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最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）PartⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-4, markY(for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 5to10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.StressThis may come as a surprise, but you need stress in your life. Leading stress management experts say that life without stress would be dull and unexciting. Stress adds flavor, challenge, and opportunity to life. However, too much stress can seriously affect your physical and mental well-being. A major challenge in today’s stress-filled world is to make the stress in your life work for you instead of against you.In today’s hectic, fast-paced world and with the booming economy, stress is our constant companion. It comes from mental or emotional activity and physical activity. Too much emotional stress can result in physical illness, such as high blood pressure, ulcers, asthma, irritable colon, headaches, or even heart disease. On the other hand, physical stress from work or exercise rarely causes such ailments. In fact, physical exercise can help you to relax and to handle your mental or emotional stress.Hans Selye, M.D., a recognized expert in the field, has defined stress as a "nonspecific response of the body to a demand". The key to reducing stress is learning how our bodies respond to those demands. When stress becomes prolonged or particularly frustrating, it can become harmful-causing distress or "bad stress". Recognizing the early signs of distress and then doing something about them can make a significant difference in the quality of your life.In order to use stress in a positive way and prevent it from becoming distress, you should be aware of your own reactions to stressful events. The body responds to stress by going through specific stages: (1) alarm, (2) resistance, and (3) exhaustion. Muscles tense, blood pressure and heart rate rise, and adrenaline and otherstress-triggered hormones that increase the level of alertness are released. If the stress-causing conditions continue, your body will need time to make repairs, if that happens, you eventually may develop a physical problem that is related to stress, suchas migraine headaches, high blood pressure, backaches, or insomnia. That’s why when stress occurs it’s important that you recognize and deal with it in a positive way. While it’s impossible to live completely free of stress and distress, it is possible to prevent some distress as well as to minimize its impact when it can’t be avoided. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to handle stress.Try Physical ActivityWhen you’re nervous, angry or upset, try releasing the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis, or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try. Physical exercise will relieve your anxiety and worry and help you relax. Your body and your mind will work together to ease the stress in your life.Share Your StressIt helps to talk with someone about your anxieties and worries. Perhaps a friend, family member, teacher, or counselor can help you achieve a more positive perspective on what’s troubling you. If you feel your problem is serious, you might seek professional help from a psychologist, psychiatrist or social worker. Knowing when to ask for help is a positive step in avoiding more serious problems later.Take Care of YourselfYou should make every effort to eat well and to get enough rest. If you’re irritable and tense from lack of sleep, or if you’re not eating properly, you’ll be more vulnerable to stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should consult your doctor.Make Time for YourselfSchedule time for both work and recreation. Don’t forget, play can be just as important to your overall well-being as work. You need a break from your daily routine to just relax and have fun. Go window-shopping or work on a hobby. Allow yourself at least a half hour each day to do something you enjoy.Make a List of the Things You Need to DoStress can result from disorganization and a feeling that "there’s so much to do, and not enough time". Trying to take care of everything at once can be overwhelming, and as a result, you may not accomplish anything. Instead, make a list of everything you have to do, then do one thing at a time, checking off each task as it is completed. Give priority to the most important tasks and do those first.Go Ahead and CryA good cry can be a healthy way to bring relief to your anxiety. It might even help yon avoid a headache or other physical consequence of anxiety and stress.Create a Quiet SceneYon can’t always run away, but you can allow yourself a mental "get-away". A quiet country scene painted mentally, or on canvas, can transport you from the tension of a stressful situation to a more relaxing frame of mind. You also can create a sense of peace and tranquility by reading a good book or listening to beautiful music.Avoid Self-MedicationWhile yon can use prescription or over-the-counter medications to relieve stress temporarily, they do not remove the conditions that caused the stress in the first place. In fact, many medications may be habit-forming and also may reduce your efficiency, thus creating more stress than they eliminate. They should be taken only on the advice of your doctor.RelaxThe best strategy for reducing or avoiding stress altogether is to learn how to relax. Unfortunately, many people try to relax at the same pace that they lead the rest of their lives. That doesn’t work. Instead, try tuning out your worries about time, productivity and "doing right". Here are several relaxation techniques you may find helpful:-You should take a deep breath and exhale to help calm your mind, counter your body’s natural stress reaction and improve your response.-You should laugh. Many stress management experts advocate laughter as a relaxation technique for relieving tension.-You should take a warm bath or shower. Whether you prefer bubble baths or long hot showers, this is an excellent way to relax after a stressful day.-You should try progressive muscle relaxation. Individual contract and relax each muscle group of your body. Begin by tensing your toes for 10 seconds, then relax them for 20. Work all the way up your body, alternately tensing and relaxing, and finish with your facial muscles.By learning the "art" of relaxation, you’ll find satisfaction in just "being", withouttrying or striving. Your focus on relaxation, enjoyment and health will reduce stress, anxiety and worry in your life. The result is, you will be calmer, healthier and happier. 注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上作答。
全国英语六级阅读模拟试题及详解答案全国英语六级阅读模拟试题及详解答案The road of life is like a large river,because of the power of the currents,river courses appear unexpectedly where there is no flowing water.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的全国英语六级阅读模拟试题及详解答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.It would be all too easy to say that 脸谱网s market meltdown is coming to an end. Afterall, Mark Zuckerbergs social network burned as much as $ 50 billion of shareholders wealth injust a couple months. To put that in context, since its debut(初次登台) on NASDAQ in May,脸谱网 has lost value nearly equal to Yahoo, AOL, Zynga, Yelp, Pandora, OpenTable,Groupon, LinkedIn, and Angies List combined, plus that of the bulk of the publicly tradednewspaper industry:As shocking as this utter failure may be to the nearly 1 billion faithful 脸谱网 usersaround the world, its no surprise to anyone who read the initial public offering (IPO)prospectus (首次公开募股说明书). Worse still, all the crises that emerged when the companydebuted-overpriced shares, poor corporate governance, huge challenges to the core business,and a damaged brand-remain today. 