七、八年制医学专业英语样题(四川大学华西临床)

1.If you keep a relatively well-balanced diet, you'll most likely get the vitaminsyour body needs without the use of supplements.2.Accumulation of water in the brain, severe headaches, and birth defects are justthree of the problems toxic levels of Vitamin A can cause.3.Vitamin C is an important anti-oxidant and may be associated with delayed agingand prevention of diseases like cancer by destroying the 'free radicals'.4. A beating heart contracts and relaxes. Contraction is called systole, and relaxingis called diastole.5.Cardiovascular disease includes diseases of the heart, stroke, and blockages inother arteries of the body.6.Coronary artery disease develops when cholesterol is deposited and absorbed intothe wall of the vessels within the heart.7.Those energy reserves come from mitochondria: structures inside the cells thatuse the energy taken in from food.8. A healthy person at least 17 years old and weighing at least around 110pounds can donate blood up to six times a year, or every two months.9.Anemia is a condition caused by a shortage of hemoglobin in the blood.10.A strain is when you badly stretch or tear a muscle. A sprain is when youstretch or tear ligaments, or part of a ligament.11.Osteoporosis is characterized by loss of bone density and the deterioration ofbone tissue, which makes bones fragile and more likely to fracture.12.When we blink, the sebaceous glands secrete lubricants that prevent the eyesfrom drying out.13.The culprit most responsible for stomach ulcers is a bacterium calledHelicobacter pylori, or H. pylori for short.14.One of bile's jobs is to emulsify fats, meaning it enables fat and water to mix.15.If fat isn't absorbed, then the fat-soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K aren't absorbedeither.16.Appendicitis occurs when waste or foreign matter blocks the opening between thelarge intestine and the appendix.17.Appendectomies are one of the most common emergency surgical procedures.18.The liver is indispensable in carbohydrate metabolism, fat metabolism, andprotein metabolism.19.If you have a fever, the increase in body temperature increases your metabolism.20.Darwinian medicine tries to find evolutionary explanations for why we get sickand it also tries to figure out how and why we respond to sickness.21.Viruses are parasites -- they constantly need host cells to function.22.Viruses are basically just a set of genetic material, surrounded by a cover ofprotein.23.When viruses are expelled from other host cells, say for instance, due to a sneeze,they immediately look for other hosts to carry on with their reproduction.24.Vaccines consist of mild doses of disease-causing bacteria or virus that trigger thecreation of antibodies that fight infection.25.Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are passed on from oneperson to another through sexual contact.26.In today's world of sophisticated medicine and high-quality drugs, it is hard toimagine something as simple as laughter having a healing effect on the body. 27.Research shows that whether a person is an optimist or a pessimist is related totheir quality of life, including their physical health.28.Helping can even contribute to living a healthier psychological and physical life.29.So instead of saying that exercising decreases your risk for certain healthproblems, it's more correct to say that not exercising increases your risk for those problems.30.Cancer spreads —or metastasizes —when cancer cells break away from theoriginal tumor and travel through your bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of your body.。

医学英语-1期末考试：开卷考试任课老师：张蕾芳姓名：专业班级：学号：Some ideas about relationship between doctors and patients after reading “Roller Skating with Rickets”After reading the book, named “Roller Skating with Rickets”, I had learned from it a lot. Through this book, I understood the model of the American medical especially the relationship between the doctors and patients. It can be an exemplar of Chinese medical.As the doctors, we usually have no time and no mind to talk with our patients. What’s more, there are some doctors may communicate with the patients snappily. Then, some patients who lost of temper chopped the doctors brutally. While the doctors in this book, they took her as their family, they regarded her in a sincere or genuine way. A lot of ways were carried out to communicate with Jessica and her family, and they persuaded Jessica when she unwilling to take drugs instead of commanding or other rude methods. Nowadays, the doctors-patients relationship is so intensively in our country. It is definitely that our doctors have problems. If we can treat people like what Jessica’s doctors do, the relationship will be better.But do the patients themselves have no responsibility to it? Absolutely not. In this article, Jessica as a patient, she had herown thoughts and feelings. But she did not tell her doctors. It took a lot of time for doctors to find what it happened, then they can remedy right away. Patients in our country are a little different. Some hope their doctors know everything, and regard them as the god. If doctors have no method to cure them, they blame their doctors like abusing, chopping. The other think they are full of knowledge although they search information about their disease on the Internet. So if the doctors aren’t do as what they hope, they begin to doubt doctors. Perhaps, they will not follow their doctors.People are distinctive to each other, particularly teenagers. They are always run after personality. Jessica, a teenager, always followed her own heart regardless of her body. At this point, children in all of country are the same. So it is significant to realize that nothing is important than our body. We should not be capricious anymore, at the same time, doctors should be more patient.If we can do all of it, China’s medical environment can be greatly improved.。

临床医学专业排名1.清华大学北京协和医学院(中国协和医科大学)2.北京大学医学部(原北京医科大学)3.复旦大学上海医学院(原上海医科大学)4.上海交通大学医学院(原上海第二医科大学)5.中山大学医学院(原中山医科大学)6.华中科技大学同济医学院(原同济医科大学)7.四川大学华西医学院(原华西医科大学)8.中南大学湘雅医学院(原湖南医科大学)9.南方医科大学(原第一军医大学)10.浙江大学医学院(原浙江医科大学)11.首都医科大学12.东北大学中国医学院(中国医科大学)13.吉林大学白求恩医学院(原白求恩医科大学)14.武汉大学医学院(原湖北医科大学)15.山东大学医学院(原山东医科大学)16.哈尔滨医科大学17.天津医科大学18.西安交通大学医学院(原西安医科大学)19.南京医科大学20.河北医科大学21.重庆大学医学院(重庆医科大学)22.南京大学医学院23.南开大学医学院24.同济大学医学院(原上海铁道医学院)25.郑州大学医学院(原河南医科大学)26.福建医科大学27.暨南大学医学院28.山西医科大学29.苏州大学医学院(原苏州医学院)30.大连医科大学31.新疆医科大学32.安徽医科大学33.广西医科大学34.青岛大学医学院(原青岛医学院)35.东南大学医学院(原南京铁道医学院)36.汕头大学医学院37.温州医学院下面按排名顺序对上述各医学院进行情况详细叙述:1、清华大学北京协和医学院(中国协和医科大学)目前仍为中国协和医科大学，但是按照教育部和卫生部的安排预计在2006年实现两校合并。

从2003年开始，中国协和医科大学的招生就纳入清华大学统一进行了。

1）从1917年起就一直实行8年制临床医学专业制度(本硕博连读)；2）学校由美国洛克菲勒基金会于1917年创办，无论在国内还是国际上都享有一定的声誉。

若纳入清华大学，将大大提升清华大学在国内和国际院校中的排名；3）清华大学的生物科学、生物技术、生物医学工程等专业均处于国内领先地位；4）中国协和医科大学目前拥有两院院士25人(其中科学院士11人，工程院士15人)，长江学者9人(其中特聘教授9人)，博士生导师320人；5）拥有博士点(二级学科)49个，硕士点(二级学科)52个，国家重点学科18个，国家精品课程个；6）拥有北京协和医院、北京阜外医院、北京肿瘤医院、北京整形外科医院、泰达国际心血管病医院、北京中日友好医院、北京天坛医院等7所附属医院。

