蓄电池外文翻译

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译Design of a Lead-Acid Battery Charging and Protecting IC in Photovoltaic System1.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also been put into use in many cities in China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free, low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stable and no maintenance, the need for uninterrupted for the various typesof has wide application in power electronic equipment, and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use (to prevent over-discharge, overcharge, over-current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 ~ 16 years float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the charge has a major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separation of the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market has not yet real, charged with the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.System design and considerationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion, It can ensure that the external power supply to the battery-powered, but also in the battery overcharge, over-current and an external power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic power generation system, but also the source of this design.Figure1 Photovoltaic circuit system block diagramMaintenance-free lead-acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturers said that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achieved even more than 2C (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 ~ C/3. Battery voltage and temperature, the temperature is increased by 1 °C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV , negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / ° C means that the battery float voltage. Ordinary charger for the best working condition at 25 °C; charge less than the ambient temperature of 0 °C; at 45 °C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certainsolar battery array Charge controller controller Discharge controller DC load accumulatorunderstanding and analysis of the working status of the battery, in order to achieve the purpose of protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states: normal state, over-current state over the state of charge, over discharge state. However, due to the impact of the different discharge current over-capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the battery over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the state a long time, would severely reduce the capacity of the battery and shorten battery life. When the battery is the time of discharge status exceeds the allotted time, the battery, the battery voltage is too low may not be able to recharge, making the battery life is lower.Based on the above, the charge on the life of maintenance-free lead-acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working condition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation, in order to achieve the protection of the battery.3.Units modular design3.1The charging moduleChip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes current limiting, current sensing comparator, reference voltage source, under-voltage detection circuit, voltage sampling circuit and logic control circuit.Figure2 Charging module block diagram driverV oltage amplifierV oltage sampling comparatorStart amplifier State level control Charging indicator Logical module Undervoltage detection circuit R- powerCurrent sampling comparator Limitingamplifier Power indicatorThe module contains a stand-alone limiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off-chip drive, 20 ~30 mA, provided by the drive output current can directly drive an external series of adjustment tube, so as to adjust the charger output voltage and current . V oltage and current detection comparator detects the battery charge status, and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge to start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut-off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short-circuit or reverse, the charger can only charge a small current, to avoid damage to the battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high-current constant-current charge state, high-voltage charge status and low-voltage constant voltage floating state. The charging process from the constant current charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage across the battery pack, the battery power has been restored to 70% to 90% of the released capacity when the battery voltage reaches the switching voltage to charge conversion voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge. In this state, the charger output voltage is increased to overcharge pressure V oc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a continuous decline. Current down to charge and suspend the current Ioct, the battery capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltage VF.3.2 Protection ModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over-discharge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load short-circuit detection circuit, level-shifting circuit and reference circuit (BGR).Figure3 Block diagram of battery protectionThis module constitutes a protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and discharge control of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery discharge current will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge, then the charge to control the end of CO is high, the discharge control side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode, general in order to play on the battery safer and more reasonable protection, the chip will battery over-discharge current to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over-discharge current is larger, over the shorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcharge detection voltage, the chip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then discharge control end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, the chip is in charging mode. When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischarge detection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischarge delay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is high, while the discharge control terminal DO is low, the chip is in discharge mode. Sampling circuitOver discharge detection comparator Control logic circuitLevel conversion circuit Overcharge detection comparator Over-current detection comparator2 Over-current detection comparator1Over-current detection circuitLoad short detection circuitFigure4 Protection circuit application schematic diagram4.Circuit DesignTwo charge protection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, the reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overcharge detection /overdischarge detection comparator, over-current detection and load short-circuit detection circuit) and the logic control part.This paper describes the under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap reference circuit (Figure 6).Figure5 Under-voltage detection circuitProtection moduleBiasing circuit Reference circuit Bleeder circuit difference amplifier Output circuitAmplifierAmplifierFigure6 A reference power supply circuit diagramBattery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit design should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process, the undervoltage protection circuit, this simple circuit structure, process and easy to implement and can be used as high-voltage power integrated circuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in Figure 5, a total of five components: the bias circuit, reference voltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, R0 is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post-stage circuit, the resistance, Ro, determine the circuit's operating point, the M0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedback loop of the undervoltage signal; the rest of the M3, M4 and M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, composed of four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a reference voltage, the comparator input with the inverting input is fixed (V+), partial pressure of the resistance R1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator, when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparator is greater than V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedback circuit does not work; undervoltage occurs, the voltage divider of R1, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input voltage is less than V when the resistor divider, the comparator the output voltage is high, this signal will be M14 open, the voltage across R into M at both ends of the saturation voltage close to 0V, thereby further driving down the R1> R2, the partial pressure of the output voltage, the formation of the undervoltage positive feedback. Output, undervoltage lockout, and plays a protective role.5. Simulation results and analysisThe design of the circuit in CSMC 0.6 μm in digital CMOS process simulation and analysis of the circuit. In the overall simulation of the circuit, the main observation is that the protection module on the battery charge and discharge process by monitoring Vdd potential and Vm potential leaving chip CO side and DO-side changes accordingly. The simulation waveform diagram shown in Figure 7, the overall protection module with the battery voltage changes from the usual mode conversion into overcharge mode, and then return to normal working mode, and then into the discharge mode, and finally back to normal working mode. As the design in the early stages of the various parameters to be optimized, but to provide a preliminary simulation results.Figure7 Overvoltage and under-voltage protection circuit simulation waveform6.ConclusionDesigned a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC. This design not only can reduce the product, they can reduce the peripheral circuit components. The circuit uses the low-power design. This project is underway to design optimization stage, a complete simulation can not meet the requirements, but also need to optimize the design of each module circuit.光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计1.引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。

