中国国际收支平衡表2014年

中国国际收支平衡表--2000年单位:千美元----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------单位：千美元---------------------------------------------------------------------中国国际收支平衡表--2002年单位：千美元----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------中国国际收支平衡表--2003年单位：千美元----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------中国国际收支平衡表--2004年单位：千美元----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------中国国际收支平衡表--2005年单位：千美元----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------单位：千美元---------------------------------------------------------------------中国国际收支平衡表--2007年单位：千美元----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------中国国际收支平衡表--2008年单位：千美元1.本表计数采用四舍五入原则。

国际收支对我国经济发展的影响2008年以来，在国际金融危机，世界经济衰退的大背景下，不少新兴市场出现资本外流、储备下降、汇率贬值的情况。

2014 年，全球经济曲折复苏，我国面临的国际国内环境复杂严峻，国内经济保持在合理区间运行但下行压力有所增加，人民币汇率双向浮动弹性明显增强，我国国际收支在振荡中趋向基本平衡。

一、2014年我国收支总体状况：根据表中数据，可以看出2014 年，我国国际收支在振荡中趋向基本平衡。

经常项目顺差 2197 亿美元，处于国际公认的合理水平之内。

2014年末，我国国际储备资产余额为38993亿美元，继续占据对外金融资产首位，占资产总值的比重为61%，占比较上年末减少4.0个百分点，为2004年以来的最低。

同时，民间部门正在加快“走出去”，因风险偏好较低，更青睐传统投资渠道，对外直接投资和存贷款等其他投资资产共计22469亿美元，占资产总值的比重升至历年最高值（35%）；而对外证券投资资产2625亿美元，占比4%，较上年末略降0.2个百分点。

2014年我国国际收支呈现“双顺差”。

去年我国国际收支总顺差2579亿美元，较2013年下降48%。

其中，经常项目顺差2197亿美元，增长48%；资本和金融项目顺差382亿美元，下降89%。

货物贸易顺差增长较快。

按国际收支统计口径，2014年，我国货物贸易出口23541亿美元，进口18782亿美元，分别较上年增长6%和1%；顺差4760亿美元，增长32%。

服务贸易逆差继续扩大。

2014年，服务贸易收入1909亿美元，较上年下降7%；支出3829亿美元，增长16%；逆差1920亿美元，扩大54%，其中运输项目逆差较上年微增2%，旅游项目逆差延续扩大态势，增长40%。

直接投资净流入小幅下降。

按国际收支统计口径，2014 年，直接投资顺差2087亿美元，较上年下降4%。

其中，我国对外直接投资净流出804亿美元，增长10%；外国来华直接投资净流入2891亿美元，下降1%。

2014年中国国际收支平衡表分析国际收支平衡表是国际收支核算的重要工具和表现形式。

它集中反映了一国对外经济交易的规模和结构。

通过对国际收支平衡表有关资料进行全面的深入的分析，可以评价一国的经济地位及其参与国际经济竞争的能力，发现问题，找出症结，寻求对策，为国家的宏观经济管理与调控提供重要的决策依据（一）国际收支总量及其结构分析根据2014年中国国际收支平衡表得出，2014年中国的货物和服务出口总计为11780亿美元，进口总计10912亿美元，分别占当年经常账户收入、支出的89.86%和88.68%。

其中，货物出口为10677亿美元，货物进口为9184亿美元，分别占当年经常账户收入、支出的81.44%和74.64%；服务出口为1103亿美元，服务进口为1727亿美元，两者分别占2014年经常账户收入支出的8.41%和14.03%。

这说明货物和服务贸易占中国经常账户的绝大比重，其中又以货物贸易为主，服务贸易的规模较小。

2014年中国的资本和金融账户流入资金总计为12248亿美元，流出资金总计11471亿美元。

其中，金融项目流入资金12236亿美元，流出资金11454亿美元，分别占资金和金融项目流入资金、流出资金总量的99.90%和100.6%；直接投资流入资金1838亿美元，流出资金908亿美元，两者分别占金融项目流入流出资金的15.02%和7.93%。