临床医学八年制(英八)【内外妇儿】大题整理注：英文出题用英文答，否则只得75%-80%的分数，儿科有两道填空记不清了，欢迎补充。

[填空]1、胃癌癌前状态5个2、二尖瓣狭窄的并发症6个3、肾病综合症并发症4个4、肺结核的治疗原则5个[名解]前两个写出英文全称1、HAP2、肝肾综合症3、RF（类风湿因子/肾衰竭均可）4、Osler结节5、Dawn phenomenon[问答] 3选21、重症哮喘的治疗策略2、肝硬化失代偿期的临床表现3、慢性肾病高钾的主要原因及处理措施[病例分析]1、诊断及诊断依据：冠状动脉硬化性心脏病急性前间壁心肌梗死Killip II级2、鉴别诊断3、治疗-------------------------------------------2011-06-23外科瑞金出卷----------------------------------------[选择] 65道有一定难度其中15-20道为瑞金见习原题，英文题为精品课程网上原题[名解]全用英文回答1、ICP2、AOSC3、EGC4、Indirect herniation5、Autonephrectomy[大题]1、（英文题）左右半结肠癌临床表现区别2、（英文题）绞窄性肠梗阻诊断3、膀胱肿瘤的诊断、良性前列腺增生的治疗4、急性血源性骨髓炎的诊断、L4L5腰椎间盘突出的临床表现5、急性胰腺炎非手术治疗原则-------------------------------------2011-06-28妇产科瑞金仁济六院共同出卷-------------------------[名解]3’*51、HELLP综合症2、CIN3、xx胎盘卒中4、xx勃瘤5、Meigs Syndrome[简答]5’*21、（英文题）列出4条xx韧带及其功能2、硫酸镁应用的注意事项[问答]7’*51、良恶性卵巢肿瘤的鉴别2、异位妊娠的鉴别诊断（写出>=4个）3、子痫前期的处理原则和代表药4、（英文题）先兆心衰的4个表现5、葡萄胎的临床表现及随访[病例分析]1、诊断及诊断依据：难免流产、贫血、休克、感染（不知道要写什么）2、处理------------------------------------------------2011-06-30儿科新华出卷-----------------------------------[填空]1、化脓性脑膜炎（除流脑）常见病原菌2个2、急性肾小球肾炎的严重表现3个，出现于—周内3、。

医学英语（临床八年制版）感谢各级学长学姐记题，题目基本来源于人人网，如有缺漏欢迎指出12临八11临八一、阅读（简单，5分钟之内可以搞定）二、连线题（包括词根对应中文连线和词组英文对应中文连线）三、词组中译英四、句子翻译（英译中和中译英）五、句子改写（把很多句句子写成一句话，用各种从句或者连词，注意逻辑）10临八一、阅读二、词根连线三、汉译英解剖结构改变椎管狭窄功能恢复骨骼细胞吸收不全乳糜泻读片脊骨X光钙化结构继发表现对照组肌肉酸痛先天畸形隐患椎间盘磨损神经根四、英译汉helicoptec pylori bacteriasalmonella enteritidisirritable bowel syndromnregulator geneoperator geneneoplastic growthgrowth-promoting proto-oncogenesgrowth-restraining tumor supressor gene dormant virusradio active materialbasal cell carcinomalethal doseoncogenic virusceliac crisis三个句子09临八中译英×151.结缔组织2.腰背疼3.临床表现4.临床对照试验5.病例报告6.预后良好7.细胞更新8.葡萄糖耐受不良9.细胞复制10.基因表达11.抑制生长瘤抑制基因12.对照研究13.关节腔14.排便增多15.脊骨畸形资料会定期更新，整理12届至09届考题（缺11届)。

如有补充，欢迎联系优才工作站更多真题整理请关注优才微信号：youcaimed。

八年级英语医疗程序单选题50题1. If you have a toothache, you should go to the _.A. ophthalmology departmentB. dentistry departmentC. cardiology departmentD. neurology department答案：B。

解析：题干说牙疼，应该去牙科。

A选项ophthalmology department是眼科；C选项cardiology department是心内科；D选项neurology department是神经科，都不符合牙疼的情况，只有B选项dentistry department是牙科。

2. The doctor uses a _ to listen to your heartbeat.A. stethoscopeB. thermometerC. syringeD. scalpel答案：A。

解析：医生用来听心跳的是听诊器，A选项stethoscope 是听诊器；B选项thermometer是温度计，用来量体温；C选项syringe 是注射器；D选项scalpel是手术刀，所以A正确。

3. In the hospital, where can you take an X - ray?A. In the operating roomB. In the radiology departmentC. In the emergency roomD. In the pharmacy答案：B。

解析：拍X射线是在放射科。

A选项operating room 是手术室；C选项emergency room是急诊室；D选项pharmacy是药房，只有B选项radiology department是放射科。

4. When you break your leg, you may be sent to _.A. the dermatology departmentB. the orthopedics departmentC. the gastroenterology departmentD. the urology department答案：B。

2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案一、选择题1、Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of the English language? A. Phoneme. B. Morpheme. C. Lexeme. D. Grammar. 答案：D. Grammar.2、Which of the following best defines “semantics”? A. The study of meaning in language. B. The study of language and its relationship to culture. C. The study of the structure of language. D. The study of the relationship between language and behavior. 答案：A. The study of meaning in language.3、Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A morpheme can be a free form. B. A morpheme can be a bound form. C. A free form cannot be a morpheme. D. A bound form cannot be a morpheme. 答案：C. A free form cannot be a morpheme.4、The word “fig” is related to which of the following words?A. Figtree.B. Figure.C. Figment.D. Figures. 答案：B. Figure.5、“Bird” is to “nest” as “flower” is to which of the following?A. garden.B. petal.C. bloom.D. rose. 答案：A. garden.二、判断题1、A syllable in English contains both a consonant and a vowel sound. 答案：正确。

