四川大学下半年英语博士入学考试试题.doc

博士英语面试试题及答案一、自我介绍1. 请用英语简单介绍一下你自己。

答案：My name is [Your Name], and I come from [Your Hometown]. I have a master's degree in [Your Major] from [Your University]. I am passionate about [Your Interest] and have been actively involved in [Your Relevant Experience].二、专业问题1. 请谈谈你在硕士期间的研究工作。

答案：During my master's program, I focused on [Your Research Topic]. I conducted [Research Method] and found [Key Findings]. This experience has equipped me with [Skills or Knowledge] that I believe will be beneficial for my PhD studies.2. 你选择我们大学读博的原因是什么？答案：I chose your university because of its strong reputation in [Your Field of Study]. Additionally, thefaculty members here have a diverse range of expertise that aligns with my research interests, and I am particularly interested in working with [Specific Professor].三、研究计划1. 请简述你的博士研究计划。

2024年四川学位英语考试真题2024 Sichuan College English TestPart I Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Hot B. Cold C. Cool D. Warm2. A. Play golf B. Go hiking C. Go swimming D. Go dancing3. A. A flower shop B. A drugstore C. A supermarket D. A bookshop4. A. On Monday B. On Wednesday C. On Friday D. On Sunday5. A. He’s feeling well. B. He’s studying hard. C. He’s having a bad cold. D. He’s getting a job.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. The passages and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a passage and the questions about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questions you have heard.6. A. He is talking about losing his way. B. He is asking for some help. C. He is telling a story. D. He is introducing his friend.7. A. He is asking for a rise in salary. B. He is resigning his job.C. He is complaining about his work.D. He is grateful for her praise.8. A. The window was broken. B. The sun was shining in. C. The flowers were withering. D. Some kittens were missing.Part II Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: After reading the passage below, choose the best answer to each question.Are you worried about your memory skills or is there someone in your family who gets easily confused and forgetful?Everybody knows what a great loss it is when you lose your memory, even if it’s only for a short period of time. However, memory loss can be a sign of a serious problem. Unlike your eyes, which may weaken with age, your memory need not become weaker as you grow older. In fact, like your muscles, your memory can improve with training and practice.Let’s take the example of the chess champion. Have you ever wondered how they can play chess so well? What’s their secret? In fact, the best way to improve your memory is to keep on using it. The more you use your memory, the better it will respond.There are lots of things you can do to help remember things better. You can use the same areas of your brain in different ways. You can work out the logical parts of your brain by solving riddles. You can work out the visual parts by reading and drawing from memory. You can even improve the very physical act of memory by learning how to relax.9. What can help to improve memory according to the passage?A. Using your memory more oftenB. Watching TV frequentlyC. Playing computer games all dayD. Reading newspapers now and then10. How does the writer feel about memory loss?A. It’s impossible to cure.B. It’s really worrying.C. It’s inevitable with age.D. It can be improved with practice.11. What does the writer suggest we do with our memory according to the passage?A. Use it or lose itB. Not use it at allC. Use it in one wayD. Have a restSection BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent.The new president of the USA said in his acceptance speech that he is going to make peace his first main__________1__________. He said we should turn our swords into plowshares. The USA has an army of one million men. If they are all sent hometo__________2__________on their farms, they could feedthe__________3__________of the world.As we turn swords into plowshares, we shall find that we have less need for large__________4__________of men trained in theart of murder. We shall also have less needfor__________5__________and fewer battles, so there will be less need for armies.12. __________1__________13. __________2__________14. __________3__________15. __________4__________16. __________5__________Part III Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.17. She’s hard-working _______ she’s always at the top of her class.A. andB. butC. soD. although18. _______ Mary and Jane are married.A. BothB. AllC. None ofD. Neither19. A good story teller can keep the listeners _______ in his story.A. delightB. delightfulC. delightingD. delighted20. He _______ his keys under the table before he left.A. must have leftB. should have leftC. could had leftD. can have leftPart IV WritingSection ADirections: Do not write the passage below. You should write a letter in about 100 words based on the following information. In your letter, you should1) Explain why the support for an expedition of a certain country to the Antarctic was withdrawn2) Express your regret and apology for the decision3) Describe the potential consequences of the expedition being cancelledDear Sir/Madam,I am writing to you to inform you with regret that our company has decided to withdraw our support for the expedition of your country to the Antarctic. This difficult decision was made due to the increase in costs and the unforeseen risksinvolved in the expedition. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause your team.The cancellation of the expedition may have a few negative consequences, such as a loss of valuable research opportunities and environmental data. It may also lead to disappointment among scientists and researchers who were looking forward to participating in the expedition.Once again, we sincerely apologize for having to withdraw our support and hope that you will understand our decision.Yours sincerely,[Your Name]Section BDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of The Impact of Social Media on Society. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:1. Describe the popularity and benefits of social media.2. Discuss some of the negative impacts of social media on society.3. Give your opinion on how to minimize the negative effects and maximize the positive effects of social media.In recent years, social media has become increasingly popular and has greatly impacted society in both positive and negative ways. On the one hand, social media connects people from all over the world and allows for easy communication and information sharing. It has revolutionized the way we interact with one another and has even been used to promote social and political change.However, social media also has its drawbacks. For one, it can lead to addiction and unhealthy habits such as spending too much time online. It can also be a breeding ground for cyberbullying and misinformation.To minimize the negative effects of social media, it is important for users to be aware of their online presence and limit their screen time. It is also crucial for social media companies to implement better regulation and moderation policies to prevent the spread of harmful content. By doing so, we can ensure that social media remains a positive force in our society.Overall, social media has the potential to bring people together and create positive change, but it is important for us to use it responsibly and ethically.In conclusion, the 2024 Sichuan College English Test contains various sections that test listening, reading, vocabulary, and writing skills. It is essential for test takers to prepare thoroughly in order to perform well on the exam. Good luck to all the participants in the test!。

四川大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷参考答案与解读Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(略>Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and StructuresSection A16．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说现代民主的本质。

B项的essence“本质”符合题意。

其他三项loop“循环”；equivalent“等价物”；velocity“速度，速率”都不正确。

b5E2RGbCAP17．【答案】D【解读】本题中，credible的意思是“可信的，可靠的”；undeniable的意思是“不可否认的”；dynamic的意思是“动态的”；tangible的意思是“可触摸的，有形的，切实的”。