原电池和蓄电池[单体]电池 cell 原电池primary cell蓄电池 secondary cell 全密封电池 hermetically /sealed cell 极板 plate 涂膏式极板pasted plate极群plate group 负极板negative plate正极板positive plate 容量（电池的）capacity(for cells or batteries) 额定容量 rated capacity 剩余容量residual capacity OEM电池 OEM battery 替换电池 replacement battery储备电池 reserve cell 应急电池 emergency battery缓冲电池buffer battery 隔板 (plate)separator阀 valve 电池外壳 cell can电池槽 cell case 电池盖cell lid电池封口剂lid sealing compound 整体电池 monobloc battery整体槽 monobloc containe 隔板 (plate)separator阀 valve 电池外壳 cell can电池槽 cell case 电池盖cell lid电池封口剂lid sealing compound 整体电池 monobloc battery整体槽 monobloc containerr 阳极anode阴极cathode 泄漏 leakage活性物质active material 电池）放电discharge(of a battery) 放电电流 discharge current 放电率 discharge rate短路电流（电池的）short-circuit current(related to cells or batteries)自放电 self discharge放电电压（电池的） discharge voltage（related to cells or batteries）闭路电压 closed circuit voltage 负载电压（拒用）on load voltage (deprecated)初始放电电压 initial discharge voltage开路电压（电池的）open-circuit voltage（related to cells or batteries并联 parallel connection 并串联 parallel series connection串联series connection 串并联 series parallel connection）并联 parallel connection 并串联 parallel series connection串联series connection 串并联 series parallel connection干电池 dry cell 铅酸蓄电池 lead acid battery镉镍蓄电池nickel oxide cadmium battery; nickel cadmium battery形成式极板Plante plate 袋式极板pocket plate烧结式极板 sintered plate 排气帽 vent cap电池组架 battery rack 免维护电池 maintenance-free battery起动能力 starting capability 电池充电charging of a battery循环（电池的）cycling(of a cell or battery)湿式荷电蓄电池 drained charged battery干式荷电蓄电池 dry charged battery不带液非荷电蓄电池 discharged empty(cell or battery)；discharged unfilled(cell or battery)带液荷电蓄电池filled charged battery带液非荷电蓄电池filled discharged battery 电池 battery燃料电池fuel cell 锂电池 lithium cell熔融盐电池molten salt cell 碱性电池alkaline cell 固体电解质电池solid electrolyte cell 非水电解质电池non aqueous cell 指示电池pilot cell; back-up battery 电压标准电池 standard voltage cell 韦斯顿电压标准电池Weston standard voltage cell 激活 activation未激活的inactivated 管式极板tubular plate极群组plate pack极板对 plate pair隔离物 spacer 边界绝缘体edge insulator外套jacket [单体电池]电极(cell)electrode端子 terminal端子保护套terminal protector；terminal cover负极端子negative terminal 正极端子positive terminal电极的活性表面active surface of an electrode电解质 electrolyte 电解质爬渗electrolyte creep电解质保持能力electrolyte containment活性物质混合物 active material mix 电池组合箱battery tray输出电缆 output cable 连接件connector矩形（的prismatic圆柱形电池 cylindrical cell扣式电池 button cell；coin cell 电化学反应 electrochemical reaction电极极化 electrode polarization 反极 polarity reversal cell reversal结晶极化 crystallization polarization 活化极化 activation polarization阳极极化anodic polarization 阴极极化 cathodic polarization 浓差极化concentration polarization; mass transfer polarization欧姆极化 ohmic polarization 反应极化 reaction polarization 阳极反应 anodic reaction 阴极反应 cathodic reaction副反应 side reaction; secondary reaction; 体积（比）容量volumetric capacity 温度系数 temperature coefficient(of the capacity)质量（比）容量gravimetric capacity 面积（比）容量areic capacity电池能量 battery energy（电池）体积（比）能量volumic energy(related to battery)（初始闭路电压 initial closed circuit voltage初始负载电压（拒用）initial on load voltage(deprecated)终止电压end-of-discharge voltage; final voltage; cut-off voltage; end-point voltage标称电压nominal voltage开路电压温度系数temperature coefficient of the open-circuit voltage比特性 specific characteristic荷电保持能力charge retention容量保持能力 capacity retention表观内阻 internal apparent resistance剩余活性物质residual active mass使用质量 service mass标称值 nominal value电池耐久性 battery endurance贮存试验 storage test使用寿命 service life贮存寿命 storage life; shelf life连续工作试验 continuous service test金属-空气电池airmetal battery碱性锌-空气电池alkaline zinc air battery碱性锌-二氧化锰电池alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery锌-氧化银电池zinc silver oxide battery中性锌-空气电池neutral electrolyte zinc air battery氯化锌电池zinc chloride battery 锌-碳电池zinc carbon battery诸如勒克朗谢电池或氯化锌电池之类的原电池。

