for CMS experiment- Data CompressionDecompression System and Pattern Comparator ASIC

Naglazyme® (galsulfase)(Intravenous)Document Number: MH-0084 Last Review Date: 02/01/2022Date of Origin: 11/28/2011Dates Reviewed: 12/2011, 02/2013, 02/2014, 12/2014, 10/2015, 10/2016, 10/2017, 10/2018, 02/2019,02/2020, 02/2021, 02/2022I.Length of AuthorizationCoverage will be provided for 12 months and may be renewed.II.Dosing LimitsA.Quantity Limit (max daily dose) [NDC Unit]:•Naglazyme 5 mg vial: 23 vials per 7 daysB.Max Units (per dose and over time) [HCPCS Unit]:•115 billable units every 7 daysIII.Initial Approval Criteria 1Coverage is provided in the following conditions:•Patient is at least 5 years of age; AND•Documented baseline 12-minute walk test (12-MWT), 3-minute stair climb test (3-MSCT), and/or pulmonary function tests (e.g., FEV1, etc.); AND•Documented baseline value for urinary glycosaminoglycan (uGAG); ANDMucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome) † Ф1,4,5•Patient has a definitive diagnosis of MPS VI as confirmed by the following:o Detection of pathogenic mutations in the ARSB gene by molecular genetic testing; ORo Arylsulfatase B (ASB) enzyme activity of <10% of the lower limit of normal in cultured fibroblasts or isolated leukocytes; AND▪Patient has normal enzyme activity of a different sulfatase (excluding patients with Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency [MSD]); AND▪Patient has an elevated urinary glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) level (i.e. dermatan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate) defined as being above the upper limit of normal bythe reference laboratory†FDA-approved indication(s); ‡Compendia recommended indication(s); ФOrphan DrugIV.Renewal Criteria 1,4,5Coverage can be renewed based on the following criteria:•Patient continues to meet indication-specific relevant criteria such as concomitant therapy requirements (not including prerequisite therapy), performance status, etc. identified insection III; AND•Absence of unacceptable toxicity from the drug. Examples of unacceptable toxicity include: anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions, immune-mediated reactions, acute respiratorycomplications associated with administration, acute cardiorespiratory failure, severeinfusion reactions, spinal or cervical cord compression, etc.; AND•Disease response with treatment as defined by improvement or stability from pre-treatment baseline by the following:o Reduction in uGAG levels; AND▪Improvement in or stability of 12-minute walk test compared (12-MWT); OR▪Improvement in or stability of 3-minute stair climb test (3-MSCT); OR▪Improvement in or stability of pulmonary function testing (e.g., FEV1, etc.)V.Dosage/Administration 1Indication DoseMucopolysaccharidosis VI(MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome) 1 mg/kg administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion oncea weekVI.Billing Code/Availability InformationHCPCS Code:•J1458 – Injection, galsulfase, 1 mg; 1 billable unit = 1 mgNDC:•Naglazyme 5 mg per 5 mL solution; single-use vial: 68135-0020-xxVII.References1.Naglazyme [package insert]. Novato, CA; BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc.; December 2019.Accessed January 2022.2.Giugliani R, Harmatz P, Wraith JE. Management guidelines for mucopolysaccharidosis VI.Pediatrics. 2007 Aug;120(2):405-18.3.Giugliani R, Federhen A, Rojas MV, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI: Brief reviewand guidelines for treatment. Genet Mol Biol. 2010 Oct;33(4):589-604. Epub 2010 Dec 1.4.Vairo F, Federhen A, Baldo G, et al. Diagnostic and treatment strategies inmucopolysaccharidosis VI. Appl Clin Genet. 2015 Oct 30;8:245-55.5.Valaannopoulos V, Nicely H, Harmatz P, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis VI. Orphanet J RareDis. 2010; 5: 5.6.Harmatz P, Giugliani R, Schwartz I, et al. Enzyme replacement therapy formucopolysaccharidosis VI: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,multinational study of recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase(recombinant human arylsulfatase B or rhASB) and follow-on, open-label extension study. JPediatr. 2006 Apr;148(4):533-539.Appendix 1 – Covered Diagnosis CodesICD-10 ICD-10 DescriptionE76.29 Other mucopolysaccharidosesAppendix 2 – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)Medicare coverage for outpatient (Part B) drugs is outlined in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual (Pub. 100-2), Chapter 15, §50 Drugs and Biologicals. In addition, National CoverageDetermination (NCD), Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs), and Local Coverage Articles (LCAs) may exist and compliance with these policies is required where applicable. They can be found at: https:///medicare-coverage-database/search.aspx. Additional indications may be covered at the discretion of the health plan.Medicare Part B Covered Diagnosis Codes (applicable to existing NCD/LCD/LCA): N/AMedicare Part B Administrative Contractor (MAC) JurisdictionsJurisdiction Applicable State/US Territory ContractorE (1) CA, HI, NV, AS, GU, CNMI Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLCF (2 & 3) AK, WA, OR, ID, ND, SD, MT, WY, UT, AZ Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC5 KS, NE, IA, MO Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS)6 MN, WI, IL National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)H (4 & 7) LA, AR, MS, TX, OK, CO, NM Novitas Solutions, Inc.8 MI, IN Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS) N (9) FL, PR, VI First Coast Service Options, Inc.J (10) TN, GA, AL Palmetto GBA, LLCM (11) NC, SC, WV, VA (excluding below) Palmetto GBA, LLCNovitas Solutions, Inc.L (12) DE, MD, PA, NJ, DC (includes Arlington &Fairfax counties and the city of Alexandria in VA)K (13 & 14) NY, CT, MA, RI, VT, ME, NH National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)15 KY, OH CGS Administrators, LLC。

cms漏洞复现毕业设计题目"CMS漏洞复现毕业设计题目" 可以是一个涉及网络安全和信息系统安全的实际项目。

以下是一个可能的题目描述：题目：基于CMS（内容管理系统）的漏洞复现与防御技术研究背景：随着互联网的快速发展，内容管理系统（CMS）如WordPress、Drupal、Joomla等被广泛应用于网站的建设与管理。

