(完整版)2019年考研英语一真题

Section I Use of English1. 【C】Few 词义辨析题;此题考查考生对于前后文语境的把握;首句中提出“今天我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的without a phone，可知，此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few，符合文意;2. 【C】run 固定搭配;此题考查与介词on的搭配情况;run on battery表示手机使用电池得以运行;其他选项的搭配为：put on(增加;假装;使…上场);take on(承担;呈现;具有;流行);come on( 快点;开始;要求;上演;);语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on搭配;3. 【B】If 逻辑关系;此处考查逻辑关系。

空格处所在句为“... 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”;前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择if;其余选项：since(因为，自从); though(虽然); until(直到) 代入后，不符合语义表达;4. 【D】literally词义辨析题;空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”;literally表示确实地，真正地;符合语义表达;其余选项：formally(正式地);relatively(相对地);gradually(逐渐地)不符合语义表达;5. 【A】back词义辨析题;出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”，只有back 与前文的lost(迷路)形成相互呼应，故而选择back;6. 【B】off 词义辨析题;空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己...路径。

但不是完全...的区域。

你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个..是下坡路?哪里有最近的水源?”因此，根据句意表达，off(远离，离开)符合句意;其它选项：onto(在…之上;对…了解);across (穿过，根穿)，alone (独白地，单独地)，故选择off;7. 【D】unfamiliar 词义辨析题;根据出题处的语义表达，“为当你发现自己...路径。

2019考研英语一真题完整版第一篇阅读理解（共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）A.The surprise guest that appeared onstage during Prince’s show at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 2009；B. The reaction of the audience when Prince hugged Kevin Smith at a basketball game；C. The stories of Prince's noteworthy impromptu performances；D. The influence of Prince's unexpected appearances on his fans' emotional state.第二篇阅读理解（共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）C. Work from home will be a lasting trend in the post-pandemic world；B. Some traditional companies are reluctant to embrace remote work； D. How companies can integrate the benefits of remote work with the advantages of office work； A. The challenges that remote workers face and how to overcome them.第三篇阅读理解（共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）B. Parents can have a positive influence on their children's attitude towards money；C. Children's financial habits can be shaped by their parents' behavior；D. Teaching children about money management from an early age is essential； A. The importance of open communication between parents and children about money.第四篇阅读理解（共3小题，每小题3分，共9分）C. Protecting vulnerable populations and addressing health disparities；B. Improving healthcare systems to enhance public health emergency response； A. Strengthening global health security through collaboration and cooperation.第五篇仔细阅读（共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）B. The importance of language in shaping our perception of the world；D. The connection between culture and language； C. The impact of language on our cognition and behavior；E. The potential limitations of language in expressing certain concepts； A. The role of language in facilitating communication and social interaction.写作部分（共两篇，满分45分）第一篇翻译（共2小题，每小题15分，共30分）Directions:单词或汉语译成英语。

2019年考研英语⼀真题及答案解析完整版2019年考研已经结束，为⽅便考⽣备考，特整理2019年全国硕⼠研究⽣考试真题，供各位考⽣复习使⽤，以下是2019年英语（⼀）考研真题及答案解析。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored th e area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave onthe landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. ⽣活在⼀个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应⽤程序都在我们的智能⼿机上轻易获取”。

2019考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版各位读友大家好！你有你的木棉，我有我的文章，为了你的木棉，应读我的文章！若为比翼双飞鸟，定是人间有情人！若读此篇优秀文，必成天上比翼鸟！2019考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版Section I Use of English 1. C few 2. C run 3. B If 4. D literally 5. A back 6. B off7. D unfamiliar 8. C way9. A so10. D eventually 11. A surprised12. B option13. D For example14. C spot15. B through16. D breaks17. A artificial18. A Finally19. B mark 20. C lead Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1 21. A enhance banker's sense of responsibility22. D "short-termism" in economic activities23. B adverse24. C the approaches to promoting"long-termism"25. B Patience as a Corporate Virtue Text 226. D The influence of consumer culture27. A To help freshmen adapt to college learning28. A obtain more financial support29. C to be identical with each other30. C analyzing the causes behind it Text 331. C involves some concerns raised by AI today32.D is too limited for us to reproduce it33. B is still beyond our capacity34.A affirmation35. C The conscience of AI:Complex But Inevitable Text 4 36. C make more online shopper pay sale tax37. D were considered unfavorable by states38. C harmed fair market competition39.B big-chain owners 40. A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequences Part B 新题型41. E42. D43. G 44. B45. A PartC Translation46. 医学期刊中存在大量由广播公司和新闻媒体报道的这种无稽之谈，这会导致健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any HO you find, you should 10 see signs of people.2If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights —you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