这说明金融项目占中国资本和金融账户的绝大比重。

（二）国际收支差额及其平衡分析对于国际收支本身，则往往是不平衡的，为了对一国的国际收支平衡状况进行分析，我们还需要在国际收支平衡表的基础上计算各种国际收支差额。

2014年年我国国际收支平衡表经常项目顺差805亿美元，货物贸易顺差1493亿美元，服务贸易逆差625亿美元，收益顺差55亿美元，经常转移顺差21亿美元，分别占2014上半年经常账户顺差的185.47%，77.64%，6.83%，2.61%。

造成中国货物贸易顺差的原因是，长期以来，我国国内经济的主要特点之一是低消费、高储蓄，在国内消费不旺的状况下，高投资形成的过剩产能只能通过对外出口来释放，由此导致了不断扩大的贸易顺差，再加上我国长期实施的出口导向政策。

中国国际收支平衡表分析2011至2014上半年一、经常项目账户自改革开放之后，我国一直坚持以出口为导向的经济政策，推动经济对外发展。

所以反映到国际收支表上，经常项目账户一直都是顺差，尤其是货物的顺差是经常项目保持顺差的主要原因。

从国际的角度看，近几年，可以看到货物的顺差基本维持不变，而服务的逆差继续扩大，尤其是运输、旅游、金融服务方面成为服务逆差的主要来源。

随着国民收入水平的提高，居民的消费呈现多元化发展，加之人民币一直保持着逐渐升值的趋势，出境旅游和出国留学变得频繁，这些境外消费和咨询等带动旅游项目逆差的逐年扩大，形成了较大的旅游逆差。

另一方面，大量出口的货物和服务也带动了运输项目的逆差。

而随着我国金融的逐步市场化和全球化，金融作为服务的一个重要组成部分也是服务项目逆差的重要来源之一。

服务贸易逆差过大的问题在我国并非很快就能解决，我国服务贸易大但并非强，最主要的原因还是在于出口的增长速度大于进口，带动了运输，金融服务等方面的逆差，而近几年较为火热的出境旅游和出国留学带动了旅游逆差的扩大，此外，由于服务业的发展需要建立在实体经济的基础上，且相对投入周期较长，随着我国经济的发展和经济结构的转型，服务贸易的规模仍然会继续增长。

这些因素都使得我国服务贸易的逆差格局在短期将难以改变。

另外，通过经常项目账户可以注意到的是我国的经常转移项目一直是顺差，而在13年却变为了-87亿美元，出现逆差，这除了国际上的一些援助变化外，可能与我国的相关外交政策有关，如对朝鲜的援助在减少等。

从国内的角度看，经常项目的顺差在国内表现为储蓄大于投资，我国一直是投资主导型经济，人们更倾向于储蓄而少消费，国内消费不足，投资甚至过热使得对外资产增加，这对经常项目的顺差带来了一定的影响。

