新概念英语四册笔记完整版

Finding fossil man 发现化⽯石⼈人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especiallyflint, because this is easier to shapethan other kinds.They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rottedaway. Stone does not decay, and so thetools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappearedwithout trace.　读到flint 打⽕火⽯石anthropomorphic ⼈人格化拟1anthropo ⼈人类的让步⼀一⼀一trace backdate back read of read abouta trace of ⼀一些resound u叙述　Polynesian adj.波利利尼⻄西亚(中太平洋之⼀一群岛)的 Indonesia n. 印度尼⻄西亚 我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年年前近东发⽣生的事情，那⾥里里的⼈人最早学会了了写字。

The modern city 现代城市 In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants. ⼀一理理的代⼈人造的⽣生存⽅方式隺加规模 I 平庸的⼀一倒夺巨⼤大的⼤大厦南满拥塞without any idea of 完全忽视without giving any consideration to 在⼯工业⽣生活的组织中，⼯工⼚厂对⼯工⼈人的⽣生理理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了了。

新概念英语第四册课堂笔记1 fossil man (化石人)Why are legends handed down by storytellers usefulWe can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.【New words and expressions 生词和短语】fossil man adj. 化石人recount v. 叙述saga n. 英雄故事legend n. 传说，传奇migration n. 迁移，移居anthropologist n. 人类学家archaeologist n. 考古学家ancestor n. 祖先Polynesian adj.波利尼西亚（中太平洋之一群岛）的Indonesia n. 印度尼西亚flint n. 燧石rot n. 烂掉【课文注释】down 把...传下去例句：Many old legends were handed down from generation by mouth.许多古老的传说都是一代一代口传下来了。

【导语】新概念英语作为⼀套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了⽅便同学们的学习，⽆忧考为⼤家整理了⾯的新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记，希望为⼤家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!Lesson40 【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer? Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message. These ocean waves are among the earth's most complicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length). Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results. An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again. From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other 'living' thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life. The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain. from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises) 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 signature n. 签名，标记 infinity n. ⽆穷 ray n. 光线 energize v. 给与...能量 rhythm n. 节奏 transmit v. 传送 exquisite adj. ⾼雅的 phenomena n. 现象 crest n. 浪峰 trough n. 波⾕ vertical adj. 垂直的 horizontal adj. ⽔平的 actuality n. 现实 catastrophic adj. ⼤灾难的 particle n. 微粒 maturity n. 成熟 undulate v. 波动，形成波浪 tremor n. 震颤 gravitational adj. 地⼼吸⼒的　【课⽂注释】 1.transmit vt. ①传达 例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family. 吉普赛⼈经常以⼝头形式把秘⽅世代相传。

新概念英语四册课堂笔记TheEarthBeneath新概念英语四册课堂笔记The Earth BeneathL52 The Earth BeneathAn earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning.It was necessary, therefore, to inventinstruments that neither slumbered nor slept.Some devices were quite simple.one, for instance,consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses which would stand up on end like ninepins.when a shock came it shook the rigid table upon which these stood.If it were gentle, only the moreunstable rods fell.If it were severe, they all fell.Thus the rods by falling, and by the direction inwhich they fell, recorded for the slumbering scientist the strength of a shock that was too weak towaken him and the direction from which it came.But instruments far more delicate than that were needed if any really serious advance was to bemade.The ideal to be aimed at was to devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper themovements, of the ground or of the table, as the quake passed by.While I write my pen moves, butthe paper keeps still.With practice, no doubt, I could in time learn to write by holding the still whilethe paper moved.That sounds a silly suggestion, but that was precisely the idea adopted in some ofthe early instruments (seismometers) for recording earthquake waves.But when table, penholderand paper are all moving how is itpossible to write legibly? The key to a solution of that problemlay in an everyday observation.Why does a person standing in a bus or train tend to fall when asudden start is made? It is because his feet move on, but his head stays still.A simple experimentwill help us a little further.Tie a heavy weight at the end of a long piece of string.With the hand heldhigh in the air hold the strings so that the weight nearly touches the ground.Now move the hand toand fro and around but not up and down.It will be found that the weight moves but slightly or not atall.Imagine a pen attached to the weight in such a way that its point rests upon a piece of paper onthe floor.Imagine an earthquake shock shaking the floor, the paper, you and your hand.In the midstof all this movement the weight and the pen would be still.But as the paper moved from side to sideunder the pen point its movement would be recorded in ink upon its surface.It was upon thisprinciple that the first instruments were made, but the paper was wrapped round a drum whichrotated slowly.As long as all was still the pen drew a straight line, but while the drum was beingshaken the line that the pen was drawing wriggled from side to side.The apparatus thus described,however, records only the horizontal component of the wave movement, which is, in fact, muchmore complicated.If we could actually see the path described by a particle, suchas a sand grain inthe rock, it would be more like that of a bluebottle buzzing round the room; it would be up and down,to and fro and from side to side.Instruments have been devised and can he so placed that all threeelements can be recorded in different graphs.When the instrument is situated at more than 700 miles from the earthquake centre, the graphicrecord shows three waves arriving one after the other at short intervals.The first records the arrivalof longitudinal vibrations.The second marks the arrival of transverse vibrations which travel moreslowly and arrive several minutes after the first.These two have travelled through the earth.It wasfrom the study of these that so much was learnt about the interior of the earth.The third, or mainwave, is the slowest and has travelled round the earth through the surface rocks.。

新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了方便同学们的学习，大为大家了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记，希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!First listen and then answer the following question.What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer?Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.These ocean waves are among the earth"s most plicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would beracing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other "living" thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises)signature n. 签名，标记infinity n. 无穷ray n. 光线energize v. 给与...能量rhythm n. 节奏transmit v. 传送exquisite adj. 高雅的phenomena n. 现象crest n. 浪峰trough n. 波谷vertical adj. 垂直的horizontal adj. 水平的actuality n. 现实catastrophic adj. 大灾难的 particle n. 微粒maturity n. 成熟undulate v. 波动，形成波浪 tremor n. 震颤gravitational adj. 地心吸力的1.transmit vt.①传达例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family.吉普赛人经常以口头形式把秘方世代相传。

Lesson 11.inscription on turtle shells 甲骨文bamboo slips 竹筒fresco 壁画2.fossil fuel 化石燃料3.Don't be obsessed with brother.I'm just a legend 不要迷恋哥。