然而，这些CMS系统也面临着各种安全威胁，如SQL注入、跨站脚本攻击（XSS）、文件上传漏洞等。

因此，对CMS漏洞的研究和防御技术的研究具有重要意义。

目标：1.研究和分析当前主流的CMS系统的常见漏洞及其成因。

2.选择一个具体的CMS系统，复现其中的至少两个漏洞。

3.设计并实现针对这些漏洞的防御策略。

4.编写毕业设计报告，总结研究过程和成果。

任务：1.文献调研：收集并阅读关于CMS漏洞和防御技术的相关文献，了解当前的研究现状和发展趋势。

2.漏洞分析：选择一个具体的CMS系统，深入分析其结构和安全机制，找出潜在的漏洞。

3.漏洞复现：编写漏洞复现的脚本或代码，成功复现至少两个漏洞，并给出详细的复现过程和结果。

4.防御策略设计：针对复现的漏洞，设计并实施有效的防御策略，如输入验证、输出编码、权限控制等。

5.实验验证：通过实验验证防御策略的有效性，确保漏洞被成功修复。

6.毕业设计报告：整理研究成果，撰写毕业设计报告，包括背景介绍、研究目标、研究方法、实验过程、结果分析和结论等。

期望成果：1.成功复现至少两个CMS漏洞，并深入分析其成因和影响。

2.设计并实施有效的防御策略，成功修复复现的漏洞。

3.撰写一份高质量的毕业设计报告，总结研究过程和成果，展示对CMS漏洞和防御技术的深入理解。

这个题目既包含了理论研究，也包含了实践操作，能够很好地锻炼学生的网络安全技能和解决问题的能力。

同时，它也具有实际应用价值，可以为CMS系统的安全防护提供有益的参考。

Overview of CMS virtual data needsDecember20001IntroductionThis document was put together to act as CMS input into the Griphyn Architecture meeting on De-cember20,2000.It is a high-level overview that tries to be short rather than complete.Structure of this document:Brief overview of CMS and its physicsCMS virtual data description2005vs.current needs and activitiesReferences to some other documents that may be of interest2Brief overview of CMS and its physics2.1CMSThe CMS experiment is a high energy physics experiment located at CERN,that will start data tak-ing in2005.The CMS detector(figure1)is one of the two general purpose detectors of the LHC accelerator.It is being designed and built,and will be used,by a world-wide collaboration,the CMS collaboration,that currently consists of some2200people in145institutes,divided over30countries. In future operation,the LHC accelerator lets two bunches of particles cross each other inside the CMS detector40.000.000times each second.Every bunch contains some protons.In every bunch crossing in the detector,on average20collisions occur between two protons from opposite bunches.A bunch crossing with collisions is called an event.Figure2shows an example of an event.Note that the picture of the collision products is very complex,and represents a lot of information:CMS has15 million individual detector channels.The measurements of the event,done by the detector elements in the CMS detector,are called the’raw event data’.The size of the raw event data for a single CMS event is about1MB(after compression using‘zero suppression’).Figure1:The CMS detector.Of the40.000.000events in a second,some100are selected for storage and later analysis.This selection is done with a fast real-timefiltering system.Data analysis is done interactively,by CMS physicists working all over the world.Apart from a central data processing system at CERN,there will be some5–10regional centres all over the world that will support data processing.Further processing may happen locally at the physicist’s home institute,maybe also on the physicist’s desktop machine. The1MB’raw event’data for each event is not analyzed directly.Instead,for every stored raw event,a number of summary objects are computed.These summary objects range in size from a100 KB’reconstructed tracks’object to a100byte’event tag’object,see section3.1for details.This summary data will be replicated widely,depending on needs and capacities.The original raw data will stay mostly in CERN’s central robotic tape store,though some of it may be replicated too.Due to the slowness of random data access on tape robots,the access to raw data will be severely limited.2.2Physics analysisBy studying the momenta,directions,and other properties of the collision products in the event, physicists can learn more about the exact nature of the particles and forces that were involved in the collision.For example,to learn more about Higgs bosons,one can study events in which a collision produced a Higgs boson that then decayed into four charged leptons.(A Higgs boson decays almost immediately after creation,so it cannot be observed directly,only its decay products can be observed.)A Higgs boson analysis effort can therefore start with isolating the set of events in which four charged leptons were produced.Not all events in this set correspond to the decay of a Higgs boson:there are many other physics processes that also produce charged leptons.Therefore,subsequent isolation steps are needed,in which’background’events,in which the leptons were not produced by a decaying Higgs boson,are eliminated as much as possible.Background events can be identified by looking at other observables in the event record,like the non-lepton particles that were produced,or the momenta ofFigure2:A CMS event(simulation).particles that left the collision point.Once enough background events have been eliminated,some important properties of the Higgs boson can be determined by doing a statistical analysis on the set of events that are left.The data reduction factor in physics analysis is enormous.Thefinal event set in the above example may contain only a few hundreds of events,selected from the events that occurred in one year in the CMS detector.This gives a data reduction factor of about1in.Much of this reduc-tion happens in the real-timefilter before any data is stored,the rest happens through the successive application of‘cut predicates’to the stored events,to isolate ever smaller subsets.3CMS virtual data description3.1Structure of event dataCMS models all its data in terms of objects.We will call the objects that represent event data,or summaries of event data,‘physics objects’.The CMS object store will contain a number of physics objects for each event,as shown infigure3.In a Griphyn context,on can think of each object infigure3as a materialized virtual data object.Among themselves,the objects for each event form a hierarchy.At higher levels in the hierarchy,the objects become smaller,and can be thought of as holding summary descriptions of the data in the objects ata lower level.By accessing the smallest summary object whenever possible,physicists can save bothFigure3:Example of the physics objects present for two events.The numbers indicateobject sizes.The reconstructed object sizes shown reflect the CMS estimates in[1].Thesum of the sizes of the raw data objects for an event is1MB,this corresponds to the1MBraw event data specified in[1].CPU and I/O resources.At the lowest level of the hierarchy are raw data objects,which store all the detector measurements made at the occurrence of the event.Every event has about1MB of raw data in total,which is partitioned into objects according to some predefined scheme that follows the physical structure of the detector.Above the raw data objects are the reconstructed objects,they store interpretations of the raw data in terms of physics processes.Reconstructed objects can be created by physicists as needed, so different events may have different types and numbers of reconstructed(materialized)objects.At the top of the hierarchy of reconstructed objects are event tag objects of some100bytes,which store only the most important properties of the event.Several versions of these event tag objects can exist at the same time.3.2Data dependenciesTo interpretfigure3in terms of virtual data,one has to make visible the way in which each of these objects was computed.This is done infigure4:it shows the data dependencies for objects infigure3. Note that the‘raw’objects are not computed,they correspond to detector measurements.Infigure3an arrow from to signifies that the value of depends on.The grey boxes represent physics algorithms used to compute the object:note that these all have particular versions.The lower-most grey box represents some’calibration constants’that specify the configuration of the detector over time.Calibration is outside of the scope of this text.Note that,usually,there is only one way in which a requested CMS virtual data product can be computed.This in contrast with LIGO,where often many ways to compute a product are feasible, and where one challenge to the scheduler is tofind the most efficient way.Figure4:Data dependencies for some of the objects infigure3.An arrow from tosignifies that the value of depends on.The grey boxes represent physics algorithmsused to compute the objects,and some’calibration constants’used by these algorithms.3.3Encoding data dependency specificsAs is obvious fromfigure4,the data dependencies for any physics object can become very complex. Note however that,for the two events infigure4,the dependency graphs are similar.It is possible to make a single big dependency graph,in a metadata repository,that captures all possible dependencies between the physics objects of every event.Figure5shows such a metadata graph for the events in figure4.graph.The numbers in the nodes representing physics objects are globally unique typenumbers.In the metadata graph,the physics objects are replaced by unique type numbers.These numbers can be used to represent the particular data dependencies and algorithms that went into the computation of any reconstructed object.A CMS virtual data addressing system could use the type numbers as keysin a transformation catalog that yields instructions on how to compute any virtual physics object. 