另一方面，经常项目账户的顺差也反映了我国政府部门的盈余，即政府部门的收支状况也在一定程度上影响着经常项目的差额。

二、资本和金融项目账户我国的国际收支一直是一个“双顺差”的格局，资本和金融项目账户一直都是顺差，金融项目顺差的扩大是形成该项目顺差的主要原因。

2011-09-302011-06-30No.差额贷方差额1一.经常项目/帐户(百万美元)145600106850087800 2货物和服务(百万美元)13300096670067900 3货物(百万美元)17290087630087600 4出口(百万美元)------5进口(百万美元)------6服务(百万美元)-3990090400-19700 7运输(百万美元)--16900-20900 8旅游(百万美元)--22600-10200 9通讯服务(百万美元)--900300 10建筑服务(百万美元)--68004900 11保险服务(百万美元)--1400-7700 12金融服务(百万美元)--4000 13计算机和信息服务(百万美元)--55003900 14专有权利使用费和特许费(百万美元)--400-6800 15咨询(百万美元)--129004400 16广告、宣传(百万美元)--1700200 17电影、音像(百万美元)--100-100 18其它商业服务(百万美元)--2070012400 19别处未提及的政府服务(百万美元)--300-200 20收益/收入(百万美元)-12300741001800 21职工报酬(百万美元)--79007100 22投资收益(百万美元)--66200-5300 23经常转移(百万美元)250002780018100 24各级政府(百万美元)--0-900 25其它部门(百万美元)--2770019000 26二.资本和金融项目/帐户(百万美元)229800681700183900 27资本项目(百万美元)--30002900 28金融项目(百万美元)--678800181000 29直接投资(百万美元)12860013060092700 30我国在外直接投资(百万美元)--7900-18300 31外国在华直接投资(百万美元)--122600111000 32证券投资(百万美元)--205008400 33资产(百万美元)--11600500 34股本证券(百万美元)--7000800 35债务证券(百万美元)--4600-200 36 (中)长期债券(百万美元)--4400-200 37货币市场工具(百万美元)--2000 38负债(百万美元)--90007900 39股本证券(百万美元)--90007900 40债务证券(百万美元)--00 41 (中)长期债券(百万美元)--00 42货币市场工具(百万美元)--00 43其它投资(百万美元)--52770079800 44资产(百万美元)--36600-77800 45贸易信贷(百万美元)--0-25400 46长期(百万美元)--0-500 47短期(百万美元)--0-24900 48贷款(百万美元)--4900-3300 49长期(百万美元)--0-7900 50短期(百万美元)--49004600 51货币和存款(百万美元)--23600-57200 52其它资产(百万美元)--82008200 53长期(百万美元)--0054短期(百万美元)--82008200 55负债(百万美元)--82008200 56贸易信贷(百万美元)--2850028500 57长期(百万美元)--500500 58短期(百万美元)--2800028000 59贷款(百万美元)--36050064300 60长期(百万美元)--214008200 61短期(百万美元)--33910056100 62货币和存款(百万美元)--9600060700 63其它负债(百万美元)--60004200 64长期(百万美元)--24002400 65短期(百万美元)--36001800 66三.储备资产(百万美元)-375400500-283700 67货币黄金(百万美元)000 68特别提款权(百万美元)400300300 69在基金组织的储备头寸(百万美元)-2700200-3000 70外汇(百万美元)-3731000-281000 71其它债权(百万美元)000 72四.总计(百万美元)------73五.净误差与遗漏(百万美元)--12000120002011-03-312010-12-31借方贷方差额借方贷方差额借方9807004958002880046700019468003054001641400 8987004465001210043440017526002321001520600 7886004012002080038040015814002542001327200 ----------------------------11010045300-870054000171200-22100193300 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110060020040034500314003200 0000220030019000000220030019000000000 4479002340004250019150082530072400752800 11450018600-224004100075000-116300191200 254000-76007600500-6160062100 5000-2002000-43004300 249000-74007400400-5730057800 82000-5400540019700-2100040700 79000-510051000-2770027700 3000-20020019700660013100 8080017500-105002800030300-5800088300 01000100002450024400100000000001000100002450024400100010001000024500244001000790079000583004950088000100100041003500600078007800054200460008100 2963001601002600013410058600079100506900 13300520020003200264001000016300 