中英文翻译英文资料A basic knowledge of lead-acid batteries(A), the basic concepts of1, the basic definition ofEnergy can be changed in various forms of energy, one of them, the chemical energy into electrical energy conversion device called chemical batteries, the general referred to as batteries, battery cells and batteries are the original division.Discharge can not be used after the manner of charging the internal regeneration of active substances called primary cells, also known as a one-time battery. Can be used after discharge rechargeable internal activity of the establishment of renewable material, the energy stored as chemical energy, the need to discharge the chemical energy to electrical energy is converted to the battery, called the battery, also known as secondary batteries.(B), lead-acid batteries1, the definition ofLead-acid battery is a battery, the main feature is the use of dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte to do with lead dioxide and lead, respectively, velvet-like cells as a positive and negative battery acid.2, classificationBattery plate according to the types of structure: there is the formation of style, painted cream and tubular batteries.By the battery cover and the types of structure: there are open-type, exhaust type, anti-acid-type explosion-proof and sealed valve-regulated batteries.Battery maintenance mode by Category: A general-type, low maintenance type, maintenance-free battery.In accordance with the provisions of the relevant standard of China's battery products mainly include:Starting batteries: mainly used in automobiles, tractors, ships, such as diesel engine start-up and lighting.Fixed-type batteries: mainly used in telecommunications, power plants, computer systems as a means of protection, automatic control of the standby power.Traction-type batteries: batteries mainly used in a variety of vehicles, forklifts, lift trucks, such as dynamic power.Railway Battery: mainly used in railway locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger cars starting, lighting of the driving force.Motorcycle Batteries: Motorcycle main specifications for a variety of start-up and lighting.Mine used batteries: mainly used for electric locomotive traction power supply. Battery Energy Storage: mainly used in wind power, hydro-electric power energy storage.3, the basic structure: lead-acid batteries are generated mainly by the following components:1, hard-rubber trough 2, anode plate 3, cathode plates 4, partition 5, saddle 6, bus 7, rubber seal 8, the battery slot cover 9, to connect 10 most column 11, the exhaust bolt Positive and negative electrodePlate lead-acid batteries, according to chemical structure and method of active substances can be divided into four categories: style pasted plate, tubular plate, into a plate-type, semi-chemical-type plate. Paste-type electrode coated by the grid and active material composition. Grid to support the role of active substances and conduction current, so that uniform current distribution. Material grid oflead-antimony alloys in general, the use of maintenance-free lead-calcium alloybatteries. Cathode active material mainly composed of lead dioxide, the main components of cathode active material for the velvet-like lead.PartitionBattery separators are microporous rubber, fiberglass and other materials, its main role is to:Positive and negative electrode to prevent short-circuit; to enable the smooth passage of the electrolyte anion Chiang Kai-shek. Slow positive and negative electrode active material of the loss, positive and negative plates to prevent damage due to vibration. ElectrolyteBattery electrolyte is an important part of its role is to conduction current and to participate in electrochemical reactionBy concentrated sulfuric acid electrolyte and purified water (deionized water) from the preparation, the purity and density of the electrolyte of the battery capacity and life expectancy have had a significant impact.Battery shell, coveredBattery shells, cover the positive and negative electrode and electrolyte loading of containers, generally made of plastic and rubber materials.Exhaust boltExhaust bolt generally made of plastic material, the role of the battery from sealed to prevent air entry, to prevent electrode oxidation. At the same time, the battery can be recharged when the gas produced from the battery to avoid dangerous batteries. Before use: the need to bolt on the exhaust of the blind hole pierced with wire in order to ensure smooth gas overflow.Second, the use of battery electric vehicles and maintenance(A), batteries installedBattery generally used in series, that is, the cathode of a battery with one battery connected to the anode, all the batteries together, and finally the remaining positiveand negative terminals with the wiring connected to the corresponding electric vehicles, electric vehicle motor, controller, instruments such as the electricity load is a battery.Battery electric vehicles are generally box, from the installation location divided slash-style, after the plug and the chassis-mounted, the shape of its structure can be varied. Each depot has its own electrical characteristics. Figure battery box generally made with engineering plastics, and its strength is better, lighter weight, ease of installation. General by the end of the battery box tank, roof, and charge the battery contact point socket, trams, etc. lock. Trough and fastens at the end of the superstructure, and self-tapping fastening screws or bolts. Battery battery box is based on the design of model specification, the design should be considered in the whole of its good heat dissipation.