医学专业英语I. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points)1. Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”?A. -icB. -alC. -arD. -our2. Which of the following combining forms means cell?A. -cyteB. cyt/oC. cel/oD. both a and b3. Which of the following forms means tissue?A. erythr/oB. immun/oC.hist/oD. vascul/o4. A- means ______.A. upB. downC. apartD. without5. The suffix -itis means _______ .A. infammationB.inflammationC.inflammazedD. instrument6. The combining form of radi/o means _________.A. radarB. x-rayC. radioD. both B and C7. The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is_____.A. –scopyB. –tomeC. –meterD. –graph8. Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?”A. –tomyB. -stomyC. –tomeD. –ectomy9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______.A. electroencephogramB. electromyogramC. electrocardiogramD. electroencephalogram10. Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____.A. stethodyniaB. thoracalgiaC. thoracodyniaD. all of the above11. Which of the following forms means fungus?A. my/oB. myel/oC. myc/oD. none of the above12. The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______.A. dem/oB. derm/oC. dermat/oD. both B and C13. Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ?A. vascul/oB. angi/oC. chromat/oD. Both A and B14. The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______ .A. crinogenicB. endocrineC. crinologicD. endocardial15. The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.A. leukocyteB. leukemiaC. leukogenesisD. erythrocyte16. Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________.A. bronchitisB. pneumonitisC. gastritisD. hepatitis17. -plasm means _______.A. treatmentB. knowledgeC. diagnosisD. growth18. Mammo/o refers to _______.A. motherB. thymus glandC. thyroid glandD. breast19. Which of the following does not mean “within or in”?A. en-B. endo-C. intra-D. none of the above20. _______ means surgical repair of an organ.A. phag/oB. –plasmC. –plastyD. –pathy21. Spir/o is a combining form meaning ______.A. seeB. sightC. breathD. sport22. Inflammation of lungs is known as _______.A. pneumonitisB. pneumoniaC. pulmonitisD. All of the above23. Which of the following forms means “p rotection or safe” ?A. immun/oB. lymph/oC. erythr/oD. None of the above24. Cardiopathy means _________.A. heart failureB. heart diseaseC. brain diseaseD. skeletal disease25.Which of the following combining forms does not refer to an organ?A. hepat/oB. gastr/oC. psych/oD. nephr/o26. The color of something best expressed in medical terminology is _______.A. chrom/oB. chromomat/oC. chramat/oD. Both A and B27. Which of the following means “instrument for measuring”?A. -graphB. -tomeC. –meterD. -scope28. Bi- means ______.A. lifeB. twoC. acrossD. Both A and B29. The form meaning arteries is ________.A. arter/oB. arteri/oC. arthr/oD.artheri/o30. The prefix with the meaning of bad is ______.A. mal-B. dys-C. polio-D. Both A and B31. The flesh is expressed in the combining form of _______.A. top/oB. ten/oC.thym/oD. sarc/o32. The combining vowel for angitis is ____________.A. aB. oC. eD.i33. Hypo- means having _______ of something.A. too much or too highB. too little or too lowC. overD. below34. Morph/o means ______.A. manyB. maxillaeC. shapeD. head35. “Pertaining to nourishment or development” is expressed in _________.A. –tropyB. –trophyC.- tropicD.-trophic36. The process of recording sth is expressed in _________.A. -graphB. -gramC. -graphyD.-scope37. The formation of blood is also known as ______.A. hematopoiesisB. hemopoiesisC.homopoiesisD. both A and B38. Because the strands are readily stained with dyes, they are called_______.A. chromosomesB. protoplasmsC. cytoplasmsD.chromatins39.The science that deals with cells on the smallest structural and functional level is called _____.A. biologyB. microbiologyC. homostasisD. molecular biology40. An instrument for measuring the cell counts of red blood cells is an _______.A. erythrocyteB. erythrogenesisC. erythrocytometerD. erythrocytographII. Find the best answer to the following abbreviations. (10 points)41. SARSA. Serious Acute Respiratary SyndromeB. Severe Acute Respiration SystemC. Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeD. Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome42. T.BA. tuberclosisB. tubercluosisC. tubaclosisD. tuberculosis43. IgA.immunoglobinB. immunogloblinC. immunoglobulinD. immunoglubin44. RNAA. ribonuclear acidB. ribanucleic acidC. ribanucleic acidD. ribonucleic acidGA. ultrosonograhyB. ultrasonograhyC. ultrosonographyD. ultrasonography46.ECGA. electrocardiogramB. electrocardiographyC. electroencephogramD. electroencephalogram47. CTA. computed tomograhyB. computed tomographyC. computerized tomograhyD. computerized tom ography48. MRIA. Magnetic resononce imageB. Magnetic resonance imageC. Magnetic resononce imagingD. Magnetic resonance imaging49.VDA. varied diseaseB. venareal diseaseC. venereal diseaseD. vocal disease50. GIA. gastrointral tractB. gastrointervention tractC. gastrointestinal tractD. gastrointersectional tract III. Find the best answer to the following translations. (10 points)51. 心血管疾病A. cardiavasclar diseaseB. cardiavascular diseaseC. cardiovasclar diseaseD. cardiovascular dise ase52.随意肌A. voluntary muscleB. involuntary muscleC. smooth muscleD. cardiac muscle53 脉冲信号A. pulseB. impulseC. impulsiveD. pulsive54. 转换A. transformationB. transactionC. transmuteD. transmission55.功能失调A. malfunctionB. dysfunctionC. maloperationD. disoperation56. 局部化的感染A. local infectionB. localized infectionC. local inflammationD. localized inflammation57.乐观的预后A. optimistic pregnosisB. optimistic prognosisC. pessimistic pregnosisD. pessimistic prognosis58. 光纤技术A. optic fiber technologyB. fiber optic techonologyC. fiber optic technologyD. optic fiber techonology59. 肌肉收缩A. muscle contractionB. muscular contractionC..musclar contractionD. Both A and B60. 血供A． supply blood B. blood supply C. protein molecule D. extensorIV. Translate the following into Chinese. (40 points)61. Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or a n enlarged internal body organ.62. All cells consist of protoplasm, the “living jelly”. The protoplasm of a typical cell forms three vitalparts --- the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. The membrane encloses the other cell st ructures. Much of the chemical work of the cell is done in the cytoplasm, which surrounds the nucle us. The nucleus, enclosed by its own membrane, is the control center of the cell.1.D2.B3. C4. D5. B6. B7. B8.A9. D 10.D11.C 12.D 13. D 14.A 15. B 16. D 17. D 18.D 19. D 20.C21.C 22.D 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. A 27. C 28.B 29. B 30.D31.D 32.B 33. B 34.C 35. D 36. C 37. D 38.D 39. D 40.C41.C 42.D 43. C 44. D 45. D 46. A 47. B 48.D 49. C 50.C51.D 52.A 53. B 54.B 55. A 56. B 57.B 58.C 59. D 60.B61. 疾病有成百上千种。

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3.Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are puttogether and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; thestudy of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductivesystem and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in thisarticle.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