2830001549002400013090055960069100490600 353004510029500156001038006030043500 1800230014008002200-3002500 0100010000100-400500 1800130040080022001002000 284300100-1412001413000-471700471700 0000000010010000-100100 32000-320032000-21002100 2810000-1380001380000-469600469600 0000000 --------------0262002620000-59700597002010-09-302010-06-302010-03-31贷方差额借方借方贷方差额差额5315001017004298004067004718006510036500 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中国国际收支平衡表（季度表）单位:亿元人民币项目2010Q12010Q22010Q32010Q42011Q12011Q22011Q32011Q42012Q12012Q22012Q32012Q4 1. 经常账户1,7062,9865,5965,754992,8432,7233,0711,8023,7224,8263,252贷方25,52330,48134,12134,89031,67435,70437,48737,67633,57637,85340,09739,548借方-23,817-27,495-28,525-29,136-31,575-32,861-34,764-34,605-31,774-34,131-35,271-36,296 1.A 货物和服务1,4533,5695,0374,9984903,4784,2413,4792414,3364,6405,419贷方22,74727,72830,37031,19128,45532,31734,87633,98928,90735,02036,26137,110借方-21,293-24,159-25,333-26,193-27,965-28,839-30,635-30,510-28,666-30,684-31,621-31,691 1.A.a 货物1,8083,7815,2305,2591,2304,0845,2734,1231,1775,5976,3056,591贷方20,15724,75027,19227,87325,00629,27331,75830,61325,94731,94033,00833,679借方-18,350-20,969-21,962-22,614-23,776-25,189-26,485-26,490-24,770-26,343-26,703-27,088 1.A.b 服务-354-212-193-261-740-606-1,032-644-936-1,261-1,665-1,172贷方2,5902,9783,1783,3193,4493,0443,1183,3762,9603,0803,2523,431借方-2,944-3,190-3,371-3,579-4,189-3,650-4,151-4,020-3,896-4,341-4,918-4,603 1.A.b.1 加工服务379416452454411415446428387396419415贷方381417453455412419450432388400420416借方-2-1-1-1-1-3-3-4-1-4-2-1 1.A.b.2 维护和维修服务000000000000贷方000000000000借方000000000000 1.A.b.3 运输-463-498-494-511-664-704-770-758-730-717-747-769贷方466568648631531574609583532630667628借方-929-1,066-1,143-1,142-1,195-1,278-1,379-1,341-1,262-1,347-1,414-1,397 1.A.b.4 旅行-182-37-155-237-416-250-592-300-607-768-1,204-702贷方697795802807688786785868715786779877借方-879-832-957-1,044-1,104-1,037-1,376-1,168-1,322-1,554-1,983-1,580 1.A.b.5 建设10315516021812919315822916911916294贷方179247254300202242222284218167226162借方-76-91-94-82-73-49-65-54-49-48-64-68 1.A.b.6 保险和养老金服务-204-239-247-259-247-260-291-281-262-266-288-275贷方232440293853436149564163借方-228-263-287-289-285-313-334-342-311-322-329-3381.A.b.7 金融服务312-10-84-3151-108-2贷方10182437111282315103460借方-8-7-34-45-7-16-8-18-14-21-25-61 1.A.b.8 知识产权使用费-189-231-193-213-223-221-217-240-253-280-249-272贷方6221117121210141313930借方-196-253-204-230-235-233-227-254-266-294-258-303 1.A.b.9 电信、计算机和信息服务79103124125130145158140186165137190贷方141173193202194222233249244247254280借方-62-70-69-77-64-77-75-108-58-81-118-90 1.A.b.10 其他商业服务1241181771791498985140180106111151贷方6696927408191,347714747842770754805891借方-544-574-564-640-1,198-625-662-702-590-649-694-740 1.A.b.11 