3.4Virtual data object identificationIn CMS it is possible to uniquely identify every(virtual or real)physics object by a tuple(event ID,type number).Thefirst part of the tuple is the(unique)identifier of the event the object belongs to,the second the unique identifier of the corresponding location in the object dependency graph discussed above.3.5Importance of physics objects relative to other data productsBesides the physics objects as shown infigure3,where each object holds data about a single event only,CMS will also work with data products that describe properties of sets of events.There will be several types of such products with names like‘calibration data’,‘tag collections’,‘histograms’,‘physics papers’,etc.However in terms of data volume these products will be much less significant than the physics objects.In terms of virtual data grids,it is believed that the big challenge for CMS lies in making these grids compute and deliver physics objects to‘physics analysis jobs’,where these physics jobs can output relatively small data products like histograms that need not necessarily be managed by the grid.3.6Typical physics jobA typical job computes a function value for every event in some set,and aggregates the function results.In contrast with LIGO,in CMS the will generally be a very sparse subset of the events taken over a very long time interval.To compute,the values of one or more virtual data products for this event are needed.Generally,for every event will request the same product(s), products with the same‘type numbers’.In a high energy physics experiment,there is no special correlation between the time an event collision took place and any other property of the event:events with similar properties are evenly distributed over the time sequence of all events.In physics analysis jobs,events are treated as completely inde-pendent from each other.If function results are aggregated,the aggregation function does not depend on the order in which the function results are fed to it.Thus,from a physics standpoint,the order of traversal of a job event set does not influence the job result.3.7CMS virtual data grid characteristicsWhen comparing the grid requirements of a high energy physics experiment like CMS with the re-quirements of LIGO and SDSS,the points which are characteristic for CMS are:Not very large but extremely large amounts of data.Large amount of CPU power needed to derive needed virtual data products.The above two imply that fault tolerant facilities for the mass-materialization of virtual data products on a large and very distributed system are essential.Baseline virtual data model does not have virtual data products that aggregate data from multiple events,so the model looks relatively simple from a scheduling standpoint.A requested set of data products generally corresponds to a very sparse subset of the eventstaken over a very long time interval.42005vs.current needs and activitiesThe preceding sections talk about the CMS data model and data analysis needs when the experiment is running from2005on.This section discusses current and near-future needs and activities,and contrasts these to the2005needs.Currently CMS is performing large-scale simulation efforts,in which physics events are simulated as they occur inside a simulation of the CMS detector.These simulation efforts support detector design and the design of the real-time eventfiltering algorithms that will be used when CMS is running.The simulation efforts are in the order of hundreds of CPU years and terabytes of data.These simula-tion efforts will continue,and will grow in size,up to2005and then throughout the lifetime of the experiment.The simulation efforts and the software R&D for CMS data management are seen as strongly intertwined and complementary activities.In addition to performing grid-related R&D in the context of several projects,CMS is also already using some grid-type software‘in production’for its simulation efforts.Examples of this is the use of Condor-managed CPU power in some large-scale simulation efforts,and the use of some Globus components by GDMP[7],which is a software system developed by CMS that is currently being used in production to replicatefiles with simulation results in the wide-area.CMS simulation efforts currently still rely to a large extent on hand-coded shell and perl scripts, and the careful manual mapping of hardware resources to tasks.As more grid technology becomes available,CMS will be actively looking to use it in its simulation efforts,both as a way to save manpower and as a means to allow for greater scalability.On the grid R&D side,the CMS simulation codes could also be used inside testbeds that evaluate still-experimental grid technologies.It thus makes sense to look more closely here at the exact properties of the CMS simulation efforts,and how these differ from those of the2005CMS virtual data problem.Each individual CMS simulation run can be modeled as a definition of a set of virtual data products and a request to materialize them into a set offiles.Current CMS simulation runs have a batch nature, not an interactive nature.Each large run generally at least takes a few days to plan,with several people getting involved,and then at least few weeks to execute.At most some tens of runs will be in progress at the same time.So there is a huge contrast with the2005situation,where CMS data processing requirements are expected to be dominated by‘chaotic’interactive physics analysis workloads generated by hundreds of physicists working independently.Also,in contrast to the2005 workloads,requests for the data in sparse subsets of(simulated)event datasets will be rare,if they occur at all.Simulated event sets can be,and are,generated in such a way that events likely to be requested together are created together in the same databasefile or set of databasefiles.Therefore, to support simulation runs in the near future,it would be possible to use a virtual data system that works at the granularity offiles,rather than thefiner granularity of events or objects.Going towards 2005,the data creation and transport needs of the CMS simulation exercises are expected to become increasingly‘chaotic’andfine-grained,but the exact pace at which change will happen is currently not known.CMS currently has two distinct simulation packages.The Fortran-based CMSIM software takes care of thefirst steps in a full simulation chain.It producesfiles which are then read by the C++-based ORCA software.CMSIM usesflatfiles in the‘fz’format for its output,ORCA data storage is done using the Objectivity object database.CMSIM will be phased out in the next few years,it will be replaced by more up-to-date simulation codes using the C++-based next-generation GEANT4physics simulation library.As targets for the use in virtual data testbeds,CMSIM and ORCA each have their own strengths and weaknesses.In CMSIM,each simulation run produces one outputfile based on a set of runtime parameters.This yields a virtual data model that is almost embarrassingly simple, a data model of‘virtual outputfiles’,with eachfile having a runtime parameter set as its unique signature,and no dependencies betweenfiles.CMSIM is very portable and can be run on almost any platform.Installing the CMSIM software is not a major job.The simulations involving ORCA display a much more complicated pattern of data handling in which intermediate products appear[3], and a corresponding virtual data model would be much more complex,and more representative of the 2005situation.The ORCA software is under rapid development,with cycles of a few months or less. ORCA is only supported on Linux and Solaris,and currently takes considerable effort and expertise to install.Work on more automated installation procedures is underway.5References to some other documents that may be of interestThe CMS Computing Technical Proposal[1],written in1996,is still a good source of overview mate-rial.More recent sources are[5],which has material on CMS physics and its software requirements, and[2]which has more details about the CMS2005data model and expected access patterns.A short write-up on CMSIM and virtual data is[6].More details on simulations using ORCA are in[3]and[4].References[1]CMS Computing Technical Proposal.CERN/LHCC96-45,CMS collaboration,19December1996.[2]Koen Holtman,Introduction to CMS from a CS viewpoint.21Nov2000.http://home.cern.ch/kholtman/introcms.ps[3]David Stickland.The Design,Implementation and Deployment of Functional Prototype OOReconstruction Software for CMS.The ORCA project.http://chep2000.pd.infn.it/abst/abs。