哥只是个传说4.rural labourer =migrant worker 民工migratory bird 候鸟5.have a sweet tooth 爱吃甜食6.illiterate 文盲7.make A of B 可看出make A from B 不可看出8.none of+可数名词+is/are 数量 How many people are there in the room --noneno one +is 谁 Who is in the room -- no one9.经典分分享纽约深受暴力之害 Unchecked violence has already dulled the luster of the Big Apple.The daunting task before its leaders is to prevent it from rotting to the core.Lesson 21.spare tyre 备胎，肉肚=love handles=beer belly=muffin-top（贬义）2.the table of contents 目录3.pains-taking farmers 辛苦的农民4.写作顺序词first,firstly,to start with,to begin withnext,then,what's more,moreover,in additionlast but not least5.I haven't the least idea 根本不知道I haven't the remotest idea where to start with.我根本没办法知道从何开始6.经典分享If you want to live and thrive,let a spider run alive 想过好莫杀生Lesson 31.The Everest 珠穆朗玛峰2.bed-ridden 卧床不起3.try to do 努力尝试try doing 小试4.This is the case 事实就是这样5.as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗6.a six-part meeting 六方会谈7.except for 指出不如人意的地方 +名词8.经典分享电影vertical limitLesson 41.extra-sensory perception 超感官知觉psychometry 接触感应clairvoyance 千里眼telepathy 心灵感应precognition 预知photographic memory 过目不忘2.saft and sound 平安无事3.a safe breaker 撬保险箱的人Better safe than sorry 稳妥比后悔好Better late than never 晚做比不做好4.opaque glass 毛玻璃5.see through 看穿，识破，干完，帮助某人6.Britain's Got Talent 英国达人秀7.She left immediately she finished her job 一…就=hardly/rarely/scarcely…when8.经典分享美剧超人英雄Lesson 51.ask for leave 请假take leave to do 擅自2.have a commitment to 信奉make a commitment to 承诺commit suicide 自杀be committed to doing 决心致力于3.stupid = silly 笨fatuous=ridiculous 愚蠢slow 迟钝4.问题就是That is where the rub isThat is where the problem isThat is the rubThere is the rubThere lies the rubThe rub lies in5.to be done过去不真实的情况意外之事导致结果代替宾语从句6.虚拟语气He acts as if he knew me7.经典分享Never tell a young person that anything cannot be done.God may have beeb waiting centuries for someone ignorant enough of the impossible to do that very thing.—G.M.TrevelyanLesson 61.have no inclination to 不愿做2.black sheep 害群之马3.meet each other 两者meet one other 三者4.nearly 只用于肯定句almost 可用于肯定和否定5.pick up 捡起，接，学会，抱起，爬起6.I will not go unless (I am) invited.be动词才可省7.经典分享Talent wins games,but teamwork and intelligence win championships.—乔丹Lesson 71.obstacle=obstruction 实在的和抽象的障碍barrier 阻塞出入的（栅栏）block 阻塞所有通道的障碍 I had a mental block when I tried to remember my password.脑袋塞住了2.in the vicinity = near3.a shoal of fish = a school of fish 一群鱼a group of people 一群人a swarm of ants 一群蚂蚁a litter of pigs 一窝猪4.部分否定Not all bamboo grows tall=All bamboo doesn't grows tallBoth the windows are not open 窗户不都开着Not every book is educative=Every book is not educativeentirely，altogether，completely，quite完全的词加not表部分否定完全否定用对应的全否定词no,none,neither,no one,neverAll of them can do it - None of them can do itBoth are good - Neither is goodEverybody likes it - Nobody likes itHe is always late - He is never late5.经典分享Brain-twister=Brain-teaser 脑筋急转弯Q：What kind of animal is well educated?A: Fish.Because they go around in schoolsLesson 81.We were slaughtered,55 to 112 我们被宰了（大比分落后）2.keep fit 保持健康fit as a fiddle 非常健康be fit for doing 适合做3.hit the nail on the head 一针见血4.I think the money I have right now will do for the following 2 weeks.do 足够解决问题5.直接引语改间接引语now-thenago-beforetoday-that daytomorrow-the next day;the following dayyesterday-the day before;the previous daythe day before yesterday-two days before6.经典分享乐队 Electrocute的On the beatLesson 91.Casual Friday=Casual Day 便装日2.uni- uniform 制服 mono- monologue 独白bi- bicycle 自行车tri- tricycle 三轮车3.The Netherland 荷兰go Dutch AA制=a Dutch date/treatDutch courage 酒后之勇a Dutch bargain 酒席上的（不公平）交易talk like a Dutch uncle 不留情面的批评4.经典分享I come,I see,I conquer—CaesarLesson 101.a customized car 定制汽车2.He said to us,"Are you going away today?"=He asked us whether we were going away that day."What have you done?"he asked.=He asked what I had done.陈述语序3.经典分享Your time is limited.So don't waste it living someone else's life.Don't be trapped by dogma,which is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important:have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what your truly want tobecome.Everything else is secondary.Lesson 111.Do you see a justification for XXX 有正当理由2.cheat on 对XX不忠cheat sb of 骗走某人的3.play a vital role in 至关重要的角色vital statistics 三围 bust waist hip4.be weary of 对XX厌倦5.at the idea of 一想到=in the thought ofat the sight of 一看到6.metaphor 暗喻simile 明喻euphemism 委婉语7.委婉语die死pass away，fall asleep，be no more，breathe one's last breath，sleep the final sleep，go to a better world，go to sleep forever，go west，kick the bucketold老人senior citizen,elderly people,people in advanced years,feel one's age养老院a rest home,a nursing home8.经典分享On Education论教育I will take four characteristics which seem to me jointly to form the basis of an ideal character:vitality,courage,sensitiveness,and intelligence.I do not suggest that this list is complete,but I think it carries us a good way.Moreover I firmly believe that,by proper physical,emotional,and intellectual care of the young,these qualities could all be made very common——Bertrand Russell Lesson 121.accont 账户 open a bank accountcurrent account=checking account 活期账户deposit account=savings account 定期账户withdraw 取钱ATM=automated teller machine 自动柜员机 =cash machineteller 出纳员2.in cash 现金支付 by credit card/by a check3.have an obligatin to do=be under an obligation to do 有义务=feel oblige to do4.debit card借记卡5.take a blood specimen 采血样6.带to的间接引语She sain,"Remember to switch off all the lights."——She reminded me to switch off all the lights."Don't make a mess."she said to him——She told him not to make a mess,祈使句He said,"Wait for me."——He said I was to wait for him.why后不可加to7.经典分享Saving Money in Plain English——CommoncraftLesson 131.haul=hoist=lift=raise 拉2.blood circulation 血液循环3.Draw a circle which is 3centimeters in diameter 直径3厘米的元4.make every endeavour to do 非常努力做5.时常 every so often=every now and again=now and again=every once in a while6.avoid doing 避免7.on credit 赊账8.less的用法More haste,less speed 欲速则不达less than 更少 He was less than enthusiastic 一点也不热情less than no time 马上more or less差不多any the less 更少一点 Even though he did that，I did not believe him any the less.我还是相信他much/still less 更不要说=let alone I don't think David would read a book,mich less write one.any more than 和…同样no more than 仅仅9.经典分享At the age of 23,I was a millionaire and retired.Two years later I came out of retirement.A man in his twenties who has known what it is to work can drink only so much champagne and paint the town red only so many times before he wakes up to realize that he is wasting time and energy on meaningless things.——Paul Getty(1892-1976)Formula for success:rise early,work hard,strike oilLesson 141.民谣 For want of 缺少For want of a nail the shoe was lost.For want of a shoe the horse was lost.For want of a horse the rider was lost.For want of a rider the battle was lost.For want of a battle the kingdom was lost.And all for the want of a horseshoe nail.2.foresee 预见 foretell 预知forearm 前臂 forehead 额头forefather 父辈 foresight 远见foreground 前景 foreshadow 预兆3.speculate on/about 推测4.humid 天气湿damp 物，房间湿moist 湿得舒服 moisturizer 润肤膏5.suppose的用法I suppose soI don't suppose 我不认为Do you suppose 你认为be supposed to 应该，广泛认为6.check out 结账离开7.经典分享电影《蝴蝶效应》Lesson 151.keep a secret 保密=hold my tongue about=button up my lip=This is only between you and me=This can never go out of this roomreveal the secret 泄密=let the secret out=let the cat out of the bag2.patent on/for 专利apply for/take out a patent 申请专利3.weigh against 不利于（不能用被动）4.so/as far as 就…而言in so far as 语气更强（不可用as）so far from 非但不…反而5.consider 考虑considerate 体贴，周到considerable 相当大6.of+形容词+nature 有XX的性质7.Mr. so and so 某某先生such and such a day 某某天8.分词fallen leave 落下了的叶子（表完成）9.经典分享Three can keep a secrt,if two of them are dead——Benjamin Franklin Lesson 161.The Oriental Pearl TV Tower 东方明珠电视塔Jin Mao Building 金茂大厦the bund 外滩2.double-edged sword 双刃剑3.maximum speed 限速 mph=miles per hour4.give full consideration to 进行充分考虑take XX into consideration 考虑在内5.impose sth on sb 强加6.deprive sb of sth 剥夺7.be thronged with 某地被挤满8.have influence of XX upon/on XX XX对XX有影响9.neglect 疏忽overlook 粗心ignore 故意的10.deny sb sth 不让某人拥有某物11.disposable chopsticks 一次性筷子12.while 的用法让步比although轻While I admit that problems are difficult,I do not agree that they can't be solved.13.经典分享Cities force growth,and make men talkative and entertaining,but they make them artificial——by Ralph Waldo EmersonLesson 171.car park 停车场2.be overrun with/by 被蔓延3.be susceptible to 易受感染的4.a slight/mild/severe infectin in the lung 感染5.on account of 由于6.do damage to 损坏7.pass on to sb 传给8.So that he could be heard in every room.John spoke through a microphone.表目的7.经典分享Resident Evil 生化危机Lesson 181.a mariner barracks 海军陆战队的营房navy 中国海军2.knock sb unconscious 使失去意识3.in the ensuing years 接下来的几年ensue from 由XX产生come after 接着发生on the heels of 接踵而至4.You've intrigued me!Tell me more!吊胃口be intrigued with 有兴趣5.in attacking formation 进攻队形6.credit sb with 相信XX有能力7.先行词为不定代词anything 后只接that不可用which8.无动词的独立结构He went off,(his)gun in hand.