicant 开证申请人application for credit 开证申请书arbitration 仲裁arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议arbitration application 仲裁申请arbitration clause 仲裁条款arbitration procedure 仲裁程序arrival contract 到达合同artificial harbor 人工港assembling with customer’s parts 来件装配assignment of proceed 款项让渡或款项过渡Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 美国公职分析化学师协会标准assortment list 花色搭配单at buyer’s option 由买方决定at selle r’s option 由卖方决定auction 拍卖auctioneer 拍卖人authority to purchase(A/P) 委托购买证automatic revolving letter of credit (automatic revolving L/C)自动循环信用证available by negotiation 议付兑现available by payment 付款兑现average price 平均价average tare 平均皮重avoidance of delay 防止延迟Bback to back letter of credit (back to back L /C) 对背信用证bale packing 捆包装bank credit card 信用卡bank guarantee 银行保证函banker’s acceptance bill 银行承兑汇票banker’s acceptance letter of credit (banker ’s acceptance L/C) 银行承兑信用证banker’s bill 银行汇票banker’s cheque 银行支票banking charges 银行费用barter trade 易货贸易base port 基本港beneficiary 受益人benefit of insurance 保险利益berth terms 船方负担装卸费bid 递盘bid bond 投标保证金，投标押金bidding documents 编制招标文件bill for collection(B/C) 托收汇票bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading (B/L) 海运提单bill of lading weight 提单货量blank endorsement 空白背书bona fide holder 善意持有人book 订购booking note 托运单both to blame collision clause (B.B.clause) 船船互撞条款breach of condition 违反要件breach of contract 违反合同breach of innominate terms 违反无名条款breach of intermediate terms 违反中间性条款breach of warranty 违反担保或违反随附条件brief cable 简电本British standard(BS) 英国（工业）标准bulk cargo 散装货物bunker adjustment factor(BAF) 燃油附加费business negotiation 交易磋商buyback 回购buyer’s sample 买方样buyer’s usance credit 买方远期信用证buying hedging 买期保值buying offer 购货发盘Ccable address (C/A) 电挂cable confirmation 电报证实书cable credit 电开信用证call of tender 招标Canadian Standards Association (C.S.A) 加拿大标准协会canceling date 解约日cargo in bulk 散装货物cargo manifest 货物舱单cargo plan 积载图又名船图cargo receipt 承运货物收据carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of destination)(CIP) 运费、保险费付至（…指定目的地）carriage paid to (…named place of destinati on)(CPT) 运费付至（…指定目的地）carton 纸箱cash against documents 凭单付款cash discount 现金折扣cash in advance(C.I.A) 预付现款cash in order(C.I.O) 订货时付款cash on delivery (C.O.D) 交货付款cash with order (C.W.O) 附订单付现certificate for dispatch of documents 寄单证明certificate for dispatch of shipment sample s 寄样证明certificate in regard to handlooms textile ha ndcrafts and traditional textile products of t he cottage industry 手工制纺织品产地证certificate of age of vessel 船龄证明书certificate of classification 船舶船级证明certificate of compliance 明白证明书certificate of date of sailing 开船证明书certificate of delivery 交货证明书certificate of departure from port 离港证明书certificate of load line 船舶载重线证明certificate of vessel’s nationality 船舶国籍证明certificate of origin 产地证明书certificate of textile products 纺织品产地证certificate of ownership 所有权证书certificate of weight 重量证书certified cheque 保付支票certified invoice 证实发票或签证发票CFR ex ship’s hold CFR 舱底交货CFR ex tackle CFR 吊钩下交货CFR landed CFR 卸到岸上CFR liner terms CFR 班轮条件CFS to CFS （集装箱运输）站到站CFS to CY （集装箱运输）站到厂CFS to door （集装箱运输）站到门China Council for the Promotion of Internat ional Trade (C.C.P.I.T) 中国国际贸易促进委员会China Council for the Promotion of Internat ional Trade Certificate of Origin (CCPIT cert ificate of origin) 中国国际贸易促进委员会产地证China Exit and Entry Inspection and Quara ntine Bureau (CIQ) 中国出入境检验检疫局China National Foreign Trade Transportatio n Corporation (SINOTRANS) 中国外贸运输公司China Ocean Shipping Agency (COSA) 中国外轮代理公司China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO) 中国远洋运输公司CIF ex ship’s hold CIF 舱底交货CIF ex tackle CIF 吊钩下交货CIF landed CIF 卸到岸上CIF Liner terms CIF 班轮条件claim 素赔clash and breakage risks 碰损、破碎险Class Rate Freight Tariff 等级运价表classification of commodities 货物分级表clean bill 光票clean bill of lading (clean B/L) 清洁提单clean letter of Credit (clean L/C) 光票信用证clean report of findings 清洁报告书closed bids 密封递价closed policy 总括保险单collecting bank 代收行collection 托收collection advice 托收委托书colour sample 色彩样品combined bill of lading (combined B/L) 并提单combined certificate 联合凭证combined certificate of value and origin 估价和原产地联合证明书combined documents 联合单据combined offer 复合发盘combined transport bill of lading (CTB/L) 联合运输提单commercial acceptance bill 商业承兑汇票commercial bill 商业汇票commercial documents 商业单据commercial invoice 商业发票commercial paper letter of credit (commerc ial paper L/C) 商业票据信用证commercial technology transfer 商业性技术转让commission 佣金commission agency 佣金代理commission agent 佣金代理商commodity exchange 商品交易所Commodity Futures Trading Commission 商品期货交易委员会commodity inspection 商品检验commodity inspection corporation (C.I.C) 商检公司common license 普通许可communicate to all address 分送电compensation agreement 补偿协定compensation system 补偿制compensation trade 补偿贸易complete knock down (C.K.D) 全拆卸complete set bill of lading (complete set B/ L) 全套提单Comprehensive Import Supervision Scheme (C.I.S.S) 全面进口监督计划computed tare 约定皮重conciliation 调解concurrent terms 对流条件conditional sale lease 销售租赁conditioned weight 公量confirm 保兑confirmation 确认书confirmed letter of credit (confirmed L/C) 保兑信用证confirming bank 保兑行confirming sample 确认样consecutive days 连续日consideration对价consignee 收货人，代销商consignment 寄售consignment bill for highway transportatio n 公路货物运输托运单consignor 寄售人constructive delivery 推定全损constructive total loss 推定全损consular invoice 领事发票consular visa 领事签证consulting engineers 咨询工程公司consulting service顾问咨询container bill of lading (container B/L) 集装箱提单container freight station (C.F.S) 集装箱货运站container load 集装箱装载container load plan (C.L.P) 装箱单container number (container no.) 集装箱号container yard (CY) 集装箱堆场contingency insurance ,covers seller’s inte rest only 卖方利益险contract 合同contract for the international sale of goods 国际货物销售合同Convention on the Recognition and Enforc ement of Foreign Arbitral Award 《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》cover note 暂保单co-production 合作生产copy of bill of lading (copy B/L) 副本提单correspondent bank 代理行cost and freight (…named port of destinati on)(CFR) 成本加运费（…指定目的港）cost, insurance and freight…（named port of destination）(CIF) 成本加运保费（…指定目的港）couriers receipts 快邮收据counter offer 还盘，还价counter purchase 互购counter sample 对等样品counter trade 对等贸易counter card 信用卡counter to expire abroad 国外到期信用证crew list 船舶船员名单cross license 交叉许可cross offer 交叉发盘crossed cheque 划线支票currency adjustment factor (CAF) 币值附加费customary packing 习惯包装customary tare 习惯皮重cutting sample 剪样CY to CFS （集装箱运输）场至站CY to CY （集装箱运输）场至场CY to door （集装箱运输）场至门DDalsey ,Hilbolom , Lind ,Courier’s Service DHL 信使专递dampproof packing 防潮包装date of issue 出票日期date of draft 出票日期dead freight 空舱费dead weight 总载重量dead-weight cargo 重货dead-weight tonnage 载重量吨位debit note(D/N) 借款帐单declaration of country of origin 原产地声明书deductible 绝对免赔率deferred payment 延期付款deferred payment letter of credit (deferred payment L/C) 迟期付款信用证delivered at frontier(…na med place )(DAF) 边境交货（…指定地点）delivered duty paid(…named place of desti nation)(DDP) 完税后交货（…指定目的港）delivered duty unpaid(…named place of de stination)(DDU) 未完税交货（…指定目的地）delivered ex quay (…named