3C（China Compulsory Certification，中国强制性产品认证制度）3D（Three Dimensional，三维）3DCG（3D computer graphics，三维计算机图形）3DNow！（3D no waiting，无须等待的3D处理）3DPA（3D Positional Audio，3D定位音频）3DS（3D SubSystem，三维子系统）3GIO（Third Generation Input/Output，第三代输入输出技术）AA（Accuview Antialiasing，高精度抗锯齿）AAC（Advanced Audio Compression，高级音频压缩）AAM（AMD Analyst Meeting，AMD分析家会议）AAM（Automatic Acoustic Management，自动机械声学管理）AAS（Automatic Area Segments）AA T（Average access time，平均存取时间）ABB（Advanced Boot Block，高级启动块）ABP（Address Bit Permuting，地址位序列改变）ABP（Advanced Branch Prediction，高级分支预测）ABS（Auto Balance System，自动平衡系统）A-Buffer（Accumulation Buffer，积聚缓冲）AC（Acoustic Edge，声学边缘）AC（Audio Codec，音频多媒体数字信号编解码器）AC-3（Audio Coding 3，第三代音响编码）AC97（Audio Codec 97，多媒体数字信号解编码器1997年标准）ACCP（Applied Computing Platform Providers，应用计算平台提供商）ACG（Aggressive Clock Gating，主动时钟选择）ACIRC（Advanced Cross Interleave Reed - Solomon Code，高级交叉插入里德所罗门代码）ACOPS（Automatic CPU OverHeat Prevention System（CPU过热预防系统）ACPI（Advanced Configuration and Power Interface，先进设置和电源管理）ACR（Advanced Communications Riser，高级通讯升级卡）ACS（Access Control Software，存取控制软件）ACT（Action，动作类游戏）AD（Analog to Digitalg，模拟到数字转换）ADC（Analog to Digital Converter，模数传换器）ADC（Apple Display Connector，苹果专用显示器接口）ADI（Adaptive De-Interlacing，自适应交错化技术）ADIMM（advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules，高级双重内嵌式内存模块）ADIP（Address In Pre-Groove，预凹槽寻址）ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line，不对称数字订阅线路）ADT（Advanced DRAM Technology，高级内存技术）AE（Atmospheric Effects，大气雾化效果）AE（Auto Focus，自动测光）AES-OCB（Advanced Encryption Standard-Operation Cipher Block，高级加密标准-操作密码块）AF（Auto Focus，自动对焦）AFC media（antiferromagnetically coupled media，反铁磁性耦合介质）AFC（Advanced Frame Capture、高级画面捕获）AFC（Amplitude-frequency characteristic，振幅频率特征）AFE（Analog Front End，模拟前置）AFM（Atomic Force Microscope，原子力显微镜）AFR（Alternate Frame Rendering，交替渲染技术）AG（Aperture Grills，栅条式金属板）AGBS（Advance GameBoy development System，高级GameBoy发展系统）AGC（Anti Glare Coatings，防眩光涂层）AGP（Accelerated Graphics Port，图形加速接口）AGPS（Assisted Global Positioning System，援助全球定位系统）AGTL+（Assisted Gunning Transceiver Logic，援助发射接收逻辑电路）AGU（Address Generation Units，地址产成单元）AH（Authentication Header，鉴定文件头）AHA（Accelerated Hub Architecture，加速中心架构）AI（Artificial Intelligence，人工智能）AIMM（AGP Inline Memory Module，AGP板上内存升级模块）AIS（Alternate Instruction Set，交替指令集）AL（Additive Latency，附加反应时间）AL（Artificial Life，人工生命）ALAT（advanced load table，高级载入表）ALDC（Adaptive Lossless Data Compression，适应无损数据压缩）ALU（Arithmetic Logic Unit，算术逻辑单元）Aluminum（铝）AM（Acoustic Management，声音管理）AMC（audio/modem codec，音频/调制解调器多媒体数字信号编解码器）AMR（Audio/Modem Riser，音效/调制解调器主板附加直立插卡）An isotropic Filtering（各向异性过滤）ANSI（American National Standards Institute，美国国立标准协会）AOI（Automatic Optical Inspection，自动光学检验）AOL（Alert On LAN，局域网警告）APC（Advanced Power Control，高级能源控制）API（Application Programming Interfaces，应用程序接口）APIC（Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller，高级可编程中断控制器）APM（Advanced Power Management，高级能源管理）APPE（Advanced Packet Parsing Engine，增强形帧解析引擎）APS（Alternate Phase Shifting，交替相位跳转）APS（Audio Production Studio，音频生产工作室）APU（Audio Processing Unit，音频处理单元）APX（All Position eXpansion，全方位扩展）AR（Auto-Resume，自动恢复）ARC（Anti Reflect Coating，防反射涂层）ARF（Asynchronous Receive FIFO，异步接收先入先出）ARP（Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议）ARPG（Action Role Play Games，动作角色扮演游戏）ARR（Annual Return Rate，年返修率）ASB（Advanced System Buffering，高级系统缓冲）ASC（Advanced Size Check，高级尺寸检查）ASC（Anti Static Coatings，防静电涂层）ASC（Auto-Sizing and Centering，自动调效屏幕尺寸和中心位置）ASCI（The 10-year Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative，领先10年战略加速计算机）ASCII（American Standard Code for Information Interchange，美国国家标准信息交换代码）ASD（Auto Stereoscopic Display，自动立体显示）ASF（Advanced Streaming Format，高级数据流格式）ASF（Alert Standards Forum，警告标准讨论）ASIC（Application Specific Integrated Circuit，特殊应用积体电路）ASIO（Audio Streaming Input and Output interface，音频流输入输出接口）ASK IR（Amplitude Shift Keyed Infra-Red，长波形可移动输入红外线）ASMO（Advanced Storage Magneto-Optical，增强形光学存储器）ASP（Active Server Pages，活动服务页）ASP（Application Service Provider，应用服务提供商）ASPI（Advanced SCSI Programming Interface，高级SCSI可编程接口）AST（amorphous-silicon TFT，非晶硅薄膜晶体管）AST（Average Seek time，平均寻道时间）AT（Advanced Technology，先进技术）ATA（Advanced Technology Attachment，高级技术附加装置）ATAPI（AT Attachment Packet Interface，AT扩展包接口）ATC（Access Time from Clock，时钟存取时间）ATC（Advanced Transfer Cache，高级转移缓存）ATD（Assembly Technology Development，装配技术发展）ATL（ActiveX Template Library，ActiveX模板库）ATM（Asynchronous Transfer Mode，异步传输模式）ATM（Automatic Teller Machine，自动提款机）ATOMM（Advanced super Thin-layer and high-Output Metal Media，增强形超薄高速金属媒体）ATP（Active to Precharge，激活到预充电）ATRAC（Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding，可适应转换声学译码）ATSC（Advanced Television Systems Committee，高级电视系统委员会）ATX（AT Extend，扩展型AT）AUD_EXT（Audio Extension，音频扩展）AUX（Auxiliary Input，辅助输入接口）A V（Analog Video，模拟视频）A V（Audio & Video，音频和视频）A VG（Adventure Genre，冒险类游戏）A VI（Audio Video Interleave，音频视频插入）B Splines（B样条）B.O.D.E（Body Object Design Envioment，人体/物体/设计/环境渲染自动识别）BAC（Bad Angle Case，边角损坏采样）Back Buffer（后置缓冲）Backface culling（隐面消除）BAD（Best Amiga Dominators）BASIC（Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Codec，初学者通用指令代码）Battle for Eyeballs（眼球大战）BBS（BIOS