(B), the rechargeable battery"Battery is not bad but bad charge", this is not alarmist talk, the performance of good and bad battery life of the battery and use play a decisive role in performance, attention must be given.1, the battery charging process on the requirementsRechargeable battery technology for understanding the basic requirements is to analyze the basis of charging technology. Rechargeable batteries of the basic requirements are: the charge current should be less than or equal to the battery charge current can be received. Otherwise, the current surplus would electrolyte consumed too quickly, resulting in the following hazards:Increased battery water loss, increased the maintenance workload for the maintenance-free batteries, can cause early battery failure; produce mist, resulting in environmental pollution, health hazards to workers; so charging efficiency, resulting in a serious waste of energy.Charging process of electrochemical reaction is the discharge process of the reverse reaction, if the charging process of electrochemical reaction in an ideal state, and this process should be complementary to each reverse reaction, that is filled with the release of the power of electricity should be basically the same. However, in a serious state of gas, the effective charge of the electrochemical reaction process power consumption of less than 40% of the total electricity consumption, that is a waste of energy more than 60%.Gathered gases within porous electrode in the battery to reduce the electrolyte and the porous electrode contact area, that is, the electrochemical reaction of the interface charge is drastically reduced, so that the speed of chemical reactions reduce the charge, the charge is very difficult to extend the charging time.Gas will be serious damage to the battery: ① a large number of gases have on the plate were washed active role of the active substance soft and easy to fall off. ②polarization at the higher voltage, the positive plate grid of serious corrosion, generation of Pb02, such structures and electrochemical corrosion Pb02 survival is completely different, which is not reversible oxide, conductive poor and grid deformation, brittle fracture, the loss of the role of skeleton and conductivity. Should be in charge to prevent over charge as much as possible.Rechargeable long-term lack of response to the active substance did not produce irreversible positive large granular high PbS04 grain (that is, irreversible sulfation) to decrease battery capacity, internal resistance to increase, charging more difficult, resulting in early damage to the battery. Therefore, as far as possible to ensure sufficient battery power to prevent irreversible sulfation.2, the frequency of the choice of chargingBattery life cycle of the depth of the impact of large changes in the basic exponentially. This is because the positive active material for Pb02, the combination of fastness is not high, discharge time and charge into PbS04 into PbO2, and PbSO4size larger than PbO2 (the volume ratio of about 2: 1). Therefore, the positive plate, the actives will be repeated contraction expansion to the connection between the particles gradually fell off, so that the loss of battery discharge characteristics actives become "anode mud" so that the battery performance until the end of life. Deeper depth of discharge, the greater the amount of expansion contraction of activity in the greater destruction of binding force, the shorter life expectancy; the other hand is the longer cycle life.In theory the battery should be avoided as far as possible the use of deep discharge, shall be sufficient ground shallow place, provided there is a special match with the matching charger. However, in actual use, due to battery performance and battery by the charger itself and the discrete charge and the charge used to the speed of the impact of higher than the voltage charger, charging more or less existed. In particular, the majority charge at night, generally in 6-10 hours, with an average of about eight hours, if shallow discharge, the charge will soon reach the end of the efficiency of this low charge will result in charge-off. Have relatively long charging time, coupled with frequent charging, battery life would be a greater impact because of charge. According to the charging requirements of the best on the actual situation, it is necessary to refer to normal operating frequency, length, the storage battery factory provided, as well as supporting the development of charger performance parameters such as frequency of charge. By the vast majority of users, in order to discharge the battery depth of 50% -70% of an electric charge the best, so that battery life for the best results. Actual use can be converted to mileage riding in an electric charge when necessary.3, the effects of temperature on the chargeSeason run at a high temperature battery, the main problem of the existence of charge-off. Battery when the temperature increased, the increase in the activity of active substances, positive potential of a decline in oxygen evolution, oxygenevolution anode potential also decreased (negative decrease), so charging rechargeable fast response time, charge current, and charging needs lower the charge voltage. In order to prevent excessive charge voltage, battery temperature should be kept as low as possible to ensure good heat dissipation, to prevent charging in the hot sun after exposure and should be far away from the heat source.Batteries at low temperatures, the lower the activity of the active substance, which dissolved electrode becomes difficult, after the charge consumed when it is difficult to be added Pb, the charge current significant drop in positive plate at -20 ℃ in the charge acceptance of current only 70% at room temperature, and the negative effects of charging by the expansion agent, the ability to accept a lower charge temperature -20 ℃ to accept the charge current of only 40% of room temperature. Therefore, the main charge under the conditions of low-temperature charge acceptance of the existence of poor, the problem of insufficient charge, request for increasing the charge voltage and charge time extended. Should be to improve the low temperature performance of the main negative start. Low-temperature thermal insulation used antifreeze