四个选项中，只有D项符合题意。

p1EanqFDPw18．【答案】C【解读】本题中，dissection的意思是“剖析”；casualty的意思是“伤亡”；criteria的意思是“标准”；necessity的意思是“必需品”。

只有C项符合题意。

DXDiTa9E3d19．【答案】A【解读】本题空格处是说蒙古人和他们亚洲祖先的遗产。

A项的legacy“遗产(祖先、前人或过去传下来的某种东西>”符合题意。

其他三项bequest“遗产，遗赠”；converse“相反的事物”；miracle“奇迹”都不正确。

RTCrpUDGiT20．【答案】D【解读】本题中，D项的plausible“似乎有理的”符合题意，如：a plausible excuse(看似有理的借口>。

其他三项stable“稳定的”；absolute“绝对的”；immortal“不朽的”都不正确。

5PCzVD7HxA21．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说发现了令人信服的证据。

B项的compelling“强制性的，令人信服的，引人注目的”符合题意，如：compelling ambition and egotism(令人信服的志气和自负>。

四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。

2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案一、选择题1、Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of the English language? A. Phoneme. B. Morpheme. C. Lexeme. D. Grammar. 答案：D. Grammar.2、Which of the following best defines “semantics”? A. The study of meaning in language. B. The study of language and its relationship to culture. C. The study of the structure of language. D. The study of the relationship between language and behavior. 答案：A. The study of meaning in language.3、Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A morpheme can be a free form. B. A morpheme can be a bound form. C. A free form cannot be a morpheme. D. A bound form cannot be a morpheme. 答案：C. A free form cannot be a morpheme.4、The word “fig” is related to which of the following words?A. Figtree.B. Figure.C. Figment.D. Figures. 答案：B. Figure.5、“Bird” is to “nest” as “flower” is to which of the following?A. garden.B. petal.C. bloom.D. rose. 答案：A. garden.二、判断题1、A syllable in English contains both a consonant and a vowel sound. 答案：正确。

2024年四川学位英语考试真题English:One potential topic for the 2024 Sichuan College English exam could be about the impact of technology on education. The essay could explore the various ways in which technology has revolutionized the education sector, such as through online learning platforms, virtual classrooms, and educational apps. It could discuss the advantages of these technological advancements, such as increased access to education, personalized learning experiences, and the ability to learn at one's own pace. Additionally, the essay could delve into the challenges and drawbacks of technology in education, such as the potential for increased screen time and decreased face-to-face interaction between teachers and students. It could also touch upon the issue of the technological divide, where students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds may not have equal access to technology and therefore may not benefit from these advancements. Furthermore, the essay could discuss the role of teachers in the digital age and how they can adapt their teaching methods to effectively integrate technology into the classroom. Lastly, it could offer some recommendations for policymakers andeducators to ensure that technology is used in a way that maximizes its benefits while minimizing the potential negative consequences. In conclusion, an essay exploring the impact of technology on education in the 2024 Sichuan College English exam could provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages, challenges, and potential solutions related to technology in education.中文翻译:2024年四川学位英语考试的一个潜在话题可能是关于技术对教育的影响。