主语可省限定词He went off,(with his)gun in hand.可加with独立主格多用于正式9.经典分享电影The cove海豚湾Lesson 191.speculation about/on 对XX的猜测2.blow one's nose 擤鼻涕3.punctuate A with B 用B打断A4.XX is not a matter of 不是XX方面的事5.self-seeking 唯利是图self-supporting 自力更生6.continuous 连续的continual 频繁的7.were it not for two factors=if it were not for 省if，把be提前8.while比but的转折多了对比的意思9.强调句It may have been John who gave Mary a handbag.be可变形式区分先行词itIt is surprising that Mary won the first place.去it is…that 句子不完整10.经典分享I Have A Dream——Martin Luther KingLesson 201.sit up 熬夜2.indigestion 消化不良Reader's Digest 读者文摘、3.The beauty of the scene defied description.美得无法形容4.convert A into B 转变5.让步状语倒装KIng as he was,he was unhappy.省冠词Object as you may,I'll goTired as he was,he sat up late studying at night.(让步)Tired as he was,he went to bed early.(因果)6.经典分享Marriage:putting one's hand into a bag of snakes on the chance of drawing out an eel——Leonardo da VinciLesson 211.the supreme court 最高法院a matter of vital/supreme inportance 最重要的2.set sb up 栽赃3.encroach on/upon 侵占4.in bewilderment 手足无措5.please do take care of yourself 请一定要好好照顾自己6.I wish you had told me though 尽管，然而7.经典推荐Into The West 西部风云Lesson 221.loom up/out/above 赫然耸起loom large 显然突出pound noun 复合词compound sentence 复合句compound interest 复合利息3.as is known to all 众所周知非限定性定语从句as可句首，which不可as后必须为系动词4.经典分享德国哲学家叔本华Arthur Schopenhauer:As the biggest library if it is in disorder is not as useful as a small but well-arranged one,so you may accumate a vast amount of knowledge but it will be of far less value to you than a much smaller amount if you have not thought it over for yourself Lesson 231.sb be endowed with sth 赋予confer on 授予bestow on 授予2.wish 的用法wish sb sth 祝福I wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!wish +从句表虚拟I wish that I could afford a car.用could/should/wouldI wish I didn't have to go to work today.用过去时I wish! 但愿 You wish! 想得美3.虚拟语气与现在相反从句:If+主语+过去时(be用were)主句:主语+should/would/could/might+doeg:If I were you,I would study English.与过去相反从句:If+主语+had+done主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have doneeg:If I had got there earlier,I should have met her.与将来相反从句:If+主语+were to doIf+主语+should doIf+主语+过去时(be用were)主句:主语+should/would/could/might+doeg:If she were to be here tomorrow,I would talk to her.If he should come tomorrow,I would talk to him.If it were snow tomorrow,I would not go to school.wish后的虚拟同if从句，将来的虚拟should/would+do4.经典分享The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《老水手之歌》——英国著名诗人S.T.Coleridge5.so that+从句so as to+不定式Lesson 241.it is an undeniable fact that XX是不可否认的事实 =indisputableNowadays,it is an undeniable fact that crime is increasing.2.invest A whth B 将B赋予A3.经典分享Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.——H.G.Wells 情人眼里出西施Beauty is only skin deep.——Thomas Overbury 美是浮浅的17世纪初诗人Lesson 24.51.a flash in the pan 昙花一现（淘金）2.serve as 担当，起…作用3.stand a chance 有希望Lesson 251.make a plea for sth 祈求2.make a diagnosis of 诊断diagnose sb with 诊断为diagnose sth as 诊断为3.most前有the才是最高级4.heating bill 暖气费5.hit/grab/make the headlines 成为头条6.blacken one's name/image/reputation 抹黑=slander=defame=slurpersecute=abuse=maltreat=brutalize=ill-treat 虐待7.be cautious about doing 谨慎8.yet的用法a.否定句和疑问句——询问是否做了I haven't asked him yet.还Has Jack arrived yet? 已经b.否定句You can't give up yet! 还c.强调更加——yet more/bigger/higherThere's yet abother reason why I can't go.还She made a yet more terrible mistake.更She drew a yet bigger circle.更d.表转折Ken was a criminal,yet many people admired him.然而a story that is strange yet true.e.口语中多放于句末I don't know whether she'll come yetf.在don't,hasn't后，或在why,whether前They don't yet know the full facts.I haven't decided yet whether to take part in the competition.g.书面语中放于not后,不在句尾We don't yet have a solution to this problem.9.作文Most people in this modern world have grown accustomed to living and working against a background of noise,almost constant noise.In the street there is the noise of traffic-engine noises,car alarms,the screeching of tyres and brakes,in factories there is the continual drumming of machines of all kinds,and in the office there is the noise of office equipment-the tap-tap-tap of computer keyboard keys,the ringing of telephones,fax machines and so on.Even in home,where labour-saving devices have made life so much easier for many people,some of the comfort has been at the expense of noise-vacuum cleaner s,washing machines,dishwashers and air extractors;they all make a noise even if manufacturers try to tell us sometimes that their machines are 'slient'!And even in the countryside,or in your own back garden in the city,there are always aeroplanes overhead - large passenger jet aircraft,helicopters,and even,sometimes,military jet aircraft.In our modern industrial society,hardly anywhere is free from noise.In towns and cities,particularly,the problem bas become acute.And yet people have learned to live against this background and do not seem to be affected.Indeed,some people have learned to live against this background and do not seem to affeted.Indeed,some people even seem to require noise as a necessary environment in which to work:'muzak'in the workplace,in shops,in hotels is a perfect example of the need for 'noise',for that is all 'muzak'is.We seem to be helpless to do abything about recucing noise in this modern world and many have come to accept it as one of the more unpleasant features of modern civilization.And although few of us complain about it ,this is one of the main reasons that people give for going to an island,the countryside,the hills or the mountains for the weekend,or for their annual holiday-'To get away from everything,especially the noise'.10.经典分享He who establishes his argument by noise and command,shows that his reason is weak.——Michel de Montaigne 蒙恬，法国文艺复兴时期著名作家You don't have to be noisy to be effective.——Philip Crosby 美国商人兼作家Lesson 261.amber 琥珀mummy 木乃伊 embalming防腐 balm 香油 lip-balm 润唇膏2.fruit preserve 果酱，水果制品3.deposit saveing 定期账户a layer of soil 一层泥4.scavenger 食腐动物 vulture 秃鹫，贪婪的人carnivore 食肉动物，凶猛的人herbivore 食草动物，温顺insect-eating animal 食虫动物，聪明5.cat carcass 猫的尸体6.sabre-toothed 剑齿的eagle-eyed 目光敏锐的eagle-nosed 鹰钩鼻money-minded 一心想着钱的dog-eared 书角卷起来的7.venture to do 小心翼翼地He ventured out when night falls 他在晚上出去冒险8.be bogged (down) in 陷入9.It is Uncle Bill whose telephone number I lost. 所有格强调句10.the like 类似的东西=such likeFirst class travel is not for the like of us11.in proportion to 与…成正比例的12.live by 以…为生13.whether they be = be they 虚拟语气的让步状语从句14.for的用法be all for sth 支持做 I'm all for freedom.be in for it 被责怪 You'll be in for it if she finds out what you've done! 15.作文People find it difficult to resist the fascination of a natural history museum where the skeletons and fossils of extinct forms of life are on display.It is this fascination,too,felt by so many people,that attracts them to adventure stories like The Lost World or films like Jurassic Park.What sorts of things can one see in a natural history museum?The remains of animals that existed in prehistoric times.Sometimes we can see just parts of a creature,sometimes we can see just parts of a creature,sometimes the whole skeleton.There are reptiles,dinosaurs and tyrannosaurs.There are pterodactyls,the horrific-looking creatures with long,tooth-filled beaks,which were the ancestors of our present-day birds.Therefare the remains offish,small and large,especially early sharks,and there are fossilized crustaceans.There are the remains of our own ancestor,early man such as Neanderthal man.Museums also display the remains of animals which have become extinct relatively recently,like the flightless bird called the dodo.It is sad to think that the dodo only necame extinct about three hundred years ago,and would probably not have become extinct if Europeans had not hunted it on its native island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean.How many more forms of animal life are in danger of becoming extinct today that our children will only see in museums?And then of course there are those creatures which have been called 'living fossils'-primitive forms of life which came into being millions of years ago and wich have surprisingly survived,apparently without developing greatly.Examples are the coelacanth(the fish that was first discovered earlier in the twentieth century)and the duck-billed platypus in Australia.16.经典推荐Jurassic Park 侏罗纪公园Lesson 271.flagship store 旗舰店2.hurricane 飓风（大西洋）typhoon 台风（太平洋）tornado 龙卷风3.Yangtze River 扬子江，长江4.ablaze with sth 闪耀，五光十色5.freshen up 使崭新，加满饮料，洗手和脸使面貌一新6.frame up 栽赃陷害be fed up with 厌倦7.she 代指包容孕育其他事物的东西如the earth，river8.at the height of 在…的高度，在…鼎盛时期9.intend sb to do 打算让某人做10.fortune teller 算命先生11.week in week out 一周又一周12.spread her sails 扬帆起航catch the wind 乘风前进13.There are not stops on the run to the coast 去海边的道路上没有车站The exhibition is housed in the building.展览坐落于这个建筑14.The teacher nodded in reply.老师点头作为回答15.fate 宿命 seal one's fate 给人带来不能逃脱的厄运destiny 天命（好的）doom 厄运16.there+arise,come,exist,rise,go,lie,live,remain,seem,stand,etcOnce upon a time there lived a beautiful princess…There came the crack of a shot17.However,I don't agree with it——中式英语I,however,don't agree with it——英式英语18.