2008年四川大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案一、完形填空0 It is acknowledged that the modern musical show is America's most original and dynamic contribution toward theater. In the last quarter of a century, America has produced large【C1】______of musical plays that have been popular abroad【C2】______at home. 【C3】______. it is very difficult to explain【C4】______is new or 【C5】______American about them, for the【C6】______are centuries old.Perhaps the uniqueness of America's contribution to the【C7】______can best be characterized through brief descriptions of several of the most important andbest-known musicals, one of these is surely Oklahoma by Richard Rogers and Oscar Hamerstein. It burst【C8】______popularity in 1943, Broadway audience and critics were【C9】______by its【C10】______. vitality and excitement. This "new" type of musical was【C11】______as kind of【C12】______theater in which the play, the music and lyrics, the dancing, and the scenic background were assembled not merely to provide entertainment and【C13】______. but to【C14】______in a single unifying whole to contribute its unique feature. 【C15】______. it meant that the songs and dances should【C16】______naturally out of the situations of the story and play an important part in carrying the action【C17】______. In Oklahoma, an American folk-dance style was organically combined with classical ballet and modern dance. It is right to say that the musical was a brilliantly integrated performance by the talented dancers and singing actors.Oklahoma also marked a new【C18】______in the choice of story on which a musical is based. Writers and composers began to abandon the sentimentally picturesque or aristocratic setting【C19】______more realistic stories in authentic social and cultural【C20】______. Oklahoma was based on a "folk" whose story dealt not only with young love but also with the opening of the American West.1 【C1】（A）number（C）quantity （D）numbers2 【C2】（A）better （B）instead of （C）as well as （D）rather than 3 【C3】（A）Therefore （B）Yet（C）Moreover （D）Thus4 【C4】（A）which（B）that（D）how5 【C5】（A）characteristically （B）particularly（C）mainly（D）exactly6 【C6】（A）factors（B）ingredients（C）composers（D）facts7 【C7】（A）trait（B）feature（C）genre8 【C8】（A）with（B）into（C）out into （D）in9 【C9】（A）struck （B）touched （C）moved（D）hit10 【C10】（A）vivacity （B）originality （C）creativity （D）dynamic（A）conceived （B）thought （C）believed （D）perceived 12 【C12】（A）special （B）peculiar （C）gross （D）total13 【C13】（A）variety （B）amusement （C）sundries （D）fun14 【C14】（B）join（C）put（D）share15 【C15】（A）In other words （B）sum up（C）On the contrary （D）Generally speaking 16 【C16】（A）arise（B）derive（C）raise（D）originate17 【C17】（A）out（C）forward（D）through18 【C18】（A）direction （B）way（C）method（D）epoch19 【C19】（A）for（B）with（C）without（D）except20 【C20】（A）circumstances （B）context（C）situation（D）surrounding二、阅读理解20 If you had asked me then if I would accept a job as a restaurant criticfor The New Times, or any established publication, I would have replied, without a second thought, "Of course not!" And not just because I did not want to think of myself as an ambitious sort. Working in restaurants was honest labor anyone could see that. Writing about for the mainstream press was not; it felt like joining the enemy.But reviewing was fun, so much fun that when mainstream publishers started paying me for my opinions, I didn't do the decent thing. Before I knew it, I had stopped cooking professionally. Then I stopped cooking altogether. "She's joined the leisure class," my friends said.I disarmed my critics by inviting them along; nobody I knew could afford to eat out and nobody refused. We went with equal amounts of guilt and pleasure, with a feeling that we were trespassing on the playgrounds of the rich.We didn't belong in those starchy restaurants. We always got the worst table. And then, because I didn't own a credit card, I had to pay in cash. The year turned into two, and three, and more. I got a credit card. I got good clothes. I was writing for increasingly' prestigious. Meanwhile, a voice inside me kept whispering, "How could you?"When I receive weekly letters from people who think it is indecent to write about $ 100 meals while half the world is hungry, the voice yacks right along. "They're absolutely right," it whispers. And when it asks, "When are you going to grow up and get a real job?" It sounds a lot like my mother.And just about then is when I tell the voice to shut up. Because when my mother starts telling me that all I'm doing with my life is telling rich people where to eat, I realize how much the world has changed.Yes, there are still restaurants where rich people go to remind themselvesthat they are different from you and me. But there are fewer and fewer of them. As American food has come of age, American restaurants have changed. Going out to eat used to be like going to the opera today, it is more like going the movies.21 Why would the author have refused to accept the job as a restaurant critic if people had asked her then?（A）Because she was ambitious.（B）Because she didn't think highly of the job.（C）Because she didn't think well of the job as a cook.（D）Because she didn't want to criticize anyone.22 The word "decent" in do the decent thing in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to______.（A）very profitable（B）morally acceptable（C）fairly attractive（D）very pleasant23 In Paragraph 4, by "The year turned into two, three and more," the author means that______.（A）she went on and on working in restaurants（B）she lived a luxurious life for many years（C）she kept working for publications until she got a credit card（D）she went on and on Writing as a restaurants critic24 Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Most American can't afford to eat out.（B）American food has remained unchanged.（C）American like going to the movies.（D）Food in most American restaurants is cheap.25 Which of the following can be concluded from this article?（A）Cooks are respected in the U.S.（B）The author was once a cook.（C）Rich people like going to the theatre.（D）Restaurants critics all feel guilty.25 The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist intraditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoin, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the result would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, but tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter. Then, is far from clear-out, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonablefor infants.26 Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?（A）Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day care for children at the age of three or older.（B）Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.（C）The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.（D）Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.27 Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?（A）Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.（B）Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.（C）A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problem in later life.（D）Day care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child's personality.28 It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that______.（A）the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies（B）a child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problem in later life.（C）mother bring up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies（D）children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years29 Which of the following statements in NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?（A）Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.（B）The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.（C）The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.（D）Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.30 Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?（A）Children under three should stay with their parents.（B）Early day care has positive effects on children's development.（C）The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.（D）The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.30 Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost facetof our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structureand operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier toattain of one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.This book is written for the intelligent student of lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or independently of any course—simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of womenin the scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human equally.We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn't take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.31 According to the passage, "scientific subculture" means______.（A）cultural groups that are formed by scientists（B）people whose knowledge of science is very limited（C）the scientific community（D）people who make good contribution to science32 We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because______.（A）it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate science（B）science affects almost every aspect of our life（C）scientists live in a specific substructure（D）it is easier to understand general characteristics of science33 The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who______.（A）long for deeper understanding of science（B）are good at producing various gadgets（C）work in a storehouse of dried facts（D）are interested in popular science34 According to this passage,______.（A）English is a sexist language（B）only on this scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly（C）women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language（D）male nouns or pronouns should not used to refer to scientists35 This passage most probably is______.（A）a book review（B）the preface of a book（C）the post script of a book（D）the concluding part of a book三、英译汉36 Translate the following passages into Chinese. Each translated passage will account for 15 points. Give the number of the passage on your ANSWER SHEET.A man only begins to be a man when he ceases to whine his adverse conditions, and commences to search for the hidden justice which regulates his life. And as he adapts his mind to that regulating factor, he ceases to accuse others as the cause of his condition, and builds himself up in sound and noble thoughts; ceases to kick against circumstances, but begins to use them as aids to his more rapid progress, and as a means of discovering the hidden power and possibilities within himself.37 The first night on the ice had been torture. The second was nightmare. Men lost their reason, began seeing visions, hearing voices. Some sank into mindless torpor; others went raving mad before death. That many continued to survive was incredible, but the will to live still burned fiercely in those still staggering around the ice-floes under the frosty moon. They reeled and weaved in a ghostly dance. The only indication they gave that their minds were still alive was when they emitted an occasional croak of encouragement to one another. For the most part they ignored the dead and dying, stepping over or shuffling around them as though they were lumps of ice.四、汉译英38 Translate the following passage into English：中国传统文化既是中华民族悠久历史的结晶，也是中华民族对于全人类的伟大贡献。