四川大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (10%)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary and Structures (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. Beneath each of the sentences you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one word or phrase that completes best the sentence, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16．The concept of a loyal opposition—the ______ of modern democracy—rarely prevails and, much more frequently, opposition is equated with treason and ruthlessly suppressed.A．loop B．essence C．equivalent D．velocity17．Timmer is known as a touch manager who demands ______ results.A．credible B．undeniable C．dynamic D．tangible18．He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a______ of Henry Kissinger.A．casualty B．criteria C．dissection D．necessity19．Now the public has an unprecedented chance to peer over the shoulders of archaeologists and historians and get a firsthand look at the ______ of the Mongols and their Asian predecessors.A．legacy B．bequest C．converse D．miracle20．In the search for solution to seemingly overwhelming problems, it became increasingly ______to include radical, even revolutionary ideas.A．stable B．absolute C．immortal D．plausible21．Researchers at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh announced they had discovered ______evidence that a virus is involved in what used to be called juvenile diabetes.A．incessant B．compelling C．identical D．problematic22．Stephen Schneider, a climatologist at Stanford, notes that unlike greenhouse gases, which ______ rapidly around the globe, the sulfate droplets tend to concentrate over industrialized regions.A．unify B．fragment C．disperse D．shatter23．Now the juries, and ultimately the society they speak for, have to find some way to express ______ at the brutality that women and children face every day.A．aggression B．extenuation C．outrage D．suppression24．It was a type of urban story that continues to ______ big-city dwellers forward each day, a tale of hard work and self-starting initiative, of taking matters into one's own hands to make dreams come true.A．propel B．penetrate C．baffle D．harness25．The primordial fireball would have been a dense roiling stew of radiation and elementary particles condensing out of the ______ energy, annihilating each other, recondensing, then colliding and disappearing all over again.A．colossal B．audacious C．ambient D．autonomousSection BDirections: In this section, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D．Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.26．The lecturer made too a long speech, so every listener felt tired of him, and some even went out of the lecture hall without getting the permission from the speaker.A B C D27．It is raining hard outside. Haven't you taken an umbrella with you?A B C D28．If he was to come here this afternoon, I should ask him to go to the party held by student union.A B C D29．He did not like abstract painting at all, so the more he looked at the drawings exhibited in the art gallery, the little he liked them.A B C D30．He is a well-known hardworking and clever student, and he often gets top scores in his class; so all his classmates are sure that he studies very hardly.A B C D31．He looked a little bit nervous, that could be seen from his facial expression.A B C D32．Although the wages for all the members of the working staff increase regularly, so their expenses do; for the prices for everything are increasing dramatically at the same time.A B C D33．Sound waves travel in the air in much the same way like water waves spread on the water.A B C D34．Like any other constant repeated action, speaking has to be learned, but once it is learned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.A B C D35．More and more old people whose grown - up children pay little attention to them gathered together and organize interesting activities for themselves.A B C DPart ⅢReading Comprehension (25%)Directions:In this section, you will read five passages.Each one is followed by several questions. You are to choose the one best answer to each question, and mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 36～40 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies run to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. They do this issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institution, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom heoriginally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function.All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country.The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.36．Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.A．rely on their own financial resourcesB．persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC．borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD．depend on the population as a whole for finance37．The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.A．repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB．raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC．exchanged for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD．invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange38．When the savers want their money back they ______.A．ask another company to obtain their money for themB．look for other people to borrow money fromC．put their shares in the company back on the marketD．transfer their money to a more successful company39．All the essential services on which we depend are ______.A．run by the Government or our local authoritiesB．in constant need of financial supportC．financed wholly by rates and taxesD．unable to provide for the needs of the population40．The stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.A．to borrow as much money as they wishB．to make certain everybody saves moneyC．to raise money to finance new developmentsD．to make certain everybody lends money to themPassage TwoQuestions 41～45 are based on the following passage:The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness than usual in England. Only a few months before, Richard Ⅱ, weak, wicked, and treacherous— had been deposed, and Henry Ⅳ declared king in his stead. But it was only a seeming peacefulness, lasting for but a little while; for though King Henry proved himself a just and a merciful man—as justice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days—and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly, there were many noble families who had been benefited by King Richard during his reign, and who had lost some of their power and prestige from the coming of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and estates, from which degradation King Richard had lifted them.They planned to fall upon King Henry and his followers and to massacre them during a great tournament which was being held at Oxford.And they might have succeeded had not one of their own members betrayed them.But Henry did not appear on the lists; whereupon, knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants, the conspirators marched there against him. In the meantime, the king had been warned of the plot, so that instead of finding him in the royal castle, they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London, and that he was marching against them as the head of a considerable army. So nothing was left but flight. One and another, they were all caught and some killed. Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.41．What does the author seem to think of King Henry?A．He was the best king England had ever had.B．He was unfair and cowardly.C．He was just as evil as King Richard.D．He was a better ruler than King Richard.42．How did King Henry find out about the plot?A．His scouts discovered it.B．He saw the conspirators coming.C．One of the conspirators told him.D．He found a copy of the conspirators' plan.43．How did the conspirators find out that Henry was in London?A．They saw him leave Windsor.B．Henry's attendants told them.C．They saw him at the tournament.D．Their scouts told them.44．Why did the nobles wish to kill Henry?A．Henry had taken away power given to them by Richard.B．Henry was weak, wicked, and treacherous.C．Henry had needlessly killed members of their families.D．Henry had killed King Richard.45．It can be inferred that Richard Ⅱ's reign was ______.A．peaceful B．corrupt C．democratic D．illegalPassage ThreeQuestions 46～50 are based on the following passage.The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement by almost everyone else. Neither folk songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America. But in their devotion to these modes of expression, the people made them their own. The dime novel, interested as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator: themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped. Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the folk song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true “proletarian” literature, that is, a literaturewritten for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have minded so many obscure lodes of American literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers, lumberjacks trainmen, hired girl, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids, I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.46．The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to ______.A．explore a segment of American societyB．promote the American political philosophyC．raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of peopleD．make money47．The “lowest common denominator” refers to ______.A．the poorer classesB．themes and attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of peopleC．attitudes accepted by the American intellectualsD．the character of the authors of the dime novel48．“Proletarian” literatur e is ______.A．written for and read by the great masses of peopleB．distinguished by its devotion to pornographyC．distinguished by its elegant styleD．written for, but not actually read by, most people49．The author believes that a study of our dime novels ______.A．is a waste of timeB．would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of the American traditionC．would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of theAmerican traditionD．would be amusing but unimportant50．Which of the followings implied in the passage?A．The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.B．The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.C．The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understand the attitudes and interests of the common people.D．Because the themes in the dime novels were not good, they could no longer be legally distributed.Passage FourQuestions 51～55 are based on the following passage.There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achiiles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline.The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this percept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wishes to show colorable excuse for the unfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and also how many times peace has been broken, and how man promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one whodeceives will always find those who allow themselves be to deceived.51．The writer does not believe that ______.A．the truth makes men free B．people can protect themselvesC．princes are human D．leaders have to be consistent52．“Prince” in the passage designates ______.A．anyone in power B．elected officials C．aristocrats D．sons of kings53．The lion represents those who are ______.A．too trusting B．reliant on forceC．strong and powerful D．lacking in intelligence54．The fox, in the passage, is ______.A．admired for his trickery B．no match for the lionC．pitied for his wiles D．considered worthless55．The writer suggests that a successful leader must ______.A．be prudent and faithful B．cheat and lieC．have principle to guide his actions D．follow the truthPassage FiveQuestions 56～60 are based on the following passage.T hese is a new type of advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns.It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it doesn't offer anyone job, and sometimes it appears “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment, is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae, with the suggestion that is may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seeker simply wrote letters of application.“Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school.The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, and everything else could and should be saved for theinterview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter, which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach.“Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for,” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.56．The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns ______.A．informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB．promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC．divides available jobs into various typesD．informs employer that people are available for work57．Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.A．there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB．there are so many top-level jobs availableC．there are so many people out of workD．the job history is considered to be a work of art58．In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would ______.A．write an initial letter giving their life historyB．pass some exams before applying for a jobC．have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD．keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview59．Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter ______.A．something that would attract attention to one's applicationB．a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC．something that would offend the person reading itD．a lie that one could easily get away with telling60．The job history has become such an important document because ______.A．there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB．there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degreesC．jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD．the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicatedPart ⅣTranslation (40%)Section A (20%)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on the ANSWER SHEET.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.Section B (20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English and write your English version on the ANSWER SHEET.1．荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕泥污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。

