2016年硕士学位研究生入学考试考研英语预测模拟试题及答案解析三

研究生入学考试英语模拟试题(三)及参考答案Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections： Beneath each of the following sentences,there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your anawer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 point)1. I′d prefer that she _____ .A)acted the teacherB)would act the teacherC)act the teacherD)was acting the teacher2. I will take the coat, _____ cheap or dear.A)it beingB)be itC)was itD)it was3. She told me that she′d _____ on the committee.A)rather not to serveB)not rather to serveC)not rather serveD)rather not serve4. I wish that I _____ this letter before the office closed for the day.A)receivedB)receiveC)could have receivedD)should have received5. The foreign student advisor recommended that she _____ more English beforeEnrolling at the university.A)studiedB)studyC)would studyD)was studying6. We′d decided to open a joint account, _____ ?A)wouldn′weB)shouldn′t weC)couldn′t weD)hadn′t we7. _____ called did not leave his name and number.A)SomeoneB)AnyoneC)WhoeverD)Whosever8. It was not until she arrived in class _____ realized she had forgotten her book.A)and sheB)sheC)when sheD)that she9. Ben would have studied medicine if he _____ to a medical school.A)could be able to enterB)was admittedC)had been admittedD)were admitted10. Fire safety in family houses, _____ most fire deaths occur,is difficult to achieve.A)whereB)whyC)howD)whenSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C,and D)ldentify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)11. Sally must have called (A) her sister last night, but she arrived (B) home toolate (C) to call her. (D)12. I would rather that (A) they do not travel (B) during the bad (C) weather,but theyinsist that they must return (D) home today.13. The question arises (A) whether or no (B) his statement will bear (C) suchconstruction.(D)14. The principle of radiocarbon dated (A) is the most important scientifictechnique to be applied (B) to (C) archaeological work in recent times. (D)15. One of (A) the most widespread uses (B) of survey research today isfor them (C) rating(D) radio and television programs.16. Magnesium forms (A) a tough surface coating (B) it (C) protects the underlying (D)metal from tarnishing.17. The (A) results of the test proved to (B) Fred and me (C) that we needed to studyharder and watch less (D) movies on television18. He determined, (A) what may come, (B) to return (C) the visit he had justreceived. (D)19. Last winter not a day (A) passed (B) for (C) that it snowed or sleeted. (D)20. He has been hoped (A) for a raise for the last (B) few months but his boss isreluctant to give (C) him one. (D)Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are 4 choices marked A,B,C andD)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10 points)21. The book was lost for years,then it turned up one day,quite out of _____ .A)the blueB)the redC)the blackD)the yellow22. _____ the interruption,she was still able to finish her assignment before class.A)DespiteB)SpiteC)In spiteD)In despite23. The man was very conscious _____ his bold head.A)aboutB)withC)ofD)for24. He was so engrossed in the TV programme that he forgot to _____ .A)turn the oven overB)turn the oven backC)turn the oven offD)turn the oven up25. No matter how angry he was he would never _____ to violence.A)resortB)resolveC)recourseD)exert26. The accusation left him quite _____ with rage.A)dumbB)speechlessC)silentD)mute27. I liked the coat but was rather _____ off by the price.A)shakenB)putC)setD)held28. The ruling party is worried in case they lose _____ control of the City Council inthe forthcoming elections.A)overallB)wholeC)unanimousD)mass29. In those days a girl could not get married if her father _____ his consent.A)forbadeB)upheldC)rejectedD)withheld30. They were awaiting official _____ of the news they had heard from a friend.A)recommendationB)statementC)confirmationD)conference31. I′d like to _____ this old car for a new model but I can′t afford it.A)interchangeB)exchangeC)replaceD)convert32. When he woke up,he realized that the things he had dreamt about could not_____ have happened.A)possiblyB)likelyC)certainlyD)potentially33. There is a lot of friendly _____ between the supporters of the two teams.A)contestB)rivalryC)contentionD)defiance34. The purpose of the survey was to _____ the inspectors with local conditions.A)informB)acquaintC)instructD)notify35. _____ all his money,he didn′t seem happy.A)AtB)ForC)InD)On36. We are fed up _____ your perpetual moaning.A)ofB)byC)withD)at37. She′s rung _____ . I must have said s omething to upset her.A)upB)roundC)backD)off38. Of course I′ll play the piano at the party but I′m a little _____ .A)out of useB)out of reachC)out of turnD)out of practice39. A conceited man feels _____ to everyone else.A)superiorB)beneficialC)successfulD)advantageous40. The vocabulary of any technical discussion may include words which are neverused outside the subject or field _____ .A)in viewB)in questionC)in caseD)in effectPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers A,B,C and D)Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40 points)Passage 1Earthquakes may rightly be ranked as one of the most devastating forces known to man:since records began to be written down,it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions,and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation.The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and the effects of rockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis(gigantic sea waves),and other phenomena resulting fromearthquakes,rather than from the quakes themselves.The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas.One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses.The other extends from the East Indies to the Atlas Mountains,including the Himalayas,Iran,Turkey,and the Alpine regions.It is in these two great belts or zones that ninety percent of all earthquakes take place;they may,however,happen anywhere at any time.This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake predication may be possible.By analyzing changes in animal behavior,patterns of movements in the earth′s crust,variations in the force of gravity and the earth′s magnetic field,and the frequency with which minor earth tremors(震动) are observed,scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike.As a result,a worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for (and thus lessen)the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected.It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether,but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood,man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.51. Based on what you have just read,which of the following is true?A)Earthquakes are highly feared,but actually relatively harmless.B)There is absolutely no way to predict when or where earthquakes might occur.C)Man is now able to predict when earthquakes will happen,but not where.D)Man is now able to predict where earthquakes will happen,but not when.52. What is the probable meaning of contiguous(line 9)?A)underwaterB)ancientC)borderingD)huge53. To what does this element of the unknown(line 13)refer?A)the two great earthquake zonesB)the fact the earthquakes can happen at any time or placeC)the percentage of earthquakesD)the exact cause of earthquakes54. Which of the following have been used to anticipate earthquake activity?A)differences in the earth′s magnetic field and force of gravityB)how often minor earth tremors have been observedC)patterns in the movement of the earth′s crustD)all of the above55. Which of the following describes the author′s attitude toward the possibility ofearthquake prediction?A)It will never be possible to predict earthquakes.B)Earthquakes can already be predicted with great accuracy.C)There is really no need to try to predict earthquake occurrences.D)Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.Passage 2Drunken driving——sometimes called America′s socially accepted form of murder——has become a national epidemic.Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers,adding up to an incredible 250 000 over the past decade.A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers,glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours.Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American macho image and judges were lenient(宽容的) in most courts,but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicised tragedies,especially involving young children,that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21,reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18.After New Jersey lowered it to 18,the number of people killed by 18—20-year-old drivers more than doubled,so the state recently upped it back to 21.Reformers,however,fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programmes to help young people to develop“responsible attitudes”about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and in many areas already,to a marked decline in fatalities.Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks.A tavern in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously intoxicated”and later drove off the road,killing a nine-year-old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state,some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919,which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”.They forget that legal prohibition didn′t stop drinking,but encourage d political corruption and organised crime.As with the booming drug trade generally,there is no easy solution.56. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because _____ .A)most Americans are heavy drinkersB)Americans are now less shocked by road accidentsC)accidents attract so much publicityD)drinking is a socially accepted habit in America57. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?A)Detailed statistics are now available.B)The news media have highlighted the problem.C)Judges are giving more severe sentences.D)Drivers are more conscious of their image.58. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that _____ .A)many drivers were not of legal ageB)young drivers were often bad driversC)the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD)the legal drinking age should be raised59. Laws recently introduced in some states have _____ .A)reduced the number of convictionsB)resulted in fewer serious accidentsC)prevented bars from serving drunken customersD)specified the amount drivers can drink60. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?A)Alcohol is easily obtained.B)Drinking is linked to organised crime.C)legal prohibition has already failed.D)Legislation alone is not sufficient.Passage 3Let us set out from a fact.The same type of civilization,or to use a more exact,although more extended expression,the same society,has not always inhabited the earth.The human race as a whole has grown,has developed,has matured,like one of ourselves.It was once a child,it was once a man;we are now looking on at its impressive oldage.Before the epoch which modern society has dubbed“ancient”there was another epoch which the ancients called“fabulous”but which it would be more accurate to call “primitive.”Observe then three great successive orders of things in civilization, from its origin down to our days.Now,as poetry is always superposed upon society,we propose totry to demonstrate,from the form of its society,what the character of the poetry must have been in those three great ages of the world primitive times,ancient times,modern times. In primitive times,When man awakes in a world that is newly created,poetry awakes with him.In the face of the marvelous things that dazzle him,his first speech is a hymn simply.He is still,so close to God that all his thoughts are joyful,all his dreams are visions.The earth is still almost deserted.There are families,but no nations;patriarchs,but no kings.Each race exists at its own pleasure;no property,no laws,no contentions,no wars.Everything belongs to each and to all.Society is a community.Man is restrained in nought.He leads that nomadic pastoral life with which all civilizations begin,and which is so well adapted to solitary contemplation,to fanciful reverie(幻想).He follows every suggestion,he goes hither and thither, at random.His thought,like his life,resembles a cloud that changes its shape and its direction according to the wind that drives it.Such is the first man,such is the first poet.He is young;he is cynical.Prayer is his sole religion,the ode is his only form of poetry.This ode,this poem of primitive times,is Genesis.By slow degrees,however,this youth of the world passes away.All the spheres progress;the family becomes a tribe,the tribe becomes a nation.Each of these groups of men camps about a common center,and kingdoms appear.The social instinct succeeds the nomadic instinct.The camp gives place to the city,the tent to the palace,the ark to the temple.The chiefs of these states of early development are still shepherds,it is true,but shepherds of nations;the pastoral staff has already assumed the shape of a sceptre(君权).Everything tends to become stationary and fixed. Religion takes on a definite shape;prayer is governed by rites;dogma sets bounds to worship.Thus the priest and king share the paternity of the people:thus theocratic society succeeds the patriarchal community.Meanwhile the nations are beginning to be packed too closely on the earth′s surface.They annoy and jostle one another;hence the clash of empires-war.They overflow upon another;hence the migrations of nations-voyages.Poetry reflects these momentous events;from ideas it proceeds to things.It sings of ages,of nations,of empires…61. The author believes that the best historical age is _____ .A)primitiveB)ancientC)medievalD)modern62. In the above passage the primitive period is equated with the period called_____ .A)fabulousB)ancientC)medievalD)modern63. War,the author believes,results primarily from _____ .A)rule by kingsB)patriarchal jealousiesC)the existence of a theocratic stateD)large,closely packed populations64. The author draws an analogy between the growth of peoples into nationstatesand the _____ .A)development of poetic verse formB)books of the Old TestamentC)great epochs in historyD)maturation of the human being from childhood to maturity65. Because of its unique character,a great interpreter of the periods of history is .A)the national historianB)poetryC)the biblical prophetD)storytellingPassage 4Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus(舆论)that,whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on,high unemployment is probably here to stay.This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the availabe employment more widely.But we need to go further.We nust ask some fundamental questions about the future of work.Should we continue to treat employment as the norm?Should we not rather encourage many other ways for selfrespecting people to work?Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves,rather than for anemployer?Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood,as well as the factory and the office,as centres of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of h uman history in which most people′s work has taken the form of jobs.The industrial age may now be coming to an end,and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed.This seems a daunting thought.But,in fact,it could offer the prospect of a better future ofwork.Universal employment,as its history shows,has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land,and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people′s homes. Later,as transport improved,first by rail and then by road,people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until,eventually,many people′s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Meanwhile,employment put women at a disadvantage.In preindustrial times,men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community.Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment,leaving the unpaid work of the home and familly to his wife.Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today,and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered.As employment became the dominant form of work,young people and old people were excluded—a problem now,as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the utopian (空想的)goal of creating jobs for all,to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.66. Recent opinion polls show that _____ .A)available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of thepopulationB)new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figuresC)available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployedD)the present high unemployment figures are a fact of life67. The word “revive” in the passage(para.2)probably means _____ .A)make active againB)study againC)go over agianD)find the value again68. The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that _____ .A)universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperityB)economic freedom came within everyone′s graspC)patterns of work were fundamentally changedD)people′s attitudes to work had to be reversed69. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries meant that _____ .A)people had to do the productive work at homeB)people were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselvesC)people were able to be dependent on their landD)people were badly paid for the work they managed to find70. The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that _____ .A)the work status of those not in paid employment sufferedB)the household and village communtiy disappeared completelyC)men now travelled enormous distances to their places of workD)young and old people became superfluous components of societyPart Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)(71) By a faction,I understand a number of citizens,whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole,who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest,adverse to the rights of other citizens or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.There are two methods of curing the mischief of factions:the one,by removing its causes;the other,by controlling its effects.There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction:the one,by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;the other,by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions,and the same interests.(72) It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy,that it was worse than the disease.(73) Liberty is to faction what air is to fire,an ailment without which it instantly expires.(74)But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty,which is essential to political life,because it nourishes faction,than it would be to wish the annihilation of air,which is essential to animal life,because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise.As long as the reason of man continues fallible,and he is at liberty to exercise it,different opinions will be formed.As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his selflove,his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other;and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves.The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man;and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity,according to the different circumstances of civil society.If a faction consists of less than a majority,relief is supplied by the republicanprinciple,which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote….When a majority is included in a faction,the form of popular government,on the otherhand,enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens.(75) To secure the public good and private rights,against the danger of such a faction,and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government,is the great object to w hich our inquiries are directed…Part I Structure and VocabularySection A(1-10)CBDCBDCDCASection B(11-20)11. 正确答案为：A 改为:should have called12. 正确答案为：B 改为:did not travel13. 正确答案为：D 改为:sach a construction14. 正确答案为：A 改为:dating15. 正确答案为：C 改为:去掉them16. 正确答案为：C 改为:which/that17. 正确答案为：D 改为:fewer18. 正确答案为：B 改为:come what may19. 正确答案为：C 改为:except20. 正确答案为：A 改为:has been hopingSection C(21-40)AACCABBADCBABBBCDDABPart II Cloze Test(41-50)ACBCDADACCPart III Reading Comprehension(51-70)BCBDDDBDBDAADDBDACBAPart IV English Chinese Translation71. 我对宗派小集团的理解是，若干公民不管是多数还是少数，在一起受共同情感或利益的激励反对其他公民的权力或者反对其周围社会的共同利益。