山东大学医学院(2004——2005学年第2学期） 2001级 临床医学7年制 断层解剖学试题（A 卷）1. Completion of drawing:（50×1＝50）The transverse section through internal capsule12435678 910The transverse section through superior border of aortic archThe transverse section through neck of uterus11 12 13 14151617181920 2122232425 26 27 28 29 30The transverse section through hepatic veins31323334 35 36373839 40The median sagittal section of neckExplanation of term: （10×2＝20）1. AC-PC line2. centrum semiovale3. pterygopalatine space4. suprasellar cistern5.Heubner artery6. aorticopulmonary window7. Trigone of urinary bladder and seminal vesicle 8. venous system9. carpal canal 10.malleolar canalQuestion and Answer: （5×6＝30）1. How to discriminate the central sulcus in serial cross sections of brain ？2. Segment name, pathway and branching of internal carotid artery.3. How to discriminate the four chambers of heart in thoracic sectional anatomy?4. Tell about significance of section of sagittal part of left hepatic portal vein. 414244454647484943 505. The sublobe and MRI appearance of prostate?Standard AnswerCompletion of drawing：（50×1＝50）1. superior sagittal sinus2. corpus callosum3. anterior horn of lateral ventricle4. putaman5. dorsal thalamus6. tentorium of cerebellum7. cerebellum8. medieal occipitotemporal gurus9. posterior limb of internal capsule 10. anterior limb of internal capsule 11. thymus 12. left brachiocephalic vein 13. left common carotid artery 14. left sunclavian artery 15. superior lobe of left lung 16. left axillary vein 17. scapula 18. spinal cord 19. 4th body of thoracic vertebra 20. superior lobe of right lung 21. neck of uterus 22. obturator nerve 23. femoral head 24. gluteus maximus 25. sciatic nerve 26. canal of cervix of uterus 27. rectum 28. gluteus medius 29. right external iliac artery 30. urinary bladder 31. left lateral lobe of liver 32. fundus of stomach 33. 9th rib 34. left inferior lobe of liver 35. thoracic aorta 36. right posterior lobe of liver 37. right hepatic veins 38. inferior vena cava 39. middle hepatic vein 40. left hepatic vein 41. tonsil of cerebellum 42. posterior arch of atlas 43. ligamentum nuchae 44. spinous process of 7th cervical vertebra 45. body of 5th cervical vertebra 46. disc of 2nd cervical vertebra 47. spinal cord 48. axis 49. anterior arch of atlas 50. clivusExplanation of term: （10×2＝20）1. AC-PC line: intercommissural line is the line between the midpoint of anterior commissure posterior border and posterior commissure of anterior border. It is the standard line of brain stereotactic surgery, X-knife, γ-knife therapy and stereotaxis sectional anatomy.2. centrum semiovale: is a very wide medulla region formed by medulla of bilateral cerebral hemispheres. The medulla is formed by 3 kinds of fibers: projection, association and commissural fibers.3. pterygopalatine spaces: is a long and narrow triangle space among posterior wall of maxillae, infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone, pterygoid process and vertical plate of palatine bone.It contains maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion,the 3rd segment and branches of maxillary artery.It has a widespread communication.It reaches fossa orbitalis anterior throughinferior orbotal fissure, nasal cavity medial through sphenopalatine foramen, oral cavity inferior through pterygopalatine canal, middle cranial fossa posterior through foramen rotundum.It has a important significance in clinic.4. suprasellar cistern: It is a long and narrow triangle space among posterior wall of maxillae, infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone, pterygoid process and vertical plate of palatine bone.It contains maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion,the 3rd segment and branches of maxillary artery.It has a widespread communication.It reaches fossa orbitalis anterior through inferior orbotal fissure, nasal cavity medial through sphenopalatine foramen, oral cavity inferior through pterygopalatine canal, middle cranial fossa posterior through foramen rotundum.It has a important significance in clinic.5. Heubner artery: is the recurrent branch of medial lenticulostriate artery which comes from the part A2 of anterior cerebral artery. Sometimes it can come from the part A1 or anterior communicating artery.6. aorticopulmonary window：aorticopulmonary window which is a low density space in CT imagings is between ascending aorta, thoracic aorta and left border of mediastinum.It scope is a small space 1-2cm between inferior border of aortic arch and superior border of bifurcation of pulmonary trunk.Its left lateral border is mediastinal pleura,medial border is trachea and ascending aorta is anterior while oesophagus and thoracic aorta are posterior.It contains arterial ligament, lymph node of arterial ligament and left laryngeal nerve.7. Trigone of urinary bladder and seminal vesicle: There is a triangular area fulling with fat between the posterior wall of urinary bladder and seminal vesicle, it is the trigone of trigone and seminal vesicle , the average degree is 28.8º, if the degree of this angle decreases , indicates tumour of the prostate or the bladder gets into the advanced stage.8. Venous system:is formed by internal and external vertebral venous plexus plexus, basivertebral veins connecting with them and intervertebral vein. There is no venous valve in it, so it can connect with the veins of head, neck, thorax, l um bar and sacral parts. And it is significant in venous return.9. Lateral crypt: the lateral part of the vertebral foramen and the stenosis part of vertebral canal , with the anterior wall being post- lateral surface of the centrum、posterior wall being composed of superior articular process roots and the intermedial part of articular process、lateral wall being pedicle of vertebral arch medial surface、boundary by the antero-inner margin of superior articular process .The lumbarlateral crypt is conspicuous , especially the fifth lumbar vertebra with lumbar nerve passing through .The normal extent of the radius vector is 3mm to 5mm .If less than 3mm it will be to consider as stenosis. 10. Malleolar canal: lies on the post-medial of ankle joint. From anterior to posterior, there is tibialis posterior tendon, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial blood vessels, tibial nerve flexor hallucis longus tendon.Question and Answer: （5×6＝30）1. How to discriminate central sulcus in serial cross sections of brain?We can identify the central sulcus in the cross-sections precisely according to the following six aspects: ① Most of(87﹪) it is not discontinuous. ② It is deep and runs curvately from the middle part of lateral margin of the cranial section to posterointernal accompanying with precentral gyrus in the anterior and postcentral sulcus in the posterior. ③ Generally, the precentral gyrus is about 4.5cm thick which is thicker than the postcentral gyrus. ④ We can identify the paracentral gyrus by the marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus in the medial surface of cerebral hemisphere, then recognize the central sulcus.⑤ The central sulcus extends 8-10cm in the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere. ⑥ The medulla type of the white matter is helpful for the identification of the central sulcus. In CT images, the width of cerebral sulcus is no more than 5mm.2. Tell about segment, pathway and branching of internal carotid artery. Internal carotid artery is divided into outer cranium segment and intracal cranium segment with the sideline of external aperture of the carotid canal.Outer cranium segment (cervical segment), arises from the crotch of the common carotid artery and reaches cranial base. It ascends along the posteroexternal part of the external carotid artery,then along the posterointernal part of the external carotid artery, goes along the lateral pharyngeal wall and reach the base of skull.Intracal cranium segment:it is divied into 5 segments in the angiography.C5 segment: (canalis caroticus segment, os petrosum segment, nerve segment),in the petrosal carotid canal, goes upwards then bends anterointernally,in the apertura interna canalis carotici, sticks closely to the trigeminal ganglion with the scleromeninx between them.C4 segment: (cavernous sinus segment),it enters into the cavernous sinus nearby the petrosal process, ascends slightly and goes horizontaly along carotid grooves on both sides of the corpus ossis sphenoidalis, like a “S”, reaches the anterior clinoid process, ascends along the curved fissura in the medial of the anterior clinoid process, forms the C3 segment.C3 segment: (anterior keen segment, anterior clinoid process) nearby the anterior clinoid process,present a shape of “C”, arises from the medial of the anterior clinoid process and runs posteriorly and upwards through meninx fibrosa in the anterior of the cavernous sinus.C2 segment: (chiasmatic cistern segment, superior part of clinoid process segment) runs posteriorly and horizontaly in the subarachnoid space, and extends into C1 segment in the inferior of the nterior perforated substance.C1 segment: (posterior keen segment,or terminal segment) a part of the Willis cyclical, in the crotch of the petrosal process, it sends out petrosal process, anterior choroidal artery, anterior cerebral artery, arteria cerebri media.The crotch of the internal carotid artery, in the lateral projection, the C4, C3 and C2 segments presenta “C”, it is siphonage segment.3. How to discriminate the four chambers of heart in thoracic sectional anatomy?①In thoracic section, left atrium lies permanently on the anterior of esophagus.②Left ventricle can be found by the origination of ascending aorta.③Right atrium can be found by the origination of pulmonary artery.④Right ventricle can be found by the origination of superior vena cava.4. Tell about significance of section of sagittal part of left hepatic portal vein.①hepatic portal is present or will be present at next section. ②Fissure for ligamentum teres hepatic is present. ③Left interlobar fissure is present, and left medial lobe of liver is medial to the left interlobar fissure while left lateral lobe of liver is to the left. ④The presentation of internal branch of left hepatic tube and the synthesis of left hepatic tube.81% of internal branch of left hepatic tube rise up from right side of sagittal portion left branch,but after the synthesis of left hepatic tube at angular part of left hepatic portal,it usually goes right along transverse part quadrate lobe sideways.5. The sublobe and MRI appearance of prostate?According to Lowsley,the prostate canbe divided into 5 parts:anterior,middle,posterior lobe and left,right lateral lobe.The MRI appearance of prostate zonary:in T1 MRI, The circumscription of prostate can be shown but can not classify its zonary. T2 MRI can discern the zonary. ①The appearance of anterior 1/3 ofprostatic urethra is high signal,and the anterior part of prostate is low round signal around.The signal of transition zones and central zone is similar and can be divided according to anatomy. ②The circumferential is crescent-shaped bisymmetric high signal posterior lateral of prostate. ③The central zone which is present only in the scanning layer through first half of prostate is moderate signal intensity between peripheral zone of urinary canal and circumferentia zone. ④The anterior fiber muscle sarcoplasm area is low signal, which is the foremost part of prostate.Its ultimate part is in the image through superior part of prostate.。

