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UNIT 11 Accident causation models事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers’health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena, and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss.安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进作业人员的工作健康和安全。
在制定预防措施时，了解事故和其他有害事件的原因，以及它们如何发展是非常重要的。
事故理论的目的是刻画事故的现象，并解释导致事故发生的机制。
所有现代的理论都是基于事故的因果关系模型，改模型试图解释最终产生损失的事件序列。
In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents.在古代，事故被看作是上帝的行为，人们很少可以去防止它们。
Unit One安全管理safety management 事故致因accident causation 不安全行为unsafe acts不安全状态unsafe conditions企业安全文化corporate safety culture安全政策safety policyUnit Two系统安全工程system safety engineering 危险辩识hazard identification/identified危险控制hazard control 安全评价safety evaluation危险分析hazard analysis安全准则safety criteria Unit Three安全人机工程safety ergonomics 工作效率work efficiency工作压力job stressors伤害率injury rate人机过程ergonomics process职业伤残work injuryUnit Four工伤保险injury insurance 人因失误human error风险评估risk assessment人机系统ergonomics system工业事故industrial system事故类型accident types Unit Five职业安全健康occupational health and safety职业安全健康管理体系occupational health and safety management system危险源分析hazard analysis 事故分析accident analysis风险管理risk management职业伤害occupational injury Unit Six工业卫生industrial hygiene 物理危害physical hazards 化学危害chemical hazards非电离辐射non-ionizing radiation生物危害biological hazards职业病occupational diseaseUnit Seven安全文化safety culture企业文化corporate culture 高危行业high-risk industry事故率accident rate应急预案emergency plan安全评审safety review Unit Eight安全激励safety motivation 自我激励self-motivation个人需求individual demand 社会需求social needs安全氛围safety atmosphere 生理需求physiological needs。
一、专业词汇翻译mine n. 矿山，矿井。
v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤coalfield n. 煤田strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向roadway n. 巷道mining district 采区coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面ventilation n. 通风bolt v. 打锚杆；n. 锚杆immediate roof 直接顶；floor 底板；gas，methane 瓦斯outcrop 露头，露出地面的岩层fault n. 断层occurrence 赋存coalfield 煤田air shaft风井surrounding rock 围岩Mine ventilation 矿山通风internal combustion engine 内燃机dilute冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释contaminant 污染物noxious 有害的exhaust shaft 出风井colliery 煤矿trap door 通风门moisture content 湿度rank 品级bituminous 烟煤anthracite 无烟煤igneous[地]火成的natural fracture原生裂隙cleat【地质】割理porosity 多孔性sorptive吸附的Permeability渗透性free gas游离状态瓦斯adsorbed gas吸附状态瓦斯voidage孔隙度adsorption isotherm吸附等温线Methane drainage 瓦斯抽放Borehole 钻孔★Accident Causation Models：事故致因模型★System safety：系统安全★Hazard analysis：危害分析★Hazard identification：危险源辨识★Ergonomics process 人机工程过程★Hazard Identification 危险源辨识★safety culture 安全文化★corporate culture 企业文化★Accident Investigation：事故调查★mine fire 矿井火灾二、句型翻译★1、Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors.Rasmussen和Jensen提出了一种技能—规范—知识的三级模型，用来描述不同类型的人为失误的来源。
Unit 1 safety management systemAccident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。
安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译Introduction《安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译》是一本专门针对安全工程专业的英语学习教材。
该教材主要围绕安全工程领域的基础理论、先进技术和相关实践进行了详细的介绍和解析，并提供了中英文对照的翻译。
本文档将对《安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译》的主要内容进行总结和梳理，以Markdown文本格式输出，方便学习者进行查阅和学习。
目录1.第一章：安全工程概述2.第二章：安全管理3.第三章：安全工程建设4.第四章：安全评价与风险管理5.第五章：安全监测与故障诊断6.第六章：安全仪器设备与技术7.第七章：安全应急管理8.第八章：安全生产与环境保护9.第九章：安全法规与标准10.第十章：安全知识与实务第一章：安全工程概述安全工程是一门跨学科的学科领域，它综合运用工程学、管理学、社会学等多个学科的理论和方法来保障人们的生命财产安全。
本章主要介绍了安全工程的定义、发展历程以及当代安全工程面临的挑战。
同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。
第二章：安全管理安全管理是安全工程的核心内容之一，它涉及到组织、计划、控制、协调和改进等方面的工作。
本章主要介绍了安全管理的基本原理和主要方法，包括风险管理、事故调查与分析、安全规划与组织等方面的内容。
同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。
第三章：安全工程建设安全工程建设是为了预防和减少事故发生而采取的一系列措施和技术手段。
本章主要介绍了安全工程建设的原则和方法，并详细介绍了建设过程中需要注意的事项和技术要点。
同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。
第四章：安全评价与风险管理安全评价与风险管理是对安全工程进行评估和控制的重要手段。
本章主要介绍了安全评价和风险管理的方法和技术，包括定量风险评估、风险控制策略、安全标准与规范等方面的内容。
同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。
第五章：安全监测与故障诊断安全监测与故障诊断是对安全工程运行状态进行监测和故障诊断的重要手段。
The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。
）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。
）The purpose of a driller is to holes.（译为“钻孔”）A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.（译为“车”）The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。
）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。
）The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines.（译为“炼钢”，不译“制造刚”。
）An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.（译为“很大阻力”，不译“高阻力”）Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater.物质可以转换为能，能也可以转化为物质。
Unit 1 safety man ageme nt system Accide nt causatio n models 事故致因理论Safety man ageme nt 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machi ne guard机械保护装置ingHouse-keep ing 工作场所管理Top man ageme高层管理人员ntHuma n errors 人因失误Accide nt-pro nen ess models 事故倾向模型Mun iti ons factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risk ing tak ing 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss preve nti on 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard con trol 危险控制Inten sive study 广泛研究Organi zati onal performa nee 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Shop-floor 生产区Seni ority资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Abse nteeism rate 缺勤率Power relatio ns 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level man ageme nt 低层管理者Busin ess performa nee 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety prin eiple 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Impleme nt pla n 执行计戈UHazard ide ntificati on 危险辨识Safety performa nee 安全性能译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。
Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。
Breath of fresh airWith no aspect of underground mine safety more fundamental than proper ventilation, various modern systems are being used to ensure airflow is safe for workersBY BREE FREEMANWhen it comes to underground mine workings, few things are more important than adequate ventilation. Every year enormous efforts are made to maintain and improve airflow to working areas. This is to dilute emissions below statutory limits, render the air harmless, carry away hazardous contaminants and provide necessary levels of oxygen for the miners. As a result, ventilation systems form a crucial pan of the design of any mine, the layout of which is determined by the orebody geology, legislation, available manpower, mining methods and the equipment used.Specific environmental issues such as virgin rock temperatures, spontaneous combustion and dust control further complicate theoretical ventilation systems. Moreover, whatever system is eventually planned will inevitably suffer from imperfect implementation and control because of the day-to-day complexities of the extraction operation.“V entilation in the modem mine is an essential prerequisite, perhaps even more so than in the past.Apart from the obvious biological aspect of preventing depletion of oxygen and the build-up of carbon dioxide in the air, the mine-ventilation system must be able to keep quantities of contaminants below harmful levels,”says Mike Beare, principal mining engineer for consultancy SRK.He explains: “A modern mine has many sources of harmful substances, including fumes from explosives, dust from broken rock and gases present in the rocks themselves. in addition to these, the modem approach to mining (including the use of diesel-engine trucks and loaders) results in large quantities of CO, nitrous fumes and diesel-particulate matter entering the mine airflow. While scrubbers are fitted, they do not remove all the contaminants and the ventilation system has to be designed to be able to dilute these to safe levels.”These issues demonstrate the need for expert design, observes SRK, which also signals the need for ventilation costs to be minimised in the same way as any other cost aspect As a result, various production scenarios need to be addressed at the outset.Central to all of these calculations is the simple fact that airflow is determined by temperature and pressure differences, air flows from high-pressure to low-pressure areas . In a mine, It is caused by pressure differences between the intake and exhaust openings. Airflow follows a square-law relationship between volume and pressure - in order to double the volume of air, four times the pressure must be exerted.CREATING THE PRESSUREThere are two main types of fan:●Axial: these are generally high-volume, low-pressure fans, either directlydriven by the motor shaft (with the motor inside the tube body) or remotely driven using belts (with the motor outside the tube body). These are generally adjustable for volume by setting the pitch of the adjustable blades on the rotor and, in some cases, motor speed can be tailored to adjust volume and pressure.●Centrifugal: these are generally high-pressure, low-volume fans that consist ofa multi-bladed, squirrel-cage wheel in which the leading edge of the fanblades curves toward the direction of rotation. These fans have low space requirements, low tip speeds and are relatively quiet.AUXILIARY VENTILATIONThe ventilation of dead-end workplaces is the most frequent and Important application of auxiliary ventilation. It is used for both development and exploration work, as well as for production headings with only one entrance. A major inconvenience with any method of auxiliary ventilation during development is the necessity of frequent extension. The auxiliary airstream must be delivered as dose to the face as possible so that it can sweep away any impurities that have been generated.The two main methods of ventilating the faces of dead-end workplaces are erecting line-brattice (air entering on one side of the brattice and returning In the other side) and the installation of a fan, coupled with ventilation tubing.The practice of redirecting the main ventilation system with smaller, local fans is used where a line brattice is not adequate. Tubing, often suspended from timbers or roof bolts (if approved), carries the air to, or away from, the working face (tubing is rigid for exhaust systems and collapsible for forcing systems). This auxiliary ventilation system allows continuous miners to operate without being obstructed by brattice constructions.In addition, booster fans can be located in long airways to boost the airflow volume. These fans can be free-standing and used without using bulkheads.CIRCULATION CONTROLSMine-ventilation systems present a unique challenge in that the workfaces are normally moving away from the source of fresh air.This requires continuous changes to the ventilation system. These controls are needed to distribute the air underground, so that each working section Is ventilated with an adequate supply of fresh air.The various devices work collectively to direct the movement of the