port of destina tion)(D.E.Q) 目的港码头交货（…指定目的地）delivered ex ship (…named port of destinat ion)(D.E.S) 目的港船上交货（…指定目的港）delivery 交货delivery order (D/O) 提货单demand draft (D/D) 汇票demise charter 光船租船demurrage money 延期费，滞期费deposit receipt (D/R) 押金收据description of goods 货物说明desk to desk express service 桌到桌快递服务dispatch money 速谴费destination of discharge 目的地detail airmail 详见航邮件detailed invoice 详细发票detailed packing list 详细装箱单Diners Club international 大菜卡direct additional 直航附加费direct barter 直接易货direct bill of lading(direct B/L) 直运提单direct price 直接价discount 贴现discrepancy and clam clause 异议与索赔条款dishonor 拒付行为Disinfect ion Inspection Certificate 消毒检验证书displacement tonnage 排水量吨位disponent owner 船东dock receipt (D/R) 码头收据；场站收据documentary bill 跟单汇票documentary letter of credit (documentary L/C) 跟单信用证documentary against acceptance(D/A) 承兑交单documentary against payment(D/P) 付款交单documentary against payment with trust receipt (D/P.T/R) 付款交单凭信托收据借单domestic credit 国内信用证door to CFS （集装箱运输）门到站door to CY （集装箱运输）门到场door to door （集装箱运输）门到门D/P at …days after sight 远期付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单draft 汇票drawee 受票人，付款人drawee bank 付款行drawer 出票人，收款人duplicate sample 复样dutch auction 减价拍卖duty paid value 完税价格EEDI message 电子信息Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 电子数据通信Electronic Data Processing(EDP) 电子数据处理enclosure 附件endorsement 批单，背书engineering contracting 工程承包enquiry 询盘equipment lease 设备租赁errors and omissions excepted (E.&O.E) 有错当查，错误或遗漏不在此限establishing bank 开证行estimated time of arrival(E.T.A) 预定到达时间estimated time of departure(E.T.D) 预定开航时间；预定离港时间ex works (…named place)(EXW) 工厂交货（…指定地点）except as otherwise noted (E.A.O.N) 除非另有记载exclusive agency 独家代理exclusive agency agreement 独家代理协议exclusive agent 独家代理商exclusive distributor 包销商exclusive License 独占许可exclusive sale 包销exclusive sale agreement 包销协议expected time of finishing discharging (E.T.F.D) 预计卸完时间expected time of finishing loading(E.T.F.L) 预计装完时间export declaration(E/D) 出口申报书export freight manifest 出口载货运费清单或运费舱单export licence 出口许可证export licence textile products 纺织品出口许可证export manifest 出口载货清单exporter 出口人extraneous risks 外来风险Ffailure to deliver risk 交货不到险fair average quality (F.A.Q) 良好平均品质false bill of lading (false B/L) 伪造提单finance lease 融资租赁financial documents 资金单据fire risk extension clause-for storage of car go at destination HongKong ,including Ko wloon, or Macao(F.R.E.C) 货物出口到香港(包括九龙)或澳门寸仓火险责任扩展条款first beneficiary 第一收益人fixed price 固定价fixed scale rogalty 固定提成率flexible container 柔性集装袋FOB liner term FOB班轮条件FOB stowed(FOBS) FOB包括理舱FOB stowed and trimmed(F.O B.S.T) FOB 包括平舱和理舱FOB trimmed(FOBT) FOB包括平舱FOB under tackle FOB钓钩下交货FOB vessel(---named port of shipment)指定运港船上交货Food and Drug Administration(FDA) 美国食品及药品管理局for reference only 仅供参考force majeure 不可抗力force majeure clause 不可抗力条款fortuitous accidents 意外事故forward price 期货价格forward cargo receipt(FCR) 运输代理人的承运货物收据forwarding agents 发货代理或货运代理foul bill of lading(foul B/l) 不清单提单franchise 相对免赔率free all average(F-A-A) 不计一切海损free alongside ship(---named port of shipm ent)(FAS) 船边交货(---指定装运港)free carrier(---named place)(FCA) 货交承运人(---指定地点)free from particular average (F-P-A) 平安险free in(F-I) 船方官卸不管装free in and out(F-I-O) 船房不管装和卸free in and out, stowed and trimmed(F-I-O-S-T) 船方不管装卸,理舱和平舱free on board(---named port of shipment) 装运港船上交货(---指定装运港)free out 船方管装不管卸free perimeter 自由边境区free port 自由港free trade zone 自由贸易区freight agent 货运代理人freight bill 运费帐单freight manifest 运费舱单freight prepaid 运费已付freight to collect 运费到付freight ton 运费吨fresh water and /or rain damage(F-W-R-D) 淡水雨淋险fresh water road line 淡水载重线frustration of contract 合同落空full cable 全电本full container load(F-C-L) 整箱货full packed 全部包装full payout 完全付清fill set bill of lading(full set B/L) 全套提单full set of clean on board bill of lading mad e out toorder and endorsed in blank 全套清洁已装船作成凭指示和空白背书的提单fundamental breach 根本违反合同future contract 期货合同futures market 期货市场future transaction 期货交易Ggeneral additional 一般附加险General Administration of Civil Aviation Ch ina(AAC) 中国民航总局general agency 总代理general agent 总代理人general average(G-A) 共同海损general average contribution 共同海损分摊general conditions of delivery of goods 交货共同条件general terms and conditions 一般交易条件generalized system of preference certificat e of origin Form A(G-S-P Form A) 普惠制产地证格式AGeneva uniform law on cheque 日内瓦统一支票法规Good merchantable quality(G-M-Q) 上好可销品质goods quality 商品品质grade of goods 商品等级grane back 技术反馈green clause credit 绿条款信用证gross bills of lading weight 毛提单货量gross for net 以毛作净gross registered tonnage(G-R-T) 注册总吨gross terms 船方担负装卸费grounded 搁浅groundage bill of lading 成组提单guarantee letter of credit(guarantee L/C) 担保信用证,保证信用证guarantor 保证人gunny bags 麻袋HHamburg Rules 海牙规则Hard ware硬件heavy lift additional超重附加费heavy weather恶劣气候hedging 套期保植hire purchase租购式租赁hook damage 钩损险house air way bill 分运单house bill of lading 运输代理行提单IImmediate shipment 立即装运import declaration 进口申请书import duty risk 进口关税险importer 进口人indent 订单indicative marks 指示性标志industrial activity 实用性industrial property 工业产权initial payment 初付费,入门费initial price 初步价格injured party 受害方inland depot 内陆货运站inland extended cover 内陆附加险inland waterway bill of landing 内陆提单inspection and claim clause检验与索赔条款Inspection Certificate of Health 健康检验证书Inspection Certificate of Origin 产地检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quality 品质检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quantity 数量检验证书Inspection Certificate of Value 价值检验证书Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量检验证书Inspection Certificate on Cargo Weight and Measurement 货物衡量证书Inspection Certificate on damaged Cargo 验残检验证书Inspection Certificate on Tank /Hold 验舱证书Inspection of goods 货物检验Institute Cargo clauses(ICC) 协会货物险条款Institute Cargo clauses A(ICC(A)) 协会货物(A)险条款Institute Cargo clauses B(ICC(B)) 协会货物(B)险条款Institute Cargo clauses C(ICC(C)) 协会货物(C)险条款Institute strikes clauses-Cargo 协会罢工险条款(货物)Institute War clauses-Cargo 协会战争险条款(货物)Insurable interest 保险利益;可保权益Insurance certificate 保险凭证Insured amount 保险金额Insurer 承保人;保险人Intellectual property 知识产权Interim measures of protection 保全措施又称临时保护措施International Chamber of Commerce(ICC) 国际商会International code of conduct on the techn ology transfer 国际技术转让行动守则International competitive bidding 国际竞争性招标International combined transport国际多式联运International express mail service(EMS) 国际特快专递International multimodal transport 国际多式联运International railway through transport 国际铁路货物联运International rules for the interpretation of t rade terms(INCOTERMS) 国际贸易术语解释通则International standard organization 国际标准化组织International trading certificate(ITC) 国际贸易证书Intrinsic quality 商品内在素质Inventive activity 创造性Invitation to make offer 邀请发盘Invitation to tender 招标Irrespective of percentage(I-O-P) 不论损失程度Irrespective letter of credit(irrevocable L/C) 不可撤消信用证Issue 出票Issuing bank 开证行Insurance policy 保险单Insurance value 保险价值JJapanese Industrial Standard(JIS) 日本工业标准Jettison and/or washing over board 抛掷,海水冲击险KKite mark 风筝标志Knocked-down in carloads 拆散成整车皮装货物Knocked-down shipment (货物)分运Know