Use of EnglishSection IDirections:and numbered blank Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)other maps, and Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digitalwalk us of just navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1and on batteries, straight into the woods without 2 a phone. But phonesyou get lost without a phone or a 3 batteries can die faster than we realize. navigate you tricks may 4 help can't find north, a few you compass, andto civilization, one of which is to follow the land. 5area of 7 When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely this in is downhill, Which you have to answer two questions: land,8particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly , if you head downhill, and live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 see signs of people.O you find, you should 10 follow any H2 you before, keep an eye out for familiar sights –If you've explored the arearestore tree can distinctive rock or 11 how quickly identifying a may beyour bearings.: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. Another 1213 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20 you to civilization.英语（一）试题-1-（共14 页）B. MostC. SomeD. All 1. A. FewD. come C. run B. take 2. A. putD. If B. Until 3. A. Since C. ThoughD. relatively B. literally A. formally C. gradually 4.D. next 5. B. away C. back A. aroundD. off C. across A. onto B. along 6.D. uncrowded 7. C. unchanged B. unfamiliar A. unattractiveD. place B. point A. way C. site 8.D. Besides 9. B. Yet C. SoA. InsteadD. intentionally C. unexpectedly B. eventually 10. A. immediatelyD. confused C. surprised A. frightened 11. B. annoyedD. option C. view 12. A. problem B. resultD. In contrast A. Above all 13. C. On average B. For exampleD. separate 14. B. avoid C. bridge A. spotD. through B. under A. from 15. C. beyondD. links B. breaks C. shades A. posts 16.D. limited B. mysterious A. hidden 17. C. artificialD. Generally 18. B. Consequently A. Finally C. IncidentallyD. marks A. memories 19. B. belongings C. notesD. exposeC. restrictA. lead 20.B. adaptSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)英语（一）试题-2-（共14 页）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable forharmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism,”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companiesto defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall StreetJournal finds that “a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.英语（一）试题-3-（共14 页）21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is toA. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.B. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility.C. build a new system of financial regulation.D. help corporations achieve larger profits.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.B. governments' impatience in decision-making.C. the conditions for generating quick profits.D. “short-termism”in economic activities.23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. minimal.B. indirect.C. adverse.D. temporary.24. The US and France examples are used to illustrateA. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.”B. the prevalence of short-term thinking.C. the significance of long-term thinking.D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesB. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismC. Patience as a Corporate VirtueD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers英语（一）试题-4-（共14 页）Text 2the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) Grade inflation –in era a consumer often considered a product of is over the past few decades –higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. Buttalogs called “grade a policy often buried deep in course caanother, related force –is helping raise GPAs.forgiveness”–Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received athat only one the the highest grade is low grade, and the most recent grade orl GPA.counts in calculating a student's overalas recent years, practice has accelerated in Theuse of this little-knowncolleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class inBut college-level courses. their transition to their first year if they struggled innow most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less courses retake encouraging students to the grade itself and more about about penalty. big incurring a degree program and graduation without critical to their “Ultimately,”said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, “we see students subsequent better in a course and do success achieve more because they retake courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' ownneeds as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their better so –retention such as graduation rates and student on success metrics grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that who, at the end of the day, are paying the raises GPAs will likely make students –they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bill feel –big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding parents and Since students education. consumers' to expectations for higherexpect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turnor at least appear to be. On this, out graduates who are as qualified as possible –to be aligned.students' and colleges' incentives seem英语（一）试题-5-（共14 页）26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. Colleges' neglect of GPAs.B. The influence of consumer culture.C. Students' indifference to GPAs.D. The change of course catalogs.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.B. To increase universities' income from tuition.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. improve their teaching quality.C. boost their student enrollments.D. meet local governments' needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To be contradictory to each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To complement each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. listing its long-run effects.C. comparing different views on it.D. analyzing the causes behind it.英语（一）试题-6-（共14 页）Text 3Frankenstein; This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the or, The Modern Prometheus electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fictionthat would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.fundamental raises intelligence (AI) the rapid growth of artificial Today questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”would that intelligence, machines being called artificial general What is imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans,fi TV series such as “Westworld”similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-and “Humans.”alone understood, let too complex to be Just how people think is still farreproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand. Thecoming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions maybe a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences,. AI “vision”today is not and what their eyes and ears tell them in that momentimaginable every And to anticipate as sophisticated as that of humans. nearly driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot-based of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singaporeagency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical useare mega-corporations governments and AI. Along with Singapore, other ofethics a data Britain is setting up guidelines. beginning to establish their own center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.cause would deploy AI”that “design June 7 Google pledged not to or On-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that “overall harm,”or to develop AIuse AI whose not also pledged to deploy norms. would violate international It would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the ideathat decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be usefulservants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.