measures to be taken, in particular charge should be placed on a warm environment, conducive to guarantee sufficient power to prevent the emergence of irreversible sulfate, extended battery life.Storage and use of batteries during charging can be activated periodically, theso-called balance charge, this battery to prevent irreversible sulfation very good for a very good battery life, it is worth advocating.Third, note the use of batteries1, to prevent over dischargeBattery voltage after the termination of discharge to continue to discharge as the discharge-off. Will have serious damage to the battery discharge, the electrical performance of the battery cycle life and severely disadvantaged.Battery discharge voltage to the termination of the internal resistance of a larger concentration of electrolyte is very thin, especially the plate hole and the surface almost at neutral, had fever resistance discharge orientation, volume expansion, a larger discharge current, the apparent heat (or even develop fever deformation), then sulfuric acid concentration of lead in particular, and the existence of branches increased the possibility of short-circuit crystal Moreover at this time will be the crystallization of lead sulfate to form bigger particles, namely, the irreversible formation of sulfate, and will further increase the resistance , the charge to restore the capacity of the poor, and even beyond repair.Should have been used to prevent battery discharge, the "under-voltage protection" is a very effective measure. In addition, electric vehicles as a result of "under-voltage protection" is controlled by the controller, but the controller other than the voltage of some equipment such as tables, lights and other electrical power consumption is directly powered by the battery, the power supply in general is not controller, the electric lock (switch) In the event of power began to close. While the current small, but if the discharge time (1-2 weeks) will discharge occurred. Therefore, the lock may not be a long time, do not have to be switched off immediately.2, to prevent over chargingIn front of charging has been described to lead rechargeable batteries will increase the water loss will be accelerated grid corrosion and active material softening, the deformation will increase the chance of battery. Should try to avoid the occurrence of charge-off; choose battery charger parameters with a good match, it is necessary to fully understand the seasons in high-temperature battery operation, as well as during the whole life changes. Do not use the battery when placed in the overheated environment, especially the charge should be away from sources of heat. After heating the battery to take measures to cool down until the temperature returned to normal when the battery can be charged. Batteries should be installed to ensure goodheat dissipation, overheating should be found to stop charging, and battery chargers to deal with the inspection. Shallow depth of battery discharge or high ambient temperature should be to shorten the charging time.3, to prevent short-circuitState in the short-circuit the battery, the short-circuit current of up to several hundred amperes. Exposure to short-circuit the more firmly, the greater the short-circuit current, so all connections will have a lot of heat in part, in the weak link in greater heat will fuse junction, resulting in short-circuit phenomenon. Local batteries can be explosive gases may be generated (or stoed charge can be set when the gas explosion), in connection sparks when the fuse will cause battery explosion; if the battery or short circuit current is not particularly large, you may not be caused by connecting Department fuse, but there will be a short circuit overheating will damage the adhesive around the article to connect to leakage and other problems left behind. Therefore, short-circuit the battery must not have the installation or use should be particularly careful in the use of tools insulation measures should be taken, the connection should be other than the first electrical battery connected, and after inspection without short-circuit, and finally connected to the battery, wiring norms should be well insulated to prevent the overlap arising from the breakdown pressure. 4, to prevent the connected loose and unsoundIf contact is not strong, a lesser extent, conductivity bad will happen to the site contact line fever, loss of a larger circuit, the output voltage is low, the impact of electric power, so that mileage can not be reduced or normal riding; if components in the terminal block contact is not strong (the vast majority of failures in the joints and connection terminal site), a large number of terminals will be fever, the impact of terminal and sealant combination of leakage can occur over time, "acid-climbing" phenomenon. If in a moving process or charge arising in the course of contact is not strong, may have a circuit, circuit will have a strong spark, may point to an internalbattery explosion explosive gases (in particular, just the wires for the battery charge because the battery can be explosive gas more, and enough battery power, open circuit when the spark than the strong possibility of an explosion quite large.) Electric vehicles in the run-time have to bear more strongly the vibration, therefore, to deal with the reliability of all connections examination with connectors should be "self-locking" feature to prevent vibration and when driving off-chip with the battery cable connections should be take the connector, and solder to solder in prison, the application of connector crimping and connection means (can also be press-fit again after the solder used to increase the reliability of solder).5, to prevent exposure in the sunSun exposure will increase the battery temperature, battery the active material to increase the activity, the impact of battery life.中文翻译一、铅酸蓄电池基本知识（一）、基本概念1、基本定义电能可由多种形式的能量变化得来，其中把化学能转换成电能的装置叫化学电池，一般简称为电池，电池有原电池和蓄电池之分。