Boot Specification，基本输入/输出系统启动规范）BBUL（Bumpless Build-Up Layer，内建非凹凸层）BCF（Boot Catalog File，启动目录文件）BEDO（Burst Enhanced Data-Out RAM，突发型数据增强输出内存）Benchmarks（基准测试程序数值BGA（Ball Grid Array，球状网阵排列）BHT（branch prediction table，分支预测表）BIF（Boot Image File，启动映像文件）Bilinear Filtering（双线性过滤）BIOS（Basic Input/Output System，基本输入/输出系统）BLA（Bearn Landing Area，电子束落区）BLP（Bottom Leaded Package，底部导向封装）BMC（Black Matrix Screen，超黑矩阵屏幕）BMS（Blue Magic Slot，蓝色魔法槽）BOD（Bandwidth On Demand，弹性带宽运用）BOPS（Billion Operations Per Second，十亿次运算/秒）BP（Brach Prediction，分支预测）BPA（Bit Packing Architecture，位封包架构）BPI（Bit Per Inch，位/英寸）bps（bit per second，位/秒）bps（byte per second，字节/秒）BPU（Branch Processing Unit，分支处理单元）BRC（Beta Release Candidate，测试发布候选版）BSD（Berkeley Software Distribution，伯克利软件分配代号）BSP（Binary Space Partitioning，二进制空间分区）BSP（Boot Strap Processor，启动捆绑处理器）BSRAM（Burst pipelined synchronous static RAM，突发式管道同步静态存储器）BTAC（Branch Target Address Calculator，分支目标寻址计算器）BTO（Build-To-Order，按序构建）BURN-Proof（Buffer UnderRuN-Proof，防止缓冲区溢出）C.O.P（CPU overheating protection，处理器过热保护）C2C（card-to-card interleaving，卡到卡交错存取CAD（computer-aided design，计算机辅助设计）CAM（Common Access Model，公共存取模型）CAM（Computer-aided manufacturing，计算机辅助制造）CAS（Column Address Strobe，列地址控制器）CA V（Constant Angular Velocity，恒定角速度）CBDS（Continuous Background Defect Scanning，连续后台错误扫描）CBF（Cable Broadband Forum，电缆宽带论坛）CBGA（Ceramic Ball Grid Array，陶瓷球状网阵排列）CBMC（Crossbar based memory controller，内存控制交叉装置）CBR（Committed Burst Rate，约定突发速率）CBR（Constant Bit Rate，固定比特率）CBU（color blending unit，色彩混和单位）CCD（Charge Coupled Device，电荷连接设备）CCIRN（Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking，洲际研究网络协调委员会）CCM（Call Control Manager，拨号控制管理）cc-NUMA（cache-coherent non uniform memory access，连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址）CCS（Cross Capacitance Sensing，交叉电容感应）CCS（Cut Change System）CCT（Clock Cycle Time，时钟周期）CD（Compact Disc）cd/m^2（candela/平方米，亮度的单位）CDIP（Ceramic Dual-In-Line，陶瓷双重直线）CDPD（Cellular digital Packet data，细胞数字信息包数据）CDR（CD Recordable，可记录光盘）CDRAM（Cache DRAM，附加缓存型DRAM）CD-ROM/XA（CD-ROM eXtended Architecture，唯读光盘增强形架构）CDRS（Curved Directional Reflection Screen，曲线方向反射屏幕）CDRW（CD-Rewritable，可重复刻录光盘）CDSL（Consumer Digital Subscriber Line（消费者数字订阅线路）CE（Consumer Electronics，消费电子）CEA（Consumer Electronics Association，消费者电子协会）CEA（Critical Edge Angles，临界边角）CEM（cube environment mapping，立方环境映射）CEMA（Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association，消费者电子制造业协会）Center Processing Unit Utilization，中央处理器占用率CEO（Chief Executive Officer，首席执行官）CF（CompactFlash Card，紧凑型闪存卡）CFM（cubic feet per minute，立方英尺/秒）CG（C for Graphics/GPU，用于图形/GPU的可编程语言）CG（Computer Graphics，计算机动画）CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口）CG-Silicon（Continuous Grain Silicon，连续微粒硅）CHRP（Common Hardware Reference Platform，共用硬件平台）CHS（Cylinders、Heads、Sectors，柱面、磁头、扇区）CIEA（Commercial Internet Exchange Association，商业因特网交易协会）CIR（Committed Information Rate，约定信息速率）CIS（Contact Image Sensors，接触图像传感器）CISC（Complex Instruction Set Computing，复杂指令集计算机）CL（CAS Latency，CAS反应时间）Clipping（剪贴纹理）CLK（Clock Cycle，时钟周期）Clock Synthesizer，时钟合成器CLV（Constant Linear Velocity，恒定线速度）CMOS（Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体）CMOV（conditional move instruction，条件移动指令）CMP（on-chip multiprocessor，片内多重处理）CMR（Colossal Magneto Resistive，巨磁阻抗）CMS（Code Morphing Software，代码变形软件）CMSS（Creative Multi Speaker Surround，创新多音箱环绕）CMT（course-grained multithreading，过程消除多线程）CNPS（Computer Noise Prevention System，计算机噪音预防系统）CNR（Communication and Networking Riser，通讯和网络升级卡）CNT（carbon nano-tube，碳微管）COAST（Cache-on-a-stick，条状缓存）COB（Cache on board，板上集成缓存）co-CPU（cooperative CPU，协处理器）COD（Cache on Die，芯片内核集成缓存）COM（Component Object Model，组件对象模式）COMDEX（Computer Distribution Exposition，计算机代理分销业展览会）compressed textures（压缩纹理）Concurrent Command Engine，协作命令引擎COO（Chief Organizer Officer，首席管理官）Copper（铜）CP（command processor，指令处理器）CPA（Close Page Auto recharge，接近页自动预充电）CPE（Customer Premise Equipment，用户预定设备）CPGA（Ceramic Pin Grid Array，陶瓷针型栅格阵列）CPI（count per inch，每英寸计数）CPI（cycles per instruction，周期/指令）CPLD（Complex Programmable Logic Device，复杂可程序化逻辑组件）CPRM（Content Protection for record able media，记录媒体内容保护）CPS（Certification Practice Statement，使用证明书）CPU（Center Processing Unit，中央处理器）CRC（Cyclical Redundancy Check，循环冗余检查）CRM（Customer Relationship Management，顾客关系管理）CRT（Cathode Ray Tube，阴极射线管）CRT（Cooperative Redundant Threads，协同多余线程）CS（Channel Separation，声道分离）CSA（Canadian Standards Association，加拿大标准协会）CSA（Communication Streaming Architecture，通讯流架构）CSC（Colorspace Conversion，色彩空间转换）CSD（Circuit Switched Data，电路切换数据通话）CSE（Configuration Space Enable，可分配空间）CSG（constructive solid geometry，建设立体几何）CSP（Chip Scale Package，芯片比例封装）CSP（Chip Size Package，芯片尺寸封装）CSS（Cascading Style Sheets，层叠格式表）CSS（Common Command Set，通用指令集）CSS（Content Scrambling System，内容不规则加密）CTI（Computer Telephone Integration，计算机电话综合技术）CTO（Chief Technology Officer，首席技术官）CTR（CAS to RAS，列地址到行地址延迟时间）CTS（Carpal Tunnel Syndrome，计算机腕管综合症）CTS（Clear to Send，清除发送）CVS（Compute Visual Syndrome，计算机视觉综合症）CXT（Chooper eXTend，增强形K6-2内核）DA（Digital to Analog，数字到模拟转换）DAB（digital audio broadcast，数字音频广播）DAC（Digital to Analog Converter，数模转换器）DAC（Dual Address Cycle，双重地址周期）DAE（digital Audio