个人、文化和娱乐服务-6-5-3-2-3-4-3-7-6-5-8-8贷方122322221222借方-8-7-5-5-5-6-5-9-7-7-10-11 1.A.b.12 别处未提及的政府服务3-6-3-7-8-5-80-2-1-66贷方1619111813791913131521借方-13-26-14-25-21-12-17-19-16-14-21-15 1.B 初次收入-357-1,224-132-52-1,108-1,056-1,829-5541,406-653136-2,140贷方2,0111,9622,9192,7392,3382,4531,6632,8593,8642,0313,0321,620借方-2,368-3,186-3,050-2,790-3,446-3,509-3,493-3,413-2,458-2,684-2,896-3,760 1.B.1 雇员报酬167181222253226241248250231231247256贷方192203249278253267274276257261275284借方-26-21-27-24-27-25-26-26-27-30-28-28 1.B.2 投资收益-524-1,405-354-305-1,334-1,297-2,077-8041,176-883-111-2,397贷方1,8181,7592,6702,4612,0852,1871,3892,5833,6071,7702,7571,336借方-2,342-3,165-3,024-2,766-3,419-3,484-3,467-3,388-2,431-2,653-2,868-3,732 1.B.3 其他初次收入000000000000贷方000000000000借方000000000000 1.C 二次收入6116416918087174203111461553850-27贷方766791832960881934947828805802804819借方-155-150-141-152-164-514-636-681-650-764-754-8451.C.1个人转移////////////贷方////////////借方//////////// 1.C.2 其他二次收入////////////贷方////////////借方////////////2. 资本和金融账户-1,611-2,090-5,216-3,571-2,038-1,842-1,372-2,642-1,879-752-3,640-1,835 2.1 资本账户799560809692857994565268贷方839963829895888299605870借方-4-4-3-2-2-3-4-3-5-4-6-3 2.2 金融账户-1,690-2,185-5,276-3,651-2,134-1,934-1,457-2,720-1,973-808-3,692-1,903资产-7,453-10,349-13,263-13,113-11,279-13,217-9,770-5,498-8,552-6,316-3,513-6,829负债5,7638,1647,9879,4629,14511,2828,3132,7786,5795,508-1794,926 2.2.1 非储备性质的金融账户4,8633,4142,0388,7147,1617,3324,425-1,9332,735-1,550-3,720245资产-901-4,749-5,949-747-1,984-3,951-3,888-4,710-3,844-7,058-3,541-4,680负债5,7638,1647,9879,4629,14511,2828,3132,7786,5795,508-1794,926 2.2.1.1 直接投资2,9943,2922,8023,4814,4554,0172,6773,8342,8812,3772,2133,650 2.2.1.1.1 资产-440-747-1,212-1,510-404-736-1,020-955-974-879-907-1,341 2.2.1.1.1.1 股权-506-802-1,315-1,574-508-925-1,160-1,119-1,027-1,105-987-1,472 2.2.1.1.1.2 关联企业债务6655104641031901401645322781132 2.2.1.1.1.a 金融部门//////////// 2.2.1.1.1.1.a 股权//////////// 2.2.1.1.1.2.a 关联企业债务//////////// 2.2.1.1.1.b 非金融部门//////////// 2.2.1.1.1.1.b 股权//////////// 2.2.1.1.1.2.b 关联企业债务//////////// 2.2.1.1.2负债3,4344,0394,0134,9914,8594,7533,6974,7903,8553,2563,1194,991 2.2.1.1.2.1 股权3,2223,7793,7364,5184,5604,2313,1764,2443,4102,8012,8414,485 2.2.1.1.2.2 关联企业债务212260277473299522522546444455279506 2.2.1.1.2.a 金融部门//////////// 2.2.1.1.2.1.a 股权//////////// 2.2.1.1.2.2.a 关联企业债务//////////// 2.2.1.1.2.b 非金融部门////////////2.2.1.1.2.1.b 股权//////////// 2.2.1.1.2.2.b 关联企业债务//////////// 2.2.1.2 证券投资149-6479571,146-175720638815867012921,434 2.2.1.2.1 资产42-536-3811-186219265100216155-669-107 2.2.1.2.1.1 股权-145-363-18-48-105921110933-9279 2.2.1.2.1.2 债券187-174-2060-17616024499107122-577-186 2.2.1.2.2 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一、2014年中国国际收支平衡表表一：以人民币计价的中国国际收支平衡表注：1. 本表计数采用四舍五入原则。