2016张剑考研英语模拟题答案篇一：2012张剑考研英语模拟题及答案2012考研必备资料张剑考研英语模拟题第二套试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Valentine’s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called __2__ the god Lupercus to help them. A festivalin his __3__ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man __6__ a slip. The girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.Legend __8__ it that the holiday became Valentine’s Day __9__ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II __10__ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. When Valentine __12__ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the__13__ of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a __14__. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine’s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine __15__ of Lupercus.Valentine’s Day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine’s Day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.1.［A］ While2.［A］ upon3.［A］ honor5.［A］ rolls6.［A］ cast7.［A］ given8.［A］ tells9.［A］ after11.［A］ other ［B］ When ［B］ back ［B］ belief ［B］secrets ［B］ piles ［B］ caught ［B］ chosen ［B］ means ［B］ since ［B］ pleaded ［B］ simply［B］ defied ［C］ Though ［C］ off ［C］ hand ［C］names ［C］ works ［C］ drew ［C］ elected ［C］ makes ［C］as［D］ Unless ［D］ away ［D］ way ［D］ intentions ［D］slips ［D］ found ［D］ delivered ［D］ has ［D］ from ［D］believed ［D］ all ［D］ dishonored ［D］ eve 4.［A］ problems 10.［A］ ordered 12.［A］ disliked ［C］ envisioned ［C］rather ［C］ defeated 13.［A］ celebration ［B］ arrangement ［C］ feast14.［A］ goat16.［A］ part17.［A］ story ［B］ saint ［B］ made ［B］ wander［B］ require ［C］ model ［C］ instead ［C］ arrow ［C］demand ［D］ weapon ［D］ learnt ［D］ symbol ［D］ play ［D］alert［D］ Forgetting［D］ retorting 15.［A］ because ［B］ representative ［C］ judgement 18.［A］ portray 19.［A］ Keeping ［B］ Disapproving［C］ Supporting 20.［A］ constructive ［B］ damaging ［C］ reinforcing答案1. B11. C总体分析本文介绍了情人节的由来。