作文When a ship sank in the past,there were extreme difficulties in savaging the wreck.Quite clearly that was true of a ship that sank in very deep water and indeed it still is.But even if a ship sank in relatively shallow water ,in a harbour,for example,there was very little hope of recovering any lost treasure or indeed of recovering anything else from the wreck.In most cases,even bodies of men who went down tith the ship would remain in it.Modern diving techniques,of course,have made salvaging far less difficult.A shipreck can be discovered and in vestigated by sonar,and skin divers can go down and investigate the wreck before any serious salvage work is begun.The same modern diving techniques have also meant that hunting for treasure can be carried out not only by experts but also by amateurs.So quite a lot of amateur divers spend their weekends and holidaysdiving for"treasure".What kinf of treasure can be recovered?And where from?Not surprisingly there are shipwrecks all around the coast of Great Britain and other island in the world.The Mediterranean Sea,too,is an excellent hunting ground for salvagers and treasure hunters.Many of the Roman and Greek ships at the bottom of the Sea are full of works of art.The sea off the coast of Florida and around the Bahamas is another hunting ground,this time for gold from Spanish galleons.Many shipwrecks,of course,do not contain treasure in terms ofgold,silver,jewels or works of art.But they all contain another kinkd of'treasure':they contain the seapons used on ships(the cannon,swords,and so on),everyday artcles of clothing(shoes,leather belts,etc.)and items of everyday use(plates,bottles,etc.).All of these'teeasures' teach us a great deal about the history of the time.19.经典分享RMS Titanic=royal mail steamship Titanic Titan 泰坦神Lesson 281.be sceptical about/of 怀疑2.fervent fans/admirers 热情的粉丝3.curative 治病 cure-：take careaccurate 准确 ac-/ad- =to docurious 好奇manicure 美甲 mani- =hands 手security 安全 se- =free from4.fly in the ointment 药膏中的苍蝇，美中不足5.OTC=over the counter drugs 非处方药Px：recipe 处方6.show signs of 有迹象7.too … to 太…而不能only too …to 非常…去做 only to 却，不料I'm too glad to come. 我太高兴而不能来I'm only too glad to come.我非常高兴能来8.owing to 由于9.work 起作用work against 起反作用10.make demands on sb 要求XX做某事11.More haste,less speed.欲速则不达12.At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapon.中国不会首先使用核武器13.作文Everyone in society should have the right to a full and free health service and no one should have the right to buy good health care.If all working adults pay taxes,then they,their children and their parents should expect free medical service,at a doctor's surgery or at a hospital,a free emergency ambulance service,and at least free dental treatment.It has often been said that public health service is expensive to run and that it is offten abused.While it is expensive to run,and it is,like many social services,open to abuse,it seems nevertheless to be one of the things that a modern society must offer its citizens.There is of course one major problem,and that is the cost of the people who work in it-the doctors,nurses,surgeons,dentists and administrative staff.Such people often complain that they do not receive the wages or salaries that they could earn in the world of private medical care or in a totally different profession.And because a healthy service,like other public services,is run on government lines,bureaucracy often creeps in so that the administration can cost more than the medical services and treatment.Does a public health service work in all countries?No,it doesn't.There are countries where a public health service seems to be an impossibility:America is a perfect example.On the other hand,there are a number of countries in the world which have successful,or moderately successful public health services,for example Sweden,Britain and Israel.Even in a country like Britain,however,there is also a world of private medicine that people can doin if they can afford it.Apublic health service is an excellent idea,but no one should be forced to join it.14.经典分享纪录片SickoMichael Moore 导演15.remain of 保留（不及物动词）After the fire, very little remained of his house.Lesson 291.hovercraft 全垫式气垫船Surface Effect Ships，SES 侧壁式气垫船2.cushion from/against 保护cushion the blow 缓存打击3.onion ring 洋葱圈a rubber ring 救生圈give sb a ring 打电话a ring at the door 门铃have a familiar ring 听上去很熟悉ring-shaped 环形的ring a bell 听起来耳熟be ringed with 被…包围4.cause/create a sensation 引起轰动5.former classmate 老同学former husband 前夫=ex-husband6.组合介词in between 介于from among 从中from under 来自下面 She took out an envelop from under the pillow.in front of 在前面up to 上升到达7.To see is to believe 眼见为实8.Cheers!干杯 =Bottoms up！底露出了9.a.接数字no more than 仅仅，只有not more that 不超过，至多There are no more than fifteen eggs in the basket. 只有15个鸡蛋（=15个）There are not more than fifteen eggs in the basket.至多15个鸡蛋（小于等于15个）b.用于比较This story is no more interesting than that one. 也不比那个有趣（都不有趣）This sorty is not more interesting than that one.这个没那个有趣（那个更有趣）10.作文The twentieth century has seen greater developments in forms of transport than at any other time in the history of this planet.Because of modern methods of transport,the world has become a smaller place and people cannow travel from one place to another almost anywhere in the world with speed and in comfort.For many people in the world,the best way to travel long distances is by air.Air travel by jet aeroplane is no longer a luxury.Even helicopters,once almost exclusively used by the armed services,are now being used more and more comercially,especially for short internal flights.And we can look forward to rocket tracel in the nest century - or flying in a craft like the space shuttle that will circumnavigate the earth almost in minutes.For those who travel by see,to,there has beeb progress.Ocean liners are popular,especially for luxury holidays,but so too are the hydrofoil and the hovercraft for use over comparatively short distances.On land,we can now travel by car,by coach or by train.The byilding of motormay networks has meant that we can get to our destination by car or coach much faster than we have ever done.And the development of electric trains and new tailway networks has also improved rail travel in many countries.Will these,and motorway networks,become redundant with the development of new forms of transport?Sadly,of all the modern means of transport,the car is creating the most problems as it is causing serious congestion in cities.No satisfactory solution to this problem has yet been found,although,if the car is replaced by a different form of personal transport,perhaps the problem will simply go away.万能开篇句OUr society has seen greater developments than any other societies in the history of this planet.11.经典分享Necessity is the mother of invention.需要是发明之母12.not any more than 和…同样都不Lesson 301.nausea 恶心，晕船astronaut 宇航员navigation system 导航系统2.on an expedition 去远征3.very important=of great importance=of such magnifude 很重要4.rugged good looks 饱经沧桑的美5.give a thought to 想6.at the disposal of 交由…支配=in charge of7.be worthy of 值得it is worthwhile 值得8.a burst of applause 一阵掌声y 铺设，放下，鸡下蛋 —— laid，laidlie 躺下，位于 ——lay，lain10.tailing off 愈来愈少 The performance was over with the sound of applause tailing off.11.作文The twentieth centyry has seen greater progress in many fields than in any other period in history.While we have certainly exploited a lot of land,we have still not explored all the land above sea leval.So it is not surprising that very little of the seabed has been explored.Indeed,the intensive study of the sea and the sea-bed is comparatively recent.And since the sea accounts for a very large percentage of the earth's surface,perhaps we should be spending much more time and more money on studying it in detail.The sea itself is a tremendous source of power.We have only just begun harnessing the tides to provide electricity,but the evergu is there just waiting to be used.The tides and waves contain vast amounts of energy which we must be able to use.The sea is a source of food,too,of couse.Men have taken fish form the sea for thousands of years,but it is only now that plankton is being seen as a source of protein to feed the growing world population.And the whole idea of 'cultivating' the seabed is actively being investigated.As a source of wealth,the sea has already beun to be exploited,but only in the past few years.We can now obtain minerals from the sea,and take fossil fuels from it,as in the North Sea,where oil and gas are both being extracted from under the sea.Following the pioneer work of the French underwater explorer and marine biologist,Jacques Cousteau,perhaps the time will come when we will set up permanent villages under the sea,or even towns and cities that people can live in.If that ever happens,we will certainly be using the sea to its greatst prtential.12.经典分享纪录片《海洋》——Oceans法国导演雅克*贝汉 2009年。