how 专有技术LLand bridge transport 大陆桥运输Landed terms 起货条件Landing account 卸货报告Landing quality ,weight as final 以到岸品质,重量为准Landing weight 卸货重量,到岸重量Last pay certificate 最后付款证明书Late acceptance 逾期接受Law and practice 法律惯例Lay time 装卸时间Lay days date 受载时间Leakage risk 渗漏险Lease trade 租赁贸易Licensor’s share on licensee’s profit(LSLP)利润分成原则Legal net weight 法定净重Legal weight 法定重量Less than container load(LCL) 拼箱货Lessee 承担人Lessor 出租人Letter of credit(L/C) 信用证Letter of guarantee(L/G) 银行保证函Letter telegramme 书信电报Leverage lease 杠杆租赁Licensing 许可证贸易Licensing agreement 许可证协议Lien 扣押权Light displacement 空船排水量或清排水量Liner 班轮Liner shipping 班轮运输Liner terms 班轮条件,船方负担装卸费Liner’ s freight tariff 班轮运价表Liquidated damages 预定损害赔偿Litigation 诉讼Load line 船舶载重线Loaded displacement 满载排水量或重排水量或总排水量Loading list 装货清单Local freight agent 当地运输代理商Local vanning 当地装箱Log book 航行日志London Metal Exchange 伦敦五金交易所London Stock Exchange 伦敦证券交易所Long form bill of lading(long from B/L) 全式提单Long length additional 超长附加费Loss and/or damage caused by breakage o f packing 包装破裂险Lot tolerance rate 批内允许破损率Lot tolerance defective 批内允许次品费Lowest price limit 最低售价Lump sum payment 一次总算MMail confirmation to follow 随寄证实书Mail credit 信开信用证Mail transfer(M/T) 信汇Main mark 主要标志Major causes 重大意外事故Malicious damage clauses 恶意损害险条款Manufacture’s certificate of origin 生产商原产地证明书Manufacture’s invoice 厂商发票Marine bill of lading 海运提单Marine insurance policy 水运保险单Marker capacity 标定容量Master airway bill民航运单Master Card 万事达卡Master document 总单证Master receipt 大副收据Material breach 重大违约Mate’s receipt 大副收据Measurement and weight mark 体重和重量标志Measurement cargo 轻货Measurement list 尺码单Measurement ton(M/T) 尺码吨Memorandum 备忘录Method of dispatching documents 寄单方法’Method of reimbursement 所汇方法Mildew proof packaging 防霉包装Mini land bridge(M-L-B) 小路桥Minimum bill of lading(minimum B/L) 起码提单Minimum freight 起码运费Minimum premium 最低保险费Minimum rate 起码费率Minimum weight 最低重量Minor breach 轻微违法Mixed agreement 混合协议Mixed policy 混合保险单Mode of shipment运输方式Money of account 计价货币Money of payment 支付货币More or less clause 溢短装条款Multimode transport documents(MTO) 多式联运单据Multimode transport operator(MTO) 多式联运经营人Multiple country declaration 多国家产地声明书NName of commodity 品名National harbors 天然港Natural calamity 自然灾害Negotiable calamity 流通证券Negotiated bidding 谈判招标Negotiating bank 议付行Negotiation 议付0Negotiation letter of credit 议付通行证Net bills of lading weight 净提单货量Net dead weight 净载重量Net net weight 净净重Net registered tonnage(NRT) 注册净吨Net weight 净重Neutral invoice 中性发票Neutral packing 中性包装New York Commodity Exchange 纽约商品交易所No commercial value(N-C-V) 无商业价值No mark(N/M) 无唛头No orders(N/O) 无指示,无定单,不指定人Non-acceptance(N/A) 拒绝承兑,拒绝接受Non-automatic revolving letter of credit No n-base port 非自动循环信用证Non-commercial technology transfer 非基本港Non-cumulative revolving letter of credit 非商业性技术转让Non-payout 非累计循环信用证Non-vessel operating carrier(NV OC) 不完全付清Non-vessel operating common carrier(NVO C C) 无船承运人Non-vessel owning common carrier(NVOC C)无船承运人Notice of abandonment 委付通知Notice of readiness 备装通知Notify party 被通知人Notifying bank 通知行Novelty 新颖性Nuded cargo 裸装货物、OOcean bill of lading (ocean B/L) 海运提单Ocean marine insurance frozen products 海洋运输冷藏货物保险Ocean marine insurance wood oil bulk 海洋运输散装桐油保险Ocean waybill 海上货运单或海运单Off set 抵消贸易Offer 发盘Offer without engagement 不受约束的发盘Omnibus bill of lading(omnibus B/L) 并提单On board bill of lading(on B/L)已装车提单On deck risk 舱面险Once on demurrage a一旦滞期,始终滞期leeway’s on demurrageOpen account transaction 赊帐交易Open bidding 公开招标Open by airmail 信开Open by telecommunication 电开Open policy 预约保单Open negotiation letter of credit 公开议付信用证Opener 开证人,开证申请人Opening bank 开证行Opening of tender 开标Operating lease 经营租赁Operative instrument 有效文本Optional charges 选港费Optional fees 选择卸货港附加费Optional port 选择港Order 定货,定单Order bill of lading (order B/L) 指示提单Original mark 原产地标志Outturn sample 船样Overland common points(O-C-P) 内陆地区Overland transportation all risks 陆运一切险Overland transportation cargo war risks-by train 路上运输货物战争险Overland transportation frozen products 路上运输冷藏货运险Overland transportation risks 陆运险PPack slip 装箱单Packaging销售包装Package number mark 件号标志Package list 装箱单Packed cargo 包装货物Packing 运输包装Packing documents 包装单据Packing loan 打包放款Packing specification 包装证明Packing summary 包装提要Paper bags 纸袋Paperless documentation Parcel post all risks 邮包一切险Parcel post risk 邮包险Parcel post war risks 邮包战争险Part packed 局部包装Partial loss 部分损失Partial shipment 分批装运Particular average 单独海损Patent 专利Pattern sample 款式样品Pay by installment 分期付款Payee 受款人Payer 付款人Paying bank 付款行Payment 付款Payment in advance 预付条款Penalty clause 罚金条款Performance bond 履约保证金Performance guaranty 履约保证函Performance letter of credit 履约信用证Perils of the sea 海上风险Physical delivery 实际交货Place of departure 启运地Place of issue 出票地点Place of payment 付款地点Place of receipt 收货地Port of call 挂靠港Port congestion surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Port of destination 目的港Port of discharge 卸货港Port of loading 装货港Port of shipment 装运港Port of transshipment 转运港Port surcharge 港口附加费Port to port 港到港Postal money order 邮政汇票Presentation for acceptance 承兑提示Presentation for payment 付款提示Presenting bank 提示行Price adjustment clause 价格修正条款Price terms 价格条件,价格术语Principal 委托人Processing with customer’s materials 来料加工Product buyback 产品返销Product sharing 产品分成Performa invoice 形式发票Progress 先进性Progression payment 分期付款Promissory note 本票Prompt shipment 即期装运Protest 拒付证书Provisional price 暂作价Public certificate 公务证书Purchase order 购货定单Purchase confirmation 购货确认书Purchase contract 购货合同QQuality sample 品质样品Quality latitude 品质机动幅度Quality of goods 商品品质Quality to be about equal to the sample 品质与样品大致相同Quality tolerance 品质公差Quote 报价RReal tare 实际皮重Receipt for the goods 货物收据Receipt invoice 收妥发票Received for shipment bill of lading 备运提单Reciprocal letter of credit 对开信用证Red clause letter of credit 红条款信用证Reference sample 参考样品Registered tonnage 注册吨Regular shipping liner 班轮Reimbursing agent 偿付代理人Reimbursing bank 偿付行Reissuing bank 转开行Rejection risk 拒收险Related product 相关样品Remittance 汇付Remittance against documents 凭单付汇Remitting bank 托收行Repayment guarantee 还款保证函Representative sample 代表性样品Restricted negotiation letter of credit 限制议付信用证Restrictive endorsement 限制背书Resultant product 直接产品Return sample 回样Return voyage charter 来回航程次Revised American Foreign Trade Definition s 1941 一九四一年美国对外贸易定义修正本Revocable letter of credit 可撤销信用证Revoke 撤销Revolving around time letter of credit 按时间循环信用证Revolving around value letter of credit 按金额循环信用证Revolving letter of credit 循环信用证Right of exclusive sale 独家经销权利Right of recourse 追索权Right of subrogation 代位追偿权,代位权Risk for shipment of frozen products 冷藏险Risk of intermixture and contamination 混杂,沾污险Risk of odour 串味险Risk of shortage 短量险Risks clause 风险条款Risks covered 承保范围Risks of strikes,riots and civil commotion( SRCC) 罢工,暴动,民变险Rules for Pre-arbitral Referee Procedures 仲裁前公断程序规则Ruling price 现行价Running days 连续日Running working days 连续工作日Rust-inhibiting packaging 防锈包装Rusting risk 锈损险SSafty-mark 安全标志Sailing date 开航日期,船期Sale and lease back 回租Sale by brand name or trade mark 凭牌名或商标销售Sale by buyer’s sample 凭买方样品销售Sale by description 凭文字说明销售Sale by grade 凭等级销售Sale by illustration 凭说明书销售。