脸谱网looks like a prime example of what Wall Streetcalls a falling knife-that is, one that can cost investors their fingers if they try to catch it.Start with the valuation(估值). To justify a stock price close to the lower end of theprojected range in the IPO, say $ 28 a share, 脸谱网s future growth would have needed tomatch that of Google seven years earlier. That would have required increasing revenue by some80 percent annually and maintaining high profitmargins all the while.Thats not happening. In the first half of 2012, 脸谱网 reported revenue of $ 2.24 billion, up38 percent from the same period in 2011. At the same time, the companys costs surged to $ 2.6 billion in the six-month period.This so-so performance reflects the Achilles heel of 脸谱网s business model, which thecompany clearly stated in a list of risk factors associated with its IPO: it hasnt yet figured outhow to advertise effectively on mobile devices, The number of 脸谱网users accessing thesite on their phones surged by67 percent to 543 million in the last quarter, or more than half itscustomer base.Numbers are only part of the problem. The mounting pile of failure creates a negativefeedback loop that threatens 脸谱网s future in other ways. Indeed, the more 脸谱网sdisappointment in the market is catalogued, the worse 脸谱网s image becomes. Not onlydoes that threaten to rub off on users, its bad for recruitment and retention of talentedhackers, who are the lifeblood of Zuckerbergs creation.Yet the brilliant CEO can ignore the sadness and complaints of his shareholders thanks tothe super- voting stock he holds. This arrangement also was fully disclosed at the time of theoffering. Its a pity so few investors apparently bothered to do their homework.61. What can be inferred about 脸谱网from the first paragraph?A.Its market meltdown has been easily halted.B.It has increased trade with the newspaper industry.C.It has encountered utter failure since its stock debut.D.Its shareholders have invested $ 50 billion in a social network.62. The crises 脸谱网 is facing_____A.have been disclosed in the IPO prospectusB.are the universal risks Wall Street confrontsC.disappoint its faithful usersD.have existed for a long time63. To make its stock price reasonable, 脸谱网 has to____A.narrow the IPO price rangeB.cooperate with GoogleC.keep enormously profitableD.invest additional $ 2.6 billion64. It can be inferred from the context that the "Achilles heel" (Line 1, Para. 5) refersto____A.deadly weaknessB.problem unsolvedC.indisputable factD.potential risk65. What effect will 脸谱网s failure in the market have?A.Its users benefits will be threatened.B.Talented hackers will take down the website.C.The CEO will hold the super-voting stock.D.The companys innovation strength will be damaged.参考答案61.C)。
大学英语六级（阅读）模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Perhaps the most challenging consideration for the future is security. Smartphones and PDAs are already popular among many corporate executives, who often use their phones to transmit confidential information. Smartphones may be vulnerable to security breaches such as an Evil Twin attack. In an evil twin attack, a hacker sets a server’s service identifier(标识符)to that of a legitimate hotspot or network while simultaneously blocking traffic to the real server. When a user connects with the hacker’s server, information can be tapped and security is compromised. One downside to the openness and configurability(可配置性)of smartphones is that it also makes them susceptible to viruses. Hackers have written viruses that attack SymbianOS(操作系统)phones. The viruses can do things like turning off anti-virus software, locking the phone completely or deleting all applications stored on the phone. On the other side, some critics argue that anti-virus software manufacturers greatly exaggerate the risks, harms and scope of phone viruses in order to help sell their software. The incredible diversity in smartphone hardware, software and network protocols restrain practical, broad security measures. Most security considerations either focus on particular operating systems or have more to do with user behavior than network security. With data transmission rates reaching fast speeds and the incorporation of WiFi(无线局域网)technology, the sky is the limit on what smartphones can do. Possibly the most exciting thing about smartphone technology is mat the field is still wide open. It’s an idea that probably hasn’t found its perfect, real-world implementation yet. Every crop of phones brings new designs and new interface ideas. No one developer or manufacturer has come up with the perfect shape or size yet. The next generation smartphone could look like a flip phone, a tablet PC, a candy bar or something no one has conceived of yet.1．Nokia 6131i is in the trial phase of development in the function of acting as a______.A．call receiverB．PIMC．wireless credit cardD．PDA正确答案：C解析：文中说诺基亚613li有无线信用卡的功能，但尚在实验阶段，选[C]。
6月英语六级阅读理解预测题及答案6月英语六级阅读理解预测题及答案「篇一」20xx年12月英语六级快速阅读答案及解析1. Google claims its plan for the world's biggest online library is _____A. to save out—of—print books in libraries。
B. to serve the interest of the general publicC. to encourage reading around the worldD. to promote its core business of searching【答案】B. to serve the interest of the general public【解析】Key words:claims its motives. Key sentences:The company claims its motives are essentially public—spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to "organise the world's information", so it would be oddif that information did not include books。
2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google's book—scanning project willA. help the broad masses of readersB. broaden humanity's intellectual horizonsC. make full use of the power of its search engineD. revolutionise the entire book industry【答案】B. broaden humanity's intellectual horizons【解析】Key words:Santiago de la Mora. Key sentences:As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, puts it: "By making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today, we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge."3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlledby______。
英语六级阅读理解模拟练习附答案六级阅读理解模拟练习一：Which is safer-staying at home， traveling towork on public transport，or working in the office?Surprisingly， each of these carries the same risk，which is very low. However， what about flyingcompared to working in the chemical industry?Unfortunately， the former is 65 times riskier thanthe latter! In fact， the accident rate of workers inthe chemical industry is less than that of almost anyof human activity， and almost as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause deathto those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately，they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947)，Flixborough(1974)，Seveso (1976)， Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984)。
Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small.No one died at Seveso， and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all wasBhopal， where up to 3，000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. ThePemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives， justa month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate aparticular danger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate(硝酸铵)，which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault ofmanagement， which tookrisks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Sevesoaccident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on theirdoorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town， local leaders were incapable oftaking effective action. The Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in anovercrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction os exploding storage tanks. Yet， by amiracle， the two largest tanks did not explode. Had these caught fire，then 3，000 strongrescue team and fire fighters would all have died.1.Which of the following statements is true?A.Working at the office is safer than staying at home.B.Traverlling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.C.Staying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.D.Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by air.2.Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because ____.A.they are very rareB.they often cause loss of lifeC.they always occur in big citiesD.they arouse the interest of all the readers3.According to passage， the chemical accident that caused by the fault of managementhappened at ____.A.Texas cityB.FlixboroughC.SevesoD.Mexico City4.From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of ____.A.natural gas， which can easily catch fireB.fertilizer， which cant be stored in a great quantityC.poisonous substance， which cant be used in overcrowded areasD.fuel， which is stored in large tanks5.From the discussion among some experts we may coclude that ____.A.to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemical industryB.the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemicalindustryC.all these accidents could have been avoided or controlled if effective measure hadbeen takenD.natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safe参考答案：DBABC六级阅读理解模拟练习二：40 years ago the idea of disabled people doingsport was never heard of. But when the annualgames for the disabled were started atStokeMandeville, England in 1948 by Sir LudwigGuttmann, the situation began to change.Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven toEngland in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been askedby the British government to set up an injuriescenter at Stoke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries includedsport for the disabled.In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, fiveteams took part. From those beginnings, things have developed fast. Teams now come fromabroad to Stoke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held inRome, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games. Now, every four years the OlympicGames for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games,although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held atStoke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1064 wheelchair athletes from about40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stoke Mandeville and not in LosAngeles, along with the other Olympics.The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship andunderstanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you cant enjoy sport. Onesmall source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games,however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to includedisabled events at Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are stillneeded to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellowathletes should not be excluded.21. The first games for the disabled were held______after Sir Ludwig Guttmann arrived inEngland.A. 40 yearsB. 21 yearsC. 10 yearsD. 9 years22. Besides Stoke Mandeville, surely the games for the disabled were once held in______.A. New YorkB. LondonC. RomeD. Los Angeles23. In Paragraph 3, the word "athletes" means______.A. people who support the gamesB. people who watch the gamesC. people who organize the gamesD. people who compete in the games24. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is an early organizer of the games for the disabled.B. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is an injured soldier.C. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is from Germany.D. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is welcomed by the British government.25. From the passage, we may conclude that the writer is ______.A. one of the organizers of the game for the disabledB. a disabled person who once took part in the gamesC. against holding the games for the disabledD. in favor of holding the games for the disabled 参考答案：21. D 22. C 23. D 24. B 25. D。
大学英语六级考试快速阅读训练(1篇)大学英语六级考试快速阅读训练 1一、快速阅读简介大学英语六级考试中的快速阅读题型是大学英语六级考试__后,在2007年6月首次出现的一个题型。
它要求考试者在15分钟之内阅读一篇英语文章,大约为1200词左右,回答10个问题,并且填涂答题卡的时间也包括在这15分钟之内。
通过对07年6月到09年12月的六份大学英语六级考试真题进行分析,快速阅读的内容比较杂,如07年6月是“Seven Steps to a More Fulfilling Job”,07年12月是“Seven Ways to Save the World”,08年6月为“What will the world be like in fifty years?”,08年12月是“Supersize Surprise”,09年6月是“Helicopter Moms vs.Free-Range Kids”,09年12月是“Bosses Say ‘Yes’ to Home Work”。
阅读后,要了解文章的大意,并能找出所需细节。
六份试题中有三份的第一个问题就是有关文章大意的,如08年6月第一个问题是“What is John Ingham’s report about?”,08年12月的第一问题是“What is the passage mainly about?”,09年12月的第一个问题又是“What is the main topic of this passage?”。
二、快速阅读的训练在快速阅读过程中要突出“快速”二字,这是区别于普通阅读的关键。
在阅读过程中,要一目十行,不能纠缠于文章中的某一细节,如果有的内容看不懂,先不用管它,要一直往下读,要以掌握文章的主要内容和中心思想为主,这样才能达到快速阅读的目的。
如果这一难懂的内容是自己确实要弄懂的问题,那么看完文章后,可以返回到这一段再仔细阅读。
在六级考试中,如是后面的问题与这一内容有关,再认真阅读也不迟。
六级阅读模拟试题及答案Part I Reading Comprehension (45 minutes)Section APassage 1In recent years, the popularity of online education has surged. According to a survey, the number of students enrolling in online courses has increased by 20% annually. However, critics argue that the effectiveness of online education is questionable due to the lack of face-to-face interaction.Questions:61. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The growth of online education.B. The criticism of online education.C. The annual increase in online students.D. The importance of face-to-face interaction.62. According to the survey mentioned in the passage, what has been the trend in online education?A. A decrease in enrollment.B. A steady state of enrollment.C. An increase in enrollment.D. No change in enrollment.Answers:61. A62. CSection BPassage 2The advancement of technology has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate. While some people embrace these changes, others are concerned about the potential loss of interpersonal skills.Questions:63. What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?A. To discuss the benefits of technology.B. To highlight the impact of technology on communication.C. To argue against the use of technology.D. To compare different communication methods.64. What is the author's view on the impact of technology on communication?A. It is entirely positive.B. It is entirely negative.C. It is a mixed bag.D. It is insignificant.Answers:63. B64. CSection CPassage 3The concept of a "smart city" has gained traction in recent years. A smart city utilizes information and communication technology to enhance the quality and performance of urban services, to reduce costs, and to improve contact between citizens and government.Questions:65. What is a smart city?A. A city with advanced technology.B. A city that is environmentally friendly.C. A city that uses technology to improve services.D. A city that focuses on reducing costs.66. What are the benefits of a smart city according to the passage?A. Improved quality of services.B. Reduced costs.C. Enhanced citizen-government contact.D. All of the above.Answers:65. C66. DPart II Matching (10 minutes)Read the following statements and match them with the correct passage (A, B, or C).67. The passage that discusses the annual growth rate of online education.68. The passage that mentions the concerns about the impact of technology on interpersonal skills.69. The passage that explains the definition and benefits ofa smart city.Answers:67. A68. B69. CPart III Vocabulary (10 minutes)Choose the best word to complete the sentences below.70. Despite the economic downturn, the company managed to_______ its profits.A. maintainB. increaseC. decreaseD. fluctuate71. The _______ of the old building has been approved by the city council.A. renovationB. demolitionC. constructionD. destructionAnswers:70. A71. BPart IV Close Reading (20 minutes)Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.Passage 4The rise of social media has transformed the way we interact with each other. It has become a platform for self-expression, where individuals can share their thoughts, experiences, and ideas. However, it has also raised concerns about privacy and the spread of misinformation.Questions:72. What is the main topic of this passage?A. The benefits of social media.B. The transformation of social interaction.C. The concerns of privacy and misinformation.D. The role of self-expression on social media.73. What concerns are raised in the passage about social media?A. The impact on self-expression.B. The potential for privacy violations.C. The spread of misinformation.D. Both B and C.Answers:72. B73. DPart V Error Correction (10 minutes)Below is a text with grammatical errors. Correct the errorsto make the text grammatically correct.74. Despite of the heavy rain, they decided to go out for a walk.75. She is one of the most talented musician I have ever met.Corrected Text:74. Despite the heavy rain, they decided to go out for a walk.75. She is one of the most talented musicians I have ever met. Part VI Translation (15 minutes)Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese。
