杭州师范大学2019考研试题829英语教学基础知识

2019浙江杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语考研真题I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Mr. Jeffrey had just___________ the shell of the boiled crab and was starting to peel it off.A. crackedB. burstC. fracturedD. clanked2. Last week the bishop preached a farewell sermon to a(n) ___________ that have known him very well since he moved here.A. congregationB. audienceC. progressionD. population3. I don’t doubt ___________ the plan will be well implemented.A. howB. thatC. whichD. whether4. The old woman had an ___________ habit of emptying ash trays out of her upstairs window onto my doorstep.A. offendingB. offensiveC. uneducatedD. objectionable5. The physician reassured me that the pain in my leg would ___________ one hour after I took the medicine as I was told.A. wear awayB. wear offC. wear downD. wear out6. The phone call my parents just gave me aroused a(n) ___________ feeling of homesickness in me.A. intenseB. intensiveC. hopelessD. forceful7. The professor said that he would translate a Chinese fiction if he could find a(n) ___________ to help him proof-read his translation.A. collaboratorB. accompliceC. allyD. confederate8. Although WildAid has been trying to stop the slaughter of sharks for their fins, current regulations rarely curtail ___________ to the degree needed to restore shark population.A. sharks are huntedB. the hunting of sharksC. to hunt sharksD. sharks hunted9. The mere prospect of a performance of one of their operas was enough to set them to running up bills amounting to ___________ their prospective royalties.A. ten times the number ofB. ten times the amount ofC. the number of ten timesD. as ten times as the amount of10. The ___________ of plastic containers is one of the problems that the local environmental agency has to deal with.A. dispositionB. dispersalC. disposalD. dissolution11. The forecast predicted ___________ weather with rain, sunshine, thunder and wind and that is just what they have had.A. fluctuatingB. differingC. rangingD. variable12. The research involves a study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes of passion, ___________ it is difficult to find a way.A. of whichB. from whichC. out of whichD. through which13. The miserable family have had a ___________ of misfortunes.A. continuationB. successionC. repetitionD. contingency14. Mr. White would have been more amicable and civilized if he had changed a littlebit, ___________?A. wouldn’t heB. hasn’t heC. didn’t heD. hadn’t he15. In Japanese cities, traffic jams are ___________ because citizens in suburb haveto drive every day to central business areas to work.A. propagatedB. activatedC. aggravatedD. irritated16. As an experienced politician, he has to have the ___________ of inspiring confidence in his listeners.A. flukeB. frenzyC. museD. knack17. You had the ___________ situation in which Florida had more listed public bathing beaches than the whole of the United Kingdom.A. luminousB. luculentC. lubricantD. ludicrous18. Much of what the lecturer said was beyond her comprehension but she managed to understand the ___________ of his remarks.A. tactB. tenorC. tannerD. manner19. Little ___________ about his own safety, though he himself was in great danger.A. he caredB. he may careC. may he careD. did he care20. One woman was feared dead last night after a helicopter ___________ off courseinto an oil platform and ditched into the sea.A. veeredB. instigatedC. falsifiedD. blandishedSection B Proofreading and error correction (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correctit in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing word mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) When Λ art → anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) It never buys → never them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibition → exhibitScience was once seen as the stuffy domain of pale malescientists spent far too much of their time in the laboratory (1) __________ concocting potions in test tubes while avoiding sunlight andhuman interaction. Occasionally they would venture out of thelab to give lectures and impart their wisdom with science students. (2) __________But they would rarely confront with the general public. Now, (3) __________ thanks to the growing number of science festivals, scientistsare engaging with people in unique, innovative—and often surprising—way. Science communication has evolved in recent years, broken (4) __________the age-old tradition of the elite scientist imparting knowledge tothe interested layman. Thanks to the increasing emphasis inacademia on public engagement, it is now expected that learningabout science in an open, democratic process—something shaped (5) __________ by professionals, but led by the public.Today the language of science communication is repleted (6) __________with words such as create, experience, participate and journey.It all makes participation in public science feel more like a funday out as a classroom chore. (7) __________Public science events date back to the days of the AncientGreeks when the like of Plato and Aristotle would speak in public (8) __________about their theories of science and philosophy. It was theEdinburgh International Science Festival which coined the term (9) __________ “science festival” at its incept in 1989. (10) _________II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage AA Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, Robert Louis Stevenson was born at 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh Scotland, on 13 November 1850. It has been more than 100 years since his death. Stevenson was a writer who caused conflicting opinions about his works. On one hand, he was often highly praised for his expert prose and style by many English-language critics. On the other hand, pothers criticized the religious themes in his works, often misunderstanding Ste venson’s own religious beliefs. Since his death a century before, critics and biographers have disagreed on the legacy of Stevenson’s writing. Two biographers, KF and CP, wrote a biography about Stevenson with a clear focus. They chose not to criticize asp ects of Stevenson’s personal life. Instead, they focused on his writing, and gave high praise to his writing style and skill.The literary pendulum has a swung these days. Different critics have different opinions towards Robert Louis Stevenson’s works. Th ough today, Stevenson is oneof the most translated authors in the world, his works have sustained a wide variety of negative criticism throughout his life. it was like a complete reversal of polarity---from highly positive to slightly less positive to clearly negative; after being highly praised as a great writer, he became an example of an author with corrupt ethics and lack of moral. Many literary critics passed his works off as children’s stories or horror stories, and thought to have little social value in an educational setting. Stevenson’s works were often excluded from literature curriculum because of its controversial nature. These debates remain, and many critics still assert that despite his skill, his literary works still lack moral value.One of the main reasons why Stevenson’s literary works attracted so much criticism was due to the genre of his writing. Stevenson mainly wrote adventure stories, which was part of a popular and entertaining writing fad at the time. Many of us believe adventure stories are exciting, offers engaging characters, action, and mystery but ultimately can’t teach moral principles. The plot points are one-dimensional and rarely offer a deeper moral meaning, instead focusing on exciting and shocking plot twists and thrilling events. His works were even criticized by fellow authors. Though Stevenson’s works have deeply influenced Oscar Wilde, Wilde often joked that Stevenson would have written better works if he wasn’t born in Scotland. Other authors came to Stevenson’s defe nce, including Galsworthy who claimed that Stevenson is a greater writer than Thomas Hardy.Despite Wilde’s criticism, Stevenson’s Scottish identity was integral part of his writing works. Although Stevenson’s works were not popular in Scotland when he was alive, many modern Scottish literary critics claim that Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson are the most influential writers in the history of Scotland. While many critics exalt Sir Walter Scott as a literary genius because of his technical ability, others argue that Stevenson deserves the same recognition for his natural ability to capture stories and characters in words. Many of Scott’s works were taken more seriously as literature for their depth due to their tragic themes, but fans of Stevenson praise his unique style of story-telling and capture of human nature. Stevenson’s works, unlike other British authors, captured the unique day to day life of average Scottish people. Many literary critics point to this as a flaw of his works. According to the critics, truly important literature should translate local culture and stories. However, many critics praise the local taste of his literature. To this day, Stevenson’s works provide valuable insight to life in Scotland during the 19th century.Despi te much debate of Stevenson’s writing topics, his writing was not the only source of attention for critics. Stevenson’s personal life often attracted a lot of attention from his fans and critics alike. Some even argue that his personal life eventually outshone his writing. Stevenson had been plagued with health problems his whole life, and often had to live in much warmer climates than the cold, dreary weather of Scotland in order to recover, so he took his family to a south pacific island Samoa, which was a controversial decision at that time. However, Stevenson didn’t regret the decision. The sea air and thrill of adventure complimented the themes of his writing, and for a time restored his health. From there, Stevensongained a love of travelling, and for nearly three years he wandered the eastern and central Pacific. Much of his works reflected this love of travel and adventure