英语（一）试题-7-（共14 页）is mentioned because itFrankenstein's novel 31. Mary Shelleyinvolves some concerns raised by AI today.A.has remained popular for as long as 200 years. B.fascinates AI scientists all over the world. C.has sparked serious ethical controversies. D.s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessIn David Eagleman'32.helps explain artificial intelligence. A.is too limited for us to reproduce it. B.inspires popular sci-fi TV series. C.can be misleading to robot making. D.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles33.can hardly ever be found. A.has aroused much curiosity. B.is still beyond our capacity. C.causes little public concern. D.s pledges is one of''s attitude toward Google34. The authorcontempt. A.skepticism. B.respect. C.affirmation. D.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?35.The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable A.the Novel Predicting the Age of AI Frankenstein,B.s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants AI'C.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlD.页）-8-英语（一）试题（共14Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they makeonline purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping acustomer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,”he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants fromcompeting on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, sincethey usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state ora few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field forlocal and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”英语（一）试题-9-（共14 页）36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. put most online businesses in a dilemma.B. force some states to cut sales tax.C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D. better businesses' relations with states.37. It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. were widely criticized by online purchasers.B. have cost consumers a lot over the years.C. have led to the dominance of e-commerce.D. were considered unfavorable by states.38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development.B. harmed fair market competition.C. boosted growth in states' revenue.D. brought prosperity to the country.39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A. Big-chain owners.B. Third-party sellers.C. Internet entrepreneurs.D. Small retailers.40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. presents its main points with conflicting views on them.B. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.C. cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications.D. describes the long and complicated process of its making.英语（一）试题-10-（共14 页）Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, youare required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing fromthe list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument –not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues thatdivide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk andwork together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from averbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding –then we change the very nature of what it means to “win”an argument.B. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegiewrote: “There is only one way …to get the best of an argument –and that isto avoid it.”This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on amistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personaland social lives –and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.C. None of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next timeyou state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim andhonestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talkwith someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.英语（一）试题-11-（共14 页）Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be carefulD.not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn howbad calling out part of evaluation is to evaluate them properly. A largeand to admit good arguments by opponents we also need to arguments, butto you ourselves. to Humility requires apply the same critical standards sometimes also to accept recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and reasons on the opposite side.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing theE.minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell, “No,”neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, suppose cooperation. In contrast, basis and we have no for compromise oryou give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live higher that a reasonable in poverty. Then I counter with another argument:for less time. fewer people minimum wage will force businesses to employ shared our other's Now we can understand each positions and recognizevalues, since we both care about needy workers.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation asF.get by can win cheating as long as you don't a fight or competition, youcaught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You canthese about None of how ignorant they are. call their views stupid, or joketricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that dividein one way. you, but they can help you win –oftenwe which is how right G. Carnegie would be if arguments were fights,sides leave both verbal think of them. Like physical fights, fights canbloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would say, competitions dismal if arguments were even just –like, almost be astennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking isand politics about avoid arguments, especially to so why many people try religion.45.C→→44.F41.→42.→→43.→Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how various frequently to recognise was. I came bad much of the medical literature signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal ofby up which, when taken medical this kind of nonsense in the journals broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.The Natural lished? A recent paper, titled “Why is so much bad science pubs open science website, , published on the Royal SocietySelection of Bad Science”'attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problemcareer our current of system people is not merely that do bad science, but thatbut not truth, is advancement positively encourages it. What important is publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research posthas to have published twice the number of papers that would have been requiredthe then, count 10 for the same post only years ago. Never mind the quality, number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of applicant's papers.the the scientific literature, quoted times a paper has been elsewhere inof one more that an important paper will be cited often than being assumptionthat it were not the fact for if This small account. (49) would be reasonable scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.of metrics, simple such as number individual's Boiling down an output to publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metricsto assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensure must and is both meaningful reproducible, we science that ensuring ourthat our institutions encourage that kind of science.WritingSection IIIPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, –you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)途中英语（一）试题-14-（共14 页）2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题参考答案○○Ⅰ．英语知识运用1. A2. C3. D4. B5. C10. B 9. C 6. D 7. B 8. A15. D 11. C 14. A 12. D 13. B20. A16. B 19. D18. A17. CⅡ．阅读理解A节25. C 24. A 21. B 22. D 23. C30. D 26. B 29. C 27. D 28. A35. A 33. C 31. A 32. B 34. D40. B36. C 39. A38. B37. D节B45. A44. D43. E41. B 42. G节C医学期刊中充斥着这类无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播，就会引起46. 健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧。