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson4、5、6】Lesson4【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

How did Vera discover she had this gift of second sight?Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.ERIC DE MAUNY Seeing hands from The Listener【New words and expressions 生词和短语】solid adj. 坚实的safe n. 保险柜ulyanovsk n. 乌里扬诺夫斯克commission n. 委员会opaque adj. 不透明的lotto n. 一种有编号的纸牌slipper n. 拖鞋blindfold adj.& adv. 被蒙上眼睛的【课文注释】1. of people who can read...,这个定语从句用来修饰主语cases，由于太长，因此被移至谓语之后。

【导语】新概念英语作为⼀套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了⽅便同学们的学习，⽆忧考为⼤家整理了⾯的新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记，希望为⼤家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!Lesson25 【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

What conclusion does the author draw about noise and health in this piece? May people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with had science. One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one merely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement. What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does exist: but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is mental health hazard. D.E.BROADBENT Non-auditory effects of noise from Science Survey 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 auditory adj. 听觉的 inadequate adj. 不适当的 plea n. 要求 abatement n. 减少 discredit v. 怀疑 allegation n. 断⾔ caption n. 插图说明 wreck n. 残废⼈ snag n. 疑难之处，障碍 anecdote n. 轶闻 slander v. 诽谤 persecute v. 迫害 squadron n. 中队 psychiatric adj. 精神病学的 diagnosis n. 诊所 orphanage n. 孤⼉院【课⽂注释】 1.the Services 军队 2.inadequate adj. ①lacking the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task 不适当的 例句:He has made an inadequate choice. 他做了⼀个不适当的选择。

新概念英语第四册课堂笔记1 fossil man (化石人)Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful?We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.【New words and expressions 生词和短语】fossil man adj. 化石人recount v. 叙述saga n. 英雄故事legend n. 传说，传奇migration n. 迁移，移居anthropologist n. 人类学家archaeologist n. 考古学家ancestor n. 祖先Polynesian adj.波利尼西亚（中太平洋之一群岛）的Indonesia n. 印度尼西亚flint n. 燧石rot n. 烂掉【课文注释】1.hand down 把...传下去例句：Many old legends were handed down from generation by mouth.许多古老的传说都是一代一代口传下来了。