大学英语六级阅读模拟考试题及答案大学英语六级阅读模拟考试题及答案A good beginning is half the battle.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的大学英语六级阅读模拟考试题及答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!American FootballAmerican football is a unique sport-it is a game about gaining territory as much as it is about scoring points. When two teams step onto a football field,each is battling for every inch it can take from the other.Each team wants to defend the field that is behind it and invade the field in front of it. Ultimately,they want to gain enough ground to score a touchdown or field goal.Ground RulesFootball is a game of inches played on a field measured in yards-English measurements are used to track movements on the field.Teams succeed based on how many yards they accumulate or allow. An official NFL (National Football League) football field is a rectangle that is 120 yards(110 m) long and 53 yards. I foot (49m) wide. Most fields are covered in grass and set in an outdoor (open-air} stadium. Some fields are made of artificial turf, which you'll find in many of the indoor stadiums.The most essential piece of equipment in a football game is the ball.Official NFL footballs are handmade by Wilson Sporting Goods Co. The football is an oblong (椭圆形的) sphere and has a lengthwise circumference(周线) and a width-wise circumference in the middle of the ball.With the equipment identified and the field set, we can now play a game.An NFL game is divided into four quarters with an extended halftime break between quarters two and three. Each quarter is 15 minutes long. lf the teams are tied after fourquarters of play,they play an additional overtime period of 15 minutes. Inthe overtime, the first team to score wins.While the game time adds up to one hour, it usually takes three to four hours to play a game. T eams can stop the clock by running out of bounds,throwing an incomplete pass, or calling a time-out, of which they have three per half. Time also stops for each of the two-minute warnings, observed two minutes prior to the end of the second and fourth quarters.Who's WhoAn NFL roster allows for no more than 53 players on a team. At any one time, only 11 players per team are allowed on the field. To understand an NFL roster, you have to identify the three teams within a team: theoffense. the defense and special teams. Each of these groups has specialized positions with a specific setof skills.OffenseA team's offense is responsible for taking the ball down the field toward its opponent's end zone. To do this. the offense throws the ball from one player to another or holds the ball and runs forward. Here are the basic offensive positions.Quarterback (QB)-This player throws the ball to receivers or hands it off to running backs. The quarterback is also known as the "field general,"because he's the on-the-field leader.Offensive linemen-These players provide blocking for the quarterback and running backs. Individual linemanpositions include:Center (C)-The center is located in the middle of the line. This player hikes the ball to the quarterback by bringing the ball up between his legs.Guards (LG/RG)-These two players flank the center.Tackles (LT/RT)-The tackles are positioned on the outside ofeach guard;teams have two tackles.Receivers-Receivers run down the field and catch balls thrown by the quarterback. Receivers are either wide receivers (WR) or tight ends (LTE/RTE).depending on where they are positioned on the field.Running backs-Running backs take the ball from the quarterback and run up the field. Depending on the fomation (arrangement of the offensive players, a running back might be called a tailback (TB), halfback (HB) or fullback (FB).DefenseWhen a team does not have possession of the ball, it is on defense and uses various methods to prevent theother team's offense from scoring. These players must tackle the offensive player who has the ball to stopthe offense from advancing.Defense will also try to take the ball away from the offense.Here are the basic defensive positions:Defensive linemen-The linemen put pressure on the quarterback by trying to tackle him before he releases the ball. They also try to stop running backs.There are typically three or four defensive linemen.Linebackers-When there are four linemen, there is a middle linebacker(MLB) and two outside linebackers (OLB). When there are three linemen. there are two inside linebackers (ILB) and two outside linebackers. Their job is to back up the linemen. as well as contain runners and cover receivers on some plays.Cornerbacks (CB)-The cornerbacks prevent the wide receivers from catching the ball by breaking up passes from the quarterback.Safeties-The safeties play deep behind the rest of thedefense to prevent a long pass or run. A strong safety (SS) lines up on the side of the field where there are more offensive players. The free safety (FS) plays a deep, middle position.Special TeamsIf a team has to kick the ball, it uses its special-teams unit. This unit includes the team's kickers, theoffensive line, and players who run down the field to tackle a returner(see below).Placekicker-The placekicker kicks the ball through the goalposts to score points and kicks the ball to theother team to start the game and after each scoring possession.Punter-The punter free-kicks the ball if his team cannot advance the ball down the field.Returner-During a kickoff or punt, the returner tries to catch the ball and return it as far as he can. A player can score a touchdown on a rcturn.Moving the Ball and Finding the End ZoneA football game begins with a coin toss to decide which team will receive the opening kickoff. From the opening kickoff, the two teams battle to take possession of the ball. Possession means that a team's offensive unit has the ball.A team can take possession of the ball in several ways:Receiving a kickoff-A team receives a kickoff at the beginning of each half and after the other team scores.Turnover-A team recovers a ball dropped by the other team (fumble)or picks off a ball thrown by the other team's quarterback (interception).Safety-A player is tackled in his own end zone, meaning the end zone his team is defending, so the other team gets the ball though a free kick.Punt-The defensive team stops the offensive team fromgetting 10 yards in three downs, and the offensive team free-kicks, or punts, the ball to the other team on third down.Turnover on downs-The offensive team fails to advance the ball lO yands in four downs and has to surrenderthe ball to the other team.For those new to the sport the last two scenarios on this list may not make sense. One of the most confusing concepts of American-style football is the down-and-distance system. Every time a team takes possessionof the ball, it is given a set of four downs, or attempts, to move the ball l0 yards. If the team can movethe ball lO yards or more Within four downs, the team gets another set of four downs to go another l0 yards, and so on. For instance, if a team advances 3 yards on first down, the next play is second down with 7 yards to go (second and 7); if the team then advances 5 yards on second down, the next play is third and 2; if the team then advances 2 or more yards on third down, the next play is back to first and lO, wich a whole new set of four downs during which to advance the ball.1.The success of a team is measured by means of_______________________.A) the yards it gainsB) the field goals it scoresC) the strategy it usesD) the touchdowns it scores2.When the teams need to play the overtime period,the team that__________________wins.A) gains more groundB) gets more touchdownsC) scores before the otherD) gets the first penalty kick3.How many timeouts are the teams allowed to have?A) Two for each quarter.B) Three for each half.C) Three for each quarter.D) Two for each half.4.What is included in an NFL roster?A) All the players on the team.B) The substitute players and coaches.C) Only the players allowed on the field.D) The offense,the defense and special teams.5.The role of the on-the-field leader is played by ______________________.A) a receiverB) a quarterbackC) a running backD) an offensive linemanually, offensive linemen consist of at least_______________players.A) threeB) fourC) fiveD) six7.In the defense team, the deepest defensive position is played by_________________.A) defensive linemenB) linebackersC) cornerbacksD) safeties8.Kicking a ball through the goalposts to gain points is the responsibility of____________________.9.The right of a team's opening kickoff is usually determined by___________________.lO.The offensive team will lose possession of the ball if it fails to gain lO yards in__________________.答案：1.[定位]根据题干中的success查找到第1个小标题Ground Rules 部分的首段第2句。