air through the main Intakes to the working section and move out through the returns without short-circuiting, which occurs when air from the intake goes directly into the return.ELIMINATING DIESEL EMISSIONSAs Mr Bear commented above, reducing harmful diesel emissions is another vital aspect of improving underground working conditions. But, while diesel-engine manufacturers and machine OEMs should be acknowledged for their combined achievements. In reducing pollutants, there would always be a percentage of emissions that must be strictly monitored, diluted and vented to the surface. What isneeded is an alternative to diesel, and some people believe fuel cells could be the key.A 2003 study by the University of Nevada used data obtained from a survey sent to 173 US metal and non-metal underground mines. From a 61% return, the survey included 4,786 diesel units (totalling 478,200kW), collectively consuming about 68MI/y of diesel fuel.As of January 20, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) enacted a regulation limiting total DPM (diesel particulate matter) emissions from diesel engines to an Interim 450Ngm of total carbon/cm' of ambient air, and suggested it would be reduced further to 160pgm in January 2008.Extensive use of diesel-powered mobile equipment has resulted in the development of mining methods such as drift and fill stoping, which, in most circumstances, require …dead-end‟auxiliary ventilation rather than 'through-flow' ventilation. Since it can be harder and more expensive to ventilate these stopes, and meet the DPM regulations, most mines will have to modify their operating practices.Mines can exploit increased ventilation to help meet the DPM criteria, but this involves considerable costs since fan power Is proportional to cubic-air quantity, and purchasing and installing fans is very expensive.So, perhaps the use of total emission-free machines in our coal mines Is closer than we think.在矿业安全的方面没有比合适的通风更重要，为了矿工的安全各种各样的先进系统被用于保证风流的通畅。
安全工程专业英语Unit11. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it.由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。
2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field.这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。
3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ.尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。
Unit 1 safety management systemAccident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational cultu re is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration – that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。
由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。
The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management.译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。
这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。
Unit 2 System Safety EngineeringSystem safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果Engineering practice 工程实践Safety problem 安全问题Accelerating technology 快速发展的技术Safety effort 安全投入System’s life cycle 系统的生命周期System effectiveness 系统有效性Logical reasoning 逻辑推理Potential accident 潜在事故Accident cause 事故原因Logical programming 合理的规划System hazard 系统危害Safety input 安全投入Inherently safe system 本质安全系统Schedule delays 进度拖延Concept phase 初步计划阶段Safety criteria 安全标准Government regulations 政府管制System operation 系统运行System analysis 系统分析System design 系统设计Aid in 有助于Equipment specifications 设备说明Maintenance plans 维护计划Safety problems 安全问题Development phase 发展阶段Operation phase 运行阶段Performance reviews 绩效评估Disposal phase 处理阶段Intuitive process 直觉过程Make decisions 做决定Hazard control 危险控制Protective apparel 防护服Engineering solutions 工程方法/手段Protective devices 保护装置Warning devices 报警装置Incorrect interpretation 误解Hazardous material 危险物质Work area layout 工业区布局Educational solutions 教育方法/手段Training sessions 培训会议Safety promotion programs 安全促进项目Administrative solutions 行政方法/手段Personnel selection 人员选择Safety shoes 安全鞋Safety belt 安全带Safety glasses 防护眼镜Accident prevention 事故预防Technical system 技术系统Responsible official 负责人Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. For an analysis to be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. Its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. Anyone who has a thorough, working knowledge of both the system under consideration and the analysis technique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. In practice, the efforts of several persons with varying backgrounds are usually required to assure that meaningful and comprehensive hazard information is obtained.译文：危险分析过程不是凭直觉就能完成的。
对于一个有意义的分析，必须在有效的假设基础上对系统进行合理的、准确的描述。
它的成功主要取决于进行分析的人所具有的技能与知识。
只要对被研究的系统和用于分析的技术有全面的了解，任何人都可以进行危险分析。
在实践过程中，要想获得全面而有价值的危险信息，必须要一些具有不同知识背景的人共同努力才行。
System safety engineering is a relatively new approach to accident prevention. Its concepts and techniques have evolved from efforts to improve the safety of the complex technical systems that are common in today’s society. It is based on the ideas that acciden ts result from a number of interacting causes within a system, and that each cause and interaction can be logically identified, evaluated, and controlled. Through the logical application of scientific and management principles over the life cycle of a system, system safety engineering attempts to achieve an optimum degree of safety.译文：安全系统工程是一个相对较新的预防事故的方法。
它的概念和相关技术是在人们提高当今普遍存在的复杂技术系统安全性的各种努力过程中逐渐发展而来的。
它基于这样一个思想，即所有的事故都是系统内大量相互作用的原因造成的，理论上，各种原因及相互作用都能被识别、评估，并得到控制。