新概念4笔记Lesson 1单词：1.Totem, fresco壁画, dance, religious, architecture2.Polish:→含义：polish the silver and the brass/shoes 擦floor/car/nail polish 蜡，油years of college polished the students 磨练=make sb. Better/improve →eg. I’d like to polish myself.3.Fossil manFossil fuel/remains 燃料、化石4.Recount 强调细节Describe, portray,depict 像画一样来描述Narrate 强调一定的顺序Relate 强调connectionsState 强调有条理或资料的详尽度Remark强调评论写作中，这些细节不太重要5.Saga, legendSteven Jobs was a lengendary figure.Lenovo6.Types of novels:Fatancy, martial art fiction武打小说, romance, historical novel, pornography黄色小说(blune/sensation novel), myth, detective, story, fairy tale, folklore7.Migration aptitude移民倾向(im/e)migrant(n.)Immigration移民局(im/e)migrate(v.)Imigratory bird/fish/community 候鸟，回游的鱼，游牧民族8.AnthropologistAnthrop-: humanAnthropoid（像…一样的）=ape类人猿Philanthropist慈善家, philosophySophie, sophomore 大二9.ArchaeologistArch拱，统monach君主monarchy君主制Architecture, arcade门廊10.Ancestor→an-:古老的，ced/ces: walkingAntique, ancient→forerunner/forebear/forefather/predecessor/antecedent/a scendant 祖先（同义）Descendant/offspring后代，后辈11.Polynesian-->含义：the islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean→poly-: 多Polytechnic 多技术的，多工艺的polygas多汽油-nesia岛12.Indonesia→indo:水India13.Flint燧石Lighter(zippo), flint-hearted铁石心肠的As true s flint坚如磐石14.Rot烂掉(v.)I feel rotten today.我今天糟透了lousy很讨厌，很不好Rot it! suo得死Talk rot胡说His speech was all rot!The door had rotted away.She’s rotten to the core. 她烂到芯子里去了Rotten weather天气糟透了课文：1.Read of读到→hear of/know of/speak of→read the text out读课文Read over/through: scanRead between the lines理解字里行间之意2.5条让句子变复杂的方法之一：（课文第一句）加从句，“人”＋who，“事，物”＋which/that，还可以加as long s, whenever,where,if 等等，一个从句远远不够，起码两个从句以上或者与其它方法相结合3.写作方法：细节→不用firstly等，直接开门见山写→数字（figure，number）→用fact→example4.Transition过渡5.Preserve=protect/maintainPreserve forest/order保护森林、维护秩序Animal/game preserve禁猎区，野生动物保护区=game park Preserved egg咸蛋，皮蛋You look well preserved.你看起来保养得很好6.Hand down/on=pass down/onStoryteller:fortune teller/palm readerATM: automatic teller’s machine7.Remote远亲near relative近亲→remote relative/past/possibility不可能/control遥控器→chances are remote/good that…（有用句型）“不太可能/可能，it is impossible/possibleeg. …good that you’ll make your fortune on condition that you have possessed industry, initiative, information and intelligence. （勤劳，主动性，信息，智慧）alliteration头韵assonance尾韵8.句型变复杂的方法之二：成对词：一不如二，二不如四（见p13）9.但凡短句或短段落都只有2种功效：主题句/段过渡句/段10.if they had any（有用句型）eg. Misfortune and disappointment, if there are any, will be mended by hope and faith.11.成对词的构成方法：同义词hardworking and deligence近义词反义词happiness and sadness（尾韵）12．构成尾韵的3种方法：→都加s，stories and experiences→都加ed，experienced and possessed→都加ing，enjoying and learning13．长短原则：长的句子/单词放前14. Fortunately, however…（有用句型）eg. …, this view is merely taken by a minority of people/a minority opinion.15.Shape→eg. Mankind shaped as well as being shaped by it.(repetition重复→修辞)一般除主题词，其它词不重复→in good/bad shape/condition/from身体好16.所有的n.都可以加s，大部分都表示“各种各样的…”17.Decay磨损rot腐蚀Tooth decay, urban decay 城市堕落18.万应结尾句型两虚一词Lesson 3单词：1.Alpnist=mountineerAlpine→alpine spiritThe Alps2.PioneerThe pioneer spirit拓荒精神Young pioneer少先队员A pioneer in English 英语的先驱(unchallenged)Engineer,mountaineer,profiteer谋利者,volunteer3.Never say die.永不言弃4.Summit→mit-: sendEmit, transmit, missionary传教士, submit→summit conference(adj.) 峰会ASEM Summit: Asia-Europe Meeting→辨析:Summit, top最高（档次）,peak数量/程度的顶点, climax情节的高潮eg. From top to toethe peak output/season最高产量/旺季5.Attain→=achieve/accomplish→tain-: hold/keep→maintain, retain, contain, detain, detention, tin, obtain→It’s widely held that intelligence and perseverance are indispensable to attian one’s goals.6.Perilous危险的→danger, peril, hazard, risk, jeopardy, threat, endangerment Dangerous, hazardous, adventurous, risky, alarming→be full of hazard, out of danger, at the risk, be in peril of one’s life一般同义词（80％），都用同一个介词，此条中＝用in7.Shudder(v.)害怕→quake非常大的振动, shudder, tremble因激动而…, shiver冷得发抖, quiver快速抖,Quaver虚弱而…, shake摇晃, vibrate振动（有频率）→speak in a quavering voice8.Court(v.)追求；奉承A courts BA andB court in secretA courts his rich aunt.Court wealth and fame追名逐利Law court法庭basketball courtPay … to a pretty woman9.Solitary(a./n.) solitude(n.)→sol-: sun/only→Loneliness and solitude are the only friend and accompany that I have.→sole, solo, isolate→a solitary life, a solitary valley偏僻的山谷, a solitary example10.Impoverish(v.)使贫困eg. Van Gogh was a solitary and …ed artist.11.→flea-ridden, grief-ridden伤心难过的, disease-ridden疾病缠身的, polich-ridden到处是警察→昆虫：flea, fly, cockroach蟑螂, centipede蜈蚣, locust蝗虫, spider, cicada知了, scorpion蝎子, toad, caterpillar毛毛虫, mosquito12.Coarse粗劣的=vulgar… manners=good manner, …language, …san d粗沙13.Boast(v.)吹嘘→+of/about that(vi.)→boaster=braggart(n.)=be proud of(vt.)→China boasts vast land and abundant resource.中国以地大物博为自豪14.Parishioner教区居民15.Shepherd牧羊人=cowboy牛仔shepherdess牧羊女the (Good) Shepherd 指耶稣16.Linen亚麻布床单→wash one’s dirty … in pu blic / skeleton in the cupboard家丑外扬Everybody has his dirty laundry每个人都有他的肮脏的小秘密→flax, nylon, silk, wool羊毛,cashmere羊绒, tweed呢子,yarn 毛线, cotton棉, canvas帆布, denim牛仔面料, leather皮革课文：1.写作方法：认为竖立对立面，对比Modern alpinists2.过渡句:… however, this is not the case at all.eg. Some nations always advocate international peace, …3.Prize: bonusAttain: reachFace: be confronted with4.自如度：插入语，同位语，后置状语（插入语的一种形式）5.任何一个工作、活动都可以用exploration (s)6.Difficulties and dangers→头韵、尾韵其它的twin words:Heart and soul全心全意的Black and blue打得青红紫绿Safe and sound安然无恙Thick and thin同甘共苦Ups and downs7.Go out of one’s way→变形：go all out to do sth.→含义：try one’s best/endeavor for sth./to do8.They had a single aim, a solitary goal-the top! 同位语，换词替换9.Cut off 被阻隔10.Tend to = always = generally = invariably不变地11.Settlement… of a dispute解决问题Marriage…结婚协议Penal… = colony 殖民12．Simply/merely/plainly/only13. accompanied by = with14. 阅读方法（3）：做加法，做剑法，乾坤大挪移（变为插入语，表示强调）15. seven-course dinners:Appetizer, soup, fish, main course/entrée（meat）, salad, desert, coffeeLesson 5prom queen舞会单词：1.leave(n.)允许→ask for sick/casual/business leave→by your leave = with your permission→… sb. alone = let sb. alone2.fundamentals = essentials 基本原则fund-: basicfound, foundation粉底，基础profound深刻的3.glorious/splendid灿烂的→… achievements/undertaking事业/ideals/traditions/lifeglory, glorify, Gloria(女名)4.rub擦（v.）难题（n.）