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------六级快速快速阅读训练Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Passage1: The Next Society The new economy may or may not materialize, but there is no doubt that the next society will be with us shortly. In the developed world, and probably in the emerging countries as well, this new society will be a good deal more important than the new economy (if any). It will be quite different from the society of the late 20th century, and also different from what most people expect. Much of it will be unprecedented. And most of it is already here, or is rapidly emerging. In the developed countries, the dominant factor in the next society will be something to which most people are only just beginning to pay attention: the rapid growth in the older population and the rapid shrinking of the younger generation. Politicians everywhere still promise to save the existing pension system, but they--and their constituents--know perfectly well that in another 25 years people will have to keep working until their mid-70s, health permitting. What has not yet sunk in is that a growing number of older people--say those over 50--will not keep on working as traditional full time nine-to-five employees, but1/ 2will participate in the labor force in many new and different ways: as temporaries, as part-timers, as consultants on special assignments, and so on. What used to be personnel and are now known as human resources departments still assume that those who work for an organization are full-time employees. Employment laws and regulations are based on the same assumption. Within 20 or 25 years, however, perhaps as many as half the people who work for an organization will not be employed by it, certainly not on a full-time basis. This will be especially true for older people. New ways of working with people at arm’s length will increasingly become the central managerial issue of employing organizations, and not just of businesses. The shrinking of the younger population will cause an even greater upheaval, if only because nothing...。
六级阅读理解模拟练习附答案六级阅读理解模拟练习1：Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on peoples physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well， the air is full of ions， electrically charged particles， and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm， earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral， Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibres， or from TV sets， duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches， fatigue， irritability，and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected， particularly before earthquakes，snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation， rats to flee from their burrows， dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely， when large numbers of negative ions are present， then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea， close to waterfalls or fountains， or in any place where water is sprayed， or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea， or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors， some scientists recommend the use of ionisers： small portable machines， which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course， there are the detractors， other scientists， who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves， or on others， of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.1.What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?A.They think they are insane.B.They feel rather bad-tempered and short-fussed.C.They become violently sick.D.They are too tired to do anything.2.In accordance with the passage， static electricity can be caused by___.ing home-made electrical goods.B.wearing clothes made of natural materials.C.walking on artificial floor coverings.D.copying TV programs on a computer.3.A high negative ion count is likely to be found___.A.near a pound with a water pump.B.close to a slow-flowing river.C.high in some barren mountains.D.by a rotating water sprinkler.4.What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?A.Ionisers.B.Air-conditioners.C.Exhaust-fansD.Vacuum pumps.5.Some scientists believe that___.A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seismography.B.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be trusted.C.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliable.D.earthquake答案：BCDAA六级阅读理解模拟练习2：Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families， while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people，and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles. But by the middle of this century， mens and womens roles were becoming less firmly fixed.In the 1950s， economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in childcare， men began to sharechild-raising tasks with their wives. In fact， some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. In addition， many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.In terms of numbers， the counterculture was not a very large group of people. But its influence spread to many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on “overtime” work so that they could spend more leisure time with theirfamilies. Some doctors， lawyers， and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.In the 1970s， the feminist movement， or womens liberation， produced additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers. Most of them still took traditional womens jobs as public school teaching， nursing，and secretarial work. But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations： police work， banking， dentistry， and construction work. Women were asking for equal work， and equal opportunities for promotion.Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women. Naturally， there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.1.Which of the following best express the main idea of Paragraph 1?A.Women usually worked outside the home for wages.B.Men and womens roles were easily exchanged in the past.C.Mens roles at home were more firmly fixed than womens.D.Men and womens roles were usually quite separated in the past.2.Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph 2?A.The first sentence.B.The second and the third sentences.C.The fourth sentence.D.The last sentence.3.In the passage the author proposes that the counterculture___.A.destroyed the United States.B.transformed some American values.C.was not important in the United States.D.brought people more leisure time with their families.4.It could be inferred from the passage that___.A.men and women will never share the same goals.B.some men will be willing to exchange their traditional male roles.C.most men will be happy to share some of the household responsibilities with their wives.D.more American households are headed by women than ever before.5.The best title for the passage may be ___.A.Results of Feminist MovementsB.New influence in American LifeC.Counterculture and Its consequenceD.Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles.答案：DCBCB。
Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Entertainment in LondonBuying BooksLondoners are great readers. They buy vast numbers of newspapers and magazines and even of books especially paperbacks, which are still comparatively cheap in spite of ever-increas ing rises in the costs of printing. They still continue to buy "proper" books, too, printed on good paper and bound between hard covers.There are many streets in London containing shops which specialize in book-selling. Perhaps the best known of these is Charing Cross Road in the very heart of London. Here bookshops of all sorts and sizes are to be found, from the celebrated one which boasts of being "the biggest bookshop in the world" to the tiny, dusty little places which seem to have been left over from Dickens' time. Many of them specialize in second-hand books, in art books, in foreign books, in books of philosophy, politics or any other of the various subjects about which books may be written. One shop in this area specializes solely in books about ballet!Although it may be the most convenient place for Londoners to buy books, Charing Cross Road is not the cheapest. For the really cheap second-hand volumes, the collector must venture off the busy and crowded roads, to Farringdon Road in the East Central district of London. Here there is nothing so grand as bookshops. Instead, the booksellers come along each morning and tip out their sacks of books on to barrows(推车) which line the gutters(贫民区). And the collectors, some professional and some amateur, who have been waiting for them, pounce towards the sellers. In places like this one can still, occas ionally, pick up for a few pence an old volume that may be worth many pounds.Both Charing Cross Road and Farringdon Road are well-known places of the book buyer. Yet all over