A Tool for Test Case Generation and EvaluationAhmed M. SalemDepartment of Computer Science, California State University, SacramentoSacramento, CA 95819.AbstractSoftware Quality has been a major concern since the inception of software. Testing has been regarded as a critical phase in the software lifecycle. To improve the software testing process and ensure high quality software, new tools and techniques need to be developed. In this paper we propose and describe a software testing tool for generating and evaluating efficient test cases. The tool is built on the concept of Design of Experiments (DOE) anda logistic regression. The focus is to efficiently minimize the number of test cases and predict software failures.Keywords: Software Testing Process; Logistic Regression; Design of Experiments (DOE)1. IntroductionSoftware testing is the process of executing software to determine its correctness with respect to its specification. Failures are deviations from the specification and are determined by comparing observed vs. intended behaviorof the system [1]. It is inherently an unbounded process because it will never be known with total confidence whether the software under test contains no faults or will never fail. Thus any testing process is a form of sampling. The tester uses some knowledge of the system to select a subset of tests to execute. Too often, this selection processis ad hoc.Testing is the primary tool for software quality assurance. It embodies not just the act of running a test, but designing tests, predicting test outcomes, establishing standards for tests, and corrective procedures for discovered errors. Developers are under great pressure to deliver more complex software on increasingly aggressive schedules and with limited resources. Testers are expectedto verify the quality of such software in less time and with even fewer resources. In such an environment, dynamic testing tools are a must to improve the software testing process.The aim of this paper is to describe a testing tool which utilizes both logistic regression modeling and Design of Experiments (DOE). 2. Background and Design PrinciplesIt is becoming harder to improve software quality and reliability merely based on theoretical models and approaches. Efficient and intuitive testing tools are needed while consuming fewer resources in terms of time and cost. Essentially, the motivation for this work is two fold: First, to improve the software testing process through dynamic test case generation (minimum and effective set of test cases). Thus, software testers can use the tool to define test models that have dozens of parameters and the tool will generate an efficient set of test cases. This will enable testers to define models with enough detail to accurately capture the semantics of the system under test. Second is to develop a predictive model that allows the software tester to predict the outcomes of test cases. This will, in turn, enable testers to shorten testing time, forecast software release, and gain insight into the quality of software under test.The proposed tool consists of the following four modules: •Input and Specification Module•Test Generation Module (using DOE designs)•Logistic Regression Module (using Logistic Regression)•Analysis Module.2.1. Input and Specification ModuleThis module allows the software tester to specify the test parameters, formulate them, and pass them to the generation module. The test parameters will be coded by values as 1 and -1. The tool, for now, is designed to work with two values for each test parameter.2.2. Test Case Generation ModuleThis module consists of various DOE designs to generate efficient test cases. With these designs, the software tester can select the appropriate design based on the number of test parameters.DOE is a general method for increasing the efficiency of an experiment by reducing the number of experimental runs required to achieve the desired results [2]. The use oftechniques from experimental design to choose test cases is relatively new in software testing. In other related work, other DOE techniques have been used in software testing. Taguchi method was used as described in Phadke [3]. In this work, the use of orthogonal arrays for planning test case generation was proposed.Design of experiments is a very effective way to minimize the experimental runs and yet cover the input space efficiently. DOE is a practice that employs statistical tools and methods in scientific experimenting [4]. Using DOE, the designer can successfully study multiple components in a single experiment. Figure 1 show a sample of DOE.Figure #1 – DOE Sample InputDOE designs are very powerful techniques, which are utilized to identify or screen important factors (test parameters) affecting a process. DOE is also used develop empirical models that validates these concepts. In many cases, it is sufficient to consider the test parameters affecting the production process at two values. For example, the test parameter may either be set at maximum or minimum or a screen field could be set at blank or not blank. The experimenter’s objective is to determine whether any of these changes affect the results of a specific function or the outcome of a test case [5]. The most intuitive approach to study those factors would be to vary the test parameters of interest in a full factorial design, that is, to try all possible combinations of settings.This would work fine, except that the number of necessary runs or test cases in the experiment (observations) will increase exponentially [6]. For example, if the experiment contains only 10 parameters we would need 210 = 1,024 runs (test cases) in the experiment. Because each run may be time-consuming and costly, it is often not feasible to require many different testing runs for the experiment. In these conditions, fractional factorials are used to minimize the number of runs and to reduce cost. Fractional factorial designs of resolution III are used in the early stages of the experiments. The main purpose of this design is to reduce the initial set of test parameters to a small set of parameters that might be sufficient and meaningful in the process. Fractional factorial designs of resolution IV and V are used when parameter interaction perceived to be significant and might expose more faults in the software under test.2.3. Logistic Regression ModuleThis module produces a model for test case prediction. The logistic module consists of two components: an estimation component for the unknown parameters and a prediction component. The function of the estimation component is to estimate the unknown parameters based on the test parameters and the observed outcome (Y). The model first estimates the unknown parameters and then the prediction