2019年考研英语一真题完整版SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s )foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonthe ANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexoneforthey oungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhi sfriends,1thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoun gmancan 2alikelyspouseonhisownand thenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyo ungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlit tletosayintheselection. 4,agirlmayvetoth espouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselect ed,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesure itschildismarrying 6agoodfamily. Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Former lyitlastedthreedays,7bythe1980sitmorec ommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferasho rtsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsofthece remonyinvolveritualhaircutting,9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists,and 10acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespected couplestoblessthe11.Newlywe dstraditionallymoveinwiththewife’sparentsandmay 12withthemuptoayear, 13theycanbuildanewhousenearby. Divorceislegalandeasyto14,butnotcommon.Divorcedpe rsonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe17intothemarriage,andjointly -acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedp ersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewoman mustwaittenmonths.1.[A]bywayof[B]onbehalfof[C]aswellas[D]withregardto2.[A]adaptto[B]providefor[C]competewith[D]decideon3.[A]close[B]renew[C]arrange[D]postpone4.[A]Aboveall[B]Intheory[C]Intime[D]Forexample5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless6.[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through7.[A]since[B]but[C]or[D]so8.[A]copy[B]test[C]recite[D]create9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving11.[A]meeting[B]collection[C]association[D]union12.[A]grow[B]part[C]deal[D]live13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]if[D]for14.[A]obtain[B]follow[C]challenge[D]avoid15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed16.[A]whatever[B]however[C]whenever[D]wherever17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided19.[A]breaks[B]warms[C]shows[D]clears20.[A]sothat[B]while[C]once[D]inthat SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequest ionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Marky ouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion ,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostana bsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalaw thatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonru nways. Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat “inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting. Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysug gestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendu pimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyo ndprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestode ath —assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmustta keresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen ,especiallyt eenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustuset odeterminetheirindividualworth .Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andm anymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbiterso ftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeoplesho uldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacte randintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwa sp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepun ishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeaut yasskin-deep—andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelth atdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodym asscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison. Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfo cusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodyty pes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountrie s,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformode lsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenf orcement.IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctions regardingtheage,health,andothercharacteris ticsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCha rterclearlystates:“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthe fashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyo nyoungpeople.”Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersan dmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek,whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitre liesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance . Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthe misuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbe tterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthe materialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappenin France?[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.[B]Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.[C]Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.[D]Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.22.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para2)isclosestinmeaningto[A]heighteningthevalueof.[B]indicatingthestateof.[C]losingfaithin.[D]doingharmto.23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?[A]TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.[B]NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.[C]Modelarenolongerunderpeerpressure.[D]Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor[A]settingahighagethresholdformodels.[B]caringtoomuchaboutmodels’character.[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.[D]pursuingperfectphysicalconditions.25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?[A]TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustry.[B]JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty.[C]ADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFrance.[D]AChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals. Text2 Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthanint hecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalH ealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestof theircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport. AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnott orescuestylishhousesbuttosave “thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience “arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgree nbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcretecons umesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship. Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoend orsethissentiment.TheConservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorit yoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsu stainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofit/doc/8a784098854769eae 009581b6bd97f192379bf11.htmlbourlikewisewantstod iscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelop ment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassided withthosepleadingforamoreconsideredappro achtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEngla ndstruckterrorintomanylocalConsecutivepart ies. Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandoffices iswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroyd recentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamil lionhousesintheLondonarealone,withnointrusionongre enbet.WhatistrueofLondoniseventruerofthepr ovinces. Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesb ut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturba nrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-towns hoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketb utabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegr ownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingsti ckstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.We donotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones? Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNeth erlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountry planninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralc oherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.T hereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIre land.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.26.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthecountryside[A]didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanage.[B]hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.[C]isfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.[D]isnotwellreflectedinpolitics.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNati onalTrustarenowbe[A]graduallydestroyed.[B]effectivelyreinforced.[C]largelyovershadowed.[D]properlyprotected.28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 ?[A]Labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.[B]TheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”building.[C]TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.[D]Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’spreference[A]highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.[B]showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.[C]stressesthenecessityfeasingthehousingcrisis.[D]revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciation of\[A]thesizeofpopulationinBritain.[B]thepoliticallifeintoday’sBritain.[C]theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.[D]thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.Text3 “Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness es,”WroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist, “Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesign edtoincreaseitsprofit”.Butevenifyouacc eptFiredman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR) policiesaswasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.Newresearc hsuggesttheCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcom panies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption. ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmo rethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanest imatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheir businessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewil lingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesit helps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse “haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromc onsumersandothers. PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingth eseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedby allthree.Arecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylooki ngatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsincep rosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany’sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinflu encedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewitht hemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtoget morelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibili tythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccoun tedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontribu tedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshould onlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydos eemtobeinfluencedbyacompany’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincrea singcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgen erallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentf orbridingforeignofficials,”saysoneresearcher. Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswertheque stionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.N ordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingontheha loeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,w hentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleastthey havedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintot roublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthe malesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwith[A]tolerance[B]skepticism[C]uncertainty[D]approval32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby[A]winningtrustfromconsumers.。