英语语言博士试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. PhenomenaB. PhenomenalC. PhenomenonD. Phenomenology2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the English language?A. FlexibilityB. Global reachC. Limited vocabularyD. Rich in idiomatic expressions3. The concept of "semantics" in linguistics refers to the:A. Study of language soundsB. Study of language meaningsC. Study of language structureD. Study of language change4. The term "morphology" is associated with the study of:A. Word formationB. Sentence structureC. Language acquisitionD. Language change over time5. In the context of sociolinguistics, "code-switching" refers to:A. Switching between different languagesB. Changing the tone of voiceC. Using different dialectsD. Alternating between formal and informal language6. The "phoneme" is the smallest unit of sound that can:A. Change the meaning of a wordB. Be heard by the human earC. Be written downD. Be pronounced by a speaker7. "Pragmatics" is the study of:A. The meaning of words in a sentenceB. The context in which language is usedC. The rules of grammarD. The physical properties of speech sounds8. The "passive voice" in English is used to:A. Emphasize the actionB. Emphasize the receiver of the actionC. Describe the action in detailD. Highlight the time of the action9. "Syntactic ambiguity" occurs when a sentence can be:A. Heard in different waysB. Written in different waysC. Interpreted in more than one wayD. Pronounced in different ways10. The term "register" in linguistics refers to:A. A specific languageB. A specific style of language useC. A specific set of vocabularyD. A specific set of grammar rules二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between "prescriptive" and "descriptive" approaches in linguistics.2. Describe the process of language acquisition in children and the role of "input" and "interaction" in this process.3. Discuss the impact of globalization on the English language, including the emergence of new varieties and the spread of English as a global lingua franca.三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. Analyze the role of language in shaping cultural identity and the challenges faced by minority languages in a globalized world.2. Discuss the principles of translation and the challenges of translating literary works from one language to another, including the issues of cultural context and idiomatic expressions.四、案例分析题（共30分）Analyze the following dialogue between two speakers, identifying the use of language, the social context, and the implications of their conversation.Speaker A: "You know, I've been thinking about moving to a new city. I hear the job opportunities are great there." Speaker B: "Oh, really? But don't you think you'll miss your family and friends? And what about the cultural differences?"答案：一、选择题1. A2. C3. B4. A5. A6. A7. B8. B9. C10. B二、简答题1. Prescriptive linguistics focuses on the "correct" use of language and often seeks to enforce rules, while descriptive linguistics aims to describe how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments about correctness.2. Language acquisition in children is a natural process that involves exposure to language (input) and interaction with caregivers and peers. Input provides the child withlinguistic data, while interaction helps the child to understand the social and communicative functions of language.3. Globalization has led to the spread of English as a global lingua franca, facilitating international communication and trade. It has also resulted in the emergence of new varieties of English, such as World Englishes, which are influenced by local languages and cultures.三、论述题1. Language is a fundamental part of cultural identity, shaping how individuals perceive themselves and their placein the world. Minority languages face challenges such as language shift, where speakers adopt the dominant languagefor economic or social reasons, and a lack of resources and recognition, which can lead to language endangerment or extinction.2. Translation。