component calculates, using the logistic model, the probability of test case outcomes. For the logistic regression model, the Maximum likelihood Estimation (MLE) is used to estimate the unknown parameters. The MLE seeks to maximize the log likelihood (LL) which reflects how likely it is (odds) that the observed value of the independent variable may be predicted from the observed values of independents.There are a variety of statistical techniques that can be used to predict a binary outcome variable (Y) from a set of independent variables. Multiple regression analysis and discriminate analysis are two related techniques that might be applicable. However, these techniques pose difficulties when the outcome variable (Y) can have only two values – an event occurring or not occurring. Ordinary regression deals with finding a function that relates a continuous outcome variable (Y) to one or more independent variables (X1, X2,..).Simple linear regression assumes a function of the form:Y =1ββ+ * X1 +2β * X2+3β * X3 +4β * X4+...and finds the values ofβ,1β,2β,3β,4β, etc. (β is called the intercept.)Logistic regression is a variation of ordinary regression, useful when the observed outcome is restricted to two values, (usually coded as 1 or 0, respectively). It produces a formula that predicts the probability of the occurrence as a function of the independent variables. Logistic regression fits a special s-shaped curve, as shown in figure 2, by taking the linear regression form, which could produce any Y-value between minus infinity and plus infinity, and transforming it with the function:P =)1/(YY e e +Figure 2- Logistic Regression CurveLogistic regression is a statistical technique that is widely used in medical research but is rarely used in other areas such as software testing research. This paper will focus on the logistic regression model and its use in modeling the relationship between a dichotomous outcome variable (Y ) and a set of independent variables.The probability that a software failure occurs given the test parameters [7]:X 1, X 2 , X 3, X 4 ,X 5 , X 6, X 7, X 8, X 9, and X i is donated by π(X 1, X 2, X 3,…, X i ) = P (Y = 1 | X 1, X , X , ….., X 23i )π]1/[1)(1i ni i o X e∑+==+−ββWhere 0β,1β,2β, …, i β are estimated by the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation technique.2.4. Analysis ModuleThis module is used to examine the results of the models produced by the tool and to keep record of the number of test cases generated, test cases that produced failures, and test cases that that did not produce failures. For these models, the maximum likelihood (ML) used to estimate the unknown parameters. The maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is one of several alternative approaches that have been developed for estimating the parameters in a mathematical model. Because the logistic model is a non-linear, ML estimation is the preferred estimation method for logistic regression.In other models like the multiple linear regressions the interpretation of the regression coefficients isstraightforward. It shows the amount of change in the outcome variable for one-unit change in the independent variable. However, to understand the interpretation of the logistic coefficient, the logistic model can be rewritten in term of the odds of an event occurring (test case produceda failure or test case did not produce a failure).In other words, the logistic model can be represented by Logit form of the model. To get the Logit from the logistic model, a transformation of the model is made. The Logit transformation, denoted as logit P (X), is given as follows:Logit = ln)(X P []))(1/()(X P X P − where]1/[1)()(∑+=+−i i o X eX P ββThis transformation allows us to compute a number, called logit P (X), for each test case with input variables given by X. The logistic regression model fits the log odds by a linear function of the variables [8]. Logit P (X) =o β∑=+ni 1i βX iThe analysis module statistical criterion is based on the analysis of categorical data. As we have defined earlier that the outcome variable (Y) is of the binary form. The outcome (Y ) can assume only two values (1 and 0) or (fail or pass). The module evaluation criteria are predictive validity and misclassification rate. We use the criterion of predictive validity for validation and assessment, since we determine the absolute worth of a predictive model by looking at its statistical significance. A model that does not meet the criterion of predictive validity should be rejected.The predictive validity is the capability of the tool to predict the probability of a test case’s outcome. The tool first checks the resultant model against DOE generated test cases (training set) using the actual test cases outcome (1 or 0). Then validate the produced model against test cases that are outside the training set. A significant p value and a chi-square statistic are applied to test the model fitness.With regard to the predictive models, two misclassification errors should be taken into consideration and examined. A Type 1 error occurs when a test case that produced a failure is classified as a test case that did not produce a failure, while a Type 2 error occurs when a test case that did not produce a failure is classified as a test case that produced a failure. It is our aim to have both types of errors very small, especially Type 1. However,since the two types of errors are not independent, software testers should consider their different implications. As a result of Type 1 error, a test case that actually produced a failure could pass the software tester. This would cause the release of lower quality software and more testing effort when a failure actually occurs in the filed. As result of a Type 2 error, a test case that actually passed will receive more testing effort than needed. This in turn would cause a waste of resources and possible delays of release time. To validate this underlined approach and prove its effectiveness for the software testing process, it is necessary to show that such designs and models are effective in reducing test cases, covering the input domain efficiently, and correctly predicting software failures prior to testing. The tool’s performance depends on how it predicts the outcome of test cases outside the generated training set.2.5. ProcessAfter modeling the software under test and selecting the test parameters, the tool follows the following steps:1.Generate a set of test cases using DOE designs(training set).2.Run the training set against the software undertest and observe each test case outcome (Y) – 1or 0.3.Evaluate the model adequacy by examining the pvalue and chi-square.4.If the model is adequate based on the validitycriteria then the model is used to predict the testcases outcome outside the training set.5.If the model is not adequate, add more test casesand develop a new