Extraction，数据音频抓取）DAN（Dance，跳舞类游戏）DAO（Disc At Once，整盘刻录）DAO-RAW（Disc At Once Read after Write，整盘刻录-写后读）DASP（Dynamic Adaptive Speculative Pre-Processor，动态适应预测预处理器）Data Forwarding（数据前送）dB（decibel，分贝）DB（Deep Buffer，深度缓冲）DB（Device Bay，设备插架）DBBS（Dynamic Bass Boost System，动态低音增强系统）DBI（dynamic bus inversion，动态总线倒置）DBS（Direct Broadcast Satellite，直接卫星广播）DBS-PC（Direct Broadcast Satellite PC，人造卫星直接广播式PC）DC（Digital Camera，数码相机）DC（Dreamcast，世嘉64位游戏机）DCA（Defense Communication Agency，国防部通信局）DCC（Digital Compact Cassette，数字盒式磁带）DCC（Digital Content Creation，数字内容创造）DCD（Directional Corelational De-interlacing，方向关联解交错）DCD（Document Content Description for XML，XML文件内容描述）DCE（Data Circuit Terminal Equipment，数据通信设备）DCLK（Dot Clock，点时钟）DCOM（Distributing Component Object Model，构造物体模块）DCT（Display Compression Technology，显示压缩技术）DCT（DRAM Controller，DRAM控制器）DD（Double Side，双面内存）DDBGA（Die Dimension Ball Grid Array，内核密度球状矩阵排列）DDC（Display Data Channel，显示数据通道）DDC（Dynamic Depth Cueing，动态深度暗示）图像DDE（dynamic data exchange，动态数据交换）DDMA（Distributed DMA，分布式DMA）DDP（Digital Display Port，数字输出端口）DDR SDRAM（Double Date Rate，上下行双数据率SDRAM）DDR（Double Date Rate，上下行双数据率）DDS（Direct Draw Surface，直接绘画表面）DDSS II（Double Dynamic Suspension System II，第二代双层动力悬吊系统）DDSS（Dolby Digital Surround Sound，杜比数字环绕声）DDSS（Double Dynamic Suspension System，双悬浮动态减震系统）DDT（Dynamic Deferred Transaction，动态延期处理）DDWG（Digital Display Working Group，数字化显示工作组）DEC（Direct Etching Coatings，表面蚀刻涂层）Decal（印花法）Decode（指令解码）Deflection Coil（偏转线圈）DES（ata Encryption Standard，数据加密标准）DFL（Dynamic Focus Lens，动态聚焦）DFP（Digital Flat Panel，数字平面显示标准）DFPG（Digital Flat Panel Group，数字平面显示标准工作组）DFS（Digital Flex Scan，数字伸缩扫描）DFS（Dynamic Flat Shading，动态平面描影）DHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机分配协议）DHHF（Dual Head - High Fidelity，高精度第四代双头）DHT（Dolby Headphone Technology，杜比耳机技术）DIB（Dual Independent Bus，双重独立总线）DIC（Digital Image Control，数字图像控制）DID（Device ID，设备ID）Digital Multiscan II（数字式智能多频追踪）DIL（dual-in-line）DIMM（Dual In-line Memory Modules，双重内嵌式内存模块）Directional Light（方向性光源）DiscWizard（磁盘控制软件）DIT（Disk Inspection Test，磁盘检查测试）Dithering（抖动）DIV A（Data IntensiVe Architecture，数据加强架构）DIY（Do it Yourself，自己装机）DLL（Delay-Locked Loop，延时锁定循环电路）dll（dynamic link library，动态链接库）DLP（digital Light Processing，数字光处理）DLS（Downloadable Sounds Level，可下载音色）DLS-2（Downloadable Sounds Level 2，第二代可下载音色）DM（Displacement mapping，位移贴图）DMA（Direct Memory Access，直接内存存取）DMAC（Direct Memory Access Controller，直接内存存取控制器）DME（Direct Memory Execute，直接内存执行）DMF（Distribution Media Format）DMI（Desktop Management Interface，桌面管理接口）DMT（Discreet Monitor Timing，智能型显示器调速）DMT（Discrete Multi - Tone，不连续多基频模式）DMT（Dynamic Multithreading Architecture，动态多线程结构）DNA（Distributed Internet Application，分布式因特网应用程序）DNS（Domain Name System，域名解析系统）DOA2 HC（Deal or Live 2 hardcore，生与死2完整版）DOC（Disk On Chip，芯片磁盘）DOCSIS（Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications，线缆服务接口数据规格）DOF（Depth of Field，多重境深）DOJ（Department of Justice，反不正当竞争部门）DOM（Document Object Model，文档目标模型）DoS（Denial of Service，拒绝服务）DOS（Disk Operating System，磁盘操作系统）DOSD（Digital On Screen Display，同屏数字化显示）Dot Pitch（点距）dot texture blending（点型纹理混和）DOT（Dynamic Overcooking Technology，动态超频技术）DOT3（Dot product 3 bump mapping，点乘积凹凸映射）Double Buffering（双缓冲区）DP（Dual Processor，双处理器）DPBM（Dot Product Bump Mapping，点乘积凹凸映射）DPC（Desktop PC，桌面PC）dpi（dot per inch，每英寸的打印像素）DPMS（Display Power Management Signaling，显示能源管理信号）DPP（Direct print Protocol，直接打印协议DQL（Dynamic Quadra pole Lens，动态四极镜）DQS（Bidirectional data strobe，双向数据滤波）DQUICK（DVD Qualification and Integration Kit，DVD资格和综合工具包）DRA（deferred rendering architecture，延迟渲染架构）DRAM（Dynamic Random Access Memory，动态随机存储器）DRCG（Direct Rambus Clock Generator，直接Rambus时钟发生器）DRDRAM（Direct RAMBUS DRAM，直接内存总线DRAM）DRF（Digital radio frequency，数字无线电频率）DRI（Direct Rendering Infrastructure，基层直接渲染）DRM（Digital rights management，数字版权保护）DRSL（Differential Rambus Signaling Level，微分RAMBUS信号级）DRSL（Direct Rambus Signaling Level，直接RAMBUS信号级）DS3D（DirectSound 3D Streams）DSD（Direct Stream Digital，直接数字信号流）DSL（Data Strobe Link，数据选通连接DSL（Down Loadable Sample，可下载的取样音色）DSM（Dedicated Stack Manager，专门堆栈管理）DSM（Distributed shared memory，分布式共享内存）DSMT（Dynamic Simultaneous Multithreading，动态同步多线程）DSO（Dynamic Sound-stage Organizer，动态声音层组建）DSP（Delivery Service Partner，交付服务合伙人）DSP（Digital Signal Processing，数字信号处理）DSP（Digital Sound Field Processing，数字音场处理）DSP（Dual Streams Processor，双重流处理器）DST（Depleted Substrate Transistor，衰竭型底层晶体管）DST（Drive Self Test，磁盘自检程序）DSTN（Double layers Super Twisted Nematic，双层超扭曲向列，无源矩阵LCD）DSVD（Digital Simultaneous V oice and Data）DTD（Document Type Definition，文件类型定义）DTE（Data Terminal Equipment，数据终端设备）DTL（Developer Tool，发展工具包）DTR（Disk Transfer Rate，磁盘传输率）DTS（Digital Theater System，数字剧院系统）DTT（DeskTop Theater，桌面剧院）DTV（Digital TV，数字电视）DTV（Dual Threshold V oltage，双重极限电压）DTXS（Decryption Transform for XML Signature，XML签名解密转换）DUN（Dial-Up Networking，拨号网络）DUV（Deep Ultra-Violet，纵深紫外光）DV（Digital Vidicon，数码摄录机）DVB（Digital Video Broadcasting，数字视频广播DVC（Digital Vibrance Control，数字振动控制）DVD（Digital Video/Versatile Disk，数字视频/万能光盘）DVD-R（DVD Recordable，可记录DVD盘）DVD-RAM（Digital Video/Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory，随机存储数字视频/万能光盘）DVD-RW（DVD