研究生入学考试英语模拟试题(三)及参考答案Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections： Beneath each of the following sentences,there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your anawer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 point)1. I′d prefer that she _____ .A)acted the teacherB)would act the teacherC)act the teacherD)was acting the teacher2. I will take the coat, _____ cheap or dear.A)it beingB)be itC)was itD)it was3. She told me that she′d _____ on the committee.A)rather not to serveB)not rather to serveC)not rather serveD)rather not serve4. I wish that I _____ this letter before the office closed for the day.A)receivedB)receiveC)could have receivedD)should have received5. The foreign student advisor recommended that she _____ more Englishbefore Enrolling at the university.A)studiedB)studyC)would studyD)was studying6. We′d decided to open a joint account, _____ ?A)wouldn′weB)shouldn′t weC)couldn′t weD)hadn′t we7. _____ called did not leave his name and number.A)SomeoneB)AnyoneC)WhoeverD)Whosever8. It was not until she arrived in class _____ realized she had forgottenher book.A)and sheB)sheC)when sheD)that she9. Ben would have studied medicine if he _____ to a medical school.A)could be able to enterB)was admittedC)had been admittedD)were admitted10. Fire safety in family houses, _____ most fire deaths occur,is difficultto achieve.A)whereB)whyC)howD)whenSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts markedA,B,C,and D)ldentify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)11. Sally must have called (A) her sister last night, but she arrived (B)home too late (C) to call her. (D)12. I would rather that (A) they do not travel (B) during the bad (C)weather,but they insist that they must return (D) home today.13. The question arises (A) whether or no (B) his statement willbear (C) such construction.(D)14. The principle of radiocarbon dated (A) is the most importantscientific technique to be applied (B) to (C) archaeologicalwork in recent times. (D)15. One of (A) the most widespread uses (B) of survey research today isfor them (C) rating(D) radio and television programs.16. Magnesium forms (A) a tough surface coating (B) it (C) protectsthe underlying (D) metal from tarnishing.17. The (A) results of the test proved to (B) Fred and me (C) that weneeded to study harder and watch less (D) movies on television18. He determined, (A) what may come, (B) to return (C) the visithe had just received. (D)19. Last winter not a day (A) passed (B) for (C) that it snowed orsleeted. (D)20. He has been hoped (A) for a raise for the last (B) few months buthis boss is reluctant to give (C) him one. (D)Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10 points)21. The book was lost for years,then it turned up one day,quite out of_____ .A)the blueB)the redC)the blackD)the yellow22. _____ the interruption,she was still able to finish her assignmentbefore class.A)DespiteB)SpiteC)In spiteD)In despite23. The man was very conscious _____ his bold head.A)aboutB)withC)ofD)for24. He was so engrossed in the TV programme that he forgot to _____ .A)turn the oven overB)turn the oven backC)turn the oven offD)turn the oven up25. No matter how angry he was he would never _____ to violence.A)resortB)resolveC)recourseD)exert26. The accusation left him quite _____ with rage.A)dumbB)speechlessC)silentD)mute27. I liked the coat but was rather _____ off by the price.A)shakenB)putC)setD)held28. The ruling party is worried in case they lose _____ control of the CityCouncil in the forthcoming elections.A)overallB)wholeC)unanimousD)mass29. In those days a girl could not get married if her father _____ hisconsent.A)forbadeB)upheldC)rejectedD)withheld30. They were awaiting official _____ of the news they had heard from afriend.A)recommendationB)statementC)confirmationD)conference31. I′d like to _____ this old car for a new model but I can′t afford it.A)interchangeB)exchangeC)replaceD)convert32. When he woke up,he realized that the things he had dreamt about couldnot _____ have happened.A)possiblyB)likelyC)certainlyD)potentially33. There is a lot of friendly _____ between the supporters of the two teams.A)contestB)rivalryC)contentionD)defiance34. The purpose of the survey was to _____ the inspectors with localconditions.A)informB)acquaintC)instructD)notify35. _____ all his money,he didn′t seem happy.A)AtB)ForC)InD)On36. We are fed up _____ your perpetual moaning.A)ofB)byC)withD)at37. She′s rung _____ . I must have said somet hing to upset her.A)upB)roundC)backD)off38. Of course I′ll play the piano at the party but I′m a little _____ .A)out of useB)out of reachC)out of turnD)out of practice39. A conceited man feels _____ to everyone else.A)superiorB)beneficialC)successfulD)advantageous40. The vocabulary of any technical discussion may include words which arenever used outside the subject or field _____ .A)in viewB)in questionC)in caseD)in effectPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers A,B,C and D)Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40 points) Passage 1Earthquakes may rightly be ranked as one of the most devastating forces known to man:since records began to be written down,it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions,and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation.The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and the effects of rockslides, floods,fire,disease,tsunamis(gigantic sea waves),and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes,rather than from the quakes themselves.The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas.One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses.The other extends from the East Indies to the Atlas Mountains,including the Himalayas,Iran,Turkey,and the Alpine regions.It is in these two great belts or zones that ninety percent of all earthquakes take place;theymay,however,happen anywhere at any time.This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake predication may be possible.By analyzing changes in animal behavior,patterns of movements in the earth′s crust,variations in t he force of gravity and the earth′s magnetic field,and the frequency with which minor earth tremors(震动) are observed,scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike.As a result,a worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to preparefor (and thus lessen)the vast destruction that might otherwise have beentotally unexpected.It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether,but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood,man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.51. Based on what you have just read,which of the following is true?A)Earthquakes are highly feared,but actually relatively harmless.B)There is absolutely no way to predict when or where earthquakes mightoccur.C)Man is now able to predict when earthquakes will happen,but not where.D)Man is now able to predict where earthquakes will happen,but not when.52. What is the probable meaning of contiguous(line 9)?A)underwaterB)ancientC)borderingD)huge53. To what does this element of the unknown(line 13)refer?A)the two great earthquake zonesB)the fact the earthquakes can happen at any time or placeC)the percentage of earthquakesD)the exact cause of earthquakes54. Which of the following have been used to anticipate earthquakeactivity?A)differences in the earth′s magnetic field and force of gravityB)how often minor earth tremors have been observedC)patterns in the movement of the earth′s crustD)all of the above55. Which of the following describes the author′s attitude toward thepossibility of earthquake prediction?A)It will never be possible to predict earthquakes.B)Earthquakes can already be predicted with great accuracy.C)There is really no need to try to predict earthquake occurrences.D)Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.Passage 2Drunken driving——sometimes called America′s socially accepted form of murder——has become a national epidemic.Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers,adding up to an incredible 250 000 over the past decade.A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers,glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours.Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American macho image and judges were lenient(宽容的) in most courts,but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicised tragedies,especially involvingyoung children,that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21,reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18.After New Jersey lowered it to 18,the number of people killed by 18—20-year-old drivers more than doubled,so the state recently upped it back to 21.Reformers,however,fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programmes to help young people todevelop“responsible attitudes”about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and in many areas already,to a marked decline in fatalities.Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks.A tavern in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously intoxicated”and later drove off the road,killing a nine-year-old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state,some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919,which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”.They forget that legal prohibition didn′t stop drinking,but encouraged political corruption and organised crime.As with the booming drug trade generally,there is no easy solution.56. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because _____ .A)most Americans are heavy drinkersB)Americans are now less shocked by road accidentsC)accidents attract so much publicityD)drinking is a socially accepted habit in America57. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?A)Detailed statistics are now available.B)The news media have highlighted the problem.C)Judges are giving more severe sentences.D)Drivers are more conscious of their image.58. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that _____ .A)many drivers were not of legal ageB)young drivers were often bad driversC)the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD)the legal drinking age should be raised59. Laws recently introduced in some states have _____ .A)reduced the number of convictionsB)resulted in fewer serious accidentsC)prevented bars from serving drunken customersD)specified the amount drivers can drink60. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?A)Alcohol is easily obtained.B)Drinking is linked to organised crime.C)legal prohibition has already failed.D)Legislation alone is not sufficient.Passage 3Let us set out from a fact.The same type of civilization,or to use a more exact,although more extended expression,the same society,has not always inhabited the earth.The human race as a whole has grown,has developed,has matured,like one of ourselves.It was once a child,it was once a man;we are now looking on at its impressive old age.Before the epoch which modern society has dubbed“ancient”there was another epoch which the ancientscalled“fabulous”but which it would be more accurate to call“primitive.”Observe then three great successive ord ers of things in civilization, from its origin down to our days.Now,as poetry is always superposed upon society,we propose to try to demonstrate,from the form of its society,what the character of the poetry must have been in those three great ages of the world primitive times,ancient times,modern times.In primitive times,When man awakes in a world that is newlycreated,poetry awakes with him.In the face of the marvelous things that dazzle him,his first speech is a hymn simply.He is still,so close to God that all his thoughts are joyful,all his dreams are visions.The earth is still almost deserted.There are families,but no nations;patriarchs,but no kings.Each race exists at its own pleasure;no property,no laws,no contentions,nowars.Everything belongs to each and to all.Society is a community.Man is restrained in nought.He leads that nomadic pastoral life with which all civilizations begin,and which is so well adapted to solitary contemplation,to fanciful reverie(幻想).He follows every suggestion,he goes hither and thither, at random.His thought,like his life,resembles a cloud that changes its shape and its direction according to the wind that drives it.Such is the first man,such is the first poet.He is young;he is cynical.Prayer is his solereligion,the ode is his only form of poetry.This ode,this poem of primitive times,is Genesis.By slow degrees,however,this youth of the world passes away.All the spheres progress;the family becomes a tribe,the tribe becomes a nation.Each of these groups of men camps about a common center,and kingdoms appear.The social instinct succeeds the nomadic instinct.The camp gives place to the city,thetent to the palace,the ark to the temple.The chiefs of these states of early development are still shepherds,it is true,but shepherds of nations;the pastoral staff has already assumed the shape of a sceptre(君权).Everything tends to become stationary and fixed. Religion takes on a definite shape;prayer is governed by rites;dogma sets bounds to worship.Thus the priest and king share the paternity of the people:thus theocratic society succeeds the patriarchal community.Meanwhile the nations are beginning to be packed too closely on the earth′s surface.They annoy and jostle one another;hence the clash of empires-war.They overflow upon another;hence the migrations of nations-voyages.Poetry reflects these momentous events;from ideas it proceeds to things.It sings of ages,of nations,of empires…61. The author believes that the best historical age is _____ .A)primitiveB)ancientC)medievalD)modern62. In the above passage the primitive period is equated with the periodcalled _____ .A)fabulousB)ancientC)medievalD)modern63. War,the author believes,results primarily from _____ .A)rule by kingsB)patriarchal jealousiesC)the existence of a theocratic stateD)large,closely packed populations64. The author draws an analogy between the growth of peoples intonationstates and the _____ .A)development of poetic verse formB)books of the Old TestamentC)great epochs in historyD)maturation of the human being from childhood to maturity65. Because of its unique character,a great interpreter of the periods ofhistory is .A)the national historianB)poetryC)the biblical prophetD)storytellingPassage 4Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus(舆论)that,whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on,high unemployment is probably here to stay.This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the availabe employment more widely.But we need to go further.We nust ask some fundamental questions about the future of work.Should we continue to treat employment as the norm?Should we not rather encourage many other ways for selfrespecting people to work?Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves,rather than for an employer?Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood,as well as the factory and the office,as centres of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people′s work has taken the form of jobs.The industrial age may now be coming to an end,and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed.This seems a daunting thought.But,in fact,it could offer the prospect of a better future of work.Universal employment,as its history shows,has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land,and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people′s homes. Later,as transport improved,first by rail and then by road,people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until,eventually,many people′s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Meanwhile,employment put women at a disadvantage.In preindustrial times,men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community.Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment,leaving the unpaid work of the home and familly to his wife.Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today,and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered.As employment became the dominant form of work,young people and old people were excluded—a problem now,as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the utopian (空想的)goal of creating jobs for all,to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.66. Recent opinion polls show that _____ .A)available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of thepopulationB)new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figuresC)available employment must be more widely distributed among theunemployedD)the present high unemployment figures are a fact of life67. The word “revive” in the passage(para.2)probably means _____ .A)make active againB)study againC)go over agianD)find the value again68. The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that_____ .A)universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperityB)economic freedom came within everyone′s graspC)patterns of work were fundamentally changedD)people′s attitudes to work had to be reversed69. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries meant that _____ .A)people had to do the productive work at homeB)people were forced to look elsewhere for means of supportingthemselvesC)people were able to be dependent on their landD)people were badly paid for the work they managed to find70. The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that_____ .A)the work status of those not in paid employment sufferedB)the household and village communtiy disappeared completelyC)men now travelled enormous distances to their places of workD)young and old people became superfluous components of societyPart Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)(71) By a faction,I understand a number of citizens,whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole,who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest,adverse to the rights of other citizens or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.There are two methods of curing the mischief of factions:the one,by removing its causes;the other,by controlling its effects.There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction:theone,by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;the other,by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions,and the same interests.(72) It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy,that it was worse than the disease.(73) Liberty is to faction what air is to fire,an ailment without which it instantly expires.(74)But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty,which is essential to political life,because it nourishes faction,than it would be to wish the annihilation of air,which is essential to animal life,because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise.As long as the reason of man continues fallible,and he is at liberty to exercise it,different opinions will be formed.As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his selflove,his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other;and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves.The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man;and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity,according to the different circumstances of civil society.If a faction consists of less than a majority,relief is supplied by the republican principle,which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote….When a majority is included in a faction,the form of popular government,on the other hand,enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens.(75) To secure the public good and private rights,against the danger of such a faction,and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government,is the great object to which our inquiries are directed…Part I Structure and VocabularySection A(1-10)CBDCBDCDCASection B(11-20)11. 正确答案为：A 改为:should have called12. 正确答案为：B 改为:did not travel13. 正确答案为：D 改为:sach a construction14. 正确答案为：A 改为:dating15. 正确答案为：C 改为:去掉them16. 正确答案为：C 改为:which/that17. 正确答案为：D 改为:fewer18. 正确答案为：B 改为:come what may19. 正确答案为：C 改为:except20. 正确答案为：A 改为:has been hopingSection C(21-40)AACCABBADCBABBBCDDABPart II Cloze Test(41-50)ACBCDADACCPart III Reading Comprehension(51-70)BCBDDDBDBDAADDBDACBAPart IV English Chinese Translation71. 我对宗派小集团的理解是，若干公民不管是多数还是少数，在一起受共同情感或利益的激励反对其他公民的权力或者反对其周围社会的共同利益。