logistic model. Restart fromstep 2.6.Analyze the results.3. Benefits and limitationsFrom our experience and based on the case studies, we conclude that this tool is more effective with applications where parameter interaction is of great importance. This approach is general enough to be applied and implemented with various software applications. Database applications, network applications, telecommunication, and computationally intensive applications are good candidates. We found that this tool is more effective and produced good results with the early releases of software. The contributions of this research are as follows:1.Generating efficient test cases and gaining agreat deal of insight into the quality of thesoftware.2.Predicting test case’s outcome with highprobability, which allows the software tester toprioritize the testing effort to achieve qualitygoals.3.Logistic regression prediction capabilityprovides a good reference as when to releasesoftware.4.Ranking test cases that produced failures andidentify the components that are more error-prone is another benefit.More work need to done with three or more value parameters. Complete and exhaustive case studies need to be conduct to validate the effectiveness of the proposed tool. Further study and research could be conducted with mixed DOE designs.4. ConclusionWe described a new tool for generating and predicting software failures. When this tool is used with early releases of software, the predictive models proved usefulin predicting software failures and in forecasting software readiness. We feel the tool’s underlined approach (DOE and logistic Regression) is applicable to most applications especially if the tool is used to test early software releases. However, to increase our confidence in the results, we will conduct and examine several case studies with different types of applications.5. References[1]Malaiya, Y.K., Karcich, N., Li, F. and Skibbe, R.”The Relationship between Test Coverage and Reliability”, Proceedings of the Fifth InternationalSymposium on Software Reliability Engineering,Monterey, CA, 1994[2]Taguchi, G., Introduction to Quality Engineering:Designing Quality into Products and Processes,Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Americandistribution by UNIPUB/Kraus International Publications, New York. 1988[3]Phadke, M.S., Quality Engineering Using RobustDesign, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1989. [4]Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M., Experimental Design,Wilely, New York, 1957.[5]Kempthorne, O., "The Design and Analysis ofExperiments," Robert E. Krieger Publishing, NewYork, 1979.[6]Dalal, S.R., and Patton, G. C., “Automatic EfficientTest Generator (AETG): A Test Generation Systemfor Screen Testing, Protocol Verification and FeatureInteraction”, Belcore, 1993.[7]Kleinbaum, D.G., and Kupper, L.L. AppliedRegression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. North Scituate (Massachusetts): Duxbury Press, 1978.[8]Lindgren, B.W. Statistical Theory (3rd Ed). NewYork: Macmillan, Publishing, 1976.。

铁道信号专业英语考试短语翻译第一篇：铁道信号专业英语考试短语翻译Thetotal volume of goods货物总量thefreight volume 货运总量Railwaytransport铁路运输transport economics 运输经济学Commercialtransport商业运输publictransport 公共交通 Railway-networkcompany 路网公司heavy-duty train 重载列车Transportsector 运输部门loading capacity 装载量Passenger transport 客运freight transport 货运 Railway trade union 铁路公会high-speed rail 高速铁路Rollingstock车辆urban mass transport system城市轨道交通系统 Security screen 安全网traffic congestion 交通拥挤 Side effect 副作用tilting train 摆式列车Conventional wheeled train 传统的轮式车market segmentation市场细分Peak traveltimes 旅游旺季intercity transport 城际交通 Commutercommunities通勤社区Monorail单轨铁路straddle-beam monorail 跨坐式单轨铁路Suspended monorail 悬挂式单轨铁路rubber-tired carriage 轮胎式客车Turnouts道岔Fire engine 消防车Heavytrain 重载铁路Industrial rail 工业铁路Gradeseparation 立体交叉Street intersections 街道交叉口Wheeled mass transit system轮轨运输系统Load-carrying ability 装载能力Particle accelerator 粒子加速器Mass transit公共交通Service frequency 频繁服务Subgrade 路基Ballast bed 有砟轨道Sleeper/tie/crosstie 轨枕Concrete sleeper 混凝土枕Spike道钉lag screw方头螺钉Main line 主干线Sidetrack 侧线High-speed turnout 高速道岔Bilateral turnout 对称道岔Scissors crossover交叉渡线Stock rail 基本轨Lead curve导曲线轨Curred/divergingrail 弯合拢轨Gap in the frog 有害区间Bolted rigid frog 钢轨组合辙岔Railwayswitch 铁路道岔the diverging track 弯轨A facing-point movement 对向运行Right-hand switch 右开道岔left-hand switch 左开道岔Guard rail(check rail)护轨frog(common crossing)辙岔Switch motor 转辙机feed end 送电端Receiving end 受电端single feeding end 一送多受A-c continuous track circuit 交流连续式25hz phase detecting track circuit相敏轨道电路Leakage current 泄露电流relay energized 继电器吸起Relayreleased 继电器释放all-relay interlocking 继电器电气集中联锁 Computer-controlled interlocking 计算机联锁rescue train 营救列车light rail system 轻轨系统rapid transit高速铁路交通people mover 行人运输系统 electrical power 电力frequent service 经常服务electromagnetic energy 电磁能 magnetic field 磁场gradeseparation 等级分离the volume of passenger客流量high-grade service优质服务trackbed 道床monolithic track bed 整体道床wooder sleeper 木枕anticreeper 防爬器subgradeshoulder 路肩dedicate line 专用线speed-up turnout 提速道岔simple turnout 单开道岔three-throw turnout 三开道岔slip switch交分道岔switch point 尖轨straight rail 直合拢轨wing rail翼轨solid manganese steel frog高锰钢整铸辙岔morable-point frog 可动心轨辙岔the straight track 直轨switch rails or point blades 尖轨a trailing-point movement 顺向运行第二篇：铁道通信信号专业一、铁路通信信号专业的性质和特点铁路信号技术已经历了一百多年的发展，形成了今天的现代铁路信号系统，铁路信号技术在进入信息时代的今天，已逐步与通信走向一体化。

一单元；1、A maglev is a type of train that is suspended in the air above a single track ,and propelled using the repulsive and attractive forces of magn etism是一种类型的磁悬浮列车悬浮在空中上面一条清晰的足迹，和推进的反感和有吸引力的部队使用的磁性2、Japan and Germany are active in maglev research ,producing several different approaches and desig ns .日本和德国都活跃在磁悬浮研究、生产几种不同的方法和设计。

3、The effect of a powerful magnetic field on the human body is largely unknown 一个强大的影响磁场对人体是未知4 ，Some space agencies are researching the use of maglev systems to launch spacecraft一些空间研究机构磁悬浮系统使用发射的宇宙飞船里踱步5，Inductrack（感应轨）was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store powerIn ductrack 最初是作为一个磁轴承飞轮电机和一个存储能力二单元；1，A classification yard is railroad yard found at some freight train stations , usedto separate railroad cars on to one of several tracks一个分类码是发现在一些货运铁路院子火车站，用来分离的一个铁路汽车在几条轨道2, There are three types of classification yards : flat-shunted yards ,hump yards and gravity yards有三种类型的分类码：flat-shu nted 码，驼峰码和重力码3, F reight trains which consist of isolated cars must be made into trains and divided accord ing to their desti nati ons货运列车由孤立的车辆必须制成火车和划分根据他们的目的地4, The tracks lead into a flat shunting neck at one or both ends of the yard where the cars arepushed to sort the n into the right track铁轨引到一个平面并联脖颈一个或两端的院子里的汽车被推到分类然后进入正确的轨道5, they are operated either pn eumatically or hydraulically他们要么气动或液压操作三单元1，The most difficult distinction to draw is that between light rail and streetcar or tram systems.最困难的区别之间画是轻轨和电车或电车系统。