四川大学华西医学部2005年普通外科学（博士）一、名词解释1.stress ulcers2.gut drived infection3.couinand肝分段4.child分级5.Charcot’s triads二、问答1.Tme及直肠系膜的概念2.胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3.原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症4.胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级5.肝门部胆管癌的Bishmush－C分型6.乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物7.Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系8.营养不良的分类与支持的适应症9.直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症10.胰岛素瘤的定位诊断11.肝癌的综合治疗12.门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗四川大学华西医学部2006年普通外科学（博士）一、名词解释1.GVHD,HVGD2.残余肿瘤R分类3.Child肝功能分级4.living-related liver transplantation5.sepsis和bacteremia二、问答题1.门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张静脉破裂大出血的外科治疗(手术及非手术)2肝癌的早期诊断及手术适应征3.乳腺癌的治疗性手术及内分泌治疗的进展4以胃癌根治术为例,试述肿瘤外科的基本原则5医源性胆道损伤的诊断,处理及预防6.胰腺癌早期诊断的方法及程序7.原位肝移植的适应症,禁忌症,手术方式及术后常见并发症8.直肠癌扩散,转移的特点及手术方式的选择原则9.肠内营养,肠外营养的适应症,并发症及其防治10脾切除术后常见并发症及其防治四川大学华西医学部2009年普通外科学（博士）1、左半结肠癌致左半结肠梗阻的治疗原则2、结肠癌的早期诊疗3、癌胚抗原的判断标准及临床意义4、梗阻性黄疸的特征5、胃癌的手术方式和选择原则6、肝移植的指针和反指针7、肝癌的治疗和选择原则8、急性重症胰腺炎的临床表现9、胆囊结石的并发症和处理原则10、急性动脉栓塞的临床表现和处理原则四川大学华西医学部2010年普通外科学（博士）简答题：1．骨折的急救原则；2．垂体瘤的临床表现和γ刀治疗的适应症；3．先天性胆管扩张症的临床表现；4．胆囊结石的临床表现和无胆囊结石的手术适应症；5．继发性腹膜炎的手术指证；6．良性尿路梗阻常见的原因；7．良性前列腺增生的临床表现及治疗；8．还有一个病例分析关于烧伤的。

专英重点一、Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Septicemia 败血病 Sialolithiasis 涎石病Periostitis 骨膜炎Sialoductitis 涎管炎Fracture 骨折Comminution 粉碎 Hyperplasia 增生Reparative 修复性Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜Radiolucent X光透射Space 间隙Infection 感染Prosthesis义齿Oblique 倾斜Scquestrum腐骨死骨Biopsy 切片检查法Sialogram 涎管X线造影片 Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的Pyogenic 化脓性Mole 胎块Devoid 缺少的 Laceration撕裂 Hyperpyrexia高热Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位句子翻译If proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic.However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise.若药液注射剂, 针头及技术准备妥当, 在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现, 但是, 医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。

Postoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course.It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine.患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛, 也许为非正常情况, 需特别仔细检查, 其有也许由于干槽症或是锋利骨刺引起。