2. 本表数据通过一季度、二季度、三季度及四季度平衡表人民币值累加而成。

表二：以美元计价的中国国际收支平衡表注：1. 本表计数采用四舍五入原则。

2. 本表数据由分季度平衡表累加得到。

二、分析从2014年中国国际收支表中可以看到，2014年我国经常项目顺差13510亿元人民币，资本和金融项目顺差2324亿元人民币，国际储备资产增加7209亿元人民币。

按美元计价，2014年，我国经常项目顺差2197亿美元，其中，货物贸易顺差4760亿美元，服务贸易逆差1920亿美元，收益逆差341亿美元，经常转移逆差302亿美元。

资本和金融项目顺差382亿美元，其中，直接投资净流入2087亿美元，证券投资净流入824亿美元，其他投资净流出2528亿美元。

国际储备资产增加1178亿美元，其中，外汇储备资产增加1188亿美元，特别提款权及在基金组织的储备头寸减少10亿美元。

2014年，全球经济延续缓慢复苏态势，各国经济运行和货币政策取向出现分化，国际金融市场波动加大。

我国经济运行处于合理区间，改革和结构调整稳步推进，人民币汇率双向浮动明显增强。

2014年，我国国际收支在振荡中趋向基本平衡。

按美元计价，2014年，国际收支总顺差2579亿美元，较2013年下降48％。

其中，经常项目顺差2197亿美元，增长48％；资本和金融项目顺差382亿美元，下降89％。

货物贸易顺差增长32％，服务贸易逆差扩大54％。

（见图一）图一：2008-2014年中国国际收支顺差结构2014年我国经常项目顺差与GDP之比为2.1％，仍处于国际公认的合理水平之内。

且当前国际收支变化是预期的可承受的调整。

随着人民币汇率形成机制市场化改革推进，央行逐步退出常态式外汇市场干预，必然会出现“贸易顺差越大、资本流出越多”的情况。

而且，“藏汇于民”体现了市场主体持汇意愿增强，符合调控目标和改革方向，有利于外汇供求平衡、改善宏观调控。

中、美、日、泰四国国际收支平衡表分析我们收集了中国、美国、日本和泰国四国2001-2009年的国际收支平衡表数据进行分析。

首先，我们逐一对每个国家的国际收支情况进行纵向简单分析。

1.中国国际收支平衡表分析图1：2001-2009年中国国际收支平衡表结构（单位：百万美元）（数据来源：2010, International Monetary Fund: International Financial Statistics Yearbook, pp.230）由图1看出，（1）中国在2001年加入世界贸易组织后，经常账户余额呈逐年递增趋势。

2001年到2004年间增加较缓，2004年到2008年间增加迅速。

2008年世界性经济危机爆发后，经常账户余额有所回落，2009年只达到2006年水平。

（2）资本账户波动平缓，基本上没有大的变化。

（3）金融账户余额在2001年到2004年间平缓上升，在2004年以后经历了一个“升—降—升”的过程，在2006年触底反弹，2008年受经济危机影响再次触底并反弹，前后波动较大。

（4）储备和相关项目金额逐年递增，在2001年到2004年间缓慢上升，2005年到2007年间迅速上升，2008年后回落，大致与经常账户变化正相关。

（5）错误和遗漏项波动不大，说明国际投机资本流动波动不大。

在中国9年的国际收支平衡表中，经常账户余额与储备和相关项目金额的变动最大，而储备和相关项目的变动又与经常账户的变动密切相关，因此我们把经常账户单独列出分析。

图2：2001-2009年中国国际收支经常账户结构（单位：百万美元）（数据来源：根据2010, International Monetary Fund: International Financial Statistics Yearbook, pp.230计算）由图2可知，国际货物贸易净额变化与经常账户余额变化正相关，货物贸易的巨大顺差是中国经常账户发生变化的根本原因。