铁路专用英语专业词汇中英对照翻译----铁路工程词汇线路工程railway line engineering铁路勘测；铁道勘测railway reconnaissance铁路选线；铁道选线railway route selection;railway location;approximate railway location;location of railway route selection经济勘察economic investigation地质调查geological survey;geologic survey方案比较project comparison铁路勘探；铁道勘探railway exploration铁路测量；铁道测量railway survey线路测量route survey;profile survey;longitudinal survey曲线测量curve survey既有线测量survey of existing line;survey of existing railway铁路线路图；铁道线路图railway map定线location of line铁路设计；铁道设计railway design线路设计track design平面设计plane design纵断面设计longitudinal section design横断面设计transverse section design曲线设计curve design车站设计station design站场设计design of stations and yards标准设计standard design线路等级line grade铁路限界；铁道限界railway clearance建筑限界construction clearance设计规范code of design设计标准design standard铁路线路；铁道线路railway line铁路曲线；铁道曲线railway curve缓和曲线transition curve；easement curve；spiral transition curve小半径曲线small-radius curve曲线半径curve radius曲线超高superelevation on curve;cant;elevation of curve欠超高inadequate superelevation;deficient superelevation未被平衡加速度unbalanced acceleration竖曲线vertical curve坡道gradient坡度grade;gradient;slope限制坡度ruling grade;limiting grade坡度折减grade compensation;compensation of gradient;gradient compensation避难线refuge siding;catch siding双线插入段double track interpolation铁路连接线；铁道连接线railway connecting line隧道内线路line in tunnel桥头引线bridge approach站线siding站线长度length of station line铁路标志；铁道标志railway sign警冲标fouling point indicator;fouling post线路中心线track center line;central lines of track线间距离；线间距distance between centres of lines;distance between centers of tracks;midway between tracks线路试验；线路实验track test;road test;running test路基subgrade铁路路基；路基；铁道路基railway subgrade;subgrade软土路基soft soil subgrade沙漠路基desert subgrade冻土路基permafrost subgrade膨胀土路基subgrade in swelling soil zone路基基床subgrade bed路堤embankment;fill高路堤high-fill embankment路堑cut;road cutting深路堑deep cutting路肩road shoulder;subgrade shoulder边坡side slope护坡revetment;slope protection;pitching路基滑动subgrade slip滑坡防治landslide preventive treatment路基排水subgrade drainage塑料排水板plastic drainage board路基加固subgrade strengthening土工织物geotextile挡土墙；挡墙retaining walls锚定板anchor plate生苗木干anchor bolt抗滑桩antiskid pile;anti-slide pile;counter-sliding pile力口筋土reinforced earth植被vegetation路基防护subgrade protection防护工程protective engineering防护林protection forest防沙sand proof固沙stabilization of sand输导砂sediment transport路侧建筑物roadside structure排水沟weeper drain;weep drain;drainage ditch;drain ditch挡风墙wind-shield wall;wind-break wall隔声墙sound-proof wall防雪栅snow fence;snow guard轨道理论track theory轨道设计track design轨道参数track parameter轨品距track gauge;rail gage;rail gauge轨距加宽track gauge widening轨底坡cant of rail;rail cant轨道力学track dynamics;track mechanics轨道强度track strength轨道阻力track resistance道床阻力trackbed resistance;ballast resistance扣固力fastening force钢轨应力rail stress轨道承载力track bearing capacity轨道稳定性track stability;stability of track轨道试验；轨道实验track test轮轨关系wheel-rail interaction;wheel-rail relation轮轨动力学wheel-rail dynamics轮轨作用力wheel-rail force轮轨接触wheel-rail contact接触应力contact stress轨道结构track structure轨道track铁路轨道；轨道;铁道轨道railway track;track线路上部建筑；轨道track superstructure;track重型轨道heavy track宽轨枕轨道broad sleeper track板式轨道slab track;slab-track整体道床轨道monolithic roadbed track防振轨道anti-vibration track高架轨道elevated track无缝线路jointless line;continuously welded rail track;jointless track 桥上轨道结构bridge deck track structure隧道内轨道结构track structure in tunnel钢轨steel rail重型钢轨heavy rail长钢轨long rail焊接长钢轨long welded rail缩短轨shortened rail;standard shortened rail;fabricated short rail used on curves;standard curtailed rail热处理钢轨heat-treated rail合金钢轨alloy steels rail旧钢轨used rail钢轨钢rail steel钢轨螺栓孔rail bolt hole轨缝rail gap;joint gap钢轨焊缝rail welding seam钢轨接头rail joint异型接头compromise joint伸缩接头expansion joint焊接接头welding joint;welded joint绝缘接头track section insulator;insulated joint胶接接头adhesive joint鱼尾板fish plate鱼尾螺栓fish bolt扣件fastening;rail fastening弹性扣件elastic fastening;elastic rail fastening弹条式扣件elastic rod type fastening分开式扣件separated fastening;separated rail fastening;indirect holding fastening 扣板式扣件clip fastening 刚性扣件rigid fastening垫圈ring道钉spike;track spike;rail spike;dog spike螺纹道钉threading spike;screw spike垫板tie-plate;tie plate橡胶垫板rubber tie-plate;rubber tie plate防爬器anticreeper;anti-creeper;rail anchor轨距拉杆gauge tie rod轨下基础underrail foundation;sub-rail foundation;sub-rail track bed轨枕sleeper;tie;cross tie木枕wooden sleeper;wooden tie混凝土枕；砼枕concrete sleeper;concrete tie轨枕板；宽轨枕sleeper slab;broad sleeper钢枕steel sleeper;steel tie合成轨枕composite sleeper纵向轨枕longitudinal tie岔枕points sleeper;switch tie;turnout tie桥枕bridge tie;bridge sleeper轨排track panel;track skeleton枕下胶垫rubber pad under sleeper道床track bed;ballast bed碎石道床ballast bed整体道床monolithic track bed;solid bed;integrated ballast bed;monolithic concrete bed 沥青道床bituminous raodbed;asphalt roadbed;asphalt cemented ballast bed石棉道床asbestos ballast道碴ballast道床覆盖ballast cover轨道附属设备track auxiliary equipment钢轨涂油器rail lubricator融雪器snow melter复轨器replacer;re-railer;rerailing device脱轨器derailer车挡bumper;bumper post道岔switch;point;turnout;switches and crossings单开道岔single point;simple turnout;lateral turnout双开道岔double turnout三开道岔three-throw turnout;symmetrical three throw turnout;three-way turnout 交分道岔slip switch高速道岔high-speed switch切线型道岔tangent turnout道岔设计turnout design过岔速度switch crossing speed辙叉frog;crossing整铸辙叉integrated cast frog镒钢辙叉manganese steel frog crossing焊接辙叉welding frog crossing组合辙叉combined frog;assembled frog可动心轨辙叉movable point frog;movable-point frog可动翼轨辙叉movable wing rails;movable-wing frog尖轨switch point;point tongue;switch rail;tongue rail;blade滑床板slide chair;slide plate;switch plate基本轨stock rail翼轨wing rail护轮轨guard rail导曲线curve of turnout;lead curve道岔附带曲线curve following turnout branch line交叉crossing渡线track cross-over;crossover通过道岔passing switch铁路道口；铁道道口railway crossing平交道口level crossing道口板crossing slab道口路面crossing road surface立体交叉；立交grade separation线路施工track construction石方工程rock excavation土方工程earthwork填方filling挖方cutting土方调拨mass dispatching线路施工机械track construction machinery and equipment 轨道施工track construction轨道工程track construction轨道铺设track laying铺碴ballasting轨枕铺设sleeper laying铺轨rail-laying轨排组装track panel assembling轨排装运track panel loading轨排基地track panel base钢轨焊接rail welding钢轨热处理rail heat treatment钢轨铺设rail laying钢轨锁定rail locking道岔铺设switch laying轨道施工机械track construction machinery铺轨列车tracklaying train;track laying train铺轨机rail-laying machine;track laying machine钢轨焊接车rail welding car焊轨机steel rails weldeding mill;rail welding machine 轨排组装机track panel assembling machine 轨排运送车track panel transport car铺枕机sleeper-laying machine铺碴车ballasting car铺碴机ballasting machine铺道岔机turnout-laying machine焊接长钢轨运送车welding long rails transport car动力稳定车dynamic track stabilizer线路状态track state路基病害subgrade defect沉降settlement坍方落石；危石collapse rock翻浆冒泥frost boiling;mud-pumping路基壅水subgrade water damming路基渗流subgrade seepage flow路基冲刷subgrade erosion振动液化vibration liquifaction冻融虫freezing and thawing冻胀frost heaving冻害freezing damage;frost heaving雪害snow damage;snow