… one’s hands with the soap… oil hair dry 把头发擦干…one’s hands to warm themThe shoe is rubbing.“Ay, there’s the rub.”—Hamlet5.identity→identi（词根）：sameIdentical = the same相同的，identify(v.)Identification ID card, UFO (unidentified)→be identified with （有用句型）将…联系，认同…= be linked/associated witheg. Internet addiction is closely identified with the advance of science nd technology.6.Dreary沉闷的，单调的，令人厌烦的…day/mind/moodDrearily, dreariness/doc/a610418908.html,mitment信仰，信奉，责任，承诺，贡献→mit-: summit, emit, missionary→political …, religious …→eg.Generations of ancestors have made a profound … to the civilization of new China.→honor one’s …兑现承诺→He doesn’t want any …他不想承担任何责任→committee, commission佣金，回扣, commissioner委员8.MeanBe meant to（词组）= be supposed to/should应该做…eg. We are … do as the Romans when in Rome.04年六级作文题：The service industry is meant to improve the quality of its service an d satisfy customers’needs heart and soul.You’ll never know how much you mean to me.9.Social climbera social gathering社交场合, social animal群居动物, social plant丛生植物, social disease性病, social butterfly交际花10.Devotion = commitment tovo. 誓言vote, vow, devote11.Cosmic 宇宙的cosmicalCosmos（n.）宇宙, cosmology/astronomyCosmopolitan, cosmopolic大都会的，大城市的, metropolis, metro（词根）母亲12.Surburban见识不广的Surburb郊区, urban, rural13.Conceited自高自大的ceit/ceive/cep = take拿except, perceive, receive, conceptconceit自大(n.)conceited and self-centred14.Presumptuous自以为是的－sum: take拿Resume继续, presume, assume15.Fatuous愚蠢的→反义词：wise, sensible近义词：fatuous, foolish, stupid, silly, ridiculous, absurd →a fatuous attempt蠢蠢欲动What a foolish suggestion!I can’t stand her giggling, she’s so sil ly.How ridiculous!I t’s clear to everybody that the creation of the world…16.Cliché = stereotype老套(n.)课文：1.Always抱怨语气2.–which I take leave to doubt –“持怀疑态度”3.Get down to = treat sth. Carefully… work/business4.New boy: freshman5.Sth. 也可以指人Sth. so interesting as a problem = troublemaker6.Identity（文化的意味）替代: characteristic和personality7.be busily engaged in doing sth. 忙于做…be engaged for = be responsible forbe engaged to订婚be engaged on表示职业（开始做）engagement ring订婚戒指wedding band结婚戒指8.air：神气，态度，气息，广播an … of mystery… of freedom… clothes 晾衣服The program …s daily.9.Love of comfort贪图享受Mean ambitious野心10.Have a dreary commitment = pursue in a depressive way11.All既指人也可以指事物指物时，用单数，指人时，用复数12.人：person, creatures, beings, the young, youth等13.The majority of代替lots ofThe minority of代替a few14.Loss of end weight（尾重）Lesson 6单词：Chariot战车cease fire停战单词：1.Goodwill友好，信誉，商誉friendship, compatibility, benevolence… games/visit/gesture友谊赛，友好访问，友好手势Official/state visit官方访问/国事访问2.Cricket板球，蟋蟀as merry as cricket像蟋蟀一样快乐的活着It’s not cricket. = It’s not fair.3.Gymnastics, jodo柔道, fencing击剑, marothon, wrestling摔跤4.Inclination意愿→clin, cliv = lean/slopeDecline, declination→against one’s …违背意愿follow one’s own…随心所欲5.Contest比赛→test-: test→testify证实, testimony证词, contestant参赛者, detest厌恶，嫌恶, protest抗议→contest, match（强调对手）, rival, competition, game, tournament锦标赛, race/doc/a610418908.html,y无节制，放荡(n.)7.Deduce(v.)推断→duc, duct = lead, bringEducate, induce, introduce, produce, reduce, conduct, seduce→… a conclusion from these facts/doc/a610418908.html,petitivePet = seekPetition请愿appetite贪念，食欲competent有能力的perpetual永远的9.Patriotism爱国主义，地方观念Patriot(n.) patriotic(adj.)Patriotic overseas Chinese爱国华侨10.Disgrace使丢脸→grat,gre e = pleasing愉悦Gratitude，gratify满足，grateful，grace，agree→同义：discredit, dishonor, embarrass, humiliate, shame,Oh, it’s so humiliationg!11.Savage(adj.)野性的barb胡子→同义词：barbarous, cruel, fierce, inhumane, wild, ruthless, uncivilized, untamed→eg. He has a … t emper.The drink had …d him.My sassy（漂亮的，野蛮的）girl. Sassiness, sassily/doc/a610418908.html,bative好斗的combat(v./n.)→bat = beat“打，击”Debate, bat, baton, battle→同义词：argumentation/aggressive→… diseases/liberalism自由主义single…单挑13.Mimic warfare = mimic battle模拟战争Mimic tears鳄鱼的眼泪Mimic coloration拟色，保护色He isalways mimicking the boss.Panic, panicking14.BehaviorBehave well/yourself.表现好一点/乖一点！课文：1.Create = bring, bring about2.Lead to = give rise to3.Do one’s utmost = do one’s best/go out of one’s wayStaff, no matter what job they are engaged in, are meant to enjoy the same holiday, provided that they have done their best in thei own posts.4.Green = grassy lawn, grassPick up: acquire casualtyPick sth. on sale: pick things randomlyLocal patriotism: localismSimply = merely/only/justPick up sides分边5.Unit: communityInstinct: nature/ impulse6.辨析：Arise出现, rise升起, raise举/抬起, arouse, rouse 激起，唤起7.Work into furies勃然大怒（自己创造，主动的）= fly into a fury/rage（被人/事激怒，被动）8.→at any rate = at least至少= whatever the case may be→a rate of speed of 60 miles an hour→the mortality/interest/exchange/tax rate死亡率，利率，汇率，税率We’re immortal.（吸血鬼）9.Virtue:Civic/public virtue 基督教美德：faith, hope, charityThe theological virtues = Christian virtues10.Internet addiction is not the commitment to high-tech but an escape from the real life, and,at the bottom of people’s hearts, from the reality of study, employment, promotion, love, marriage, and buying property.Lesson 9单词：1.Alfred the Great(871 – 899)Edward the Elder(899 – 925)Edward the Confessor(1042 – 1066)2.Danish, Dane, Danmark3.minstrel, missionary同义：bard, bardic school4.wandering漫游→a … stream/tribe roaming fee漫游费→同义：stroll（走路，散步）, ramble, roam, rove, stray→stray bullet, a stray dog流浪狗5.harp竖琴, zither古筝, lute琵琶, urheen二胡, harmonica口琴, electronic keyboard,saxophone, bass贝司6.辨析：Ballad民歌, ballad singer民谣歌手, badlot投票, ballast压舱物, ballet芭蕾舞7.Acrobatic杂技的→acrobatics杂技acrobt(n.)杂技演员→acro-: highAcrophobia恐高症sinophobia恐华症-ia病phob害怕8.→conjuring魔术(n.) conjuror/er→魔法：Wizard男巫wizardry男巫用的魔法Witch女巫witchcraft女巫用的魔法the Black Art9.Thither向那里(adv.)Hither = heredoth = does, thou = you, hast = has, thy = your thee是thou的宾格10.Slack涣散的11.Conqueror征服者Man can conquer nature.（谚）人定胜天William the ConquerorDuke of NormandyNorman Conquest 1066-108712.Precaution预防safety/security …安全预防fire …防火Take …s against fire!预防火灾！13.→proceeds(n.)所得Proceed(v.) to sth./to do sth.继续…→precede在…前面The tourists were …d by their guide.14.Assemble(v.)集合Semble-: likeResemble相似, reassemble再集合, dissemble假装15.Trivial微不足道的= trifling（成对词）, paltry, petty(成对词)Trivial matters琐事the trivial round = routine日常事宜She trifled with my affections.她玩弄我的情感。