对于任何一门英语考试，真题的重要性都是任何其他练习题和模拟题无可比拟的，真题体现最正统的出题风格，吃透了真题就能把出题人的出题思路摸的八九不离十，才能按照出题人的思路答出高分答案。

而考研英语的全部复习内容和技巧，都可以从真题中衍生出来。

▶真题题型分析表笔者在考研英语的复习中，80%的时间都用在了真题上。

在此不妨随笔者一同分析真题的特点。

题型分值特点复习策略阅读理解 40分提升速度缓慢。

分配大部分复习时间。

写作 30分完型填空 10分做得好的和做得差相差不大，即使不看题直接选答案也不会差太多，是整张试卷最为“鸡肋”的部分。

不用特意复习，分配最少的时间。

新题型 10分对大部分人来说，此题难度不大，且提升较快。

分配时间在完形填空和翻译之间。

翻译 10分较难，但是这部分的提升空间很大。

在三种10分的题型中分配最多的时间。

▶关于背单词的两大误区1、背诵单词就是要能灵活用所有单词从长期英语学习来看，这种看法是对的，但从应试的角度来说，就未必了。

通过真题分析得出，真题考查的词汇层次归纳起来有两种，一是阅读词汇，一是写作词汇，这和我们脑海中的词汇类型也相匹配。

阅读词汇就是我们在阅读过程中，看到就能在脑海中反应出意思的单词，也称被动词汇;而写作词汇则是我们掌握得更深刻的一种，我们在写作或口语表达中能主动地使用它们，也称主动词汇。