Rewritable，可重复刻录DVD盘）DVFM（Dynamic V oltage and Frequency Management，动态电压和频率管理）DVI（Digital Video Interface，数字视频接口）DVI（Digital Visual Interface，数字化视像接口）DVMT（Dynamic Video Memory Technology，动态视频内存技术）DWDM（Dense WaveLength Division Multiplex，波长密集型复用技术）DxR（DynamicXTended Resolution，动态可扩展分辨率）DXTC（Direct X Texture Compress，DirectX纹理压缩）Dynamic Z-buffering（动态Z轴缓冲区）E（Economy，经济，或Entry-level，入门级）E3（Electronic Entertainment Expo，电子娱乐展览会）EAP（Extensible Authentication Protocol，扩展证明协议）EAX（Environmental Audio Extensions，环境音效扩展技术）EB（Expansion Bus，扩展总线）EBGA（Enhanced Ball Grid Array，增强形球状网阵排列）EBL（electron beam lithography，电子束平版印刷）EBR（Excess Burst Rate，超额突发速率）EC（Early Childhood，学龄前儿童）EC（Embedded Controller，嵌入式控制器）ECC（Elliptic Curve Crypto，椭圆曲线加密）ECC（Error Checking and Correction，错误检查修正）ECD（Electro Chromic Display，电铬显示器）ECP（Extended Capabilities Port，延长能力端口）ED（Execution driven，执行驱动）EDA（Electronic Design Automatic，电子设计自动化）E-DDC（Enhanced Display Data Channel，增强形视频数据通道协议）EDEC（Early Decode，早期解码）Edge Anti-aliasing（边缘抗锯齿失真）EDO（Enhanced Data-Out RAM，数据增强输出内存）EE（Emotion Engine，情感引擎）E-EDID（Enhanced Extended Identification Data，增强形扩充身份辨识数据）EEPROM（Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM，电擦写可编程只读存储器）eFB（embedded Frame Buffer，嵌入式帧缓冲）EFEAL（Extended Field Elliptical Aperture Lens，可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头）EFF（Electronic Frontier Foundation（电子前线基金会）EFI（Extensible Firmware Interface，扩展固件接口）EFM（Eight to Fourteen Modulation，8位信号转换为14位信号）EFU（Elemntary Functional Unit，增强功能单元）EHCI（Enhanced Host Controller Interface，加强型主机端控制接口）EHSDRAM（Enhanced High Speed DRAM，增强型超高速内存）EIDE（enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics，增强形电子集成驱动器）EISA（Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture，增强形工业标准架构）EL DDR（Enhanced Latency DDR，增强反应周期DDR内存）Embedded Chips（嵌入式）EMBM（environment mapped bump mapping，环境凹凸映射）Embosing（浮雕）EMC（Electron Magnetic Compatibility，电磁兼容）EMF（Electron Magnetic Field，电磁场）EMI（Electromagnetic Interference，电磁干扰）EMP（Emergency Management Port，紧急事件管理端口）EMS（Enhanced Memory System，增强内存系统）EMS（Enhanced Message Service，扩展型信息服务）EMS（Expanded Memory Specification，扩充内存规格）EOL（End of Life，最终完成产品）EOS（eBookMan Operating System，电子书操作系统）EPA（edge pin array，边缘针脚阵列）EPA（Environmental Protection Agency，美国环境保护局）EPF（Embedded Processor Forum，嵌入式处理器论坛）EPIC（explicitly parallel instruction code，并行指令代码）EPL（electron projection lithography，电子发射平版印刷）EPM（Enhanced Power Management，增强形能源管理）EPM（enterprise project manage）EPOC（Electronic Piece of Cheese，小型电子块）EPOC（Elevated Package Over CSP，CSP架空封装）EPP（Enhanced Parallel Port，增强形平行接口）EPROM（erasable，programmable ROM，可擦写可编程ROM）EPV（Extended Voltage Protection，扩展电压保护）ERD（Emergency Repair Disk，应急修理磁盘）ERP（Enterprise Requirement Planning，企业需求计划）ERP（Enterprise Resource Planning，企业资源计划）ERP（estimated retail price，估计零售价）ES（Energy Star，能源之星）ES（Engineering Sample，工程样品）eSA TA（External Serial ATA，扩展型串行A TA）ESCD（Extended System Configuration Data，可扩展系统配置数据）ESD（electro-static discharge，静电释放）ESDJ（Easy Setting Dual Jumper，简化CPU双重跳线法）ESDRAM（Enhanced SDRAM，增强型SDRAM）ESER（EAC Secure Extract Ripping，EAC安全抓取复制）ESP（Electronic-Shock Protection，电子抗震系统）ESP（Embedded System Platform，嵌入式系统平台）ESP（Encapsulating Security Payload，压缩安全有效载荷）ESR（Equivalent Series Resistance，等价系列电阻）ESRAM（Enhanced SRAM，增强型SRAM）eTM（embedded Texture Buffer，嵌入式纹理缓冲）ETRI（Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute，电子和电信研究协会）EULA（End-User License Agreement，最终用户释放协议）EUV（Extreme Ultra Violet，紫外光）EUV（extreme ultraviolet lithography，极端紫外平版印刷）EVF（Electronic Viewfinder，电子取景窗）E-WDM（Enhanced Windows Driver Model，增强型视窗驱动程序模块）Execute Buffers（执行缓冲区）Extended Burst Transactions（增强式突发处理）Extended Stereo（扩展式立体声）Factor Alpha Blending（因子阿尔法混合）FADD（Floationg Point Addition，浮点加）FAQ（Frequently Asked Questions，常见问题回答）Fast Z-clear（快速Z缓冲清除）FAT（File Allocation Tables，文件分配表）FB（fragment buffer，片段缓冲）FBC（Frame Buffer Cache，帧缓冲缓存）FBGA（Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array，精细倾斜球状网阵排列）FBGA（flipchip BGA，轻型芯片BGA）F-Buffer（Fragment Stream FIFO Buffer，片段流先入先出缓冲区）FC（Famicom，任天堂8位游戏机）FC（Fibre Channel，光纤通道）FC-BGA（Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array，反转芯片球形栅格阵列）FCC（Federal Communications Commission，联邦通信委员会）FC-PGA（Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array，反转芯片针脚栅格阵列）FCRAM（Fast Cycle RAM，快周期随机存储器）FDB（Fluid Dynamic Bearing，非固定动态轴承）FDB（fluid-dynamic bearings，动态轴承）FDBM（Fluid dynamic bearing motors，液态轴承马达）FDC（Floppy Disk Controller，软盘驱动器控制装置）FDD（Floppy Disk Driver，软盘驱动器）FDIV（Floationg Point Divide，浮点除）FDM（Frequency Division Multi，频率分离）FED（Field Emission Displays，电场显示器）FEMMA（Foldable Electronic Memory Module Assembly，折叠电子内存模块装配）FEMMS（Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State，快速进入/退出多媒体状态FFB（Force Feed Back，力反馈）FFJ（Force Feedback Joystick，力量反馈式操纵杆）FFT（fast Fourier transform，快速热欧姆转换）FGM（Fine-Grained Multithreading，高级多线程）FID（FID（Frequency identify，频率鉴别号码）FIFO（First Input First Output，先入先出队列）FIR（finite impulse response，有限推进响应）FireWire（火线，即IEEE1394标准）FISC（Fast Instruction Set Computer，快速指令集计算机）FL（fragment list，片段列表）FL（Function Lookup，功能查找）Flat（平面描影）FlexATX（Flexibility ATX，可扩展性A TX）flip double buffered（反转双缓存）flip-chip（芯片反转）FLIR（Forward