博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。

解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。

2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。

解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。

3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。

解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。

4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。

解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。

四川大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (10%)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary and Structures (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. Beneath each of the sentences you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one word or phrase that completes best the sentence, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16．The concept of a loyal opposition—the ______ of modern democracy—rarely prevails and, much more frequently, opposition is equated with treason and ruthlessly suppressed.A．loop B．essence C．equivalent D．velocity17．Timmer is known as a touch manager who demands ______ results.A．credible B．undeniable C．dynamic D．tangible18．He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a______ of Henry Kissinger.A．casualty B．criteria C．dissection D．necessity19．Now the public has an unprecedented chance to peer over the shoulders of archaeologists and historians and get a firsthand look at the ______ of the Mongols and their Asian predecessors.A．legacy B．bequest C．converse D．miracle20．In the search for solution to seemingly overwhelming problems, it became increasingly ______to include radical, even revolutionary ideas.A．stable B．absolute C．immortal D．plausible21．Researchers at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh announced they had discovered ______evidence that a virus is involved in what used to be called juvenile diabetes.A．incessant B．compelling C．identical D．problematic22．Stephen Schneider, a climatologist at Stanford, notes that unlike greenhouse gases, which ______ rapidly around the globe, the sulfate droplets tend to concentrate over industrialized regions.A．unify B．fragment C．disperse D．shatter23．Now the juries, and ultimately the society they speak for, have to find some way to express ______ at the brutality that women and children face every day.A．aggression B．extenuation C．outrage D．suppression24．It was a type of urban story that continues to ______ big-city dwellers forward each day, a tale of hard work and self-starting initiative, of taking matters into one's own hands to make dreams come true.A．propel B．penetrate C．baffle D．harness25．The primordial fireball would have been a dense roiling stew of radiation and elementary particles condensing out of the ______ energy, annihilating each other, recondensing, then colliding and disappearing all over again.A．colossal B．audacious C．ambient D．autonomousSection BDirections: In this section, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D．Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.26．The lecturer made too a long speech, so every listener felt tired of him, and some even went out of the lecture hall without getting the permission from the speaker.A B C D27．It is raining hard outside. Haven't you taken an umbrella with you?A B C D28．If he was to come here this afternoon, I should ask him to go to the party held by student union.A B C D29．He did not like abstract painting at all, so the more he looked at the drawings exhibited in the art gallery, the little he liked them.A B C D30．He is a well-known hardworking and clever student, and he often gets top scores in his class; so all his classmates are sure that he studies very hardly.A B C D31．He looked a little bit nervous, that could be seen from his facial expression.A B C D32．Although the wages for all the members of the working staff increase regularly, so their expenses do; for the prices for everything are increasing dramatically at the same time.A B C D33．Sound waves travel in the air in much the same way like water waves spread on the water.A B C D34．Like any other constant repeated action, speaking has to be learned, but once it is learned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.A B C D35．More and more old people whose grown - up children pay little attention to them gathered together and organize interesting activities for themselves.A B C DPart ⅢReading Comprehension (25%)Directions:In this section, you will read five passages.Each one is followed by several questions. You are to choose the one best answer to each question, and mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 36～40 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies run to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. They do this issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institution, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom heoriginally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function.All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country.The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.36．Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.A．rely on their own financial resourcesB．persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC．borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD．depend on the population as a whole for finance37．The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.A．repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB．raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC．exchanged for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD．invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange38．When the savers want their money back they ______.A．ask another company to obtain their money for themB．look for other people to borrow money fromC．put their shares in the company back on the marketD．transfer their money to a more successful company39．All the essential services on which we depend are ______.A．run by the Government or our local authoritiesB．in constant need of financial supportC．financed wholly by rates and taxesD．unable to provide for the needs of the population40．The stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.A．to borrow as much money as they wishB．to make certain everybody saves moneyC．to raise money to finance new developmentsD．to make certain everybody lends money to themPassage TwoQuestions 41～45 are based on the following passage:The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness than usual in England. Only a few months before, Richard Ⅱ, weak, wicked, and treacherous— had been deposed, and Henry Ⅳ declared king in his stead. But it was only a seeming peacefulness, lasting for but a little while; for though King Henry proved himself a just and a merciful man—as justice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days—and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly, there were many noble families who had been benefited by King Richard during his reign, and who had lost some of their power and prestige from the coming of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and estates, from which degradation King Richard had lifted them.They planned to fall upon King Henry and his followers and to massacre them during a great tournament which was being held at Oxford.And they might have succeeded had not one of their own members betrayed them.But Henry did not appear on the lists; whereupon, knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants, the conspirators marched there against him. In the meantime, the king had been warned of the plot, so that instead of finding him in the royal castle, they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London, and that he was marching against them as the head of a considerable army. So nothing was left but flight. One and another, they were all caught and some killed. Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.41．What does the author seem to think of King Henry?A．He was the best king England had ever had.B．He was unfair and cowardly.C．He was just as evil as King Richard.D．He was a better ruler than King Richard.42．How did King Henry find out about the plot?A．His scouts discovered it.B．He saw the conspirators coming.C．One of the conspirators told him.D．He found a copy of the conspirators' plan.43．How did the conspirators find out that Henry was in London?A．They saw him leave Windsor.B．Henry's attendants told them.C．They saw him at the tournament.D．Their scouts told them.44．Why did the nobles wish to kill Henry?A．Henry had taken away power given to them by Richard.B．Henry was weak, wicked, and treacherous.C．Henry had needlessly killed members of their families.D．Henry had killed King Richard.45．It can be inferred that Richard Ⅱ's reign was ______.A．peaceful B．corrupt C．democratic D．illegalPassage ThreeQuestions 46～50 are based on the following passage.The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement by almost everyone else. Neither folk songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America. But in their devotion to these modes of expression, the people made them their own. The dime novel, interested as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator: themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped. Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the folk song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true “proletarian” literature, that is, a literaturewritten for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have minded so many obscure lodes of American literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers, lumberjacks trainmen, hired girl, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids, I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.46．The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to ______.A．explore a segment of American societyB．promote the American political philosophyC．raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of peopleD．make money47．The “lowest common denominator” refers to ______.A．the poorer classesB．themes and attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of peopleC．attitudes accepted by the American intellectualsD．the character of the authors of the dime novel48．“Proletarian” literatur e is ______.A．written for and read by the great masses of peopleB．distinguished by its devotion to pornographyC．distinguished by its elegant styleD．written for, but not actually read by, most people49．The author believes that a study of our dime novels ______.A．is a waste of timeB．would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of the American traditionC．would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of theAmerican traditionD．would be amusing but unimportant50．Which of the followings implied in the passage?A．The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.B．The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.C．The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understand the attitudes and interests of the common people.D．Because the themes in the dime novels were not good, they could no longer be legally distributed.Passage FourQuestions 51～55 are based on the following passage.There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achiiles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline.The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this percept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wishes to show colorable excuse for the unfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and also how many times peace has been broken, and how man promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one whodeceives will always find those who allow themselves be to deceived.51．The writer does not believe that ______.A．the truth makes men free B．people can protect themselvesC．princes are human D．leaders have to be consistent52．“Prince” in the passage designates ______.A．anyone in power B．elected officials C．aristocrats D．sons of kings53．The lion represents those who are ______.A．too trusting B．reliant on forceC．strong and powerful D．lacking in intelligence54．The fox, in the passage, is ______.A．admired for his trickery B．no match for the lionC．pitied for his wiles D．considered worthless55．The writer suggests that a successful leader must ______.A．be prudent and faithful B．cheat and lieC．have principle to guide his actions D．follow the truthPassage FiveQuestions 56～60 are based on the following passage.T hese is a new type of advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns.It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it doesn't offer anyone job, and sometimes it appears “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment, is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae, with the suggestion that is may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seeker simply wrote letters of application.“Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school.The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, and everything else could and should be saved for theinterview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter, which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach.“Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for,” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.56．The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns ______.A．informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB．promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC．divides available jobs into various typesD．informs employer that people are available for work57．Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.A．there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB．there are so many top-level jobs availableC．there are so many people out of workD．the job history is considered to be a work of art58．In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would ______.A．write an initial letter giving their life historyB．pass some exams before applying for a jobC．have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD．keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview59．Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter ______.A．something that would attract attention to one's applicationB．a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC．something that would offend the person reading itD．a lie that one could easily get away with telling60．The job history has become such an important document because ______.A．there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB．there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degreesC．jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD．the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicatedPart ⅣTranslation (40%)Section A (20%)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on the ANSWER SHEET.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.Section B (20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English and write your English version on the ANSWER SHEET.1．荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕泥污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。

2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generationof vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tendeduntil it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, thevines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spentin the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From thestart we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain justbefore harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business.A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a yearand every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost madeus lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA. thought creating a winery would be busyB. wore clothing that was too bigC. strapped their belongings together and movedD. prepared for the difficult work ahead2. The grapes are harvested on a date thatA. may vary.B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C. is traditionally set.D. is determined by availability of pickers.3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B. unexpected changes in temperature.C. the sugar content of the grapes.D. the tempo of the seasons.4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA. never got the answer.B. never got a simple answer.C. could make no sense of the answer she got.D. could not understand the answer she got.5. The writer thinks that the legal professionA. strives to protect consumers.B. does a good job of policing its members.C. is part of an incorruptible system.D. includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageousfor the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in thefar more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buywith it and do with it.。