that Stevenson experienced in the Pacific islands. It was as a result of this biographical attention that the feeling grew that i nterest in Stevenson’s life had taken the place of interest in his works. Whether critics focus on his writing subjects, his religious beliefs, or his eccentric lifestyle of travel and adventure, people from the past and present have different opinions about Stevenson as an author. Today, he remains a controversial yet widely popular figure in western literature.1. Stevenson’s biographers KF and CP .A. underestimated the role family played in Stevenson’s life.B. overestimated the writer’s works in th e literature history.C. exaggerated Stevenson’s religious belief in his works.D. elevated Stevenson’s role as a writer.2. The main point of the second paragraph is .A. the public give a more fair criticism to Stevenson’s works.B. recent criticism has been justified.C. the style of Stevenson’s works overweigh his faults in his life.D. Stevenson’s works’ drawback is lack of ethical nature.3. According to the author, adventure stories .A. do not provide plot twists well.B. cannot be used by writers to show moral values.C. are more fashionable art form.D. can be found in other’s works but not in Stevenson’s.4. What does the author say about Stevenson’s works?A. They describe the life of people in Scotland.B. They are commonly regarded as real literature.C. They were popular during Stevenson’s life.D. They transcend the local culture and stories.5. The lifestyle of Stevenson .A. made his family envy him so much.B. should be responsible for his death.C. gained more attention from the public than his works.D. didn’t well prepare his life in Samoa.Passage BIn Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of GeorgeⅢ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill;and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine”, invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.Watt’s steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which make possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gas-lit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the industrial revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials. By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand, in some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, where being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generationpassed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the first passage?A. Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.B. The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.C. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.D. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.7. According to paragraph 2, the “atmospheric engine” was slow because .A. it had been designed to be used in coal minesB. the cylinder had to cool between each strokeC. it made use of expanding steam to raise the piston in its cylinderD. it could be operated only when a large supply of fuel was available8. In paragraph 3, the author mentions William Murdoch’s invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to .A. indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt’s steam engineB. make the point that Watt’s steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial RevolutionC. illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial RevolutionD. provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true?A. They were used for the production of paper but not for printing.B. By 1800, significant numbers of them were produced outside of Britain.C. They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.D. They were used in the construction of canals and turnpikes.10. According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horseinvolved combining which two previously ingredients?A. Turnpikes and canalsB. Stationary steam engines and wagons with flanged wheelsC. Metal rails in road beds and wagons capable of carrying heavy loadsD. Canal boats and heavily laden wagonsSection 2 Answering questions(20’)Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choices are good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who don’t can always just ignore the 273versions cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that, psychological, this assumption is wrong, with 5% lower percentage announcing they are happy. Although some choices are undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less.Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between “maximisers” (those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and “satisfiers” ( those who aim for good enough whether or not better selection might be out there).In particular, we composed a set of statements---the Maximisation Scale---to diagnose people’s propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from completely disagree to completely agree) on such statements as “I never settle for second best.”We also evaluated their sense of sat isfaction with their decisions. We didn’t define a sharp cutoff to separate maximisers from satisfiers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scale’s midpoint) as maximisers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisfiers. People who score highest on the test---the greatest maximisers---engage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisfiers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximisers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others.We found that the greatest maximisers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longerto recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisfiers do.Does it follow that maximisers are less happy in general than satisfiers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of well-being. As might be expected, individuals with high maximisation scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline of clinical range.Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are “opportunity costs.”The quality f any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the “costs” of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. Early Decision Making Research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision.The problem of opportunity costs will be better for a satisfier. The latter’s “good enough” philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the “good enough” standard lead s to much less searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximiser’s “best” standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract.Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settled on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximisers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximisers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret.In a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theatre company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount. Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances than discount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they didn’t use the tickets becau se not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial.1. What is the aim of the Maximisation Scale composed by the researchers? Who tend to be least happy when making choices?2. Why were the full-price ticket payers more likely to show up at the performances?3. According to the passage, what can be done to increase the sense of happiness when making a better choice?Questions 4-5The raging battle over SOPA and PIPA, the proposed anti-privacy laws, is looking more and more likely to end in favor of Internet freedom-but it won’t be the last battle of its kind. Although, ethereal as it is, the internet seems destined to survive in some form or another, experts warn that there are many threats to its status quo existence, and there is much about it that could be ruined or lost. Physical destructionA vast behemoth that can route around outages and self-heal, the Internet has grown physically invulnerable to destruction by bombs, fires or natural disasters---within countries, at least. It’s “very richly interconnected,” said David Clark, a computer scientist at MIT who was a leader in the development of the Internet in the 1970s. “You would have to work really hard to find a small number of places where you could seriously disrupt connectivity.”On 9/11, for example, the destruction of the major switching center in south Manhattan disrupted service locally. But service was restored about 15 mi nutes later when the center “healed” as the built-in protocols routed users and information around the outage. However, while it’s essentially impossible to cripple connectivity internally in a country, Clark said it is conceivable that one country could b lock another’s access to its share of the Internet cloud; this could be done by severing the actual cables that carry Internet data between the two countries. Thousands of miles of undersea fiber-optic cables that convey data from continent to continent rise out of the ocean in only a few dozen locations, branching out from those hubs to connect to millions of computers. But if someone were to blow up one of these hubs—the station in Miami, for example, which handles some 90 percent of the Internet traffic between North American and Latin America, the Internet connection between the two would be severely hampered until the infrastructure was repaired.Such a move would be “an act of cyber war,” Clark told Life’s Little Mysteries, a sister site to Livescience.content cacheEven an extreme disruption of international connectivity would not seriously threaten the survival of Web content itself. A “hard” copy of most data is stored in nonvolatile memory, which sticks around with or without power, and whether you have Internet access to it or not. Furthermore, according to William Lehr, an MIT economist who studies the economics and regulatory policy of the Internet-infrastructure industries, the corporate data centers that harbor Web content-everything from your enemies to this article have sophisticated ways to back up and diversely store the data, including simply storing copies in multiple。

杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：826考试科目名称：英语文学基础说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

该试卷全部用英文作答。

注意有选做题；如全做以最低分计算。

Part I Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20x2)1. About the Renaissance humanists which of the following statements is true?A. They thought money and social status was the measure of all things.B. They emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the worldly life.C. They couldn't see the importance of worldly happiness.D. They thought people were largely subordinated to the ruling class without any freedomand independence.2. Which of the following is not John Milton’s works?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. The Pilgrim’s Progress3. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels gives an unparalleled_____ depiction of the vices of his age.A. religiousB. romanticC. satiricalD. comic4. William Blake’s Songs of Experience paints a world of _____ with a melancholy tone.A. misery, poverty, disease, war and repressionB. happiness and love and romantic idealsC. misery, poverty mixed with love and happinessD. loss and institutional cruelty with sufferings5. Through his poems, Byron created the “Byronic hero” who is _____.A. a brave and stubborn rebel figure of noble originB. a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble originC. a proud, mysterious rebel figure of lower originD. a brilliant, independent and romantic figure of his time6. Which of the following can’t be included in the critical realists of the Victorian Period?A. Charlotte and Emily BronteB. Charles Dickens and William M. ThackerayC. Thomas Hardy and George EliotD. D. H. Laurence and James Joyce7. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the______ of art and the____ of human passion.A. glory，uglinessB. permanence, transienceC. transience，sordidnessD. glory，permanence8. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wroteunder the influence of _____.A. John MiltonB. John DonneC. John KeatsD. John Bunyan9. In The Pilgrim’s Progress Christian and Faithful come to the ______where both are arrested as alienagitators and tried.A. Vanity FairB. Doubting CastleC. Celestial CityD. The Valley of Humiliation10. Of the following poets, who is not regarded as “lake poet”?A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SoutheyC. William WordsworthD. John Keats11. ________, a Gothic novel written by Mary Shelley, is one of the triumphs of the Romantic movement dueto its theme of alienation and its warning about the destructive power that can result when human activity is unfettered by moral and social concerns.A. WaverleyB. EndymionC. Joan of ArcD. Frankenstein12. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOTtrue?A. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and rationality.B. In most of the writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotionalqualities of literature.C. There were a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man.D. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions anddisplayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.13. The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the___.A. revolutionismB. reasonC. individualismD. rationalism14. Although realism and naturalism were products of the 19th century, their final triumph came in the 20th century, with the popular and critical successes of such writers as Edwin Arlington, William Cather, Robert Frost, William Faulkner and_____.A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Sherwood AndersonC. Washington IrvingD. Ralph Ellison15. ____, one of the essays in The Sacred Wood, is the earliest statement of T.S. Eliot’s aesthetics, which provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.A. “Tradition and Individual Talent”B. “Sweeny Agonistes”C. “A Primer of Modern Heresy”D. “Gerention”16. The three poets Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and ____ opened the way to modern poetry.A. O. HenryB. Henry David ThoreauC. E.E. CummingsD. Robert Frost17. Which writer best expressed the Puritan sense of the self?A. Jonathan EdwardsB. Cotton MatherC. John SmithD. Thomas Hooker18. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. WaldenB. NatureC. “On Beauty”D. “Self-Reliance”19. Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence” in the history of American Literature?A. The American ScholarB. English TraitsC. The Conduct of LifeD. Representative Men20. Imagism was equivalent to ___ in fiction in a sense. Imagist never stated the emotion in the poem, but justpresented an image: concrete, firm and definite in picture.A. modernismB. romanticismC. naturalismD. surrealismPart II Identify the source of each of the following quotation and write out the TITLE of which the passage comes from.(20x1)1. Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth/Inspired hath in every holt and heeth/The tendercroppes, and the Yonge sonne/Hath in the Ram his half coursy ronne,2. The quality of mercy is not strained;/It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven/ Upon theplace beneath. It is twice blest:3. If they be two, they are two so/As stiff twin compasses are two:/Thy soul, the fixed foot,makes no show/To move, but doth if th’other do;4. All is not lost-----the unconquerable will,/ And study of revenge, immoral hate,/And couragenever to submit or yield:5. These people are most excellent mathematicians, and arrived to a great perfection inmechanics by the countenance and encouragement of the Emperor, who is a renowned patron of learning.6. True wit is Nature to advantage dressed,/What oft was thought, but ne’er so well expressed;7. So here have I lived above sixteen years in virtue and reputation; and all at once, when Icome to know what is good, and what is evil, I must renounce all the good, all the whole sixteen years’ innocence, which, next to God’s grace, I owed chiefly to my parents and to my lady’s lessons and example.8. As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,/So deep in luve am I;/ And I will luve thee still, my dear,/Till a’ the seas gang dry.9. No Nightingale did ever chaunt/ More welcome notes to weary bands/ Of travelers in someshady haunt,/ Among Arabian sands:10. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune mustbe in want of a wife.11. Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/ Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!12. He listened. The wind, playing upon the edifice, produced a booming tune, like the note ofsome gigantic harp.13. What a handsome little Oriental he was, and no doubt his wife and children were beautifultoo, for people usually get what they already possess.14. This train of thought, she perceives, is threatening mere waste of energy, even some collisionwith reality, for who will ever be able to lift a finger against Whitaker’s Table of Precedency?15. He hated her bitterly at that moment because he made her suffer. Love her! She knew heloved her. He really belonged to her. This about not loving her, physically, bodily, was a mere perversity on his part.16. They were all running, all crying out madly. He could hear them crashing in the undergrowthand on the left was the hot, bright thunder of the fire.17. “I sometimes have a queer feeling with regard to you-----especially when you are near me, asnow; it is as if I had a string somewhere under my left ribs, tightly and inextricably knotted toa similar string situated in the corresponding quarter of your little frame.”18. This grew; I gave commands;/ Then all smiles stopped together.19. Although schoolmistresses’ letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyardepitaphs; yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs this life, who is really deserving of all praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones;20. Yet all experience is an arch wherethrough/ Gleams that untraveled world whose marginfades/ Forever and forever when I move.Part III In this part, you are free to choose Any TWO of the following three literary terms, and define them. (20x2)1. Stream of consciousness2. Conceit3.TranscendentalismPart IV. Choose ONE of the two topics and elaborate your views. (25x1)1. In 1954, William Golding(1911-1993) published his first novel Lord of the Flies after nearly21 rejections of various publishers. This fiction,since its publication, has been considered as adystopian allegory indicative of vast aspects of the human condition, in terms of human evil and society.Elaborate your view on this novel.2. Eugene O’Neill(1888-1953) was the first American dramatist to regard the stage as a literarymedium and the only American playwright ever to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.Through his efforts, the American theatre grew up during the 1920s, developing into a cultural medium that could take its place with the best in American fiction, painting, and music. Elaborate your view on his works.Part V. Read the following two commentaries carefully and choose ONE topic to write out your own ideas in any relationship to the passage. (25x1)1. Poetry, as we have since learnt, has other tasks than that of imparting psychological values tothe visible world. Had Wordsworth turned his attention toward these, his genius might not have atrophied so soon. It remains to indicate briefly, in conclusion, what gave Wordsworth his initial direction towards “Nature” as the inevitable raw material for his creative sensibility. Here we met, I think, with two other groups of beliefs current in his age, which may be said to have conditioned his poetic experience: postulates (‘doctrines-felt-as-facts’) without which his poetry would not have been what it actually is. The first was the product of the deistic tradition of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, to which I have already alluded in passing. Ever since the Renaissance the Creation had been steadily gaining in prestige as the ‘art of God,’ the universal divine Scripture which ‘liesexpans’d unto the eyes of all.’ The emotion of the ‘numinous,’ formerly associated with super-nature, had become attached to Nature itself; and by the end of the eighteenth century the divinity, the sacredness of nature was, to those affected by this tradition, almost a first datum of consciousness.Wordsworth, then, did not have to construct this belief wholly out of his experience; much of it was given to him. Much the same is true of the second of these fundamental beliefs, the belief in the grandeur and dignity of man, and the holiness of the heart’s affections. This, too,was the products of forces originating (for our purposes) in the Renaissance; it had arisen out of the ruins of the theological view of man. As the ‘Fall’ receded further and further into the region of fable, man was increasingly regarded as a creature not only made in, but retaining, God’s image; and Wordsworth could acknowledge, without misgiving, ‘a grandeur in the beatings of the heart,’ and speak in good faith of ‘man and his noble nature.’ In Wordsworth’s lifetime this humanism had taken a colouring from Rousseau, and the special nobility of man was therefore only to be looked for ‘in huts where poor men lie.’ The ‘higher’ grades of society, in which the culture of the Renaissance had been exclusively fostered, were now “A light, a cruel, and vain world, cut off/From the natural inlets of just sentiment,/From lowly sympathy, and chastening truth.” [From “On Wordsworth and the Locke Tradition” by Basil Willey]2. Poetic influence is a labyrinthine process, and at its deepest is remote from echo and allusion,though it does not exclude them…When Whitman tallies he takes measures of all things, implicitly including the measure of his own poetry. In his very different way, Whitman is as formalist a poet as were our late contemporaries James Merrill and Anthony Hecht, who usefully may be contrasted to the late A. R. Ammons and to John Ashbery, both of them strongly influenced by the poet of Leaves of Grass. Ammons and the versatile Ashbery can be far freer in form than Whitman ever is. The King James Bible is the largest influence upon Whitman’s style, and the Hebrew parallelism breaks through in the strongest of the translators, William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale. There is no single measure to Whitman’s song, just as his huge enlargements transcend all previous notions as to what can constitute materiapoetica. To hold together the vastness of his topics and the fluid dissolves of his tropes Whitman had to discover a master metaphor and found it in the tally, at once his ‘confession sprig’ and his incanted warbles for lilac-time. The Whitmanian tally is the binding agent for “When Lilacs last in the Door-yard Bloom’d,” the sonorous elegy for the martyred Abraham Lincoln. Together with “As I Ebb’d with the Ocean of Life,” “Lilacs” is the most formally measured of Whitman’s peoms. I have a passion for “Lilacs,” though the epic “Song of Myself” is certainly the center of the Whitmanian poetic cosmos. Henry and William James, T. S. Eliot(belatedly), and Wallace Stevens all associated “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” with “Lilacs” because there is a clear affinity between the mockingbird’s song and the song of death warbled by the hermit thrush. The boy Whitman first beholds the mockingbird “when the lilac-scent was in the air.” The crucial difference between “Out of Cradle” and “Lilacs” seems to me that the sea in the first poem lisps the low and delicious word death, which becomes the burden of hermit thrush’s song in “Lilacs.” In the earlier poems, the male mockingbird sings of bereavement but not of death, though that is implied.Why did Whitman choose the word tally for what I judge to be his comprehensive vision of poetic voice? The word has a curious history. It derives from the Latin talea, which means a cutting, rod, or stick, on which you record payments and the sum still owed. In English, it transmuted into the idea of a duplicate or other half. It then became associated with illicit love. To live “tally” was to dwell together without marriage. In time the word expanded to become tally-whacking, tally woman, and tally-wags. [From The Anatomy of Influence: Literature as a Way of Life by Harold Bloom]。

杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)SectionAMultiple choice (20’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Creativity should not be as an exceptional talent; it is a basic skill that can be mastered with the right teaching.A. replacedB. perceivedC. cultivatedD. probed2. These guests were to the host for his gracious and impressive hospitality.A. contemptuousB. resentfulC. obligedD. mighty3. Whatever we attempt to do, we mustn’t our main objective.A. attainB. rejectC. lose sight ofD. prosecute4. With the passage of time, some words are beginning to a new sense.A. go aboutB. take onC. draw uponD. turn out5. Tourism, particularly ecotourism, helps promote of wildlife and natural resources.A. conservationB. distinctionC. extinctionD. aspiration6. Despite the changes in this country, many tough issues remain unsolved.A. radicalB. reversibleC. rigorousD. insensible7. Life is stressful, so it is always difficult to work, school and family.A. encounterB. eliminateC. illuminateD. prioritize8. People who diabetes have to minimize their daily consumption of sugar.A. make up forB. crack down onC. take fancy toD. are stricken with9. The city was paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. virtuallyD. positively10. The changes brought about by digital technologies have impacted the whole world.A. novelB. adverseC. profoundD. prospective11. The camps are not usual tent-type camps. They are mostly long-established,structures, often with strange Islamic names.A. historicalB. monotonousC. permanentD.raw12. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A. massiveB. quantitativeC. surplusD. formidable13. The manufacturing in China is expected to continue to expand in 2019 despite the slight decline of an index.A. versionB. sectorC. questD.factor14. Researchers say that cigarettes is necessary to dramatically reduce the chance of cardiovascular problems.A. carrying outB. breaking outC. cutting outD. putting out15. Economic recessions will weaken one’s confidence in the government and threaten social .A. cohesionB. erosionC. illusionD. evasion16. The Mexican settlers built cities and missions in what become California.A. used toB. would ratherC. was toD. had better17. Each of us is working hard to get happiness which brings substantial benefits for society .A. by mere chanceB. at great lengthC. all at onceD. as a whole18. Although the colonists ______ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted19. Most readers believe that this book is , thoughtful and informative.A. intriguingB. ambiguousC. compulsiveD. imperative20. Some of the recent actions of the government are their statement of policy.A. in the interest ofB. in conformity withC. in proportion toD. in the event ofSectionB Proofreading and error correction (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing wordmark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” signand write the word you believe to be missing in theblank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEW h e nΛa r t m u s e u m w a n t s a n e w e x h i b i t,(1) anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitMany people are disturbed by the genetic diversify of (1)cancers--- an inevitable result of random evolution. (2)Cancer therapies used to be applied fairly random or (3)Carelessly, but nowadays many believe that effectivetherapies need to be specific and tailoring to genetic (4)faults in each individual’s cancer. Therefore, a personalized(5)treatment disregards the most fundamental reason (6)it is difficult to cure cancers once for all: cancer cellsadapt and evolve with response to treatment. Even drugs (7)that are initially effective often have a progressive (8)diminishing effect, as the biological systems blockedof the treatment spontaneously compensateof rerouting (9)the cancer cell’s internal wiring, in restoring the cancer’s (10)ability to spread. To use an analogy, in the absence ofshort cuts, evolution takes over: naturally arising mutantcancer cells that are resistant to the targeted drug rapidlyoutgrow their disabled siblings and cancer comes back.II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions:In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage AThe language of rights now dominates political debate in the United States. Does the Government respect the moral and political rights of its citizens? Or does the Government’s war policy, or its race policy, fly in the face of these rights? Do the minorities whose rights have been violated have the right to violate the law in return? Or does the silent majority itself have rights, including the right that those who break the law be published? It is not surprising that these questions are now prominent. The concept of rights, and particularly the concept of rights against the Government, has its most natural use when a political society is divided, and appeals to co-operation or a common goal are pointless.The debate does not include the issue of whether citizens have some moral rights against their Government. It seems accepted on all sides that they do. Conventional lawyers and politicians take it as a point of pride that our legal system recognizes, for example, individual rights of free speech, equality, and due process. They base their claim that our law deserves respect, at least in part, on that fact, for they would not claim that totalitarian system deserve the same loyalty.Some philosophers, of cause, reject the idea that citizens have rights apart from what the law happens to give them. Bentham thought that the idea of moral rights was “nonsense on stilts”. But that view has never been part of our orthodox political theory, and politicians of both parties appeal to the rights of the people to justify a great part of what they want to do. I shall not be concerned, in this essay, to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governments; I want instead to explore the implications of that thesis for those, including the present United States Government, who profess to accept it.It is much in dispute, of cause, what particular rights citizens have. Does the acknowledged right to free speech, for example, include the right to participate in nuisance demonstrations? In practice, the Government will have the last word on what an individual’s rights are, because its police will do what the officials and courts say. But that does not mean that the Government’s view is necessarily the correct view, anyone who thinks it does must believe that men and women have such moral rights as Government chooses to grant, which means they have no moral rights at all.All this is sometimes obscured in the United States by the constitutional system. The American Constitution provides a set of individual legal rights in the First Amendment, and in due process, equal protection, and similar clauses. Under present legal practice the Supreme Court has the power to declare an act of Congress or of a state legislature void if the Court finds that the act offends these provisions. This practice has had some commentators to suppose that individual moral rights are fully protected by this system, but that is hardly so, nor could it be so.1. In the United States nowadays__________.A. politicians are discussing about the right language.B. politicians are debating about what is right and what is wrong.C. language is the most important theme in the political debate.D. we can hear lots of talks about rights.2. It is only natural that questions about citizens’ rights are now prominent because__________A. the minorities are violating the law.B. the political society in the USA is divided.C. the silent majority wants to punish those who have violated the law.D. people are looking for a common goal.3. Which of the following statements is not true?A. It is generally agreed that citizens should have some moral rights.B. It is a moral right of the citizens to respect the legal system.C. Citizens’ moral rights include free speech, equality and due process.D. The legal system deserves respect because it recognizes citizens’ moral rights.4. In this essay the author will not be concerned to defend the thesis that citizens have moralrights against their government because__________A. this thesis has never bee put into question in the mainstream political theory.B. he shares the view of those philosophers who think that citizens only have the rights that thelaw gives them.C. this thesis has appeal to politicians of both parties.D. the United States government professes to accept this thesis.5. The author believes that__________A. the United States Constitution protects citizens’ moral rights but the government does not.B. the Supreme Court has the power to protect citizens’ moral rights but it does not do that.C. Citizens’ moral rights could not be fully protected by the present legal practice.D. the United States Constitution does not have provisions that fully protect citizens’ moralrights.Passage BWhat do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavorably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organized by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive. “Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives,” says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr. Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: “This is not about spin, this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr. Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr. Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonize people further.The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr. Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he offered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.1. Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does harm to people‘s health and environment.B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.D. Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, oreven insulting.B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry.C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products.D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems.3. According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except__________A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.C. Not to care about the past.D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open topersuasion.4. The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?A. placateB. enrageC. fightD. relieve5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.Section B Answering questions(20’)Directions:Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3New tools offer new opportunities, but what are the risks and who benefits?Human intervention for the improvement of crops, trees, livestock and fish is nothing new. For millennia, humans have bred, crossed and selected those varieties, ecotypes and breeds that were more productive, better adapted or particularly useful.Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these allow, for example, the propagation of plant material in glass tubes to keep it free of diseases, and the production of more sensitive and specific reagents for diagnosing diseases in plants, livestock and fish through tissue and cell culture. Others, often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants and animals with preferred characteristics by “reading” at the molecular level, saving precious time and resources.Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deleting a particular gene or genes to produce plants, animals and micro-organisms with novel traits. This kind of genetic manipulation is called “genetic engineering” and the product is a genetically modifiedorganism, or GMO. Both traditional and modern biotechnologies result in plants, animals and micro-organisms with combinations of genes that would not have come about without human intervention. It has to be emphasized, however, that biotechnology includes a range of techniques and products, and GMOs are but one of them.“With the increasingly limited amount of new land available to agriculture, modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,” says Mahmoud Solh, Director of FAO’s Division of Plant Production and Protection.A plant or an animal resistant to a particular disease can be produced through a “traditional” breeding programme, that is, through crosses with resistant relative, selection and backcrossing again, or by the introduction of a gene that confers the resistance through genetic engineering. While the products of both approaches will be disease resistant, only the second one is a GMO. What is new is the ability of scientists to unravel the genome to look at the genes of an organism, and then make use of that information to change the organism, and even transfer genes to another organism very distant in the evolutionary scale. And that is where the controversy comes in.“FAO recognizes that genetic engineering has the potential to help increase production and productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,” says FAO’s Statement on Biotechnology. “It could lead to higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow enough food to feed their people.” But, it adds, FAO “is also aware of the concern about the potential risks posed by certain aspects of biotechnology. These risks fall into two basic categories: the effects on human and animal health and the environmental consequences.”These new tools offer new opportunities for solving problems where traditional techniques have failed. Genetically modified products are usually developed and used for large-scale commercial interests, and with a few exceptions, small-scale farmers have so far not benefited from the technology.The articles in this focus are intended to provide background information on genetic engineering in agriculture for the non-specialist--what it is, how it is being used, how it might be used in the future and possible benefits and risks. If you are new to the subject, you might find it easiest to read the pages in the order shown in the column on the right. Those who would like to pursue the subject further may wish to visit.1. According to the passage, what is called “genetic engineering”?2. What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture?3. Why are small-scale farmers unlikely to benefit from biotechnology?Questions 4-5According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past fewdecades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t Know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name picture more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two language creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person toprocess information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients match on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.4. Why do bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people on tasks that requireconflict management?5. According to the passage, what are the results when monolingual and bilingual adolescentslisten to simple speech sounds with or without intervening background noise?III. Writing (30’)Directions:After Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their outstanding contributions to “experimental research” into the “daunting issue” of global poverty, many have questioned the Nobel Committee’s choice, with some saying China’s poverty alleviation efforts have been the most effective in the world and are more worthy of study. But since the three winners are experts in development economics, this year’s Nobel Prize for economics is seen as highlighting the global need for eradicating poverty and achieving common economic growth.Write a composition of about 400 words on the ANSWER SHEET, in which you should:(1) express your opinion on why poverty alleviation core of development economics andwhat further steps to be taken.(2) give sound arguments to support your view.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization, and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.杭州师范大学2019年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