在大多数人的“库存”中，阅读词汇量都远远大于写作词汇量，这是因为阅读词汇的积累比写作词汇容易很多：可能一个生词我们见过两三次后再看到就知道是什么意思了，这样它就进入了我们的阅读词汇库;但要把它变成写作词汇，则要对它进行更多主动地记忆，甚至反复进行使用练习。

那么真题又是怎么考查单词的呢?完型填空考句型语法、短语搭配，需要对单词用法和搭配熟悉;阅读理解考查的是句意理解(尤其是长句)、文章大意;翻译考查的是理解句意并有效组织中文语言;写作考核的是有逻辑地组织英语语言。

因此，在应试中，我们并不需要一视同仁的记忆单词书上所有的单词。

1. [标准答案][C]how[考点分析]连词辨析[选项分析]? 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。

”[A] 为什么[B] 哪里 [C] 怎样，多么 [D] 当…时候。

根据语义分析，C选项填入原文，译为“快乐可能会影响工作是有多么稳定”，C为正确选项。

2. [标准答案][B]In particular[考点分析]上下文语义以及短语辨析[选项分析][A] 反过来 [B] 尤其是 [C] 相反 [D] 总的来说根据前文语境，第二段第一句译为“根据近期的研究，拥有更多快乐的人的公司会投资更多”。

而第二句“_______那些在快乐氛围中的公司会做更多的研发以及发展。

“第二句是在第一句的基础上进一步强调说明，因此B选项更符合语境要求。

3. [标准答案] [D]necessary[考点分析]上下文语义及形容词词义辨析[选项分析][A]充足的 [B] 著名的 [C] 完美的 [D] 必要的首先，根据本句题干“That’s?because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future.”译为“因为快乐与对未来投资有______长远考虑相联系。

”要求填写形容词, 我们要考虑其搭配与其修饰成分。

空格处搭配介词for, 并且修饰“长远考虑”。

因此D选项最符合语境要求。

4. [标准答案][C]optimism[考点分析]上下文语义及名词词义辨析[选项分析][A]个人主义 [B] 现代主义 [C] 乐观主义 [D] 现实主义本题考查同后缀的名词辨析。

根据原文主旨，探讨“happy people”与公司的关系。

那么，衡量四个选项，只有C选项符合主旨要求。

5. [标准答案][D]change[考点分析]上下文语义及动词词义辨析[选项分析] [A]发出回声 [B] 想念，错过 [C] 破坏 [D] 改变根据原文语境，“would 5 the way companies invested.”本题考查动宾搭配，宾语为“公司投资的方式”只有D 选项搭配最为合理。

2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（A卷）******************************************************************************* 学科、专业名称：外国语言文学研究方向：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目名称：外语（英）水平考试考试科目代码：706考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

Part I. Vocabulary and Structure (30 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The Olympic Games were watched by ___ billions of people around the world.A. virtuallyB. literallyC. deliberatelyD. appropriately2. In a materialistic and ____ society people’s int erest seems to be focused solely on monetary pursuit.A. adaptiveB. addictiveC. acquisitiveD. arrogant3. I found it difficult to ___ my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children.A. intensifyB. reconcileC. consolidateD. amend4. Both dog's diet and structure are ___ to those of the human being, and so it has been the subject of countless demonstrations and experiments.A. comparableB. comparativeC. equalD. contrary5. We need one hundred more signatures before we take the ___ to the governor.A. pleaB. petitionC. patentD. claim6. Due to sluggish market conditions, the factory's workforce has ___ from over 4000 to a few hundred.A. proclaimedB. dwindledC. repressedD. indulged7. Like most other American companies with a rigid ___, workers and managers have strictly defined duties.A. vitalityB. jurisdictionC. hierarchyD. bureaucracy8. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the ___ silk from damage.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. tenderD. delicate9. Poverty and domestic violence make it easy for her to trust that bad things will happen and take。

2016考研英语阅读理解模拟题答案2016考研英语阅读理解模拟题答案解析31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams 研究人员已经逐步相信梦[A] can be modified in their courses. 可以在过程中被修改。

[B] are susceptible to emotional changes. 容易受到情感变化的影响。

[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears. 反应我们内心的欲望与恐惧。

[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs. 是神经修复的随机结果。

【答案】 A【考点】事实细节题。

【分析】题干关键词“researcher”在第一段第四句出现，而在此之前，作者主要介绍了过去有关梦的定义，包括“Freud”(弗洛伊德)以及“20世纪70年代神经学家”的说法。

第四句开始，文章作者提到了当代的研究者的观点“梦可以调节人的情绪，梦不仅可以被驾驭，还可以有意识地对其进行控制，梦可以改变。

”通过这样的一个分析比较归纳，考生应该能够比较容易地得出[A]这个正确答案。

选项[B]属于干扰项，但是出题人故意偷梁换柱，将梦影响情绪说成情绪影响梦。

选项[C]是“Freud”的理论，选项[D]是70年代的理论。

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show作者提及边缘系统是为了说明[A] its function in our dreams. 它在我们梦中的功能。