10．四川大学模拟试题Ⅰ. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live.So remote is this "real" table—and most of the other "realities" with which science deals—that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the color purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us. And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a non-existent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may be.We may, if we like, speak of consequence, as certain mystics love to do, of the different levels or orders of truth. We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which, so we may insist, have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science. But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps, at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusions which science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.1. According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being______.A. a solid motionless objectB. certain characteristic vibrations in "ether"C. a form fixed in space and timeD. a mass of atoms on motion2. By "objective reality" the author means______.A. scientific realityB. a phenomenon we can directly experienceC. reality colored by emotionD. a symbolic existence3. The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions, the reader should______.A. try to rid himself of his world of illusionB. accept his world as being one of illusionC. apply the scientific methodD. establish a truth of correspondence4. The topic of this selection is______.A. the distortion of reality by scienceB. the confusion caused by emotionsC. Platonic and contemporary views of truthD. the place of scientific truth in our lives5. Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is______.A. a humanistB. a pantheistC. a nuclear physicistD. a doctorPassage TwoThese days we hear a lot of nonsense about the "great classless society". The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great cliches of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim.It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, "survival of the fittest", and "might is right" are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For "aristocracy" read "meritocracy"; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them a good start in life. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive, financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.6. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.B. Equality means money.C. There is no such society as classless society.D. Nature can't give you a classless society.7. According to the author, the same educational opportunities can't get rid of inequality because______.A. the principle "survival of the fittest" existsB. nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and abilityC. material rewards are for genuine abilityD. people have the freedom how to educate their children8. Who can obtain more rapid success?A. Those with wealth.B. Those with the best brains.C. Those with the best opportunities.D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.9. Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because ______.A. money decides everythingB. private schools offer advantages over state schoolsC. people are free to choose the way of educating their childrenD. wealth is used for political ends10. According to the author, "class divisions" refers to______.A. different opportunities for peopleB. the rich and the poorC. oppressor and the oppressedD. genius and stupidityPassage ThreeThe discovery of the Antarctic not only proved one of the most interesting of all geographical adventures, but created what might be called "the heroic age of Antarctic exploration". By their tremendous heroism, men such as Shackleton, Scott, and Amundsen caused a new continent to emerge from the shadows, and yet that heroic age, little more than a century old, is already passing. Modern science and inventions are revolutionizing the techniques of former explorers, and, although still calling for courage and feats of endurance, future journeys into these icy wastes will probably depend on motor vehicles equipped with caterpillar traction rather than on the dogs that earlier discoverers found so invaluable.Few realize that this Antarctic continent is almost equal in size to South America, and enormous field of work awaits geographers and prospectors. The coasts of this continent remain to be accurately charted, and the mapping of the whole of interior presents formidable task to the cartographers who undertake the work. Once their labors are completed, it will be possible to prospect the vast natural resources which scientists believe will furnish one of the largest treasure hoards of metals and minerals the world has yet known, an almost inexhaustible sources of copper, coal, uranium, and many other ores will become available to man. Such discoveries will usher in an era of practical exploitation of the Antarctic wastes.The polar darkness which hides this continent for the six winter months will be defeated by huge batteries of light, and make possible the establishing of air fields for the future intercontinental air service by making these areas as light as day. Present flying routes will completely change, for the Antarctic refueling bases will make flight from Australia to South America comparatively easy over the 5,000 miles journey.The climate is not likely to offer an insuperable problem, for the explorer Admiral Byrd has shown that the climate is possible even for men completely untrained for expeditions into those frozen wastes. Some of his parties were men who had never seen snow before, and yet he records that they survived the rigors of the Antarctic climate comfortably, so that, provided that the appropriate installations are made, we may assume that human beings from all countries could live there safely. Byrd even affirms that it is probably the most health climate in the world, for the intense cold of thousands of years has sterilized this continent, and rendered it absolutely germfree, with the consequences that ordinary and extraordinary sicknesses and disease from which man suffers in other zones with different climates are here utterly unknown.There exist no problems of conservation and preservation of food supplies, for the latter keep indefinitely without any signs of deterioration; it may even be that later generations will come to regard the Antarctic as the natural storehouse for the whole world. Plans are already on foot to set up permanent bases on the shores of this continent, and what so few years ago was regarded as a "dead continent" now promises to be a most active centreof human life and endeavor.11. When did man begin to explore the Antarctic?A. About 100 years ago.B. In this century.C. At the beginning of the 19th century.D. In 1798.12. What must the explorers be, even though they have modern equipment and techniques?A. Brave and tough.B. Stubborn and arrogant.C. Well-liked and humorous.D. Stout and smart.13. What kind of metals and minerals can we find in the Antarctic?A. Magnesite, coal and oil.B. Copper, coal and uranium.C. Silver, natural gas and uranium.D. Aluminum, copper and natural gas.14. The most healthy climate in the world is______.A. in South AmericaB. in the Arctic RegionC. in the Antarctic ContinentD. in the Atlantic Ocean15. What is planned for the continent?A. Building dams along the coasts.B. Setting up several summer resorts along the coasts.C. Mapping the coast and the whole territory.D. Setting up permanent bases on the coasts.Passage FourTelevision is one of today's most powerful and widespread means of mass communication. It directly influences our lives on both a short and long-term basis; it brings worldwide situations into our homes; it affords extensive opportunities for acquiring higher education; and it performs these tasks in a convenient yet effective manner. We are all aware of the popularly accepted applications of television, particularly those relative to entertainment and news broadcasting. Television, however, has also been a vital link in unmanned deep space exploration (such as the V oyager I and Ⅱmissions), in providing visions from hazardous areas (such as proximity to radioactive materials or environments) in underwater research, in viewing storms moving across a metropolitan area (the camera being placed in a weather-protective enclosure near the top of a tower), etc. The earth's weather satellites also use television cameras for vie- wing cloud cover and movements from 20,000 miles in space. Infrared filters are used for night views, and several systems include a spinning mirror arrangement to permit wide-area views from the camera. Realizing the unlimited applications for today's television, one may thus logically ponder the true benefits of confining most of our video activities to the mass-entertainment field.Conventional television broadcasting within the United States centres around free enterprise and public ownership. This requires funding by commercial sponsors, and thus functions in a revenue-producing business manner. Television in USSR-subjected areas, conversely, is a government-owned and maintained arrangement. While such arrangements eliminate the need for commercial sponsorship, it also has the possibility of limiting the type of programs available to viewers (a number of purely entertainment programs similar to the classic "Bewitched", however, have been seen on these government -controlled networks. All isn't as gray and dismal as the uninformed might unnecessarily visualize). A highly modified form of television called Slow-Scan TV is presently being used by many Amateur Radio operators to provide direct visual communications with almost any area of the world. This unique visual mode recently allowed people on the tiny South Pacific country of Pitcairn Island to view, for the first time in their lives, distant areas and people of the world. The chief radio Amateur and communications officer of Pitcairn, incidentally, is the legendary Tom Christian-great, great grandson of Tom Christian of "Mutiny on the Bounty" fame. Radio Amateurs in many lands worked together for several months establishing visual capabilities. The results have proven spectacular, yet the visual capabilities have only beenused for health education, or welfare purposes. Commercial TV is still unknown to natives of that tiny country. Numerous other forms of television and visual communication, have also been used on a semi-restricted basis. This indicates the many untapped areas of video and television which may soon be exploited on a more widespread basis. The old clich of a picture being worth a thousand words truly has merit.16. According to the passage, applications of television are easily accepted in______.A. metropolitan areaB. deep space explorationC. programs about entertainment and newsD. remote areas17. Which of the following statements is true in the eyes of the writer?A. Applications of television are beneficial to big cities.B. Applications of television are believed to be good activities.C. Applications of television are restricted to television systems.D. Applications of television do benefit to the mass entertainment field.18. According to the passage television in USSR______.A. is limited to a revenue-producing business mannerB. requires funding by commercial sponsorsC. puts away the need of commercial aidD. is badly in need of commercial help19. In the passage, the author tries to tell us purely entertainment programs similar to the classic "Bewitched"______.A. are as good as those in the U.S.B. have been seen on many government-controlled networksC. are as gray and dismal as the uninformed might unnecessarily