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

Test Yourself for the 7-year medical students更新时间:2006-9-23 20:56:38 阅读 605 次1. Put the following words into Chinese: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points) sensitizer bronchodilatorureter cretinismeczema amnesiatrichomoniasis dementiagluconeogenesis lipolysisketoacidosis gynecologyvagotomy pyelonephritisnoncardiogenic chondromavasospasm dermatophytosisophthalmologist angiography2. Put the following words into English: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)增生失禁转移多尿症黏膜处方胰岛素肢端肥大症果糖脱水健忘症偏头痛淋病步态癫痫血肿激素脓肿膀胱镜后遗症3．Translation (5 points for each, total 50 points)1) It is likely that the immediate future of oncology will include the successful application of modern molecular biology to the development of novel antiproliferative therapies for cancer. Just as the cancer cell has provided a window through which to view the normal growth regulatory processes, cancer patients are likely to provide a window through which we will begin to modulate gene expression in a therapeutically useful manner.2) The prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis is surprisingly poor，especially if effective treatment is not given early and if the dermatitis is prolonged. The reasons for this are not entirely clear; however, surveys have shown that a high percentage of individuals still have dermatitis several years later, in many cases despite a change of employment. Those with atopy appear to have the worst prognosis.(3) The rate of growth of malignant tumors correlates in general with their level of differentiation. Thus, there is wide variation. Some grow slowly for years and then enter a phase of rapid growth, signifying the emergence of an aggressive subclone of transformed cells. Others grow relatively slowly, and indeed, there are exceptional instances when growth comes almost to a standstill.(4) Pemphigus is characterized by the formation of blisters in the skin and mucous membranes caused by a separation of epidermal cells from underlying layers. Rupture of these lesions leaves deeper areas of the skin unprotected from infection and fluid loss, much as in cases of burns. The cause is an autoimmune reaction to epithelial cells. Pemphigus is fatal unless treated by methods to suppress the immune system.(5) Mammography is a method of diagnosing breast cancer by x-ray examination. Other methods include palpation and cytologic study of tissue removed by aspiration or excision. Regular breast self-examination is of utmost importance, as the majority of breast cancers are discovered by women themselves.(6) Normally, 2 months before birth the testes leave the abdomen and descend into the scrotal sac. If one or both testes fail to descend, the condition is known as cryptorchism. Orchiopexy is performed to bring the testes into the scrotum, if they do not descend on their own before the boy is 2 years old. Undescended testicles put the male at high risk of sterility and testicular cancer.(7) Among diseases causing seizures, those producing atrophic lesions of the cerebral hemispheres are the most common. They may originate in the antenatal of prenatal period and therefore may result from malformation, failure of development of the blood supply to the particular part of the brain, accidents of birth, or problems of hypoxia in the perinatal and early antenatal period. Atrophic lesions also may result from trauma at birth, due to molding of the head and marked herniation of the brain, or from trauma in later life produced by direct head injuries.(8) When the possible causes of hypoglycemia are being addressed, the most important clinical distinction is to separate hypoglycemia induced by eating and hypoglycemia occurring in the fasting state. The former is diagnosed excessively and rarely indicates a serious underlying disorder, while the latter demands a thorough search for a specific cause.(9) Cystitis is an infection of the urinary bladder. Organisms generally enter through the urethra and ascend toward the bladder. The infecting organisms are usually colon bacteria carried in feces. Cystitis is thus more common in females than in males because the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra and its opening is closer to the anus. Poor toilet habits and urinary stasis are contributing factors.(10) Shock waves are used to crush urinary tract stones into tiny fragments that can be passed out with urine. After receiving some type of anesthesia, the patient is immersed in a tank of water and shock wave ate generated electrically. Using an x-ray picture screen, fluoroscopy, the physician can position the patient so that the stone will receive the shock waves properly.5．Translation (30 points)Hypertension is one of the most common diseases afflicting humans throughout the world. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. Over the past several decades, extensive research and widespread patient education have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, health care professionals must notonly identify and treat patients with hypertension but also promote a healthy lifestyle and preventive strategies to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in the general population.Internationally, n ational health surveys in various countries have shown a high prevalence of poor control of hypertension. These studies have reported that prevalence of hypertension is 22% in Canada, of which 16% is controlled; 26.3% in Egypt, of which 8% is controlled; and 13.6% in China, of which 3% is controlled. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic; in many countries, 50% of the population older than 60 years has hypertension. Overall, approximately 20% of the world's adults are estimated to have hypertension. The 20% prevalence is for hypertension defined as blood pressure in excess of 140/90 mm Hg. The prevalence dramatically increases in patients older than 60 years.Blacks have a higher prevalence and incidence of hypertension than whites. The prevalence of hypertension was increased by 50% in African Americans. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reported an age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension at 20.6% in Mexican Americans.The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 34%, 25.4%, and 23.2% for men and 31%, 21%, and 21.6% for women among African Americans, whites, and Mexican Americans, respectively. In the NHANES III study, the prevalence of hypertension was 12% for white men and 5% for white women aged 18-49 years. However, the age-related blood pressure rise for women exceeds that of men.A progressive rise in blood pressure with increasing age is observed. The third NHANES survey reported that the prevalence of hypertension grows significantly with increasing age in all sex and race groups. In another study, the incidence of hypertension appeared to increase approximately 5% for each 10-year interval of age.Test Yourself (2) for the 7-year medical students1. Put the following words into Chinese: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)sedative hydronephrosishypospasia leiomyomapyloroplasty proliferationcryptorchism dementiapediatrician otolaryngologyketoacidosis tachycardiagalactose hyperkalemiaimmunosorbent eczemalipolysis pruritussequela electroencephalography2. Put the following words into English: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)节律障碍低血糖症抗排斥反应血尿硬皮病发病机制肿瘤学胃切除术血液透析不育麻醉儿科学老年病学甲状腺功能减退症癫痫偏头痛尿毒症脓肿膀胱炎绝经3．Translation (5 points for each, total 50 points)(1) A pituitary adenoma usually increases secretion of growth hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone. An excess of growth hormone before puberty lead to an abnormal over-growth of the body and may result in a condition known as gigantism. After puberty, it causes over-growth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, which results in a condition called acromegaly.(2) The increased understanding of how cells die could play an important role in the development of new anticancer therapy. It has become clear that the regulation of cell death is just as complex as the regulation of cell growth. Most, if not all, animal cells self-destruct by activation of an intrinsic cell suicide program accompanied by a set of characteristic morphologic and biochemical changes known as apoptosis, or programmed cell death.(3) Perhaps in many patients with increased intraocular pressure, pressure is the dominant mechanism of opticdisk damage, and vascular and immune disorders play lesser roles. In many patients with normal intraocular pressure, systemic vascular problems and immune disorders may be the dominant damaging factors. It is also possible that in some patient, vascular problems, connective tissue susceptibilities, or immune disorders may render the optic disk more susceptible to pressure-related damage so that it may occur even at normal levels of pressure.(4) Hepatic glucose production derives initially from preformed glycogen, but the capacity of hepatic glycogen to sustain plasma glucose levels is limited to 8 to 12 hours, or even less after periods of exercise or illness. Thus, for more sustained fasting, including the normal overnight fast, gluconeogenesis, the generation of new glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates, must take over.(5) Careful rectal examination by a physician with digital (finger) palpation is a useful method for detection of early prostatic carcinoma. Lympthangiography and computerized tomography scans can detect lymph node metastases. Acid phosphatase is normally released into the blood in small quantities by the prostate, and elevated levels are found in patients with metastatic disease. Treatment is surgery (prostatectomy), radiotherapy, and hormonal chemotherapy. Since prostatic cells need androgens, antiandrogen hormones and estrogens are used to slow tumor growth by depriving the cells of testosterone.(6) Many women carry the disease asymptomatically, and others have pain, vaginal and urethral discharge, and salpingitis. As a result of sexual activity, men and women can acquire anorectal and pharyngeal gonococcal infections as well. Penicillin is the treatment and is curative.Herpes genitalis: infection of the skin and mucosa of the genitals, caused by the herpes simplex virus.(7) Among diseases causing seizures, those producing atrophic lesions of the cerebral hemispheres are the most common. They may originate in the antenatal of prenatal period and therefore may result from malformation, failure of development of the blood supply to the particular part of the brain, accidents of birth, or problems of hypoxia in the perinatal and early antenatal period. Atrophic lesions also may result from trauma at birth, due to molding of the head and marked herniation of the brain, or from trauma in later life produced by direct head injuries.(8) Allergic contact dermatitis occur as a result of sensitization to specific haptens through a process ofcell-mediated immunity. The hapten combines with protein in the skin to form a complete antigen that is processed and presented to T lymphocytes by epidermal Langerhans cells, specialized macrophages that form an intraepidermal network. Among the most frequent allergens are poison ivy or oak; rubber additives, particularly accelerators and antioxidants; monomers of plastics and resins, such as epoxies, and acrylates; nickel; chromium salts; and derivatives; and formaldehyde.(9) Malignant melanoma is cancerous growth composed of melanocyte. An alarming increase in the incidence of this malignancy has been noted and is attributed to the intense exposure to sunlight that many people experience. Melanoma usually begins as a mottled, light brown to black, flat macule with irregular borders. The lesions may turn shades of red, blue, and white and may crust on the surface and bleed. Melanomas often arise in preexisting moles and frequently appear on the upper back, lower legs, head and neck.(10) Malignant neoplasms are characterized by a wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation, from surprisingly well-differentiated to completely undifferentiated. Malignant neoplasms that are composed of undifferentiated cells are said to “anaplastic”. Indeed, lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, is considered a hallmark of malignancy. The term anaplasia lietreally means “ to form backward.” It implies dedifferentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells. However, it is now known that cancers arise from stem cells in tissues, so failure of differentiation, rather than dedifferentiation of specialized cells, accounts for undifferentiated tumors.6．Translation (30 points)Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the top ten causes of death from cancer in industrialized countries, with over 40000 deaths/year in Europe and nearly 30000 deaths/year in the USA. The incidence has risen dramatically in many countries as they have become more westernized in their way of life. The peak incidence is around 10–12 per 105population. In Europe the incidence in women has continued to increase and in most but not all countries virtually matches the levels observed in men [1–4]. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program in the United States, however, have shown a fall in the total incidence of pancreatic cancer from 12.3 per 105 population in 1973 to 10.7 per 105 in 1999. During the same period the declinein rates for men was from 16.1 to 12.1 per 105 and for women from 9.6 to 9.5 per 105, respectively. The changes in incidence in the USA and Europe, both in absolute terms and as trends, are likely to be accounted for by major environmental a etiological factors, notably tobacco smoking and perhaps dietary factors.The chief cause of pancreatic cancer so far identified is tobacco consumption, conferring about a two-fold increased risk, even so this only accounts for some 30% of cases. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with an increased risk of about, five- to 15-fold, but given a prevalence of only 10 per 105 population the contribution to the overall numbers is small. Although the risk of PDAC is increased 50- to 70-fold in hereditary pancreatitis and forms part of a number of familial cancer syndromes, in themselves important in understanding the molecular basis of pancreatic cancer and as a potential for secondary screening, altogether they account for no more than 5% of all cases. Current diagnostic techniques lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to support screening for pancreatic cancer in general. Thus, apart from reducing tobacco consumption there are no special opportunities available by which to reduce the mortality from pancreatic cancer. The overall median survival from diagnosis is less than 3–5 months with a 12-month survival rate of 6~10% and a 5-year survival rate of 0.4–3%. There are three important reasons for these appalling survival figures. First, the disease usually advances to a late clinical stage before symptoms are apparent. Secondly, partial or total resection of the pancreas is surgically very demanding with acceptable resection and postoperative mortality rates found only in specialized centers. Thirdly, pancreatic cancer has an aggressive biological phenotype that is exceptionally resistant to all forms of therapy.1.passage three Normal-pressure Glaucoma;2.passage two Endocrein Disorders.3.passage three Hypoglycemia.4.passage two Disorders of the Urinary System and Some Means for Finding themOut.5. d passage two Reproductive Disorders.6.passage Epilepsy7.passage Why We Forget.8.passage Disorders of the Skin.9.passage Occupatinal Diseases of the Skin.10.text Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms.11.text The Future of Oncology.12.。