2019考研英语一真题(完整版)金额及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost off-trail without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization，one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3.[A] Since [B] If [C] Through [D] Until4.[A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [ D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D]away6.[A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7. [A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A]site [B]point [ C]way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frighted [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] form [B]through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] Memories [B]marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A ] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, h as worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information at the speed of Twitter, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Para1, one motive in imposing the new rule is toA. enhance banker’s sense of responsibility.B. help corporations achieve larger profits.C. build a new system of financial regulation.D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profits.B. governments’ impatience in decision-making.C. he solid structure of publicly traded companies.D. “short-termism” in economic activities.23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirect.B. adverse.C. minimal.D. temporary.24. The U.S. and France examples are used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. The prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism.B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue.C. Decisiveness of Qisk-taking Bankers.D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers.Text 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point average) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s register, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satis fies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tiedpartly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least app ear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The influence of consumer culture.B. Students’ indifference to GPAs.C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.D. The change of course catalogs.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.B. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. boost their student enrollment.B. improve their teaching quality.C. obtain more financial support.D. meet local governments’ need.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be contradictory to each other.D. To be identical with each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The Modern P rometheus,” by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow myriad ethical questions to be spawned by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would mimic the way humans think, continues to elude scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.”Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist and science adviser for “Westworld.” “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles for example, poses gnarly ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past drivingexperiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.O n June 7 Google pledged to not “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged to not deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentio ned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remain popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. auses little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author's attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al.C. The Conscience of Al: Complex But Inevitable.D. AI Shall Be killers once Out of Control.Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a bigfinancial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying thesales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four oth er justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA . Dette business’ revolutions with states.B. put most online business in a dilemma.C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D. force some states to cut sales tax.37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionA . have led to the dominance of e-commerce.B . have cost consumers a lot over the years.C. were widely criticized by online purchases.D. were consider unfavorable by states.38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development .B. brought prosperity to the country.C. harmed fair market competition.D. boosted growth in states’ revenue.39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A. Internet enterpreneurs.B. Big-chair owners.C. Third-party sellers.D. Small retailers.40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.B. describes the long and complicated process of its making.C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them.D. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating youropponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that dividepeople. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the oppsite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41.→42.→F→43.→44.→C→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show thatpeople who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to control this inflation, for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement, to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivise that kind ofscience.46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.47. Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.48. Attempts have been made to curb this tendency for example, by trying to incorporate some measures of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.49. This would be reasonable, if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favour.50. If we are serious about ensuring that our science both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools” project o f your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWR SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 p oints)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your Writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER. (20 points)2019考研英语一参考答案完型填空：1.few2. run3.if 4 literally 5.back 6. off 7 unfamiliar 8way 9.so 10. eventually11. surprised 12. Option 13 for example spot 15through 16 breaks 17 artificial18. generally 19.marks 20leadText 121 D enhance banker's sense of responsibility22 C "short-termism" in economic activities23 A adverse24 B the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 A patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D the change of course catalogs27 C to help freshmen adapt to college learning28 D obtain more financial support29 B to complement each other30 C analyzing the causes behind itText331C involves some concerns raised by AI today 32D is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B is still beyond our capacity34 A affirmation35 B Frankenstein, the Novel predicting the Age of AIText436 C make more online shopper pay sale tax37 D were considered unfavorable by states38 C harmed fair market competition 39B big-chain owners 40 A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequencesPartBE—D—G—B--A参考译文46.在医学期刊中存在大量的这种无稽之谈，当广播公司和非专业媒体采用时，会产生健康恐慌和一时兴起的饮食热情。