visualizeD. are not as gloomy as the uninformed might unnecessarily visualize20. The author's attitude toward television programs is ______.A. positiveB. indifferentC. criticalD. dangerousPassage FiveNanotechnology, according to its fans, will jump-start a new industrial revolution with molecular-sized structures as complex as the human cell and 100 times stronger than steel. The new technology transforms everyday products and the way they are made by manipulating atoms so that materials can be shrunk, strengthened and lightened all at once. To date only modest nanotech-based products—such as stain-resistant fabrics and fresh food packaging—have entered the market, but some scientists predict nanotechnology will eventually be the only game in town. "It will be a ubiquitous technology," said George Stephanopoulos, professor of chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He echoes other nanotech supporters who say industrial countries are already sliding toward its use in every aspect of manufacturing.Aided by recent advances in microscopes, scientists can now place single atoms where they want for the first time. The potential applications are numerous, with microscopic computers, cancer-killing antennae and nonpolluting car engines on the distant horizon. When it's all going to happen, though, is another matter. According to most scientific accounts, the nanotech future may be 10 to 20 years off. Major hurdles need to be jumped. First, there is a lack of economic mass production. Some of the more complicated devices would require exact placement of billions of atoms. "It may take the lifetime of the universe to complete the construction of (such a) device," said George Barbastathis, assistant professor at MIT. Another challenge is bridging the nanoscale and macroscopic, he said. In other words, the smallness of a nano device is useless when it must be attached to large wires. It's unclear how scientists will overcome these problems. And fears derived from science fiction threaten to derail nanotechnology even as it emerges, in much the same way popular anxiety over "super-weeds"and "frankenfoods" have hobbled biotechnology in agriculture and fear of "designer babies" has set back stem-cell research.Lured by a market with billions of dollars in potential profits, giants like GE, Intel, Motorola and IBM are already heavily involved in research. Worldwide, the two industries with the potential to win big with nanotechnology are electronics and biotechnology, according to MIT researchers. On the biotech front, scientists are promoting the notion of nanoparticles made from gold that could be triggered remotely to heat and kill individual cancer cells. Nanotechnology holds equal promise for wealth creation, hut there isn't a consensus among venture capitalists on how to realize it. "Which direction is it going to work out in? That's the question on everyone's mind," Gang Chen, an associate professor at the MIT, told scientists at a Boston nano gathering.21. The statement "…be the only game…" (line 7, Para. 1) implies that______.A. nanotechnology can not continue in existence for a long timeB. nanotechnology will be the only activity that provides entertainmentC. nanotechnology will become the most influential in the futureD. nanotechnology will become the most beneficial thing someday22. Which of the following is NOT the difficulty we face about nanotech research?A. How to prolong the 10 to 20 years' time.B. How to eliminate the public's prejudice.C. How to solve the problem of big and small.D. How to get enough manpower and money.23. By mentioning "superweeds, frankenfoods and designer babies" the author means______.A. Nanotech research can produce fruits as great as biotechnologyB. Nanotech will get the same appeal as biotechnology got beforeC. Nanotech needs the political and financial support for its researchD. Nanotech will suffer from the similar obstacles as biotechnology24. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. There's too much investigation about biotechnology without too much reasoning.B. With the applications for nanotech in medical area cancers can be cured.C. Nanotech poses challenges for venture capitalist trained in only one area.D. The venture capitalists are finding the applications for nanotech rewarding.25. The whole passage is intended to______.A. help readers have a better understanding of nanotechB. show that industries are all set for the nanotech ageC. tell readers the hurdles ahead the research of nanotechD. reveal the potential benefits and big business of nanotechPassage SixThe last decade has seen a tremendous expansion of scientific knowledge in human genetics. Our understanding of human genes and of the genetic basis of disease has grown dramatically. Currently, more than 4,000 diseases are known to be genetic and are passed on in families. Moreover, it is now known that alterations in our genes play a role in such common conditions as heart disease, diabetes, and many types of cancer.The identification of disease-related genes has led to an increase in the number of available genetic tests that detect disease or an individual's risk of disease. New tests arc being developed to detect colon cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions. Scientists are concerned not only that gene tests offered are reliable, but also that patients and health care professionals understand the limitations of such testing. The disclosure of test results could inflict psychological harm to a patient if safe and effective interventions are not also available.Gene testing involves examining a person's DNA-taken from cells "in a sample of blood or, occasionally, from other body fluids or tissues—for some anomaly that flags a disease or disorder. In addition to studying genes,genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the presence or absence of key proteins that signal aberrant genes.The most widespread type of genetic testing is newborn screening. Each year in the United States, four million newborn infants have blood samples tested for abnormal or missing gene products. Some tests look for abnormal arrangements of the chemical bases in the gene itself, while other tests detect inborn errors by verifying the absence of a protein that the cell needs to function normally. Carrier testing can be used to help couples to learn if they carry—and thus risk passing to their children. Genetic tests—biochemical and DNA-based—also are widely available for the prenatal diagnosis of conditions such as Down syndrome.Much of the current excitement in gene testing centers on predictive gene testing: tests that identify people who are at risk of getting a disease, before any symptoms appear. Tests are already available in research programs for some two dozen diseases, and as more disease genes are discovered, more gene tests can be expected.Tests for a few rare cancers are already in clinical use. Predictive gene tests for more common types of cancer are still primarily a research tool, difficult to execute and available only through research programs to small numbers of people who have a strong family history of disease. But the field of gene testing is evolving rapidly, with new genes being discovered almost daily and innovations in testing arriving almost as quickly.26. Scientists argue that the genetic testing is not perfect partly because______.A. it chiefly centers on predictive gene testingB. the health care for patients is not professionalC. it may arouse the patients' discomfort mentallyD. it involves the DNA test and biochemistry27. The word "aberrant" in Paragraph 3 most probably means______.A. unhealthyB. weirdC. agitatedD. mysterious28. How does the newborn screening test work?A. It looks for abnormal arrangements of the gene.B. It detects innate errors by checking the proteins.C. It takes cell samples from body fluids or tissues.D. It requires taking the carrier testing first.29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that______.A. genetic tests for most of the diseases can be produced nowB. gene tests are only suitable for those who have a strong family history of diseaseC. almost all diseases can be cured with the development of the gene testingD. the writer is optimistic about the future of gene testing30. The passage is intended to______.A. make readers have a better understanding of gene testingB. show that scientists are worrying about the negative side of gene testingC. tell readers that as more gene tests appeared, more disease genes can be discoveredD. reveal the rapid development of new scientific knowledgeⅡ. VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. In 14 years as a (n) ______in the major league Kobel I had never seen two baseball teams fight like this.A. goblinB. sheikC. statuaryD. umpire32. Left in the garage where it was damp, the wooden frame had______.A. tingledB. sizzledC. swindledD. warped33. The two countries signed an agreement to reduce their nuclear______.A. tornadoesB. armoriesC. hectaresD. heretics34. What kind of______. does the book have? Is it hard back or soft back?A. bindingB. mispresentingC. mislayingD. basking35. Court life was governed by the most precise form of______.A. oracleB. moratoriumC. etiquetteD. neurosis36. She crossed the enemy lines, disguised as a civilian, to bring medical______ to the Resistance fighters.A. surreyB. surchargeC. summationD. succor37. Her voice is child-like, with a West Country______.A. tiltB. liltC. lobeD. loft38. In a car engine, more ______.means better acceleration.A. renownB. coronationC. gravyD. torque39. The new factory that has been built next to us has ______the value of our house.A. demoralizedB. depreciatedC. deterredD. derailed40. The fall in demand for coffee could cause a ______in the market, forcing some producers to cut prices.A. doleB. sonarC. meleeD. glut41. The airline ______me for the amount they had overcharged me.A. barteredB. remittedC. reinstatedD. reimbursed42. The journalists and Camera crews began to ______in the heat as they stood waiting for the president to appear.A. conspireB. transpireC. perspireD. inspire43. Once the ______of the election had died down, it was back to normal for the President.A. huskB. humpC. hubD. hubbub44. $50 billion might seem a lot of money, but it's a mere ______in terms of what global capital markets can and do absorb.A. almsB. belongingsC. hearsayD. pittance45. The word "lady" has ______of refinement and excessive femininity that some women find offensive.A. abdomenB. connotationsC. sashesD. syndicates46. After spending some time on the island they became ______to the hardships.A. scathedB. sniggeredC. inuredD. outreached47. Will the pressure applied by environmentalists be enough to ______the industrialized nations into using less fossil fuels?A. goadB. gloatC. goreD. gibe48. Farmers often use water buffalo to help them in the ______fields.A. paddleB. paddyC. pagodaD. pagan49. Her eyes were shining brightly and her face was ______with colour.A. proofreadB. prevaricatedC. stewedD. suffused50. Four members walked out of the session, with the result that the committee did not have a ______and would not take any decisions.A. babeB. backboneC. quorumD. apartheidⅢ. Gloze TestDirections: In this part, you are required to read the following passage carefully. For each of the 20 blanks there are four marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.The business of advertising is to invent methods of addressing massive audiences in a language designed to be easily accessible and immediately persuasive. No advertising agency wants to (51) out an ad that is not clear and convincing to millions of people. But the agency, (52) they would agree that ads should be written to sell。