2013年四川大学华西卫校天府校区英语半期试题英语试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分。

总分100分，时间90分钟。

第Ⅰ卷(选择题，共60分)I．单项选择（20分）（ B ）1. Zhang Ming is Chinese teacher.A. theB.aC. anD. some（ B ）2. There some meat on sale and you want to find it.A. beB. isC. areD. was（B ）3. Jenny ____ in an office. Her parents ____in a hospital.A .work works B. works workC. work are workingD. is working work（ D ）4. One of the boys_____ a black hat.A haveB there isC there areD has( C) 5. We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.A don't rainB didn't rainC doesn't rainD isn't rain( B ) 6.Jenny____ English every evening.A has studyB studiesC studyD studied( B ) 7.Listen! Who in the next room?A singB is singingC to singD sings( B ) 8. He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.A rose; setB rises; setsC rises, setD rise; sets( C ) 9. I think she right now.A readingB readsC is readingD read( B ) 10. Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.A like; listenB likes; listensC like; are listeningD liking; listenⅡ.完形填空（10分）My hobby is playing chess—one of the greatest games the world. My mumC21 me how to play when I was seven years old. She beat me every time for the first year. But then, on my eighth birthday, I won for the first time. I nearly always beat her now.It takes about a day to learn the rules. But if you want to be good, you have to practice for years. You don’t need B22 to play chess and 2A3 to play with. Chess sets can be very cheap, or quite expensive. Some people collect chess sets as a hobby, but I __C_24__to play.There is a chess club in our school. We A25 every week to play each other. I’m the best A 26 in the club, and the captain of the school chess team. This year we A27 the All England School’s championship. I had to go up on stage C28 the whole school to collect the trophy(奖杯).I’m saving up my money to 29D a chess computer. They are very expensive, but also very good for practice, In that B 30 I’ll always have someone to play with. One day I went to be the world chess champion.21. A said B studied C taught D learnt22. A some B much C little D a little23. A someone B some place C some time D something24. A want B wish C prefer D choose25. A spend B take C plan D meet26. A player B teacher C student D sportsman27. A won B beat C hit D lost28. A at the back of B behind C in front of D in the front of29. A take B sell C bring D buy30. A street B way C road D pathⅢ阅读理解（30分）Passage 1In Britain the weather never gets too hot or too cold. There is not a great difference between summer and winter. Why is this?Britain has a warm winter and a cold summer because it is an island country. In winter the sea is warm than the land. The winds from the sea bring cool air to Britain.The winds from the west blow over Britain all the year. They blow from the southwest the Atlantic Ocean. They are wet winds. They bring rain to Britain all the year. Britain has a lot of rain in the year .The west of Britain is wetter than the east.. The winds must blow across the highland in the west. The east of Britain is drier than the west.Choose the best answer:31. W hat’s the weather like in Britain?DA. It’s hot in summerB. It’s hot in winterC. It’s very hot all the year roundD. it’s neither too hot nor cold all the year32. Why is the weather like that in Britain?BA. Because there are many trees.B. Because Britain is surrounded by sea.C. Because there are no factories.D. Because Britain has no highland.33. Which part of Britain is dry?BA. The western part.B. The eastern part.C. The southwest.D. The northwest34. The winds bring rain to Britain from .AA. the Atlantic OceanB. the Pacific OceanC. the India OceanD. the Arctic Ocean35. In Britain, .BA. the west is higher than the east.B. the west is wetter than the east.C. the wind can blow from the west to the east easily.D. the east is higher than the west.Passage 2.Mr. Green is an English teacher. He lives in Germany .He is not a very young man, but his is not old. He knows three or four languages. He can read and speak and write them well. He reads many books and writes some. It is almost eleven o’clock, but he still works late, sometimes he works till one o’clock in the morning.His big desk is in the middle of the room. On the floor near the desk there are number of books.His students come to his study for their lessons. They come every day except Saturday and Sunday. Those days are holidays.36. Mr. Green is CA. a very young manB.an old manC. a mid-aged manD.an English man37. Mr. Green can read, speak and write books with C languages.A. threeB. four C .about four D. over four38. Mr. Green works very hard. Sometimes does C.A.one o’clock in the afternoonB. two o’clock in the afternoonC.one o’clock in the morning C. eleven o’clock at night39. Where is Mr. Green’s desk?BA. On the floor near the bed. B In the middle of the room.C. On the floor near the window D In the middle of the house.40. According to the story, Mr. Green has a rest CA. on SaturdaysB. on SundayC. on Saturdays and SundaysD. every except Saturdays and Sundays Passage 3.The best way of learning language is using it. The best way of learning English is talking in English as much as possible. Sometimes you’ll get your words mixed up and people will not understand you. Sometimes people will says things too quickly and you can’t understand them. But if you keep your sense of humor, you always have a good laugh at your mistakes. It’s better for people to laugh at your mistakes than to be angry, because they don’t understand what you are saying. The m ost important thing for learning English is: Don’t be afraid of making mistakes because everyone makes mistakes.41. The writer thinks that the best way for you to learn a language isBA. writingB. usingC. listeningD. learning grammar42. What should you do in learning English?CA. Be careful not to make any mistake.B. Write as quickly as you can.C. Speaking English as much as you can.D. Laugh more often.43. When people laugh at your mistake, you should A.A. not careB. be happyC. feel worriedD. be unhappy44. When you make a mistake, you should D.A. keep quietB. get angryC. be kindD. keep your sense of humor45. The story tells us: D.A. Only foolish people make mistake.B. Few people make mistake.C. People never make mistake.D. There is no one who doesn’t make mistakes.第Ⅱ卷(非选择题40分)一．按要求改写句子(5分)46. They take exercises every day. (转为否定句)They don’t take… .47．She works as a nurse in a hospital. (转为一般疑问句)Does she work…?48. I often take medicine when I am ill. (转换成否定句)I often don’t take ….49. The boy hasn’t any books to read. (转换成肯定句)The boy has some books to read.50. We are used to sitting up late at night. (转换成否定句和疑问句)We are not used to …/Did you sitting up…?二. 用单词的正确形式填空。