2019年英语（一）考研真题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a f ew tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B]If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally5. [A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away6. [A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C]On average [D]For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under16. [A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]incidentally [D]Generally19. [A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]exposeSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarte rly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as change s in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economics activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be__________.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Sin ce students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students’ indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What make s humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that momen t. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned sai d that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for payin g the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from c ompeting on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have be en collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by thisdecision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette busines s’ relutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. forces some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the dominance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchasesD. were considered up favorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosingfrom the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and Fhave been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to acceptreasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietaryenthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions: Suppo se you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project ofyour university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an internationalstudent volunteer, specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In youressay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)【参考答案】【1-5】CCBAD 【6-10】BDCAD 【11-15】ABDCB 【16-20】DAABC【21-25】ADBCB 【26-30】DAACB 【31-35】CDBAC 【36-40】CDCBD 【41-45】EDGBA【参考译文】46. 在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights— you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] along7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)T ext 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them a side to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its last survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Br itain’s new rule isa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term, but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to ________.[A] enhance bankers’ sens e of responsibility[B] help corporations achieve larger profits[C] build a new system of financial regulation[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate ________.[A]the conditions for generating quick profits[B]g overnments’ impatience in decision-making[C]the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]“short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be ________.[A]indirect[B]adverse[C]minimal[D]temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate ________.[A]the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”[B]the significance of long-term thinking[C]the approaches to promoting “long-termism”[D]the prevalence of short-term thinking25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation — the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades —is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force —a policy often buried deep in course catalog s called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the gradeitself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without in curring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”Tha t said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention — so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students — who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill —feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A] The change of course catalogs.[B] Students’ indif ference to GPAs.[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.[D] The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]To increase universities’ inco me from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to ________.[A]obtain more financial support[B]boost their student enrollments[C]improve their teaching quality[D]meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 4, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A] To counterbalance each other.[B] To complement each other.[C] To be identical with each other.[D] To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ________.[A] assessing its feasibility[B] analyzing the causes behind it[C] comparing different views on it[D] listing its long-run effectsT ext 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial i ntelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “W e are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or d eploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s high est values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it ________.[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world[B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness ________.[A] helps explain artificial intelligence[B] can be misleading to robot making[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles ________.[A] can hardly ever be found[B] is still beyond our capacity[C] causes little public concern[D] has aroused much curiosity34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of ________.[A] affirmation[B] skepticism[C] contempt[D] respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI.[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable.[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control.T ext 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especiallysmaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ________.[A] deter business relations with states[B] put most online business in a dilemma[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D] force some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ________.[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years[C] were widely criticized by online purchases[D] were considered unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ________.[A] hindered economic development[B] brought prosperity to the country[C] harmed fair market competition[D] boosted growth in states revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling ________.[A] Internet entrepreneurs[B] Big-chain owners[C] Third-party sellers[D] Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ________.[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making[C] presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments —from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding —then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.[B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.[C] None of these will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.[E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way…to get the best of an argument —and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.[F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win — in one way.[G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. W e neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper thatpurports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science publ ished? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university, write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2019年真题答案速查Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5 CCBDA 6-10 BDCAD11-15 ABDCB 16-20 DAABCSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21-25 ADBCB 26-30 DAACB31-35 CDBAC 36-40 CDCBAPart B (10 points)41-45 EDGBAPart C (10 points)46.医学期刊中存在大量这种无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊的传播，就会引发健康方面的恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2019年英语（一）考研真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones2on batteries,and batteries can die faster than we realize.3you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you4can’t find north,a few tricks to help you navigate5to civilization,one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well6a trail,but not in a completely7area,you have to answer two questions:Which8is downhill,in this particular area?And where is the nearest water source?Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,you should10see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest,you should be able to14gaps in the tree line due to roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve15the woods.Head toward these16to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for17light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look for the19we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can20you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Above all[B]In contrast[C]On average[D]For example14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]exposeSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed10years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded companies,says the Bank of England’s top economist.Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economies,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbed“quarterly capitalism”.In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information,and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers.“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal finds that“a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France,shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph1,one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.A.enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A.the conditions for generating quick profitsernments’impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism”in economics activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be__________.A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called“grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’own needs as well. For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can,by boosting figures like those, mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.On this,students’and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students’indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges’neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges’graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities’income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.meet local governments’needs29.What does the phrase“to be aligned”(Line5,Para.6)most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effectsText3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein;or,The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence,identify,or consciousness?What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that would imitate the way humans think,continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move,and respond like humans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as“Westworld”and“Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood,let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman,a Stanford University neuroscientist.“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles,for example,poses thorny ethical questions.Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes,input from past driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How,chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center.India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June7Google pledged not to“design or deploy AI”that would cause“overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague,it represents one starting point.So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent,and fair.To put it another way:How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values?Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as200years.C.involves some concerns raised by AI today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion,our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C.causes little public concern.D.has aroused much curiosity.34.The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.AI’s Future:In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein,the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC.The Conscience of AI:Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state.Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it,but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,”he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule“limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states,since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now,rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before.Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped , with its network of warehouses,also collects sales tax in every state that charges it,though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now,many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.Sellers that use eBay and Etsy,which provide platforms for smaller sellers,also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday,states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling,saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.The losers,said retail analyst Neil Saunders,are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.The Small Business&Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement,“Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by thisdecision.”36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA.Dette business’relutions with statesB.put most online business in a dilemmaC.make more online shoppers pay sales taxD.forces some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs2and3that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy,the physical presence rule hasA.hindered economic developmentB.brought prosperity to the countryC.harmed fair market competitionD.boosted growth in states revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA.Internet entrepreneursB.Big-chair ownersC.Third-party sellersD.Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday,the authorA.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB.describes the long and complicated process of its makingC.presents its main points with conflicting views on themD.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosingfrom the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraph C and Fhave been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them.If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect,and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to“win”an argument.B.Of course,many discussions are not so successful.Still,we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments,but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves.Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to acceptreasons on the opposite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to.Next time you state your position,formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good.Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably.Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win, you end up no better off.Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like,say,tennis games.Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered.Everybody else loses.This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments,especially about politics and religion.E.In his1936work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it.“This aversion to arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason.If you see a conversation as a fight or competition,you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught.You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments.You can call their views stupid,or joke about how ignorant they are.None of these tricks will help you understand them,their positions or the issues that divide you,but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments.Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state,and I do not.If you yell,“yes,”and I yell.“No,”neither of us learns anything.We neither understand nor respect each other,and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation.In contrast,suppose you give a reasonable argument:that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty.Then I counter with another reasonable argument:that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time.Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values,since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end,that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper:the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,generates both health scares and short-lived dietaryenthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published?A recent paper,titled“The Natural Selection of Bad Science”,published on the Royal Society’s open science website,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science,but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth,but publication,which has become almost an end in itself.There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only10years ago.Never mind the quality,then,count the number.(48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,for example,by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature,the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics,such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable savings in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are working for the“Aiding rurd Primary School”project ofyour university.Write an email to answer the inquiry from an internationalstudent volunteer,specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160—200words based on the following pictures.In youressay,you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)【参考答案】【1-5】CCBAD【6-10】BDCAD【11-15】ABDCB【16-20】DAABC【21-25】ADBCB【26-30】DAACB【31-35】CDBAC【36-40】CDCBD 【41-45】EDGBA【参考译文】46.在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2019年英语（一)考研真题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。

Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems， digital maps， and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone。

But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tr icks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land。

..When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions： Which 8 is downhill， in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find， you should 10 see signs of people。

2019 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can`t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you`ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 ,even in dense forest, you should able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you`re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally5. [A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away6. [A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A]problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A]Above all [B]In contrast [C]On average [D]For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under16. [A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D]Generally19. [A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]exposeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main pur pose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This h as been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “lon g-termism，” such as changes in the taxcode and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24.The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the pastfew decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students' indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges' neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities' income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA.obtain more financial support.B.boost their student enrollments.C.improve their teaching quality.D.meet local governments' needs.29.What does the phrase "to be aligned"(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies32.In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one ofA. affirmationB. skepticism.C. contemptD. respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al's Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AlC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four oth er justices. Kennedy wrotethat the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsrequiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."31. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will A . Dette business’ revolutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. force some states to cut sales tax32. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decision A . have led to the dominance of e-commerceB . have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchasesD. were consider unfavorable by states33. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development .B. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states’ revenue34. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet enterpreneursB. Big-chain ownersC. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers35. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are requiredto reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gainmutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happyto convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much ba d science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have beenrequired for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible. We must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ”instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)52: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:1) Describe the picture briefly;2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your commentsWrite your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.途中累了我不爬了别呀！休息一下再接着爬。