London there are bookshops, in places not so well known, where the books are equally varied and exciting. It is in the sympathetic atmosphere of such shops that the loyal book buyer feels most at home. In these shops, even the life-long book-browser is frequently rewarded by the accidental discovery of previously unknown delights. One could, in fact, easily spend a lifetime exploring London's bookshops. There are many less pleasant ways of spending time!Going to the TheatreLondon is very rich in theatres: there are over forty in the West End alone--more than enough to ensure that there will always be at least two or three shows running to suit every kind tas te, whether serious or lighthearted.Some of them are specialist theatres. The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, where the great opera singers of the world can be heard, is the home of opera and the Royal Ballet. The London Coliseum now houses the English National Opera Company, which encourages English singers in particular and performs most operas in English at popular prices.Some theatres concentrate on the classics and serious drama, some on light comedy, some on musicals. Most theatres have a personality of their own, from the old, such as the Theatre Royal (also called the "Haymarket") in the Haymarket, to the more modern such as the recently opened Baibican centre in the city. The National Theatre has three separate theatres in its new building by Waterloo Bridge. At the new Barbican centre the Royal Shakespeare Company has their London home—their other centre is at Stratford-on-Avon.Most of the old London theatres are concentrated in a very small area, within a stone's throw of the Piccadilly and Leicester Square tube stations. As the evening performances normally begin either at seven-thirty or eight p. m., there is a kind of minor rush-hour between seven-fifteen and eight o'clockin this district. People stream out of the nearby tube stations, the pavements are crowded, and taxis and private cars maneuver into position as they drop theatre-goers outside the entrance to each theatre. There is another minor rush-hour when the performance finishes. The theatre in London is very popular and it is not always easy to get in to see a successful play.Before World War Ⅱ, theatre performances began later and a visit to the theatre was a more formal occasion. Nowadays very few people "dress" for the theatre (that is, wear formal evening dress) except for first nights or an important performance. The times of performance were put forward during the war and have not been put back. The existing times make the question of eating a rather tricky problem: one has to have either early dinner or late supper. Many restaurants in "theatreland" ease the situation by catering specially for early or late dinners.Television and the difficulty of financing plays have helped to close many theatres. But it seems that the worst of the situation is now over and that the theatre, after a period of decline, is about to pick up again. Although some quite large provincial towns do not have a professional theatre, there are others, such as Nottingham, Hull, Coventry or Newcastle, which have excellent companies and where a series of plays are performed during one season by a resident group of actors. Some towns such as Chichester or Edinburgh have theatres which give summer seasons. Even in small towns a number of theatres have been built in the last few years to cater for the local population.Music in BritainIt is debatable whether the tastes of kings reflect those of their subjects. However, three English monarchs certainly shared their people's linking for music. Richard Ⅰ(1157-1199), the "Lionheart", composed songs that he sang with his musician, Blondel. It is said that when the king was a prisoner in Austria, Blondel found him by singing a song known only to him and the king, who took up the tune in the tower of the castle in which he was secretly imprisoned. Henry VⅢ(1491-1547), notorious for his six wives, was a skilled musician and some of his songs are still known and sung. Queen Victoria (1819-1901) and her husband, Prince Albert, delighted in singing ballads. The great composer and pianist Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) was a welcome guest at their court, where he would accompany the Queen and the Prince when they sang.The British love of music is often unfamiliar to foreigners, probably because there are few renowned British composers. The most famous is Henry Purcell (1658-1695), whose opera "Dido and Aeneas" is a classic. The rousing marching song "Lillibulero" attributed to Purcell, now used by BBC as an identification signal preceding Overseas Service news bulletins, was said to have "sung James Ⅱout of three kingdoms" when he fled from Britain in 1688. Sir Edward Elgar (1857-1934) is known for his choral and orchestral works, some of which have been made more widely known by the famous violinist Yehudi Menuhin. Benjamin Britten (1913-1976), a composer with a very personal style, has become world-famous for such operatic works as "Peter Grimes" and "Billy Budd". Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) was deeply influenced by English folk music, as is shown by his variations on the old tune "Green-sleeves" (which most people consider a folk song). In recent years there has been a g reat revival of folk music, and groups specializing in its performance have sprung up all over Britain. This phenomenon has its roots in the work of Cecil Sharp (1859-1924), who collected folk songs and dances.Present-day concern with music is shown by the existence of something like a hundred summer schools in music, which cater for all grades of musicians, from the mere beginner to the skilled performer. These schools, where a friendly atmosphere reigns, provide courses lasting from a weekend to three or four weeks, and cover a wide range, from medieval and classical music to rock-and-roll and pop. There are also important musical festivals in towns such as Aldeburgh, Bath, and Cheltenham.Pop-music festivals draw thousands of people, especially young people. In the great cities there are resident world-famous orchestras and from all over the world great performers come to play or sing in Britain. In many towns there are brass bands, and the players are often such people as miners or members of the local fire brigade, for music in Britain is not just an elegant interest, it is above all democratic.1. Which of the following do the great readers in London probably buy the least?A) NewspaperB) MagazineC) PaperbackD) Hardback2. Chafing Cross Road is very famous because______.A) all kinds of bookstores are along the streetsB) it lies right in the center of LondonC) they have the cheapest books in LondonD) the biggest bookstore in the world is there3. What can you learn about Farringdon Road?A) It's to the east of London.B) It's a street of bookstores.C) It's a center for second-hand books.D) It's where worthless books are sold.4. What does the author mean by saying "some of them are specialist theatres"?A) Those theatres only have operas showB) The theatres are especially good for their ballet showC) These theatres offer really affordable ticketD) They each hold a special type of play or show5. Because of the theatre performances, the area around Piccadilly and Leicester Square tube stations gets crowded______.A) before seven-thirtyB) between seven and eightC) at about eight o'clockD) from seven-fifteen to eight6. What kind of change did World War I1 bring to the theatres?A) The putting forward of dinnerB) The costume of the performanceC) The time of the performanceD) The restaurants nearly offer different food7. What, according to the author, caused the decline of theatre business?A) There are not professional theatres in large provincial towns.B) During World War Ⅱ, a lot of theatres were destroyed.C) Some people begin to choose stay at home and watch TV.D) The performance of the plays is becoming worse and worse.8. According to the author, three music lovers of the royal family members are________________________9. The British love of music is not known to foreigners for__________________.10. The courses offered by summer school in music where a friendly atmosphere reigns last________________________2Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Freud‟s Study on “Human Mind”Most people often dream at night. When they wake in the morning they say to themselves, “What a