●Portable personal computer, language processor, terminal.●野外测试设备、医疗仪器设备。

●Outdoor testing equipment, medical instrument equipment.●移动电话机、对讲机。

●Mobile phone, walkie-talkie.●矿灯、割胶灯、应急灯、铁路信号灯。

●Lamp, tapping lamp, emergency light, railway signal light.●电动玩具、电动轮椅。

●Electric toy, electric wheel chair.3 电池结构Structure of the battery图1.蓄电池结构(12V系列) structrue of the storage battery (12V series)图2.蓄电池结构(2V系列) structrue of the storage battery (2V series)表1 SUPER FM GFM 系列蓄电池构件与功能SUPER FM GFM series storage battery component and its function部件Component 结构材料Structural material功能Function正极板Positive plate负极板Negative 涂浆式极板,把活性物质涂在特制铅钙合金骨架上。

Paste-smeared platespread active materialon specially made保持足够的容量Keep sufficient capacity维持容量长期使用性用（长寿）Keep capacity that can be used forlong. (Longevity)Vt=V25+K(t-25)具体选择可按图6进行。

Specific selection shall be made as .充电量charging volume充电电流charging current充电电压charging voltage 图5 充电特性曲线 Charging Characteristic Curve循环充电特性Cycled charging characteristics25℃时循环使用2V蓄电池充电电压为，12V蓄电池充电电压为。

蓄电池专业术语铅酸蓄电池行业专业术语中英文对照Lead-acid battery电极主要由铅制成，电解液是硫酸溶液的一种蓄电池。

1.1 充电Charge (of a battery)蓄电池从外电路接受电能，并转换为化学能的工作过程。

1.2 放电Discharge蓄电池将化学能转换为电能，并向外电路输出电流的工作过程。

1.3 反极Reversal蓄电池正常极性的改变。

1.4 开路电压Open circuit voltageOff-load voltage开路十，蓄电池正、负极间的电位差。

1.5 标称电压Nominal voltage用来识别蓄电池类型的适当的电压近似值。

1.6 专用蓄电池Battery for specific application例1 ：固定型蓄电池stationary battery例2 ：携带式蓄电池portable battery1.7 全密封蓄电池Hermetically sealed cell没有压力释放装置的一种蓄电池。