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientistsspecialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides thebasic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does originalresearch to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD.applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for onlyon classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science hasdeveloped more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacechow Passage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars".Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes whathe sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radicalright is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to monoculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismchow Passage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America.In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South America soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador, Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 1997.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistchow Passage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory –the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience.Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into acoherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages tohis explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember.chow Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999 which killed 41 people.Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes.The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introducesextra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be veryhigh,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmedChow II. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. Withregard to33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is goodfor health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and alittle girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A.at the mercy ofB.in accordance withC.under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingchow III. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others.The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The team surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use60. A. inclusive B. excluding C. exclusive D. refusing61. A. corresponds B. complies C. compares D. adapts62. A. casualties B. victims C. culprits D. injuries63. A. hardship B. trial C. difficulty. D. errors64. A. researchers B. members C. employees D. personnel65. A. in coincide with B. in common with C. in collision to D. in comparison to66. A. relationship B. contradiction C. comparison D. communication67. A. review B. deadline C. relation D. record68. A. proceeding B. progressing C. preceding D. progressive69. A. outstanding B. excessive C. exciting D. striking70. A. productive B. producing C. preferable D, prescribedchow IV. Translation (30%)PartA (15%)71. Wildlife refuges mainly serve as havens for millions of ducks, geese and other migratory birds. And this is what most people come to see. Much of the fun is in knowing and distinguishing the many kinds that are present in great variety. The activities and antics。