杭州师范大学硕士研究生招生考试命题纸
杭州师范大学
2019年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题
考试科目代码：828
考试科目名称：写作
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

一．填空题（每格2分，共20分）
1.写作是一种个性化的精神劳动，作者的精神气质和_________必然对写作成品产生巨大影响。

2.写作主体的素质主要包括_________、学识修养、人格品味和_________四个方面。

3.议论有四个基本要素：_________、论点、论据和论证。

4.常用的传统写作技法有：聚焦、_________、_________、那辗、巧合和误会。

5.消息的类别有：动态消息、_________、综合消息、_________。

6.消息中采用最多的一种结构是__________________。

7.叙述视角中最古老的一种是_________。

二．简答题（共10分）
1.消息的特征是什么？（4分）
2.诗歌的审美特征是什么？(6分)
三．写作题（共120分）
学校正在开展审美教育活动，官方公众号准备做一期题为“审美与生活”的推送。

请你撰写一篇推文，要求配上五张以上的图片（图片用文字提示），文字不少于1200字。

2019年考试科目代码828 考试科目名称写作（本考试科目共1页，第1 页）。

2018年杭州师范大学845英语教学基础知识考研真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、判断题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Transferring the information from the news report into a chart is a communicative activity.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：本题考查的是对交际活动的理解。

将新闻报告绘制成图表属于任务型教学内容，不符合交际活动的特点。

因此该表述有误。

2.Asking questions to individual students is better than asking to a whole class, because we can get personalized answers.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：本题考查课堂提问技巧。

对全班整体提问会埋没个别学生的答案，而对个别学生进行提问会占用较多的课堂时间。

因此，两种提问方式不存在孰优孰劣。

因此该表述有误。

3.Reading aloud and silent reading are two different types of reading practice.（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：本题考查阅读练习的类型。

大声朗读和默读是阅读练习的两种不同类型。

因此该表述正确。

4.Based on formative assessment, we will be able to form a sound basis for checking learning and teaching.（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：本题考查形成性评价对教与学的影响。

形成性评价为学生在学习过程中提供更多的学习信息，更有助于教师根据学生的需求调整教学，根据学生学习的程度进行教学。

因此该表述正确。

5.While integrating the four skills can help the development of students, communicative competence,a separate focus on individual aspects of vocabulary, grammar and skills can be overlooked.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：本题考查对整合四项技能的认识。

杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：815者试科目名称： 英语语量文掌基础说明 ：1 、 命题时请 按 有关说明填军清楚 、 完整 ，2、 命题时试题 不得超 过周围边 框 ，3、老 垒答 题时 － 德军在窑 题纸 上 ，否则 漏批 责 任自 负 ；4、 嘴金务必在以"F 商静试.申（酒’掌和文华2l 应用语霄，专业每呈遮徽诵’学方向，试英姐语语’文学专业’盒k 撞文’华方向斌.’.Part 。

ne语雷 学方向 试题（外国语雷鸣自及应用语雷华专业精生选徽 ） I . Define the following terms.（每小题5 分 ，共 15 分）1. semantic compon e nts2. reference3. c ategorizationII . True/ False decision . Write T for true and F for false.（每小题1 分 ，共15 分）1) Al l languages have three m 苟or components: a sound system, a system ofle xico grammar and a system of se阿1antics.（）2) Phonet i cs means that the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It can be div i ded into three m ain fields of stud y-- - -- -art icu l atory phonet i cs, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/ auditory phone tics.（）3)A lingui st needs to be able to kno w all l ang uages i f he wants to stud y li ngui stics.（）4) Creativity refers to the fact that in all l anguages so far inv est igat ed one f i nds two levels of structure or patterning.（）5)Mo rpheme i s both a grammatical concept and a semantic one.（｝6) L oanb l end i s a p rocess in whi ch part of the form is nat i ve and the rest has been borro wed, but the meaning is f ully borrowed.（）7) Linguistics can be defined as the sc i ent i fic stu d y of a particular language.（）8) In the classic semant i c t r i angle, the symbol i s directly to the referent.（）9) Syntax i s the study of the ru l es governing the ways different const i tu ents are comb i ned to form sentences i n a l anguage, or the study of the re l at i onsh i ps between e l ements i n sentence structures.（｝10) In1950s, Chomsky’s publicat i on of与y n臼ctic Structures (1957) helped to i gn i te the cognit i ve revo l ution.（）11) Pragmat i cs i s the study of mean i ng.12) l t i s genera ll y bel i eved that modern li ngu i stics i s mostly descr i pt i v,e diachron i c,and emphatic on wr i ting.（）13) T here ex i st three approaches to the study of language and cogn i t i on. The conceptual approach is concerned with the pa 位erns in wh i ch and the processes bywh i ch conceptua l content is o rgan i zed In language.（）14} Metaphor i nvolves the comparison o f two concepts i n that one i s construed in terms of t he o t her.（）15} Our l anguage can not be used to ta l k i tse l f.m. Answer the questions.（每小题1 0 分，共20 分｝1.Does the traffic light system have duality?2.What is sense?IV.Discuss．（每小15题分，共30分）! .Conceptual meaning2.S ense relationsPart Two.1.Fill in the blank in each of the statements with one word from thebox: { 20 points )raising v i ew making externa l cou「se th i nkoutputprocess gaps learne「S referred internal f eatu「ementaltheory proceeds factors attitudes do self-cor「ect1. The goals o f SLAγthen,a「e to desc「ibe how L2acq uis it ion _1_ and to explain this process and why some _2_ seem to be better at it than others.2.T he goal o f exp l anation is to identify the _3_ and _ 4_ factors that account for acquiring an L2.3.The Descript i on of L2 acquisit i on tries to find out what l earners 「eal l y-_5 , as opposed to what they _6_ they do, when they try to learn an L2.4. It is possible that_7_errors may actual l y help l earne「s to learn when they _8_ the errors they make.5. E「r o「s are a conspicuous _9_ of learner l anguage, _10_ the important question of’Why do l earners make errors?'.6. T he acquis i t i on o f a part i c u lar grammatica l structure must be seen as a_11_ involving trans i tiona l construction and follows a U-shaped _12_ ofdevelopment.7. S ystemati c development o f learner lang u age reflects a _ 13_ system o fL2 knowledge. And this system is o ft en _14_ toas inte「langu age.8. T o understand what i s meant by i nt e「language, we need to briefly cons i der beh avior i st learning_15_and mentalist_1一6＿o f l anguage l earning.9. The 「ole o f _17 _ i n L2 acquisition serves a consciousness-raisingfunction by helping learners to notice_18_in t h「e i n t e l n u a ge.10. Social_19一＿i n fl u en ce interlaguage deve l opment via the impact theyhave on the _20_ that determ i ne the k inds of language use learners engage i n.日 .Explain the following terms briefly. (30point s}1.learner lang u age2.ta「ge t l anguage3.input4.m i s t a k e5.er「or6. interlanguage7. mot i vation8. N egat i ve t r ans f er9. overgenalizat i on 10 .lang u age aptitudem Answer the following questions (20 points )1.What, according to R。

注：印文线条可以用钢笔、水笔等描成一定的粗细变化，凸显印文风格特征，以符合试题要求。

2．书法创作构图（计2小题，70分，完成于答题纸上，标明附件２、附件３）：根据以下所提供的创作素材内容（文字），遵循具体要求，完成2件书法作品的创作构图（创作小稿）。