Looking Infra-Red，前视红外）FLOPs（Floating Point Operations Per Second，浮点操作/秒）Flow-control（流控制）FLS（Front Light Screen，前发光屏幕）Flyback Transformer（回转变压器）FM（Flash Memory，快闪存储器）FM（Frequency Modulation，频率调制）FMA（full-motion animated backdrops）FMAC（Floating-Point Multiply-Accumulators，浮点累积乘单元）FMC（Frictionless Memory Control，无阻内存控制）FMD ROM（Fluorescent Material Read Only Memory，荧光质只读存储器）FMT（fine-grained multithreading，纯消除多线程）FMUL（Floationg Point Multiplication，浮点乘）Fog table quality（雾化表画质）Fog（雾化效果）FPD（flat panel display，平面显示器）FPM（Fast Page Mode，快页模式内存）FPRs（floating-point registers，浮点寄存器）FPS（First Person Shooters，第一人称射击游戏）FPS（FourPointSurround，创新的四点环绕扬声器系统）fps（frames per second，帧/秒）FPU（Float Point Unit，浮点运算单元）FR（Frames Rate，游戏运行帧数）FR（Frequence Response，频率响应）Frames rate is King（帧数为王）FRC（Frame Rate Control，帧比率控制）FRICC（Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee，联邦调查因特网协调委员会）FRJS（Fully Random Jittered Super-Sampling，完全随机移动式超级采样）Front Buffer（前置缓冲）FSAA（Full Scene/Screen Anti-aliasing，全景/屏幕抗锯齿）FSB（Front Side Bus，前端总线）FSE（Frequency Shifter Effect，频率转换效果）FSR（force sensor resistance，动力感应电阻）FSTN（Film compensated Super Twisted liquid crystal，带补偿膜超扭曲相列）FSUB（Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减）FTC（Federal Trade Commission，联邦商业委员会）FTG（Fighting Game，格斗类游戏）FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议）Fur（软毛效果）FW（Fast Write，快写，AGP总线的特殊功能）FWH（Firmware Hub，固件中心）GART（Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表）GB（Game Boy，任天堂4位手提游戏机）GB（Garibaldi架构，Garibaldi基于ATX架构，但是也能够使用WTX构架的机箱）GBA（Game Boy Advanced，任天堂增强型手提游戏机）GBC（Game Boy Color，任天堂手提16色游戏机）GBL（GameBoy Light，GB夜光型）GBP（GameBoy Pocket，GB口袋型）GDC（Game Developer Conference，游戏发展商会议）GDI（Graphics Device Interface，图形设备接口）GFD（Gold finger Device，金手指超频设备）GG（Game Gear，世嘉彩色手提游戏机）GHC（Global History Counter，通用历史计数器）Ghost（（General Hardware Oriented System Transfer，全面硬件导向系统转移）GI（Global Illumination，球形光照）GIC（Gold Immersion Coating，化金涂布技术）GIF（Graphics Interchange Format，图像交换格式）GIF（Graphics Interface unit，图形接口单元）GLV（grating-light-valve，光栅亮度阀）GM（General Midi，普通MIDI）GM（Glass Mould，玻璃铸制）GMCH（Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心）GMR（giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻）Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色GPA（Graphics Performance Accelerator，图形性能加速卡）GPF（General protect fault，一般保护性错误）GPIs（General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入）GPL（GNU Public License，GNU公众授权）GPRS（General Packet Raice，整合封包无线服务）GPRs（General Purpose Registers，通用寄存器）GPS（Global Positioning System，全球定位系统）GPT（Graphics Performance Toolkit，图形性能工具包）GPU（Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器）GS（Graphic Synthesizer，图形合成器）GSM（Galvanization Superconductive Material，电镀锌超导材料）GTF（General Timing Formula，普通调速方程式）GTL（Gunning Transceiver Logic，发射接收逻辑电路）GTS（Giga Textel Sharder，十亿像素填充率）Guard Band Support（支持保护带）GUI（Graphics User Interface，图形用户界面）GVPP（Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器）GWS（graphics workstations，图形工作站）HAL（Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层）HCF（Host Controller，主体控制处理）HCI（Host Controller Interface，主机控制接口HCL（Hardware Compatibility List，硬件兼容性列表）HCRP（Hardcopy Cable Replacement Profile，硬复制电缆复位协议子集）HCT（Hardware Compatibility Test，硬件兼容性测试HDA（Head Disk Assembly，头盘组件）HDA（high-efficiency Audax High Definition Aerogel，高效高清楚气动）HDIT（High Bandwidth Differential Interconnect Technology，高带宽微分互连技术）HDMI（High Definition Multimedia Interface，高精度多媒体接口）HDR（High Dynamic Range，高级动态范围）HDRL（high dynamic-range lighting，高动态范围光线）HDSL（High bit rate DSL，高比特率数字订阅线路）HDSS（Holographic Data Storage System，全息数据存储系统）HDTV（high definition television，高清晰度电视）HDVP（High-Definition Video Processor，高精度视频处理器）HE（Home Edition，家庭版）HEL（Hardware Emulation Layer（硬件模拟层）HID（Human Interface Device，人机对话接口设备）Hierarchical Z（Z分级）HiFD（high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘）Hi-fi（high fidelity，高精度设备）high triangle count（复杂三角形计数）HLL（high level language，高级语言）HLLCA（High-Level Language Computing Architecture，高级语言计算架构）HL-PBGA（表面黏著，高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状网阵封装HLSL（High Level Shading Language，高级描影语言）HMC（hardware motion compensation，硬件运动补偿）HMC（holographic media card，全息媒体卡）HMD（holographic media disk，全息媒体磁盘）Home PNA（Home Private Network Adapter，家庭私人网络适配器）HOS（Higher-Order Surfaces，高次序表面）HPC（Hand held PC，手持电脑设备）HPDR（High-Precision Dynamic-Range，高精度动态范围）HPF（High-Pass Filter，高通滤波器）HPNA（home phoneline networking，家庭电话线网络）HPS（High Performance Server，高性能服务器）HPTC（high performance technical computing，高性能技术运算）HPW（High Performance Workstation，高性能工作站）HRAA（High Resolution Anti-aliasing，高分辨率抗锯齿）HRTF（Head Related Transfer Function，头部关联传输功能）HSCSD（High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data，高速巡回开关数据）HSDRAM（High Speed DRAM，超高速内存）HSF（Host Signal，主体信号处理）HSI（High Speed Interconnect，高速内连）HSLB（High Speed Link Bus，高速链路总线）HSP（Host Signal Processing，主体信号处理）HSR（Hidden Surface Removal，隐藏表面移除）HT（Hyper Transport，超级传输）HTA（Hypertext Application，超文本应用程序）HTML（Hypertext Markup Language，超文本标记语言）HTP（Hyper Texel Pipeline，超级像素管道）HTT（Hyper Threading Technology，超级线程技术）HTTC（Hyper Transport Technology Consortium，Hyper Transport技术协会）。