blockade;snow drift沙害sand damage轨道状态track condition轨道变形track deformation;track disorder;track distortion轨道不平顺track irregularity低接头depression of joint三角坑warp;twist钢轨爬行rail creeping涨轨跑道；钢轨鼓曲buckled track;rail buckle钢轨疲劳rail fatigue钢轨伤损rail failure;rail defects and failures钢轨断裂rail fracture钢轨裂纹rail crack;rail crackes轨头剥离rail head shelling;gage line shelly cracks钢轨锈蚀rail bubble;rail corrosion钢轨磨耗rail wearing波形磨耗；波浪磨耗undulatory wear螺孔裂纹bolt hole crack辙叉伤损；辙叉损伤frog failure木枕开裂wooden sleeper cracking轨枕伤损；轨枕伤损sleeper damage道床脏污ballast contamination线路养护track maintenance线路维修track maintenance;maintenance of track日常维修routine maintenance;current maintenance状态修repairing on condition;repair according to condition 巡回检查inspection tour轨道检测机具track detection equipment道尺track gauge轨道检测track detection灾害检测装置disaster detector超声波探伤仪ultrasonic flaw detector钢轨探伤车rail detecting car;rail flaw detection car轨道检查车；轨检车track inspection car;track recording car 高速轨道检查车；高速轨检车high-speed track inspection car 养路作业track maintenance operation起道track lifting;raising of track垫碴起道ballast filling track lifting改道track realigning;gage correction;gaging of track拨道track lining捣固tamping除草weeding除草剂herbicide除雪snow clearing防冻anti-freezing融雪snow melt融雪剂snow melt agent钢轨加热rail heating钢轨打磨rail grinding钢轨矫直straightening of kinked rail钢轨更换rail replace钢轨探伤rail detecting钢轨焊补rail repairing welding轨缝调整rail gap adjusting应力放散stress-relieving钢轨温度rail temperature钢轨涂油rail lubrication轨枕更换sleeper replacement扣件作业fastening operation轨枕修补sleeper mending枕木防腐timber sleeper treating道岔养护switch maintenance道岔更换switch replacement辙叉焊补frog welding and repairing道床作业ballast operation道碴清筛ballast screening道碴更换ballast replacement道床整形ballast trimming曲线养护curved track maintenance线路管理系统track management system养路组织track maintenance organization养路计划track maintenance planning维修天窗maintenance time维修周期maintenance period养路安全track maintenance safety列车接近警报器；列车接近报警器；列车接近报警装置train approach warning device 养路质量track maintenance quality养路机械化track maintenance machinization线路中修intermediate repair of track起道修；线路中修track raising repair;track intermediate overhaul线路大修major repair of track线路更新；线路大修track renewal;track overhauling线路修复track restoration铁路抢修；铁道抢修railway emergency maintenance养路机械track maintenance machine起道机track lifting machine拨道机track lining machine起拨道机track lifting and lining machine捣固机tamping machine捣固车tamping wagon道床夯拍机ballast compactor配碴整形机ballast distributing and trimming machine;ballast distributing and regulating machine 道碴清筛机ballast cleaner扒碴机crib ballast raker;crib ballast removers道碴更换机ballast replacement eqnipment道床清扫机ballast cleaning machine轨枕更换机sleeper replacement equipment钢轨更换机rail replacement equipment钢轨打磨机rail grinding machine钢轨打磨车rail grinding wagon直轨器rail straightening tool;rail straightener锯轨机rail saw;rail cutting machine;rail sawing machine钢轨钻孔机rail drilling machine钢轨加热器rail heater轨缝调整器rail gap adjuster;rail puller道钉机spike driver除雪机snowbreaker;snow removing machine;snow remover除雪车snow-fighting vehicle;snow plow;snow plough除草机weeder;weed cutting machine;weed cutter清沟机ditcher碎冰机ice crusher养路机具track maintenance implements液压机具hydraulic tool轨道车track car上下道装置up and down track device发电车mobile power plant car;generator car综合养路机械comprehensive track maintenance machine机械化养路基地mechanized maintenance base工务部门maintenance of way branch大修队capital repair brigade工务段engineering district;maintenance of way section;track division;track district;track maintenance division 养路员工track maintenance worker工务修配厂maintenance of way shop焊轨厂rail welding plant枕木防腐厂timber sleeper treating plant采石场quarry;stonepit铁路专业英语词汇elevated railway, overhead railway, aerial railway 高架铁路mine railway 矿区铁路funicular (railway) 缆索铁路，登山铁路light railway line 轻便铁道urban railway 市区铁路railway network 铁路网railway transport 铁路运输trial run 试车open to traffic 通车porter 搬运工人ticket inspector 查票员ticket 车票single ticket, oneway ticket 单程票return ticket, roundtrip ticket 来回票platform ticket 站台票railway station 车站station hall 车站大厅information desk 服务台waiting room 候车室passenger station 客车站time-table 时刻表arrival time-table 到站时刻表departure time-table 发车时刻表ticket-collector, gateman 收票员ticket office, booking office 售票处junction 枢纽站rail and water terminal 水陆联运站platform bridge 天桥luggage barrow 推行李车enquiry office, information desk 问讯处way station 小站label 行李标签luggage office 行李房left-luggage office 行李暂存处platform-ticket 验票口barrier 栅栏门platform 站台（electric） platform truck 站台车platform tunnel 站台地道platform roofing 站台顶棚station-master 站长terminal; terminus 终点站escalator 自动扶梯The train leaves the station at..., The train is due out at... 火车在（某时）离站to have one's ticket punched（给检票员）检票10 minutes behind schedule 晚点十分钟to change trains at... 在（某地）换车The train is due at... 在（某时）到达to break the journey 中途下车dining car, restaurant car, diner 餐车pantry 餐车食品室open wagon, （railway） wagon, （railway） truck 敞车carriage, coach, car 车厢roof 车顶concertina walls （车厢通道两侧的）伸缩篷step; foot board （车厢门口的）踏板gangway （车厢的）通道lidded ashtray 带盖烟灰盒tank wagon 罐车mixed train 混合列车freight train, goods train 货物列车engine, locomotive 机车window seat 靠窗座位coach, passenger train 客车express train, express 快车refrigerator wagon 冷藏车car attendant; train attendant 列lj车员guard, conductor 歹lj车长slow train, way train 慢车covered wagon van, box car 棚车ordinary train 普通列车sleeping carriage with cushioned berths 软卧客车up train 上行车livestock wagon 牲畜车sleeping car, sleeper 卧车down train 下行车luggage van, baggage car 行李车rack, baggage rack 行李架sleeping carriage with semicushioned berths 硬卧客车ordinary seat 硬席carriage with semicushioned seats 硬座车mail car 邮政车mail and luggage van 邮政行李车through train 直达车special train 专车pointsman, switchman 道岔工人signal for blocking the track, block signal 闭塞信号semaphore signal, home signal 臂板信号warehouse 仓库siding, sidetrack 侧线，旁轨turnout 岔道weighing machine 秤重机derailing （火车）出轨single line (track) rail points, switches 道岔switch lock, point lock wait sign, wait signal单线道岔锁等候标志（信号）marshalling yard, shunting yard 调车场dispatching 调度dispatcher 调度员rail 钢轨sleeper, railroad tiecrossover 渡线，转线轨道track 轨道轨枕rail chair 轨座buffer stop, bumping post 缓冲桩goods shed, freight depot 货棚goods station 货运站，货站locomotive (engine) shed 机车库station warning sign 进站预告标container 集装箱clearance 净空(signal) gantry (铁路上支持信号装置的)跨线桥barrier (道口)拦路木section 路段reduce speed sign(al) 慢行标志(信号)bell and whistle sign, whistle sign 鸣笛预告标platform car, flat car 平车grade crossing, level crossing (道路与铁路的)平面交叉track-laying machine, tracklayer 铺轨机double line (track) rail 双线volume of railway freight 铁路货运量railway connections 铁路交叉点，铁路联络线railway warning sign 铁路警告标志railway clearance 铁路净空railroad bed 铁路路基railway curve 铁路曲线(弯道)railway tunnel 铁路隧道railway line, railroad line 铁路线stop sign(al) 停车标志(信号)danger sign(al) 危险标志(信号)unprotected crossing 无防护设备的道口signal light (lamp) 信号灯signal box, signalman's cabin 信号房signalman 信号员distant signal, disk signal, target 圆盘信号机back-turning section 折返段wing rail (of frog) 翼轨frog 辙叉，岔心turn-table 车台，旋车盘point (box), switch (box) 转辙器switch signal, point indicator 转辙信号。