strange dream I had! I wonder what made me dream that.”Sometimes dreams are frightening. Sometimes, in dreams, wishes come true. At other times we are troubled by strange dreams in which the world seems to have been turned upside-down and nothing makes sense.In dreams we do things which we would never do when we're awake. We think and say things we would never think and say. Why are dreams so strange and unfamiliar? Where do dreams come from?No one has produced a more satisfying answer than a man called Sigmund Freud. He said that dreams come from a part of one's mind which one can neither recognize nor control. He named this the “unconscious mind” .Sigmund Freud was born about a hundred years ago. He lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria, but ended his days in London, soon after the beginning of the Second World War.The new worlds Freud explored were inside man himself. For the unconscious mind is like a deep well, full of memories and feelings. These memories and feelings have been stored there from the moment of our birth. Our conscious mind has forgotten them. We do not suspect that they are there until some unhappy or unusual experience causes us to remember, or to dream dreams. Then suddenly we see the same thing and feel the same way we felt when we were little children.This discovery of Freud's is very important if we wish to understand why people act as they do. For the unconscious forces inside us are at least as powerful as the conscious forces we know about. Sometimes we do things without knowing why. If we don't, the reasons may lie deep in our unconscious minds.When Freud was a child he cared about the sufferings of others, so it isn't surprising that he became a doctor when he grew up. He learned all about the way in which the human body works. But he became more and more curious about the human mind. He went to Paris to study with a famous French doctor, Charcot. At that time it seemed that no one knew very much about the mind. If a person went mad, or “out of his mind”, there was not much that could be done a bout it. People didn't understand at all what was happening to the madman. Had he been possessed by a devil or evil spirit? Was God punishing him for wrong-doing? Often such people were shut away from the ordinary people as if they had done some terrible crime.This is still true today in many places. Doctors prefer to experiment on those parts of a man which they can see and examine. If you cut a man's head open you can see his brain. But you can't see his thoughts or ideas or dreams.In Freud's day few doctors were interested in these subjects. Freud wanted to know how our minds work. He learned a lot from Charcot. He returned to Vienna in 1886 and began work as a doctor in nerve diseases. He got married and began to receive more and more patients at home. Most of the patients who came to see him were women. They were over-excited and anxious, sick in mind rather than in body. Medicine did not help them. Freud was full of sympathy but he could do little to make them better.Then one day a friend, Dr Josef Breuer, came to see him. He told Freud about a girl he was looking after. The girl seemed to get better when she was allowed to talk about herself. She told Dr Breuer everything that came into her mind. And each time she talked to him she remembered more about her life as a little child. Freud was excited when he heard this. He began to try to cure his patients in the same way. He asked about the events of their early childhood. He urged them to talk about their own experiences and relationships. He himself said very little. Often, as he listened, his patients relived moments from their past life. They trembled with anger and fear, hate and love. They acted as though Freud was their father or mother or lover.The doctor did not make any attempt to stop them. He quietly accepted whatever they told him, the good things and the bad. Also one young woman who came to him couldn't drink anything, although she was very thirsty. Something prevented her from drinking.Freud discovered the reason for this. One day, as they were talking, the girl remembered having seen a dog drink from her nurse's glass. She hadn't told the nurse, whom she disliked. She had forgotten the whole experience. But suddenly this childhood memory returned to mind. When she had told it all to Dr Freud—the nurse, the dog, the glass of water —the girl was able to drink again.Freud called this treatment the …talking cure‟. Later it was called psychoanalys is. When patients talked freely about the things that were troubling them they often felt better.The things that patients told him sometimes gave Freud a shock. He discovered that the feelings of very young children are not so different from those of their parents. A small boy may love his mother so much that he wants to kill his father. At the same time he loves his father and is deeply ashamed of this wish. It is difficult to live with such mixed feelings, so they fade away into the unconscious mind and only return in troubled dreams.It was hard to believe that people could become blind, or lose the power of speech, because of what had happened to them when they were children.Freud was attacked from all s ides for what he discovered. But he also found firm friends. Many people believed that he had at last found a way to unlock the secrets of the human mind, and to help people who were very miserable. He had found the answer to many of life's great questions.He became famous all over the world and taught others to use the talking cure. His influence on modern art, literature and science cannot be measured. People who wrote books and plays, people who painted pictures and people who worked in schools, hospitals and prisons all learned something from the great man who discovered a way into the unconscious mind.Not all of Freud's ideas are accepted today. But others have followed where he led and have helped us to understand ourselves better. Because of him, and them, there is more hope today than there has ever been before for people who were once just called “crazy”.1. So far, Freud is the only one who can ______________.A) study human‟s thoughts, ideas and dreamsB) provide us the most satisfying reply to where dreams come fromC) tell us the reason why we will dream at nightD) offer us some help in mental problems2. Freud _____________________.A) spent most of his life in Vienna as well as LondonB) ended his life after World War IIC) spend most of his life in Vienna, AustriaD) passed away in Austria before the World War Ⅱ3. When Freud was a grown-up, ___________________.A) he was more interested in human mind than the way the human body worksB) he focused his study on the human mind instead of human bodyC) he shifted his attention to the study of psychologyD) he was most interested in the study of how human body works4. In Freud‟s day, _________________.A) a number of doctors concentr ated on the human‟s dreamsB) a lot of students admired Freud‟s study very muchC) no doctor would like to work with Freud togetherD) no doctors were interested in human‟s ideas, thoughts or dreams5. According to the passage, Dr Josef Breuer ________________.A) gave Freud some help in Freud‟s studyB) was one of the workmates of FreudC) was a doctor who specialized in the study of human bodyD) offtered some advice in Freud‟s study6. According to the passage, psychoanalysis was a process ________________.A) in which patients would not participateB) in which patients must say something great they encountered beforeC) in which patients could do what they like to doD) in which patients could speak out his bad fortune freely in order to make themselves reassured7. Freud found with a shock that ________________.A) young children and their parents couldn‟t stay together for a long timeB) yong children were always obedient to their parentsC) young children were not so different from their parents in feelingsD) young children and his parents differed largely in feelings8. Although much attack pointed to Freud, it was also thought by many people that Freud had a way to uncover the secrets of __________and to help miserable people.9. According to the passage, it is hardly to measure Freud‟s influence on modern art, ___ _________.10. According to the passage, at present Freud‟s study brings a lot of hope to people once called “______.”3Pollution: A Life and Death IssueOne of the main themes of Planet under Pressure is the way