要求正确使用繁体字，根据章法需要，可以题款、勾画印位或印文，但题款与印文中均不得透露考生姓名、斋号、别名、地区等反映身份的可查信息，不得做任何与答题无关的标记。

（１）选取素材中“发翰摅藻”4字，完成1件书法作品的创作构图。

要求：书体为行书、草书两体中任选其一；幅式为横幅；正文4字须用双钩法出之。

（本小题30分）（２）选取提供的素材中适当的字数（28字以上，拟作小楷者可用全篇）完成1件书法作品的创作构图。

要求：书体为篆书、隶书、楷书三体中任选其一；幅式为竖幅；正文用单钩法出之。

（本小题40分，用篆书创作者酌情加分）创作素材内容：惟六书之为体，美草法之最奇。

杜垂名于古昔，皇著法乎今斯。

字要妙而有好，势奇绮而分驰。

解隶体之细微，散委曲而得宜。

乍杨柳而奋发，似龙凤之腾仪。

应神灵之变化，象日月之盈亏。

书纵竦而植立，衡平体而均施。

或敛束而相抱，或婆娑而四垂。

或攒翦而齐整，或上下而参差。

或阴岑而高举，或落箨而自披。

其布好施媚，如明珠之陆离。

发翰摅藻，如春华之扬枝。

提墨纵体，如美女之长眉。

其滑泽淆易，如长溜之分歧。

其骨梗强壮，如柱础之丕基。

其断除弓尽，如工匠之尽规。

其芒角吟牙，如严霜之傅枝。

众巧百态，无不尽奇。

宛转翻覆，如丝相持。

——杨泉《草书赋》二、创作体会（凡1题，共45分）论题范围与要求：根据上述“篆刻创作构图”或“书法创作构图”所完成的作品构图，选取其中2件，谈谈自己的创作构思（思路），以及在现实创作中完成该作品时拟采用的表现手段（方法）等，完成500—1000字的短文1篇，题目自拟。