[B] the mechanism of REM sleep. 快速眼睛运动睡眠的机制。

[C] the relation of dreams to emotions. 梦和情绪的关系。

[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.. 它和前额皮层的区别。

13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]for[D]if14.[A]obtain[B]follow[C]challenge[D]avoid15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed16.[A]wherever[B]however[C]whenever[D]whatever17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]divided[B]invested[C]donated[D]withdrawn19.[A]clears[B]warms[C]shows[D]breaks20.[A]while[B]so what[C]once[D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that”incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health.That’s a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health–as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls,about the social tape–measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to woman(and many men)that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look tointangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing.Under the law,using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states,we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week,which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21.According to the first paragraph,what would happen in France?[A]Physical beauty would be redefined[B]New runways would be constructed[C]Websites about dieting would thrive[D]The fashion industry would decline22.The phrase“impinging on”(Line2Para2)is closest in meaning to[A]heightening the value of[B]indicating the state of[C]losing faith in[D]doing harm to23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A]The French measures have already failed[B]New standards are being set in Denmark[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A]setting perfect physical conditions[B]caring too much about models’character[C]showing little concern for health factors[D]pursuing a high age threshold for models25.Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A]A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B]A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C]Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate“the countryside”alongside the royal family.Shakespeare and the National Health Service(NHS)as what make them proudest of their country,this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”.It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air”.Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don’t make countryside any more,and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing“off–plan”building where local people might object.The concept of sustainable development has been defined as bour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensingits chance,has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that“housing crisis”equals “concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but,as always, where to put them under lobby pressure,George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one.Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned,not let trip,After the Netherlands,Britain is Europe’s most crowed country.Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence,while still permitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal,Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A]is not well reflected in politics[B]is fully backed by the royal family[C]didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D]has brought much benefit to the NHS27.According to paragraph2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A]largely overshadowed[B]properly protected[C]effectively reinforced[D]gradually destroyed28.Which of the following can be offered from paragraph3[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development[B]The Conservatives may abandon“off-plan”building[C]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29.The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A]shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30.In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A]the size of population in Britain[B]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C]the town-and-country planning in Britain[D]the political life in today’s BritainText3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business”wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel Prize-winning economist“That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders’s money,things may not be absolutely clear-act.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could beinfluenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%result in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they companies get into trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32.According to Paragraph2,CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33.The expression“more lenient”(line2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35.Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A]The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C]Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.”Sometime in the future,”the paper’s publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper–printing presses, delivery trucks–isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive at a time when online–only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seen as blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti were incharge at the Times?”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said“I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.“So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it.Which may be what the Times is doing already.Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly$500a year–more than twice as much as a digital–only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked.“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes.In those situations,it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36.The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A]the increasing online and sales[B]the pressure from its investors[C]the complaints from its readers[D]the high cost of operation37.Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation,The Times should[A]make strategic adjustments[B]end the print sedition for good[C]seek new sources of leadership[D]aim for efficient management38.It can be inferred from paragraphs5and6that a”legacy product”[A]helps restore the glory of former times[B]is meant for the most loyal customers[C]will have the cost of printing reduced[D]expands the popularity of the paper39.Peretti believes that in a changing world[A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges[D]legacy businesses are becoming out dated40.which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]shift to online newspapers all at once[B]Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C]keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D]Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET.(10point)[A]Create a new image of yourself[B]Decide if the time is right[C]Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment,the way you present yourself has an impact.This is especially true in the first impressions.According to research from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and likeability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success”era is that the range of options is so much broader.Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings,red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in other not so much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn.Chances are,your headshots are seen muchmore often now than a decade or two lennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals?Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut,now may be a good time.If you’re not sure,ask for honest feedback from trusted friends,colleagues and professionals.Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising,maybe they want to look more“SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizations like that)43________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status?Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.44_______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context.Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylist instead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.45________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard workuniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Mental health is our birthright.(46)we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy,it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend,a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned,only reawakened.It is like immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us.When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us.(47)Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere;like the sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem–confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves.And toward others as well as patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice,we think of it simply as a healthand helpful flow of intelligent thought.(50)As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100words.Providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e Li Ming instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following pictures In your essay,you should1)describe the pictures briefly2)interpret the meaning,and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the e Li Ming instead.Do not write the address.(10points)1、【答案】[B]as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断，“择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友，_____女方的亲朋好友”显然前后是并列关系，选项中只有B选项as well as表示并列关系。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试押题卷（含答题卡）英语（二）模拟考试Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWERE SHEET. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S. , it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began _____15_____ orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million does were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8 [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Working at nonstandard times－evenings, nights, or weekends－is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one-third work weekends, according to Harriet B. Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships, which is likely to continue in coming decades.The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales, or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit from parents’ nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for diner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employer. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours --- sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. “Nonstandard work schedulesnot only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention,” she says.21．Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families？A．Stress on familial relationships．B．Rotating shifts .C．Evenings，nights，or weekends. D．Its consequences .22．Which of the following is affected most by working irregular hours？A．Children. B．Marriage.C．Single mothers. D．Working women.23．Who would be in favor of the practice of working nonstandard hours？A．Children. B．Parents.C．Employees D．Professional child providers.24．It is implied that the consequences of nonstandard work schedules are ______________ . A．emphasized B．absentC．neglected D．prevalent25．What is the author’s attitude towards working irre gular hours？A．Positive. B．Negative.C．Indifferent. D．Objective.Text 2Most human beings actual1y decide before they think. When any human being —— executive, specialized expert, or person in the street —— encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action? Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how inte1ligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the pa t of the “losing” faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn’t end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.There is a better way. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, “It isn’t who is right, but what is right, that counts.”The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it’s possible to create a level o f clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn’t p ossible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it’s possible to organize the experts’information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it’s a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.26．