2019考研英语(一)真题参考答案完整版各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢Section I Use of English1. C few2. C run3. B If4. D literally5. A back6. B off7. D unfamiliar8. C way9. A so10. D eventually11. A surprised12. B option13. D For example14. C spot15. B through16. D breaks17. A artificial18. A Finally19. B mark20. C leadSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. A enhance banker’s sense of responsibility22. D “short-term ism” in economic activities23. B adverse24. C the approaches to promoting “long-termism”25. B Patience as a Corporate VirtueText 226. D The influence of consumer culture27. A To help freshmen adapt to college learning28. A obtain more financial support29. C to be identical with each other30. C analyzing the causes behind itText 331. C involves some concerns raised by AI today32. D is too limited for us to reproduce it33. B is still beyond our capacity34. A affirmation35. C The conscience of AI:Complex But InevitableText 436. C make more online shopper pay sale tax37. D were considered unfavorable by states38. C harmed fair market competition39. B big-chain owners40. A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequencesPart B新题型41. E42. D43. G44. B45. APart CTranslation46. 医学期刊中存在大量由广播公司和新闻媒体报道的这种无稽之谈，这会导致健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

Section I Use of English1。

【C】Few 词义辨析题;此题考查考生对于前后文语境的把握；首句中提出“今天我们生活在一个GPS系统,数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取"。

空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的without a phone，可知,此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few，符合文意；2。

【C】run 固定搭配;此题考查与介词on的搭配情况;run on battery表示手机使用电池得以运行；其他选项的搭配为：put on（增加;假装；使…上场);take on（承担；呈现;具有；流行);come on（快点；开始；要求;上演；）；语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on搭配；3。

【B】If 逻辑关系;此处考查逻辑关系.空格处所在句为“.。

. 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路,...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航.。

.文明"；前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择if；其余选项：since（因为，自从）； though（虽然)； until（直到）代入后,不符合语义表达;4. 【D】literally词义辨析题；空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路,。

找不到北方,我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航。

.文明”;literally表示确实地，真正地；符合语义表达;其余选项:formally(正式地）；relatively（相对地）；gradually（逐渐地)不符合语义表达；5。

【A】back词义辨析题；出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航。

..文明”,只有back 与前文的lost(迷路）形成相互呼应，故而选择back；6. 【B】off 词义辨析题;空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己。

.。

路径。

但不是完全..。

的区域。

你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个。

.是下坡路?哪里有最近的水源？"因此，根据句意表达,off(远离，离开）符合句意;其它选项：onto（在…之上;对…了解)；across (穿过，根穿），alone （独白地，单独地)，故选择off；7. 【D】unfamiliar 词义辨析题;根据出题处的语义表达,“为当你发现自己。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any HO you find, you should 10 see signs of people.2If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights —you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2019年英语（一）考研真题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend t o frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All1 / 222. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this“clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This ha s been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-ter mism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule isthe_________.A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economics act ivities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be__________.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A. the obstacles to preventing “shor t-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students’ indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, orcons ciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientis t. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI“vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supr eme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiringout-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders,are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. TheSmall Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business’ relutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. forces some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the dominance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchasesD. were considered up favorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competit ion, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anyth ing. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than oneof small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)-----精心整理，希望对您有所帮助!。

2019考研英语(一)真题参考答案完好版2019考研英语(一)真题参考完好版Section I Use of English1. C few2. C run3. B If4. D literally5. A back6. B off7. D unfamiliar8. C way9. A so10. D eventually11. A surprised12. B option13. D For example14. C spot15. B through16. D breaks17. A artificial18. A Finally19. B mark20. C leadSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. A enhance bankers sense of responsibility22. D short-termism in economic activities23. B adverse24. C the approaches to promoting long-termism25. B Patience as a Corporate VirtueText 226. D The influence of consumer culture27. A To help freshmen adapt to college learning28. A obtain more financial support29. C to be identical with each other30. C analyzing the causes behind itText 331. C involves some concerns raised by AI today32. D is too limited for us to reproduce it33. B is still beyond our capacity34. A affirmation35. C The conscience of AI:Complex But Inevitable Text 436. C make more online shopper pay sale tax37. D were considered unfavorable by states38. C harmed fair market competition39. B big-chain owners40. A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequencesPart B新题型41. E42. D43. G44. B45. APart CTranslation46. 医学期刊中存在大量由广播公司和新闻媒体报道的这种无稽之谈，这会导致健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。