（完成于答题纸上，标明附件4、附件5）。

杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语历年考研真题集(2019～2020) 本真题集由考途学者倾情汇编，仅供研友学习！真题集内容:2020年杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语考研真题2019年杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语考研真题2020浙江杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语考研真题I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)SectionAMultiple choice (20’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Creativity should not be as an exceptional talent; it is a basic skill that can be mastered with the right teaching.A. replacedB. perceivedC. cultivatedD. probed2. These guests were to the host for his gracious and impressive hospitality.A. contemptuousB. resentfulC. obligedD. mighty3. Whatever we attempt to do, we mustn’t our main objective.A. attainB. rejectC. lose sight ofD. prosecute4. With the passage of time, some words are beginning to a new sense.A. go aboutB. take onC. draw uponD. turn out5. Tourism, particularly ecotourism, helps promote of wildlife and natural resources.A. conservationB. distinctionC. extinctionD. aspiration6. Despite the changes in this country, many tough issues remain unsolved.A. radicalB. reversibleC. rigorousD. insensible7. Life is stressful, so it is always difficult to work, school and family.A. encounterB. eliminateC. illuminateD. prioritize8. People who diabetes have to minimize their daily consumption of sugar.A. make up forB. crack down onC. take fancy toD. are stricken with9. The city was paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. virtuallyD. positively10. The changes brought about by digital technologies have impacted the whole world.A. novelB. adverseC. profoundD. prospective11. The camps are not usual tent-type camps. They are mostly long-established,structures, often with strange Islamic names.A. historicalB. monotonousC. permanentD.raw12. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A. massiveB. quantitativeC. surplusD. formidable13. The manufacturing in China is expected to continue to expand in 2019 despite the slight decline of an index.A. versionB. sectorC. questD.factor14. Researchers say that cigarettes is necessary to dramatically reduce the chance of cardiovascular problems.A. carrying outB. breaking outC. cutting outD. putting out15. Economic recessions will weaken one’s confidence in the government and threaten social.A. cohesionB. erosionC. illusionD. evasion16. The Mexican settlers built cities and missions in what become California.A. used toB. would ratherC. was toD. had better17. Each of us is working hard to get happiness which brings substantialbenefits for society .A. by mere chanceB. at great lengthC. all at onceD. as a whole18. Although the colonists ______ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted19. Most readers believe that this book is, thoughtful and informative.A. intriguingB. ambiguousC. compulsiveD. imperative20. Some of the recent actions of the government are their statementof policy.A. in the interest ofB. in conformity withC. in proportion toD. in the event ofSectionB Proofreading and error correction (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximumof ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing word mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank providedat the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhenΛart museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitMany people are disturbed by the genetic diversify of (1) cancers--- an inevitable result of random evolution. (2) Cancer therapies used to be applied fairly random or (3) Carelessly, but nowadays many believe that effectivetherapies need to be specific and tailoring to genetic (4) faults in each individual’s cancer. Therefore, a personalized(5)treatment disregards the most fundamental reason (6)it is difficult to cure cancers once for all: cancer cellsadapt and evolve with response to treatment. Even drugs (7) that are initially effective often have a progressive (8) diminishing effect, as the biological systems blockedof the treatment spontaneously compensateof rerouting (9)the cancer cell’s internal wiring, in restoring the cancer’s (10)ability to spread. To use an analogy, in the absence ofshort cuts, evolution takes over: naturally arising mutantcancer cells that are resistant to the targeted drug rapidlyoutgrow their disabled siblings and cancer comes back.II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiplechoice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on theanswer sheet.Passage AThe language of rights now dominates political debate in the UnitedStates. Does the Government respect the moral and political rights of itscitizens? Or does the Government’s war policy, or its race policy, flyin the face of these rights? Do the minorities whose rights have beenviolated have the right to violate the law in return? Or does the silentmajority itself have rights, including the right that those who break the law be published? It is not surprising that these questions are now prominent. The concept of rights, and particularly the concept of rights against the Government, has its most natural use when a political society is divided, and appeals to co-operation or a common goal are pointless.The debate does not include the issue of whether citizens have some moral rights against their Government. It seems accepted on all sides that they do. Conventional lawyers and politicians take it as a point of pride that our legal system recognizes, for example, individual rights of free speech, equality, and due process. They base their claim that our law deserves respect, at least in part, on that fact, for they would not claim that totalitarian system deserve the same loyalty.Some philosophers, of cause, reject the idea that citizens have rights apart from what the law happens to give them. Bentham thought that the idea of moral rights was “nonsense on stilts”. But that view has never been part of our orthodox political theory, and politicians of both parties appeal to the rights of the people to justify a great part of what they want to do. I shall not be concerned, in this essay, to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governments; I want instead to explore the implications of that thesis for those, including the present United States Government, who profess to accept it.It is much in dispute, of cause, what particular rights citizens have. Does the acknowledged right to free speech, for example, include the right to participate in nuisance demonstrations? In practice, the Government will have the last word on what an individual’s rights are, because its police will do what the officials and courts say. But that does not mean that the Government’s view is necessarily the correct view, anyone who thinks it does must believe that men and women have such moral rights as Government chooses to grant, which means they have no moral rights at all.All this is sometimes obscured in the United States by the constitutional system. The American Constitution provides a set of individual legal rights in the First Amendment, and in due process, equal protection, and similar clauses. Under present legal practice the Supreme Court has the power to declare an act of Congress or of a state legislature void if the Court finds that the act offends these provisions. This practice has had some commentators to suppose that individual moral rights are fully protected by this system, but that is hardly so, nor could it be so.1. In the United States nowadays__________.A. politicians are discussing about the right language.B. politicians are debating about what is right and what is wrong.C. language is the most important theme in the political debate.D. we can hear lots of talks about rights.2. It is only natural that questions about citizens’ rights are now prominent because__________A. the minorities are violating the law.B. the political society in the USA is divided.C. the silent majority wants to punish those who have violated the law.D. people are looking for a common goal.3. Which of the following statements is not true?A. It is generally agreed that citizens should have some moral rights.B. It is a moral right of the citizens to respect the legal system.C. Citizens’ moral rights include free speech, equality and due process.D. The legal system deserves respect because it recognizes citizens’ moral rights.4. In this essay the author will not be concerned to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governmentbecause__________A. this thesis has never bee put into question in the mainstream political theory.B. he shares the view of those philosophers who think that citizens only have the rights that the law gives them.C. this thesis has appeal to politicians of both parties.D. the United States government professes to accept this thesis.5. The author believes that__________A. the United States Constitut ion protects citizens’ moral rights but the government does not.B. the Supreme Court has the power to protect citizens’ moral rights but it does not do that.C. Citizens’ moral rights could not be fully protected by the present legal practice.D. the United States Constitution does not have provisions that fully protect citizens’ moral rights.Passage BWhat do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavorably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organized by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd,or even offensive.“Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives,” says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr. Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: “This is not about spin, this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr. Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr. Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonize people further.The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr. Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he offered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.1. Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does h arm to people‘s health and environment.B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.D. Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, or even insulting.B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry.C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products.D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems.3. According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firmsexcept__________A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.C. Not to care about the past.D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion.4. The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?A. placateB. enrageC. fightD. relieve5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments. Section B Answering quest ions(20’)Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3New tools offer new opportunities, but what are the risks and who benefits?Human intervention for the improvement of crops, trees, livestock and fish is nothing new. For millennia, humans have bred, crossed and selected those varieties, ecotypes and breeds that were more productive, better adapted or particularly useful.Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these allow, for example, the propagation of plant material in glass tubes to keep it free of diseases, and the production of more sensitive and specific reagents for diagnosing diseases in plants, livestock and fish through tissue and cell culture. Others, often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants and animals with preferred characteristics by “reading” at the molecular level, saving precious time and resources.Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deleting a particular gene or genes to produce plants, animals and micro-organisms with novel traits. This kind of genetic manipulation is called “genetic engineering” and the product is a genetically modified organism, or GMO. Both traditional and modern biotechnologies result in plants, animals and micro-organisms with combinations of genes that would not have come about without human intervention. It has to be emphasized, however, that biotechnology includes a range of techniques and products, and GMOs are but one of them.“With the increasingly limited amount of new land available to agriculture, modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,” says Mahmoud Solh, Director of FAO’s Division of Plant Production and Protection.A plant or an animal resistant to a particular disease can be produced through a “traditional” breeding programme, that is, through crosses with resistant relative, selection and backcrossing again, or by the introduction of a gene that confers the resistance through genetic engineering. While the products of both approaches will be disease resistant, only the second one is a GMO. What is new is the ability of scientists to unravel the genome to look at the genes of an organism, and then make use of that information to change the organism, and even transfer genes to another organism very distant in the evolutionary scale. And that is where the controversy comes in.“FAO recognizes that genetic e ngineering has the potential to help increase production and productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,” says FAO’s Statement on Biotechnology. “It could lead to higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow enough food to f eed their people.” But, it adds, FAO “is also aware of theconcern about the potential risks posed by certain aspects of biotechnology. These risks fall into two basic categories: the effects on human and animal health and the environmental consequences.”These new tools offer new opportunities for solving problems where traditional techniques have failed. Genetically modified products are usually developed and used for large-scale commercial interests, and with a few exceptions, small-scale farmers have so far not benefited from the technology.The articles in this focus are intended to provide background information on genetic engineering in agriculture for the non-specialist--what it is, how it is being used, how it might be used in the future and possible benefits and risks. If you are new to the subject, you might find it easiest to read the pages in the order shown in the column on the right. Those who would like to pursue the subject further may wish to visit.1. According to the passage, what is cal led “genetic engineering”?2. What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture?3. Why are small-scale farmers unlikely to benefit from biotechnology?Questions 4-5According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If y ou hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects wo uld look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t Know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name picture more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongu e states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two language creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quic kly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual peopleoften excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five yearslater than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients match on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.4. Why do bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people on tasks that require conflict management?5. According to the passage, what are the results when monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds with or without intervening background noise?III. Writing (30’)Directions:After Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their outstanding contributions to “experimental research” into the “daunting issue” of global poverty, many have questioned the Nobel Committee’s choice, with some saying China’s poverty al leviation efforts have been the mosteffective in the world and are more worthy of study. But since the three winners are experts in development economics, this year’s Nobel Prize for economics is seen as highlighting the global need for eradicating poverty and achieving common economic growth.Write a composition of about 400 words on the ANSWER SHEET, in which you should:(1) express your opinion on why poverty alleviation core of development economics and what further steps to be taken.(2) give sound arguments to support your view.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization, and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.2019浙江杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语考研真题I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Mr. Jeffrey had just___________ the shell of the boiled crab and was starting to peel it off.A. crackedB. burstC. fracturedD. clanked2. Last week the bishop preached a farewell sermon to a(n) ___________ that have known him very well since he moved here.A. congregationB. audienceC. progressionD. population3. I don’t doubt ___________ the plan will be well implemented.A. howB. thatC. whichD. whether4. The old woman had an ___________ habit of emptying ash trays out of her upstairs window onto my doorstep.A. offendingB. offensiveC. uneducatedD. objectionable5. The physician reassured me that the pain in my leg would ___________ one hour after I took the medicine as I was told.A. wear awayB. wear offC. wear downD. wear out6. The phone call my parents just gave me aroused a(n) ___________ feeling of homesickness in me.A. intenseB. intensiveC. hopelessD. forceful7. The professor said that he would translate a Chinese fiction if he could find a(n) ___________ to help him proof-read his translation.A. collaboratorB. accompliceC. allyD. confederate8. Although WildAid has been trying to stop the slaughter of sharks for their fins, current regulations rarely curtail ___________ to the degree needed to restore shark population.A. sharks are huntedB. the hunting of sharksC. to hunt sharksD. sharks hunted9. The mere prospect of a performance of one of their operas was enough to set them to running up bills amounting to ___________ their prospective royalties.A. ten times the number ofB. ten times the amount ofC. the number of ten timesD. as ten times as the amount of10. The ___________ of plastic containers is one of the problems that the local environmental agency has to deal with.A. dispositionB. dispersalC. disposalD. dissolution11. The forecast predicted ___________ weather with rain, sunshine, thunder and wind and that is just what they have had.A. fluctuatingB. differingC. rangingD. variable12. The research involves a study of the human heart which leads us through。