From the first paragraph we can learn that .A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the streetB．very few people decide before they thinkC．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do soD．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions27．Judging fro m the context, what does the word “them” (line 4, paragraph 2) refer to?A．Decision makers. B．The “losing” faction.C．Anger, resentment, and jealousy. D．Other people.28．Aldous Huxley’s remark (Paragraph 3) imp lies that ___________ .A．there is a subtle difference between right and wrongB．we cannot tell who is right and what is wrongC．what is right is more important than who is rightD．what is right accounts for the question who is right29．According to the author, the function of the structured-inquiry method is ___________ .A．to make decision by debateB．to apply the Internet and wireless computer technologyC．to brake on the thinking process, slowing it downD．to create a level of conceptual clarity30．The structured-inquiry process can be useful for ___________ .A．decision makers B．intelligence analysis meetingC．the experts’ information D．marketing focus groupsText 3Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise. All of this will be in the future of sport. The spectator (the television audience) will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality: sport as a business.The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the conventional channels. They will be the ones who decide what to see. And they will have to pay for it. In the United States the system of the future has already started: pay-as-you-view. Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose. The review Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the middle of the next century. It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present; they could wat ch from the trainer’s stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game. And at their disposal will be the sane options the producer of the recorded programmer has: to select replays, to choose which camera to use and to decide on the sound -- whether to hear the public, the players, the trainer and so on.Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view: while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.It is also the argument of these sports executives that television harming the modest team. This is true, but the future of those teams is also modest. They have reached their ceiling . It is the law of the market. The great events continually attract larger audience.The world is being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and , in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities. Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.The most visionary executives go further. That philosophy is: rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television?31．What does the writer mean by use of the phrase “an indissoluble marriage” in the first paragraph?A．Sport is combined with television. B．Sport controls television.C．Television dictates sports. D．Sport and television will go their own ways. 32．What does “they” in line 2 paragraph 2 stand for?A．Broadcasts. B．Channels.C．Spectators. D．Technologies.33．How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies?A．They are too old to do anything. B．They feel ill at ease.C．They feel completely at home. D．Technologies can go hand in hand with sports. 34．What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs?A．The philosophy of visionary executives.B．The process of television taking over sport.C．Television coverage expansion.D．An example to show how sport has taken over television.35．What might be the appropriate title of this passage?A．The arguments of sports executives.B．The philosophy of visionary executives.C．Sports and television in the 21st century.D．Sports: a business.Text 4Convenience food helps companies by creating growth, but what is its effect on people? For people who think cooking was the foundation of civilization ,the microwave is the last enemy. The communion of eating together is easily broken by a device that liberates households citizens from waiting for mealtimes. The first great revolution in the history of food is in danger of being undone. The companionship of the campfire, cooking pot and common table, which have helped to bond humans in collaborative living for at least 150,000 years could be destroyed.Meals have certainly sated from the rise of convenience food. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness. Indeed, the day’s first meal has all but disappeared. In the 20th century the leisure Bri tish breakfast was undermined by the corn flake; in the 21st breakfast is vanishing altogether , a victim of the quick cup of coffee in Starbucks and the cereal bar.Convenience food has also made people forget how to cook. One of the apparent paradoxes of modern food is that while the amount of time spent cooking meals has fallen from 60 minutes a day in 1980 to 13 minutes a day in 2002, the number of cooks and television programmes on cooking has multiplied. But perhaps this isn’t a paradox. Maybe it is because people can’t cook anymore, so they need to be told how to do it, or maybe it is because people buy books about hobbies---golf, yachting ---not about chores. Cooking has ceased to be a chore and has become a hobby.Although everybody lives in the kitchen, its facilities are increasingly for display rather than for use. Mr. Silverstein’s now book, ”Trading U p” look s at mid-range consumer’s willingness to splash out. He says that industrial–style Viking cooktops, with nearly twice the heat output of other ranges, have helped to push the “kitchen as theater” trend in home goods. They cost from $1000 to $9000. Some 75% of them are never used.Convenience also has an impact on the healthiness, or otherwise, of food. Of course there is nothing bad about ready-to-eat food itself. You don’t get much healthier than an apple, and supermarkets sell a better-for-you range of ready-meals. But there is a limit to the number of apples people want to eat; and these days it is easier for people to eat the kind of food that makes them fat. The three Harvard economists in their paper “Why have Americans become more obese?” point out that in the past, if people wanted to eat fatty hot food, they had to cook it. That took time and energy -- a good chip needs frying twice, once to cook the potato and once to get it crispy ---- which discouraged consumption of that sort of food. Mass preparation of food took away that constraint. Nobody has to cut and double cook their own fries these days. Who has the time?36．What might the previous paragraphs deal with?A．The relationship between meals and convenience food.B．The importance of convenience food in people’s life.C．The rise of convenience food.D．The history of food industry.37．What is the paradox in the third paragraph?A．Peo ple don’t know how to cook.B．The facilities in the kitchen are not totally used.C．People are becoming more obese, thus unhealthy.D．Convenience food actually does not save people time.38．What does the passage mainly discuss?A．The bad effects of convenience food.B．Mr. Silverstein’s new book.C．People’s new hobby.D．Disappearance of the old symbol of togetherness.39．Why has American become more obese?A．Because of eating chips.B．Because of being busy.C．Because of being lazy.D．B and C.40．Which of the following might the another mostly agree with?A．There is nothing bad about convenience food.B．Convenience food makes people lazy.C．Convenience food helps companies grow.D．Convenience food is a revolution in cooking.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(A) They who know nothing listen more(B) Women support is essential(C) Women who create pink-collar industry(D) Women: backbone for e-commerce(E) Men: pretended fashion experts(F) Men: technology savvy in fashion business(G) New form of gender equality41.According to a 2010 report from comScore, women spend more time online than men, and they’re overrepresented in social networking, gaming, photos, blogs, and retail. Not only do women spend time online, they spend money, too-female customers make up 61% of online transactions. In a TechCrunch article on the topic, Silicon Valley venture capitalist Aileen Lee called women the “rocket fuel” of e-commerce. “Especially when it comes to social and shopping, ” Lee explains, “women rule the Internet. ”42.Hence the surge in “pink-collar”start-ups----businesses in traditionally feminine industries like fashion, beauty, and shopping. But women aren’t the only tech entrepreneurs with their eyes on female customers. Fromthe men behind Pinterest to the dudes who started Shoe Dazzle, smart men are defying gender stereotypes in the pursuit of great business and jumping at the chance to cash in on pink-collar opportunities.Nils Johnson is one of the three male co-founders of Beautylish, a beauty-focused social network. What attracted three men to the female-dominated cosmetics industry? “Most engineers are guys, so they think about products for guys, ” Johnson explains. “When we thought about the intersection of technology and beauty, we saw a large opportunity in a market that was significantly underserved. ”Josh Berman and Diego Berdakin are another great example: The duo took their expertise in technology and proximity to the heart of Hollywood and identified a huge opportunity to revolutionize e-commerce. The result was Beachmint, a designer-curated social-commerce site, which catered exclusively to women. “The founders never pretended to be fashion experts, ” says Ara Katz, Beachmint’s Head of Creative and Partnerships. “Their strengths are in technology and operations. ”43.When I asked Johnson whether he and his founders had ever encountered criticism, he groaned. “Totally. It’s reverse discrimination. They say, ‘Why don’t you address something that scratches your own itch? ’” But Johnson adds, “I made it clear that I was going to hire the best people. ”In many cases, that hiring philosophy means actively seeking to hire women, and some male founders are making strategic choices to recruit women to join their founding teams. Of course, these male entrepreneurs make it clear that their co-founders aren’t just window dressing. In addition to their personal knowledge of the female market, women have brought valuable skills to their ventures.44.These pink-collar male entrepreneurs aren’t letting gender hold them back. In fact, they even see some benefits of their outsider perspective. “It can be hard for entrepreneurs to not think their personal experiences are a proxy for the market, ” explained Topolovac. “Because I come to the table without emotional attachment to the answers, it’s made me a better listener. ”45.Women are the economic engines of some of the Internet’s hottest markets from e-commerce to social media. It’s no wonder then that savvy entrepreneurs ---- both men and women ---- are developing ways to better serve the female market. And as with any growing industry, it takes teams of both genders to truly succeed. Just as we need more women to bring their unique perspective to traditionally male-dominated fields, so too will pink-collar industries benefit from smart, innovative men.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Intelligence quotients (IQs) testing is controversial and regarded by some as a crude indicator of ability or potential. When comparing nations, measured average IQ tends to be affected by class, nutrition, and cultural factors including education. There is also disagreement over the influences of nature and nurture.IQs have risen in developed nations for almost a century. But in Britain, research has found a reversal of this trend. The average had declined by two points on average, but by as much as six points among teenagers in the top half of the IQ scale, a fall that wiped out the previous two decades of gains in that group.No cause for this fall in IQs has been established: the internet, the dumbing down of education, and an obsession with exam results have been suggested. Flynn has argued that youth culture has made a contribution.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have a friend who is about to enter university, and he wants you to advise him on which subject to specialize in ---- history, in which he is very interested, or computer science, which offers better job prospects.1)Give your suggestions, and explain the reasons.2)Other recommendations.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In which, you should1)describe the table and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)。