Royal espionage 王室谍报活动 Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. There had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went.He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighboring regions.There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit forprolonged battle: and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. ⼀一间谍活动中世纪的咏游歌⼿手⾦金金琴⺠民歌___魔术杂技的⾯面⼊入向那⾥里里-n 得-i 持久的微不不⾜足道需供⽽而应⾯面对尤击⼀一n⼩小规模战⽃斗Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes -- and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage! 阿尔弗雷雷德⼤大帝曾亲⾃自充当间谍。

【导语】新概念英语作为⼀套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了⽅便同学们的学习，⽆忧考为⼤家整理了⾯的新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记，希望为⼤家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!Lesson46 【课⽂】 Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine. It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment. If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tires, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time. They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late. The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance. Some friends of my family had this irritating habit. The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them. If you are citing a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minted too late. Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it. An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you. Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was traveling alone. She entered the station twenty minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her. She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket. To her horror he said that she was two hours too soon. She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter. He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers. The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake. The porter went to fetch one and arrive back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic 'o' beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little 'o' indicated that the train only stopped for mail. Just as that moment the train came into the station. The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van. But the station master was adamant: rules could not be broken and she had to watch that train disappear towards her destination while she was left behind. 【课⽂翻译】 准时是⽂明社会中进⾏⼀切社交活动时必须养成的习惯。

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson10、11、12】【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to afew days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon befree to let their imaginations soar without being penalizedby expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend atthe office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We've got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.'And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges.As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph.D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factoryto challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market.India-born N.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring withfinancing from the state of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2, 1989【New words and expressions 生词和短语】silicon n. 硅integrated adj. 综合的circuit n. 线路，电路California n. 加利福尼亚(美国州名)workstation n. 工作站chip n. 芯片，集成电路片，集成块newsletter n. 时事通讯Macintosh n. 苹果机，一种个人电脑penalize v. 处罚，惩罚customize v. 按顾客具体需要制造spawn v. 引起，酿成thrive v. 兴旺，繁荣anarchy n. 无政府状态，混乱oriental n. 东方人constitute v. 构成drove n. 群innovator n. 发明者forge v. 发展memory-chip n. 内存条AT & T 美国电话电报公司 (American Telephone and Telegraph)Kansas n. 堪萨斯(美国州名)Missouri n. 密苏里(美国州名)【课文注释】1. thrive on靠……健壮发展，以……旺盛。

Lesson 1 Finding fossil man发现化石人We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first‘modern men’came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil manNew words and expressions生词短语recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述/ ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount : emotionless重复describedepict：a little emotionalnarrate：temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。

【导语】新概念英语作为⼀套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了⽅便同学们的学习，为⼤家整理了⾯的新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记，希望为⼤家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!Lesson4【课⽂】First listen and then answer the following question.听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

How did Vera discover she had this gift of second sight?Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.ERIC DE MAUNY Seeing hands from The Listener【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】solid adj. 坚实的safe n. 保险柜ulyanovsk n. 乌⾥扬诺夫斯克commission n. 委员会opaque adj. 不透明的lotto n. ⼀种有编号的纸牌slipper n. 拖鞋blindfold adj.& adv. 被蒙上眼睛的【课⽂注释】1. of people who can read...,这个定语从句⽤来修饰主语cases，由于太长，因此被移⾄谓语之后。

新概念英语四册学会生活课堂笔记课文及短语新概念英语四册学会生活课堂笔记课文及短语Lesson 17 Learning to Live 学会生活The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it.In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the countrycould accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academicexaminations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased Homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and syntiesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which arewithin hisrange of competence and understanding.New words and expressions 生词短语intelligence 智力 intelligent cute intellectual a.智力的 n.知识分子pass on 衡量(1)He passes on(=pass away=die)委婉语(2)衡量 judge:to pass on 如:to pass on one's intelligence(3)pass for 被认为不能用被动,只能用主动(4)pass 过了 pass gradereliance 信赖,依靠(1)rely=depend He relies on his parents.(parasite:寄生虫)(drag:负担)(2)reliant reliable 值得信赖的self-reliant 自力更生(=self-dependent)working 起作用的pill:药丸 dose:剂 Dose is working. efficient:指人效率很高,做事麻利 effective 有效果的The pill does.a wide variety 各种各样a wide variety of goods . various variant：变化的 variantion 变化 very colored/formedmult- multifunctional multinational multilateral talks bilateral：双边会谈as a result of 由于…结果As a result of his good performance, he got pay rise. Pay cut 减薪consequence in result 后面一定不能出现 ofHe performed well; in result he got a pay rise.in consequence act 法案pass bill motion pay bills act：第 1 幕，第 1 场 Today we gotan act of got.He always put on an act.摆谱foundation 基金Peking Normal University 北京师范大学missionaryavailable 可用的Is water available? 有水喝吗？ Are you available?Are you available for a chat?Is your bicycle available?avail I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy.avail myself of 利用…的机会make use of ；take advantage ofaccommodate 容纳The hall can accommodate 600 people. accommodate oneself to 适应accommodating accommodation：住所boarding and lodgingat most 最多 at leastcounteract 抵消counteractclockwise 逆时针转counterintelligence 反情报counterrevolution neutralizeact againstspecialization 专门化specialize speciality majorI specialize in chemistry.specialization 专业化synthesize 综合 sympathy syndrome 并发症 synchronize 同步分verbal 文字的oral 口头 verbal expression ;oral expressioncompetence 能力competent incompetent 没有能力的 performance 实际的行为Notes on the text 课文注释British education system 第 1 段只有一句话主语-the fact 谓语-does not prevent us 同位语从句 nor：否定连接 passed on：衡量 useful ,working 两个词相近 placing 和 finding 并列place….on….放置…..在上面=put reliance 依赖引号里表示抽象的东西superior inferioreven though we are not sure ….is，nor what is passed on….,and placing…文中更为高级even though he stole,I find him a kind hearted man.The fact that he stole,does not prevent me from finding him a kind hearted man.tests 第 1 段形成文章的.主题。