many of the Earth's environmental crises reinforce one another. Pollution is an obvious example-we do not have the option of growing food, or finding enough water, on a squeaky-clean planet, but on one increasingly tarnished and trashed by the way we have used it so far.Cutting waste and clearing up pollution cost money. Yet time and again it is the quest for wealth that generates much of the mess is the first place. Living in a way that is less damaging to the Earth is not easy, but it is vital, because pollution is pervasive and often life-threatening.Air: the World Health Organization (WHO) says three million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel. Most are in poor countries.Water: diseases carried in water are responsible for 80% of illnesses and deaths in developing countries, killing a child every eight seconds. Each year 2.1 million people die from diarrhoeal (痢疾的) diseases associated with poor water.Soil: contaminated land is a problem in industrialized countries, where former factories and power stations can leave waste like heavy metals in the soil. It can also occur in developing countries, sometimes used for dumping pesticides. Agriculture can pollute land with pesticides, nitrate-rich fertilizers and slurry from livestock. And when the contamination reaches rivers it damages life there, and can even create dead zones off the coast, as in the Gulf of Mexico.Chronic ProblemChemicals are a frequent pollutant. When we think of chemical contamination it is often images of events like Bhopal that come to mind. But the problem is widespread. One study says 7～20% of cancers are attributable to poor air and pollution in homes and workplaces. The WHO, concerned about chemicals that persist and build up in the body, especially in the young, says we may "be conducting a large-scale experiment with children's health".Some man-made chemicals, endocrine (内分泌) disruptors like phthalates (酞酸盐) and nonylphenol-a breakdown product of spermicides (杀精子剂), cosmetics and detergents-are blamed for causing changes in the genitals of some animals. Affected species include polar bears-so not even the Arctic is immune. And the chemicals climb the food chain, from fish to mammals, and to us.About 70,000 chemicals are on the market, with around 1,500 new ones appearing annually. At least 30,000 are thought never to have been comprehensively tested for their possible risks to peop le.At first glance, the plastic buckets stacked in the corner of the environmental NGO office look like any others. But the containers are an unlikely weapon in one poor community's fight against oil companies which they say are responsible for widespread ill-health caused by years of pollution. The vessels are used by a network of local volunteers, known as the Bucket Brigade, to gather air samples in neighborhoods bordering oil refineries, as part of a campaign to monitor and document air pollution which they believe is coming from the plants.In South Africa, as in many developing and newly industrialized countries, legislation on air pollution has failed to keep pace with mushrooming industries. So local residents, like many in poor communities around the globe, have faced the problem of investigating their claim that industries on their doorsteps are making them sick.Trade-offBut the snag is that modern society demands many of them, and some are essential for survival. So while we invoke the precautionary principle, which always recommends erring on the side of caution, we have to recognize there will be trade-offs to be made.The pesticide DDT does great damage to wildlife and can affect the human nervous system, but can also be effective against malaria (疟疾). Where does the priority lie?The industrialized world has not yet cleaned up the mess it created, but it is reaping the benefits of the pollution it has caused. It can hardly tell the developing countries that they have no right to follow suit.Another complication in tackling pollution is that it does not respect political frontiers. There is a U.N. convention on trans-boundary air pollution, but that cannot cover every problem that can arise between neighbors, or between states which do not share a border. Perhaps the best example is climate change-the countries of the world share one atmosphere, and what one does can affect everyone.For One and All.One of the principles that are supposed to apply here is simple-the polluter pays. Sometimes it is obvious who is to blame and who must pay the price, but it is not always straightforward to work out just who is the polluter, or whether the rest of us would be happy to pay the price of stopping the pollution.One way of cleaning up after ourselves would be to throw less away, designing products to be recycled or even just to last longer.Previous generations worked on the assumption that discarding our waste was a proper way to get rid of it, so we used to dump nuclear materials and other potential hazards at sea, confident they would be dispersed in the depths.We now think that is too risky because, as one author wrote, "there's no such place as 'away', and there's no such person as the 'other'."Irritating AirDespite recent improvements, however, the health problems are still there. A 2002 medical study, carried out by Durban's Nelson Mandela School of Medicine and a U.S. university, found that an abnormally high 52% of students and teachers at a primary school bordering the Engen plant suffered from asthma (哮喘). It found that increases in air pollution tended to aggravate asthma symptoms in children.The petrol producers do not dispute the findings but argue that researchers were unable to establish a causal link between air pollution and the high prevalence of asthma among the school population.For the community, the next step is to take legal action. But, according to internationally recognized environmentalist Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as it would be near-impossible to prove that illnesses suffered were caused by pollution coming from a particular plant.Mr. Peek, who grew up beneath Engen's stacks, says the activists are now considering taking action against the authorities. "We are now looking at suing the government on constitutional grounds, for failing to ensure our right to protection from a harmful environment as stipulated in the constitution," he said.Legislative ChangeA new batch (批) of environmental laws, the National Air Quality Management Act, has just been passed by the South African parliament to replace outdated 1965 legislation with tighter controls and tougher sanctions.Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to improve the situation. "I share the anger and frustration of this community. It is long overdue," he told the South African Broadcasting Corporation.The local authorities have also established a "Multi-Point Plan" for the area. They say it is a powerful model for tackling pollution and points to a 40% reduction in sulphur dioxide emiss ions in recent years.1. According to World Health Organization, how many people are killed by outdoor air pollution?[A] 3 million[B] 2.1 million[C] 1.6 million[D] 3.2 million2. Land can be polluted by ________ from agriculture.[A] heavy metals[B] pesticides and nitrate-poor fertilizers[C] slurry from livestock[D] rubbish3. What kind of animal affected by man-made chemicals is not referred in the passage?[A] Polar bears.[B] Mammals.[C] People.[D] Birds.4. What do local residents claim for?[A] They are sick because of years of pollution.[B] They are sick because of industries on their doorsteps.[C] They are sick because of pesticides from agriculture.[D] They are sick because of air pollution.5. The pesticide DDT can be effective against ________.[A] malaria[B] wildlife[C] animals[D] human nervous system6. There is a U.N. convention that can cover ________.[A] problem between neighbors[B] problem between states which do not share a border[C] problems on air pollution[D] trans-boundary air pollution7. What is not said to be a way of cleaning up after ourselves?[A] Throw less away.[B] Design recycled products.[C] Don't use it again.[D] Last longer.8. It found that increases in air pollution tended to ________________________.9. According to Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as it would benear-impossible to prove that illnesses suffered were caused by ________________________.10. Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to ________________________.。