2016年考研英语（一）全真模拟试题1绝密★启用前2016 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在答题卡指定位置上填写考生姓名、报考单位和考生编号，同时在答题卡上涂写考生编号的信息点。

2.英语知识运用、阅读理解A节和B节的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，阅读理解C 节的答案和作文必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。

写在其他地方无效。

3.填(书)写部分必须使用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔，涂写部分必须使用2B 铅笔。

4.考试结束，将答题卡和试题一并装入试题袋中交回。

Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSEER SHEET 1. (10 points)The use of biological or chemical weapons is a sensitive topic, especially now. Experts 1 that though a bioterrorism attack in the United States is not inevitable, the science exists to 2 such an attack and, obviously, 3 does the hatred. President Clinton said 4 1999 that a biological or chemical attack on the United states was “ 5 li kely.”A commander of Afghanistan’s Taliban said that Osama bin Laden was training his fighters6 the use of chemical weapons. Satellite photos shows dead animals at a terrorist training7 in eastern Afghanistan8 by Osama bin Laden.Fighting with disease was prohibited by a 1972 treaty signed by 143 nations, 9 biological weapons have been, 10 , used in the past. In the Middle Ages, sieges were broken by throwing corpses 11 castle walls to spread poxes and plagues.During the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein was 12 using chemical weapons against Iraq’s Kurdish minority. The CIA says he is now 13 the biological and chemical weapons again.The United States and the former Soviet Union 14 vast germ warfare stockpiles. In July, the Bush administration 15 out of negotiations to further 16 the biological weapons ban.Subsequent reports suggest 17 nations still investigate new bioweapons, including anthrax. Experts speculate that hardships might prompt some Russian scientists 18 their know-how on the black market. In addition to Iraq, Iran and Libya have 19 pursued germ warfare. In Japan, a dozen commuters were killed on a Tokyo subway 20 nerve gas in 1995.1.[A] deduce [B] speculate [C] predict [D] caution2.[A] resist [B] release [C] discharge [D] launch3.[A] such [B] either [C] much [D] so4.[A] asearlyas [B] noearlierthan [C] soearlyas [D] lessearlythan5.[A] largely [B] widely [C] highly [D] broadly6.[A] in [B] at [C] with [D] for7.[A] camp [B] basis [C] quarters [D] station8.[A] initiated [B] operated [C] designed [D] administered9.[A] whereas [B] though [C] but [D] lest10.[A] bynecessity [B] inadvance [C] byaccident [D] onoccasion11.[A] above [B] over [C] onto [D] beyond12.[A] restrainedfrom [B] accusedof [C] scoldedfor [D]rushedinto13.[A] pursuing [B] chasing [C] trailing [D] following14.[A] erected [B] constructed [C] built [D] accomplished15.[A] pulled [B] pushed [C] withdrew [D] retreated16.[A] enhance [B] engage [C] enforce [D] ensure17.[A] either [B] both [C] all [D] any18.[A] tosell [B] toselling [C] sell [D] soldto19.[A] confessedly [B] disappointedly [C] expectedly [D] reportedly20.[A] in [B] with [C] on [D] forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later thisyear—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems that the reproductive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work onthe Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A & M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A & M College of V eterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $ 3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy's fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A & M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways th at her clone differs from Missy.”The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we're not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”21. Which of the following best represents Mr Westhusin's attitude toward cloning?[A] Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.[B] Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.[C] Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.[D] Animals cloning yes, and human cloning at least not now.22. The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probably because .[A] there isn't enough fund to support the research[B] cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bulls[C] Mr. Westhusin is too busy taking care of the business[D] the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet23. When Mr. Westhusin says “... cloning is dangerous,” he implies that .[A] lab technicians may be affected by chemicals[B] cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseases[C] experiments may waste lots of lives[D] cloned animals could outlive the natural ones24. We can infer from the third paragraph that .[A] rich people are more interested in cloning humans than animals[B] cloning of animal pets is becoming a prosperous industry[C] there is no distinction between a cloned and a natural dog[D] Missy's master pays a lot in a hope to revive the dog25. We may conclude from the text that .[A] human cloning will not succeed unless the technique is more efficient[B] scientists are optimistic about cloning technique[C] many people are against the idea of human cloning[D] cloned animals are more favored by owners even if they are weakerText 2Because some resources must be allocated at the nationallevel, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes of our society. The Federal budget determines the proportion of Federal resources to be invested in social welfare programs and how these resources are distributed among competing programs. This budget is arrived at through a reiterative aggregative political process which mediates the claims of groups interested in health, education. welfare, and so on, thus socializing the continuing conflict generated by their separate aspirations. The test of whether a policy is “good” under this system is whether it can marshal sufficient legitimacy and consent to provide a basis for cohesion and action. Technical criteria may play a role in the process, but the ultimate criteria are political and social.Whether a policy which is “good” in the aggregate sense is also “good” for a particular person, however, is a different matter. If everyone had identical attributes, these criteria of goodness would produce identical outcomes. With any degree of complexity or change, however, these criteria will always produce different outcomes. Any policy negotiated to attain an aggregate correctness will be wrong for every individual to whom the policy applies. The less a person conforms to the aggregate, the more wrong it will be.When a policy is not working, we normally assume that the policy is right in form but wrong in content. It has failed because insufficient intelligence has informed its construction or insufficient energy has been put to its implementation. We proceed to replace the old policy by a new one of the same form. This buys time, since some time must elapse before the new policy can fully display the same set of symptoms of failure as the old. We thus continue to invest our time, energy, and otherresources as if every new discovery of a nonworking policy is a surprise, and a surprise that can be corrected with some reorganized model. But if policies based on complex, aggregated information are always wrong with respect to the preferences of every person to whomthey apply, we should concentrate on limiting such policies to mini ma or “floors.” Rat her than trying for better policies, we should try for fewer policies or more limited aggregated ones. Such limitations could be designed to produce policies as spare and minimal as possible, for the resources not consumed in their operation would then be usable in a nonaggregative and person-specific—that is, in a disaggregated fashion. This will require more than just strengthened “local” capacity; it will require the development of new procedures, institutions, roles, and expe rts.26 . Which of the following best states the central theme of the passage?[A] Policies designed to meet the needs of a large group of people are inherently imperfect andshould be scaled down.[B] Policies created by the democratic process are less effective than policies designed by asingle, concentrated body of authority.[C] The effectiveness of a social policy depends more upon the manner in which the policy isadministered than upon its initial design.[D] Since policies created on the Federal level are inherently ineffective, all Federal socialwelfare programs should be discontinued.27. According to the passage, the test of whether a policy is successful in the aggregate sense iswhether or not it __________.[A] applies to a large number of people[B] satisfies the needs of the people to whom it applies[C] appeals to a sufficiently large number of people[D] can be revised periodically in response to changing conditions28. The author places the word “good” in quotation marks in paragraph 1 in order to ________.[A] emphasize that the word is ambiguous when applied to public policies[B] stress that no two people will a gree on what is “good” and what is not[C] point out that the word can be applied to individuals but not to groups[D] remind the reader that the word is a technical term29. Which of the following words, when substituted for the word “aggregate” in parag raph 2 wouldleast change the meaning of the sentence?[A] extreme [B] group [C] average [D] quantity30. The author regards the use of aggregative policies as_________.[A] enlightened but prohibitively expensive[B] undesirable but sometimes necessary[C] wasteful and open to corruption[D] essential and praiseworthyTest 3As hard as it is to date something as vast and complex as the universe, the methods often rest on simple principles. Stars are like these strobe light: The closer they are, the brighter they look. When scientists know how bright a star actually is, they candetermine its distance by comparing its true brightness with how bright it appears. As distances become known, the universe's age comes into sharper focus. Pegged at 50 million light-years away, the M100 galaxy is one piece recently snapped into the puzzle.Until Edwin Hubble came on the scene, astronomers not only had no way to gauge the age of the universe, they weren't sure that anything existed beyond the Milky Way. Then in 1924 Hubble discovered that there was more. (There are, in fact, billions of galaxies.) But he didn't stop there: by decade's end Hubble had proved that the universe is expanding—and that its expansion rate can help tell us its age.Hubble found that galaxies move away from each other at speeds that increase proportionally with distance. If we know how fast galaxies are moving away from our own and how far away they are, we can determine the expansion rate of the universe—known as the Hubble constant. Then it is possible to calculate the universe's age. But it has been hard to get a dependable figure for the constant. Velocities are relatively easy to measure by looking at a galaxy's light spectrum: The more it is shifted into the red end, the faster the galaxy is moving away from us. But measuring distances is difficult—so much so that Bubble's measurement of his own constant turned out to be wrong by a factor of almost ten.In the 1990s a second Hubble weighed in: The Hubble Space Telescope brought crucial data to Hubble's equation. In the M100 galaxy astronomers found 52 Cepheid variables, young stars that pulsate at rates that correlate with their brightness. By measuring the period of the pulse (in the case of the star outlined, 50 days), one can calculate a Cepheid's absolute brightness, compare that with its apparent brightness, and determine how far the star isfrom Earth. This is how researchers concluded that Ml 00 is 50 million light-years away. Using distances derived from Cepheids in 27 galaxies, astronomer Wendy Freedman and other investigators calculated a Hubble constant of 72. Combined with other cosmological data, this yields an age for the universe of about 13 billion years.31. Which statement is NOT true?[A] Before Hubble nobody knew if the Milky Way is the only thing in the space.[B] Hubble was the first one to find the way of measuring the age of the universe.[C] The st ar’s distance and the expansion rate of the universe are not related to its age.[D] The universe is increasing in size.32. When did Hubble discover the universe is expanding?[A] By the end of 30s of 20 century. [B] In 1942.[C] In 1990s. [D] In the end of 1990s.33. How can we determine the Hubble constant?[A] By knowing the distance of galaxies from ours.[B] Given the speed of galaxies' movement from ours.[C] By looking at galaxy's light spectrum.[D] [A] and [B]34. Which statement is true?[A] It is impossible to calculate the universe's age.[B] It is not easy to have a reliable figure for the constant.[C] It is easy to measure velocities of galaxies.[D] A galaxy's light spectrum has nothing to do with its speed.35. How could scientists conclude that M100 is 50 million light-years away?[A] By using distances derived from Cepheids in 27 galaxies.[B] By measuring the period of the pulse.[C] By calculating a Cepheid's brightness.[D] By comparing the brightness and distance.Text 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendation for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisor Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally un acceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro ex plained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will re main si lent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”36. We can learn from the first paragraph that .[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the Wh ite House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning37. The panel agreed on all of the following except that .[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under morecontrol[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being38. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because .[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law39. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled40. Which of the following statements is true?[A] NBAC has decided to recommend Clinton’s 90-day ban be made law.[B] NBAC strongly objects to cloning of any kind.[C] NBAC has not decided whether to recommend a complete ban on human cloning.[D] NBAC fears that human cloning may be used for criminal purposes.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41---45, choose the most suitable one from thelist A---G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk , and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41 ) .Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) . Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.( 43 ) . Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) . These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wiselydropped a paragraph that questioned whethe r Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) .Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times---and then again---working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic intoa tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline youhave made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains howthe setting infl uences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’ s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to theA & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significanc e of the setting in “A & P,” th e student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likelydis cover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections: read the following carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 point)In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. (46) First, the material —rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc. —on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regionsor with other periods of geological history. Second, in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. (47)This last criterionis more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a reliable picture. (48) In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. (49) On the basis of snow-line elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler,resulting in reduced evaporation.Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. (50) In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture dramatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from your travel to London with a tourist group. Your tourist guide Linda did a good job for you in visiting the Buckingham Palace and the Hyde Park. Write her a letter to thank her for her service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。