1.8 干式荷电蓄电池Dry charged battery无电解液贮存的蓄电池，其极板是干的，且处于荷电状态。

1.9 带液荷电蓄电池Filled and charged battery可以立即使用的一种蓄电池。

1.10 湿荷电蓄电池Charged drained battery极板为荷电状态，带有少量的电解液，而大部分电解液被吸入极板和隔板中贮存的一种蓄电池。

1.11 干式非荷电蓄电池Dry discharged battery无电解液贮存的蓄电池，其极板是干的，且处于非荷电状态。

1.12 带液非荷电蓄电池Filled and discharged battery带电解液以非荷电状态贮存的一种蓄电池。

1.13 湿式非荷电蓄电池Discharged drained battery排除电解液以非荷电状态贮存的一种蓄电池。

1.14 未化成干态蓄电池Unformed dry battery极板尚未化成为活性物质，以干态贮存的一种蓄电池。

Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries ：金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池Primary batteries ：原电池Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池 Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池 Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles小型阀控密封式铅酸电池 small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries航空用铅酸电池 Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池 Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated铅酸电池用极板 plate for lead-acid battery铅锭 lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池 Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated battery更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6vent valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative electrode 负电极negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor 电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube 纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6grid板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode typecut-off discharge 终止放电/截止放电阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage 开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge 快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电 5 秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电 30 秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （1）小时率（2）放电率更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6(1) self discharge (2) local action （1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6boost charge急充电floating charge浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltagedepth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性终止电压/截止电压gas recombinating efficiencycharge 充电气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6spacer 隔离物insulating tube绝缘管intercell connector连接线/连接条connector cover连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅；(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube 排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable 输出电缆microporous rubber separator 微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator 比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板lid sealing compound 密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in high rate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6terminating voltage in discharge 恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt. The limited voltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester万用表multimeter转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板充电器5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding 极耳超焊8 cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention 荷电（容量）保持10 checking code 检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=639 J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42 laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE 膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirment 要求81 reverse 背面，反面更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=682 rework 返工83 ringing cells into pyrocondensation films84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requiment 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序套热缩膜Voltage：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC. (DirectCurrent). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment. Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extendsfrom the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of the curveafter which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at aspecified rate and temperature.Working voltage（工作电压）The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections as soon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6The average discharging voltage is the average value of the dischargingvoltageduring the entire discharging process with a related discharging current.Open circuit voltage (OCV 开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV 闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage（起始电压）A battery＇s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）The capacity of a cell is defined as how manymilli-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell canstore and subsequently deliver.One milli-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Somelarger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).“Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate,temperature, and cutoff voltage.Rated capacity is different from power or energyExample:If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliverthe following:1000 mA of current for 1 hour500 mA of current for 2 hours200 mA of current for 5 hours2000 mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）The energy density of a cell is a measure of howmuch energy can be stored in the cell per unitvolume or per unit weight.E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity rating更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6? Energy density per unit volume is called the“volumetric energy density” and is expressed interms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).Energy density per unit weight is called the“gravimetric energy density” and is expressedin terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).These measurements are useful when you aretrying to determine which cell has the mostcapacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries3.steel strap 钢带4.Burst vent 防爆阀5.Filling port 注液孔锂离子电池的一致性6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type7.foil 箔圆柱形8.parallel-plate prismatic design 方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化）-Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orthe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell.Anode（阳极） - The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place,releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极） - The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takesplace, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During chargethe situation reverses andthe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle （循环）- A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD （放电深度）- The ratio of the quantity of electricity orcharge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance（交流内阻） - Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell.It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current withina cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.更多电池资讯：/电池产品认证指导网站：/ekeyword.php?ekeyid=6锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance还是Internalimpedance，一些电池说明书内阻用 Internal resistance，也有的用 Internal impedance，我认为 Internal impedance 较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻） - Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell.It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming theelectrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current withina cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在 IEC6196002 中，只定义为 Internal resistance，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internala.c. resistance（交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫 Internal d.c. resistance（直流内阻），其实 Internal a.c.resistance 测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用 Internal impedance（交流内阻）和 Internal resistance （直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。

蓄电池常用术语UPS 蓄电池基础电池常用术语1．过放电(over discharge):低于蓄电池规定的终止电压后继续放电.2、恢复充电(recover charge):为下一次放电做准备，对已放电的电池充电使其恢复容量.3．过充电(over charge):达到完全充电状态之后继续进行的充电.4．完全放电(full discharge):把蓄电池按规定的放电电流放电至规定的终止电压.5．额定电压(nominal voltage):表示电池电压时使用的标准电压.一般情况下比初始电压稍低一些的理论值.6．循环服务方式(cycles service system):以充电后放电作为一个循环来使用的方式.7．最大放电电流(maximum discharge current):在不引起变形，外观异常，极柱熔断等情况下蓄电池可以放出的最大电流.8．自放电(self discharge):不向外部提供电流，电流容量内部流失减少的现象.9．额定容量(nominal capacity):在标准规定的温度，放电电流和终止电压条件下，蓄电池完全充电后能提供的由制造厂标明的安时电量.10．小时率(hour rate):以恒定电流放电至设定的终止电压的时间率，一般以小时作为单位来体现电池的容量.11．实际容量(actual capacity):蓄电池实际拥有按一定小时率放电的容量,表示为Ah.12．涓流式连续补充电(trickle charge):为弥补蓄电池的自放电，在脱离负载的状态下，不停地以微小电流充电.13．浮充充电(floating charge):蓄电池和负载并联接到整流充电器上，由充电器不断的向蓄电池以一定的电压保持充电状态的充电方式,在停电或负载发生变动时，电池能够直接不间断向负载提供电力.14．定电压充电(constant voltage charge):保持端子间电压恒定的充电方式.15．定电流充电(constant current charge):用恒定的电流充电的方式.16．备用式(stand-by use):一直处于充电状态的浮充充电和涓流式连续充电，备应急使用.17．内阻(internal resistance):蓄电池内部电解液和极群组电阻的总和.18．放电终止电压(cut-off voltage of discharge):根据放电电流大小和电池类别不同而设定的放电到理论上应停止放电时的端子电压.19．容量保存性能(capacity conservation performance):蓄电池完全充电后，在一定条件下以开路状态放置一段时间仍然保有的容量.20．内短路(internal short-circuit):在单个电池内部的极群里,正负极板之间短路的现象.。

●发动机起动、船舶设备。

●Engine startup, ship craft equipment.●太阳能系统。

●Solar system.2.2循环使用Cycled usage●便携式电视机、摄录像机、收录音机。

●Portable TV, pickup camera, radio and tape recorder.●电动工具、割草机、吸尘器。

●Electric tool, field mower. Vacuum cleaner.●照相机、新闻摄影设备。

●Camera, news photography equipment.●便携式个人计算机、语言处理器、终端。

●Portable personal computer, language processor, terminal.●野外测试设备、医疗仪器设备。

●Outdoor testing equipment, medical instrument equipment.●移动电话机、对讲机。

●Mobile phone, walkie-talkie.●矿灯、割胶灯、应急灯、铁路信号灯。

●Lamp, tapping lamp, emergency light, railway signal light.●电动玩具、电动轮椅。

●Electric toy, electric wheel chair.3 电池结构Structure of the battery图1.蓄电池结构(12V系列) Fig.1 structrue of the storage battery (12V series) 图2.蓄电池结构(2V系列) Fig.2 structrue of the storage battery (2V series) 表1 SUPER FM GFM 系列蓄电池构件与功能Table.1 SUPER FM GFM series storage battery component and its function部件Component 结构材料Structural material功能Function正极板Positive plate 负极板Negative plate 涂浆式极板,把活性物质涂在特制铅钙合金骨架上。

Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries ：金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池Primary batteries ：原电池Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles小型阀控密封式铅酸电池small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries航空用铅酸电池Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated 铅酸电池用极板plate for lead-acid battery铅锭lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated batteryvent valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative electrode 负电极negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor 电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube 纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液grid 板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode type 阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型cut-off discharge 终止放电/截止放电(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage 开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge 快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电5 秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电30 秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （1）小时率（2）放电率(1) self discharge (2) local action （1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge 阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试boost charge 急充电floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage 终止电压/截止电压depth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency 气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge 充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube 绝缘管intercell connector 连接线/连接条connector cover 连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅；(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube 排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable 输出电缆microporous rubber separator 微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator 比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板lid sealing compound 密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in high rate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt. The limited voltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces 辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester万用表multimeter转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger 充电器3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding 极耳超焊8 cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention 荷电（容量）保持10 checking code 检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻39 J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42 laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE 膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirment 要求81 reverse 背面，反面82 rework 返工83 ringing cells into pyrocondensation films 套热缩膜84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requiment 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序Voltage：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC. (Direct Current). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment. Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extends from the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of the curve after which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at a specified rate and temperature.Working voltage（工作电压）The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections assoon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)The average discharging voltage is the average value of the discharging voltage during the entire discharging process with a related discharging current.Open circuit voltage (OCV 开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV 闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage（起始电压）A battery＇s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）? The capacity of a cell is defined as how manymilli-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell canstore and subsequently deliver.? One milli-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Somelarger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).? “Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate,temperature, and cutoff voltage.? Rated capacity is different from power or energy? Example:? If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliverthe following:? 1000 mA of current for 1 hour? 500 mA of current for 2 hours? 200 mA of current for 5 hours? 2000 mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）? The energy density of a cell is a measure of howmuch energy can be stored in the cell per unitvolume or per unit weight.? E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity rating? Energy density per unit volume is called the“volumetric energy density” and is expressed interms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).? Energy density per unit weight is called the“gravimetric energy density” and is expressedin terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).? These measurements are useful when you aretrying to determine which cell has the mostcapacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge 自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries 锂离子电池的一致性3.steel strap 钢带4.Burst vent 防爆阀5.Filling port 注液孔6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type 圆柱形7.foil 箔8.parallel-plate prismatic design 方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化）- Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orthe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell.Anode（阳极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place, releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takes place, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During chargethe situation reverses andthe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle （循环）- A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD （放电深度）- The ratio of the quantity of electricity or charge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance 还是Internal impedance，一些电池说明书内阻用Internal resistance，也有的用Internal impedance，我认为Internal impedance 较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell.It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current withina cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在IEC6196002 中，只定义为Internal resistance，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal a.c. resistance（交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal d.c. resistance（直流内阻），其实Internal a.c. resistance 测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用Internal impedance（交流内阻）和Internal resistance （直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。

不加液的铅酸蓄电池的英文名称Lead-acid batteries without added liquid are commonly known as maintenance-free lead-acid batteries. These batteries are sealed and do not require regular topping up with water like traditional lead-acid batteries. They are designed to be maintenance-free, making them convenient for use in various applications. The absence of liquid inside these batteries eliminates the need for monitoring the electrolyte levels and topping up, saving time and effort for users.不加液的铅酸蓄电池通常被称为无维护铅酸蓄电池。

这些电池是密封的，不像传统的铅酸蓄电池那样需要定期加水。

它们的设计是无须维护的，使其适用于各种应用。

这些电池内部没有液体，消除了监测电解液水平和加液的需要，为用户节约了时间和精力。

Maintenance-free lead-acid batteries are popular in automotive applications, where they are used as starting batteries for engines. These batteries provide a reliable source of power for starting the engine without the need for regular maintenance. They are also commonly used in backup power systems, such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), where reliability is crucial. The maintenance-free design of these batteries ensures that they are ready to provide power when needed, without the hassle of checking and topping up electrolyte levels.无维护铅酸蓄电池在汽车应用中非常流行，它们被用作发动机的起动电池。